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55th  Congress,  > HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES.  < Document 
2d  Session . ) 1 No.  338. 


Bulletin  No.  19. 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


THE  INSPECTION  OF  MEATS 

FOR 


ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


I.  THE  FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE, 
WITH  SPECIAL  REFERENCE  TO  THE  INSPECTION  OF  MEATS. 

By  Ch.  Wardell  Stiles. 

II.  COMPENDIUM  OF  THE  PARASITES,  ARRANGED  ACCORDING  TO  THEIR 
HOSTS. 

By  Albert  Hassall. 

III.  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  THE  MORE  IMPORTANT  WORKS  CITED. 

By  Albert  Hassall. 


Prepared  under  the  direction  of 

Dr.  D.  E.  SALMON, 

CHIEF  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Issued  February  ©,  189©. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 

1898.  1 


l y * 


"Wc. 


7 

C O D. 


,-v 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL 


IJ.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
Washington , J).  (7.,  October  4 , 1897. 


Sir:  I liave  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith,  and  to  recommend  for 
publication  as  Bulletin  No.  19  of  this  Bureau,  under  the  general  title 
“The  inspection  of  meats  for  animal  parasites,77  a report  on  “The  flukes 
and  tapeworms  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine,  with  special  reference  to 
the  inspection  of  meats,77  prepared  under  my  direction  by  Dr.  Ch. 
Wardell  Stiles,  Zoologist  of  the  Bureau.  Appended  to  the  report,  and 
as  valuable  adjuncts  thereto,  are  a “Compendium  of  the  parasites77 
and  a “Bibliography,77  prepared  by  Albert  Hassall,  M.  B.  C.  Y.  S.,  of 
the  Zoological  Laboratory.  Although  the  report  is  intended  primarily 
for  the  use  of  the  meat  inspectors  of  this  Bureau,  it  will  be  found  of 
general  interest  to  all  sanitarians,  since  it  treats  of  the  communica- 
bility of  certain  parasites  from  animals  to  man,  and  suggests  the  neces- 
sary methods  of  prevention  and  treatment  therefor.  The  publication 
and  distribution  of  the  bulletin  will  serve  a useful  purpose  in  dissemi- 
nating knowledge  of  the  precautions  that  are  required  to  eradicate 
certain  of  the  most  important  parasites  affecting  domesticated  animals 
in  this  country — parasites  which  are  a menace  to  the  public  health. 
Its  early  publication  is  desirable,  as  there  is  no  work  in  the  English 
language  covering  the  subjects  of  which  it  treats. 

Respectfully, 


s 


D.  E.  Salmon, 
Chief  of  Bureau. 

3 


LETTER  OF  SUBMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 

Zoological  Laboratory, 
Washington , D.  <7.,  July  10 , 1897. 

Sir  : I have  the  honor  to  submit  herewith  for  publication  a report 
covering  “The  flukes  and  tapeworms  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine,  with 
special  reference  to  the  inspection  of  meats,”  prepared  by  myself,  and 
the  corresponding  “ Compendium  of  the  parasites”  and  “Bibliography,” 
prepared  by  Dr.  Albert  Hassall. 

This  report  is  intended  primarily  for  meat  inspectors,  and  contains 
discussions  of  the  various  flukes  and  tapeworms  which  our  Bureau 
inspectors  are  likely  to  meet  with  on  the  killing  floors  of  the  abattoirs. 
Technical  zoological  details  have  for  the  most  part  been  omitted,  the 
stress  being  placed  upon  the  practical  application  of  our  zoological 
knowledge  to  questions  of  public  hygiene. 

The  more  important  parasites  for  the  American  inspectors  are:  The 
Common  Liver  Fluke  and  the  Large  American  Fluke,  which  are  serious 
dangers  to  the  live  stock ; Beef  measles,  Pork  measles,  and  Hydatids, 
all  of  which  bear  an  important  relation  to  diseases  in  man. 

I would  direct  especial  attention  to  the  Hydatids.  Hydatid  disease 
is  at  present  comparatively  rare  in  this  country,  and  now  is  the  time  to 
attack  it.  By  proper  precautions  at  the  abattoirs  and  slaughterhouses 
this  dangerous  parasite  can  be  totally  eradicated  from  the  country. 
If  these  precautions  are  not  carried  out  it  will  be  only  a question  of  time 
when  this  country  will  take  its  place  with  Germany  and  Australia  in 
respect  to  the  number  of  human  lives  sacrificed  to  a disease  which  has 
not  yet  gained  much  ground  with  us  and  can  now  be  easily  controlled. 

The  illustrations  of  this  bulletin  were  prepared  by  Mr.  Haines,  artist 
of  the  Bureau. 

Bespectfully, 


Ch.  Wardell  Stiles, 
Zoologist  of  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 


Dr.  D.  E.  Salmon, 

Chief  of  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry . 
4 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

I.  The  Flukes  and  Tapeworms  of  Cattle,  Sheep,  and  Swine,  with 
Special  Reference  to  the  Inspection  of  Meats.  By  Ch.Wardell  Stiles.  11-136 

Introduction 1 1-27 

General  methods  for  the  prevention  of  parasitic  diseases 14-15 

Treatment 15 

The  disposition  of  condemned  meats.  15-20 

Parasitic  worms  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine 20-27 

Flat  worms  (class  Plathelminthes ) 21-27 

Key  to  the  flukes  and  tapeworms  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine 21-27 

Flukes,  or  Trematodes  (order  Trematoda ) 27-67 

Distomes  (flukes  of  the  family  Fasciolidae) 28-64 

Hermaphroditic  Distomes  (flukes  of  the  subfamily  Fasciolinae) 28-58 

Agamic,  or  Immature,  Distomes  (genus  Agamodistomum) 28-29 

1.  The  Muscle  Fluke  of  swine  ( Agamodistomum  suis) 28-29 

Fascioles  (Distomes  of  the  genus  Fasciola ) 29-55 

2.  The  Common  Liver  Fluke  ( Fasciola  hepatica)  of  cattle, 

sheep,  swine,  etc 29-48 

The  effects  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke  upon  cattle, 

sheep,  and  swine 34-47 

Abattoir  inspection 47-48 

Jurisprudence 48 

The  Common  Liver  Fluke  in  man 48 

Varieties  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke 48 

(a)  The  Narrow  Liver  Fluke  ( Fasciola  hepatica 

angusta ) of  Senegal  cattle  and  man  (?) 48 

(h)  The  Egyptian  Liver  Fluke  ( Fasciola  hepatica 

aeggptiaca ) of  buffalo  and  cattle 48 

(c)  The  Common  Liver  Fluke  ( Fasciola  hepatica 

caviae ) of  guinea  pigs 48 

3.  The  Giant  Liver  Fluke  ( Fasciola  gigantica ) of  giraffes, 

cattle  (?),  and  man  (?) 49 

4.  The  Large  American  Fluke  ( Fasciola  magna ) of  cattle 

and  deer 49-55 

Abattoir  inspection 55 

Dicrocoeles  (Distomes  of  the  genus  Dicrocoelium) 55-58 

5.  The  Lancet  Fluke  ( Dicrocoelium  lanceatum)  of  cattle, 

sheep,  and  swine 55-57 

Abattoir  inspection 57 

6.  The  Pancreatic  Fluke  ( Dicrocoelium  pancreaticum ) of 

cattle  and  sheep 57-58 

Dioecious  Distomes  (flukes  of  the  subfamily  Schistosominae ) 58-64 

Blood  Flukes  (Distomes  of  the  genus  Schistosoma ) 58-64 

7.  The  Human  Blood  Fluke  ( Schistosoma  haematobium ) of 

man  and  cattle  (?) 58-60 

8.  The  Bovine  Blood  Fluke  ( Schistosoma  hovis)  of  cattle 

and  sheep 60 

The  disease  bilharziosis 61-64 

Abattoir  inspection 64 


5 


6 


CONTENTS. 


The  Flukes  and  Tapeworms  op  Cattle,  Sheep,  etc. — Continued.  Page. 

Flukes,  or  Trematodes  (order  Trematoda) — Continued. 

Amphistomes  (flukes  of  the  family  Amphistomidae ) 64-67 

True  Amphistomes  (flukes  of  the  genus  Amphistoma) 64-67 

9.  The  Conical  Fluke  ( Amphistoma  cervi)  of  cattle  and 

sheep 64-66 

Abattoir  inspection 66 

10.  Amphistoma  explanatum  of  zebu  and  cattle 67 

11.  Amphistoma  bothriophorum  of  zebu 67 

12.  A mphistoma  tuberculatum  of  Indian  oxen 67 

13.  Gastrothylax  crumenifer  of  zebu 67 

14.  Gastrothylax  Cobboldii  of  gayal 67 

15.  Gastrothylax  elongatum  of  gayal  and  zebu 67 

16.  Gastrothylax  gregarins  of  cattle  and  Indian  buffalo 67 

17.  Homalogasttr  paloniae  of  gayal 67 

18.  Homalogasier  Poirieri  of  zebu 67 

Tapeworms,  or  Cestodes  (order  Cesioda ) 68-136 

Family  Taeniidae 68-136 

Hard-shell  Tapeworms  (Cestodes  of  the  subfamily  Taeniinae) 70-125 

Hard-shell  Tapeworms  (genus  Taenia ) 70-125 

19.  Beef  Measles  ( Cysiicercus  bovis)  of  cattle,  and  its  adult 

stage,  the  Unarmed,  or  Beef  Measle,  Tapeworm 

( Taenia  saginata)  of  man 71-89 

Beef  measles 75-77 

Abattoir  inspection 77-83 

The  Adult  Tapeworm  in  man  and  methods  of  pre- 
venting the  infection  of  cattle 83-89 

Key  to  the  Adult  tapeworms  of  man 84-86 

20.  Pork  Measles  ( Cysiicercus  cellulosae ) of  man  and  swine, 

and  its  adult  stage,  the  Armed,  or  Pork  Measle, 

Tapeworm  ( Taenia  solium ) of  man 89-95 

Pork  measles 92 

Abattoir  inspection 92-94 

The  adult  and  larval  tapeworm  in  man 94-95 

21.  The  Thin,  or  Long,  Necked  Bladder  Worm  ( Cysiicercus 

tenuicoUis ) of  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine,  and  its 
adult  stage,  the  Marginate  Tapeworm  ( Taenia 

marginata)  of  dogs  and  wolves 96-108 

Abattoir  inspection 101 

The  Adult  tapeworms  of  dogs 101-108 

Key  to  the  Adult  tapeworms  of  dogs 101-102 

22.  The  Gid  Bladder  Worm  ( Coenurus  cerebralis ) of  sheep 

and  calves,  and  its  adult  stage,  the  Gid  Tapeworm 

( Taenia  coenurus)  of  dogs 108-112 

Abattoir  inspection 112 

23.  The  Echinococcus  Hydatid  (Echinococcus  polymorph  us) 

of  man,  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  etc.,  and  its  adult 
stage,  the  Echinococcus  Tapeworm  ( Taenia  echi- 
nococcus) of  dogs 113-125 

Hydatid  disease  in  various  animals 117-121 

Abattoir  inspection 121-123 

The  Adult  Tapeworm  in  dogs 123-124 

Hydatid  disease  in  man  124-125 

Adult  tapeworms  of  cattle  and  sheep  (subfamily  Anoplocephalinae)  125-136 
Genus  Moniezia 127-128 

24.  The  White  Moniezia  ( Moniezia  alba)  of  cattle  and  sheep  127 

25.  Vogt’s  Moniezia  (Moniezia  Vogti)  of  sheep 127 

26.  The  Flat  Moniezia  (Moniezia  planissima)  of  cattle  and 

sheep 127-128 


CONTENTS. 


7 


The  Flukes  and  Tapeworms  of  Cattle,  Sheep,  etc.— Continued.  Page. 

Tapeworms,  or  Cestodes  (order  Cestoda)— Continued. 

Family  Taeniidae — Continued. 

Adult  tapeworms  of  cattle  and  sheep,  etc. — Continued. 

Genus  Moniezia — Continued. 

27.  Van  Beneden’s  Moniezia  ( Moniezia  Bene, deni)  of  cattle 

and  sheep 128 

28.  Neumann’s  Moniezia  ( Moniezia  Neumanni)  of  sheep  ..  128 

29.  The  Broad  Moniezia  {Moniezia  expansa ) of  cattle,  sheep, 

goats,  etc 128 

30.  The  Triangle  Moniezia  ( Moniezia  trigonophora)  of  sheep  128 

Genus  Thysanosoma 128-130 

31.  The  Fringed  Tapeworm  ( Thysanosoma  aciinioides)  of 

sheep,  deer,  etc 128-129 

32.  Giard’s  Thysanosoma  ( Thysanosoma  Giardi ) of  cattle  ( ?), 

sheep,  and  swine  (?) 129-130 

Genus  Stilesia 130 

33.  The  Globipunctate  Stilesia  ( Stilesia  glob  ip  un  data)  of 

cattle  (?)  and  sheep 130 

34.  The  Centri  punctate  Stilesia  (Stilesia  cen  trip  undata)  of 

cattle  (?)  and  sheep 130 

Tapeworm  disease  of  cattle  and  sheep 131-136 

Abattoir  inspection 136 

IT.  Compendium  of  the  Parasites,  Arranged  According  to  Their  Hosts. 

By  Albert  Hassall 137-143 

Mammals  ( Mammalia ) 137-143 

Primates 137-138 

Carnivores  ( Carnivora ) 138 

Rodents  (Rodentia) 139 

Ungulates  ( Ungulata ) 139-143 

Cetaceans  ( Cetacea ) 143 

Marsupials  (Marsupialia) 143 

Mollusks  ( Mollnsca ) 143 

III.  Bibliography  of  the  More  Important  Works  Cited.  By  A.  Hassall.  145-150 

Index  to  Technical  Names 151-155 

Index  to  Subjects 157-161 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Fig.  1.  The  Muscle  Fluke  ( Agamodistomnm  suis),  occasionally  found  in  the 

muscle  of  swine 29 

2.  The  Common  Liver  Fluke  ( Fasdola  hepatica),  natural  size 29 

3.  The  Common  Liver  Fluke,  enlarged  to  show  the  anatomical  characters.  30 

4.  Egg  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke  examined  shortly  after  it  was  taken 

from  the  liver  of  a sheep  31 

5.  Egg  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke  containing  a ciliated  embryo  (mira- 

cidium),  ready  to  hatch  out 31 

6.  Embryo  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke  boring  into  a snail 32 

7.  Sporocyst  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke  which  has  developed  from  the 

embryo,  and  contains  germinal  cells 32 

8.  Sporocyst  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke,  somewhat  older  than  that  of 

tig.  7,  in  which  the  germinal  cells  are  giving  rise  to  rediae 32 

9.  Redia  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke,  containing  germinal  cells  which 

are  developing  into  cercariae 33 

10.  Redia  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke,  with  developed  cercariae 33 

11.  Free  cercaria  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke,  showing  two  suckers,  intes- 

tine, large  glands,  and  tail 33 


8 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page. 

Fig.  12.  Portion  of  a grass  stalk  with  three  encapsuled  cercariae  of  the  Com- 
mon Liver  Fluke  ( Fasciola  hepatica ) 35 

13.  Isolated  encysted  cercaria  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke 35 

14.  Drawing  from  a microscopic  preparation  showing  a hemorrhage  in 

the  parenchyma  of  the  liver  caused  by  the  Common  Liver  Fluke 37 

15.  Drawing  from  a microscopic  preparation  showing  the  glandular  hyper- 

plasia of  the  mucosa  of  a gall  duct  caused  by  the  Common  Liver 
Fluke 38 

16.  Drawing  from  a microscopic  preparation  showing  a fluke  in  the  tissue 

of  the  liver 39 

17.  Tabular  diagram  of  the  occurrence  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke  in 

cattle,  sheep,  and  swine  during  different  months  of  the  year 41 

18.  Limnaea  truncatula,  natural  size  and  enlarged 42 

19.  Limnaea peregra,  natural  size  and  enlarged 42 

20.  Limnaea  humilis,  natural  size  and  enlarged 43 

21.  Limnaea  oahuensis,  natural  size  and  enlarged 43 

22.  Limnaea  viator,  natural  size  and  enlarged 43 

23.  The  Narrow  Liver  Fluke  ( Fasciola  hepatica  angusta),  natural  size 48 

24.  The  Narrow  Liver  Fluke,  enlarged  to  show  the  anatomical  characters.  49 

25.  The  Egyptian  Liver  Fluke  ( Fasciola  hepatica  aegyptiaca),  natural  size.  49 

26.  The  Egyptian  Liver  Fluke,  enlarged  to  show  the  anatomical  charac- 

ters   50 

27.  The  Giant  Liver  Fluke  ( Fasciola  gigantica),  enlarged  to  show  the 

anatomy 50 

28.  The  Large  American  Fluke  ( Fasciola  magna),  natural  size 51 

29.  Macerated  specimen  of  Large  American  Fluke,  showing  the  digestive 

system  and  acetabulum 51 

30.  Macerated  specimen  of  Large  American  Fluke,  showing  the  anatom- 

ical characters 52 

31.  A section  of  the  cuticle  of  Large  American  Fluke,  showing  the  spines.  53 

32.  Egg  of  Large  American  Fluke,  showing  the  germ  cell,  surrounded  by 

a large  number  of  vitelline  cells,  and  an  eggshell  provided  with  a 
cap  53 

33.  Ciliated  embryo  (miracidium)  of  Large  American  Fluke  within  the 

eggshell . 53 

34.  Free  embryo  (miracidium)  of  Large  American  Fluke,  showing  ciliated 

epithelium,  boring  papilla,  rudimentary  oesophagus,  and  intestine; 
eye-spots  situated  above  the  ganglionic  mass,  and  germ  cells 54 

35.  Cyst  in  the  liver,  caused  by  Large  American  Fluke 54 

36.  Lancet  Fluke  ( Dicrocoelium  lanceatum) , natural  size 55 

37.  Lancet  Fluke,  enlarged  to  show  the  anatomical  characters 55 

38.  Egg  of  Lancet  Fluke  with  contained  embryo 56 

39.  Free  embryo  (miracidium)  of  the  Lancet  Fluke 56 

40.  TKe  Pancreatic  Fluke  ( Dicrocoelium  pancreaticum ),  enlarged  to  show 

the  anatomical  characters 56 

41.  Male  and  female  specimens  of  the  Human  Blood  Fluke  ( Schistosoma 

haematobium),  enlarged 57 

42.  Anterior  portion  of  male  Human  Blood  Fluke,  showing  the  ana- 

tomical characters 58 

43.  Anterior  portion  of  female  Human  Blood  Fluke,  showing  the  ana- 

tomical characters 59 

44.  Egg  of  Human  Blood  Fluke  with  contained  embryo,  passed  in  the 

urine 60 

45.  The  Bovine  Blood  Fluke  (Schistosoma  bovis),  male  and  female 60 

46.  Cross  section  of  Bovine  Blood  Fluke,  showing  the  position  of  the 

female  in  the  gynaecophoric  canal 61 

47.  Eggs  of  Bovine  Blood  Fluke,  showing  the  peculiar  process  on  the 

end 62 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


9 


Page 

Fig.  48.  Ureter  of  an  Egyptian,  with  numerous  uric-acid  concretions,  as  a result 

of  blood-fluke  infection 63 

49.  Conical  amphistomes  ( Amphistoma  cervi ) in  the  rumen;  tubercles  from 

which  the  parasites  have  loosened 64 

50.  Dorsal  view  of  a Conical  Amphistome,  showing  the  anatomical  char- 

acters   64 

51.  Dorsal  view  of  the  free  embryo  (miracidium)  of  the  Conical  Amphis- 

tome about  to  enter  the  intermediate  host 65 

52.  Sporocyst  of  the  Conical  Amphistome  resulting  from  the  transforma- 

tion and  development  of  the  embryo 65 

53.  Adult  redia  of  the  Conical  Amphistome  of  the  first  generation,  thirty- 

nine  days  after  the  infection  of  the  intermediate  host  with  embryos.  66 

54.  Young  redia  of  the  Conical  Amphistome  of  the  second  generation  in 

which  the  cercariae  develop 66 

55.  Mature  cercaria  of  the  Conical  Amphistome,  the  stage  which  gains 

access  to  cattle  and  sheep 67 

56.  Amphistoma  hothriophorum 67 

57.  Enlarged  dorsal  view  of  Gastrothylax  crumenifer 68 

58.  Enlarged  ventral  view  of  Gastrothylax  crumenifer 68 

59.  Enlarged  view  of  anterior  extremity  of  Gastrothylax  crumenifer 68 

60.  Enlarged  view  of  posterior  extremity  of  Gastrothylax  crumenifer . 68 

61.  Enlarged  view  of  Gastrothylax  crumenifer,  with  ventral  pouch  open.. . 69 

62.  Dorsal  view  of  Gastrothylax  crumenifer,  magnified  to  show  the  anatom- 

ical characters 69 

63.  Gastrothylax  Cobholdii,  lateral  view 69 

64.  Gastrothylax  elongatum 70 

65.  Dorsal  view  of  Gastrothylax  gregarius 71 

66.  Lateral  view  of  Gastrothylax  gregarius 71 

67.  Homalogaster  paloniae,  ventral  view 72 

68.  Section  of  a beef  tongue  heavily  infested  with  beef  measles 72 

69.  Several  portions  of  an  adult  Beef-measle  Tapeworm  ( Taenia  saginata ) 

from  man,  showing  the  head  on  the  anterior  end  and  the  gradual 
increase  in  size  of  the  segments . 73 

70.  Dorsal,  apex,  and  lateral  views  of  the  head  of  Beef-measle  Tapeworm, 

showing  a depression  in  the  center  of  the  apex 74 

71.  Segments  from  various  strobilae  of  Beef-measle  Tapeworm,  showing 

forms  of  proglottids  which  are  occasionally  found 75 

72.  Sexually  mature  segment  of  Beef-measle  Tapeworm 76 

73.  Gravid  segment  of  Beef-measle  Tapeworm,  showing  lateral  brauches 

of  the  uterus 77 

74.  Egg  of  Beef-measle  Tapeworm,  with  thick  eggshell  (embrvophore), 

containing  the  six-hooked  embryo  (oncosphere) 81 

75.  A piece  of  pork  heavily  infested  with  pork  measles  ( Cysticercus  cellu- 

losae) 90 

76.  An  isolated  Pork-measle  Bladder  Worm  with  extended  head 90 

77.  Several  portions  of  an  adult  Pork-measle  Tapeworm  ( Taenia  solium).  91 

78.  Large  and  small  hooks  of  Pork-measle  Tapeworm 92 

79.  Mature  sexual  segments  of  Pork-measle  Tapeworm,  showing  the 

divided  ovary  on  the  pore  side 92 

80.  Segment  of  Pork-measle  Tapeworm  in  which  the  uterus  is  about  half 

developed 92 

81.  Gravid  segment  of  Pork-measle  Tapeworm,  showing  the  lateral 

branches  of  the  uterus 94 

82.  Eggs  of  Pork-measle  Tapeworm 94 

83.  Half  of  hog,  showing  the  portions  most  likely  to  become  infested  with 

measles 96 


10 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page. 

Fig.  84.  The  Thin-necked  Bladder  Worm  ( Cysticercus  tenuicollis ) with  head 

extruded  from  body,  from  cavity  of  a steer 97 

85.  The  Marginate  Tapeworm  ( Taenia  marginata ) 97 

86.  Head  of  the  Marginate  Tapeworm 98 

87.  Small  and  large  hooks  of  Taenia  marginata,  T.  serrata,  and  T.  coe- 

nurua 98 

88.  Sexually  mature  segment  of  the  Marginate  Tapeworm 99 

89.  Gravid  segments,  showing  the  lateral  branches  of  the  uteri  of  Taenia 

serrata,  T.  marginata,  and  T.  coenurus 99 

90.  Egg  of  the  Marginate  Tapeworm,  with  six-hooked  embryo 100 

91.  Portion  of  the  liver  of  a lamb  which  died  nil  e days  after  feeding  with 

eggs  of  the  Marginate  Tapeworm,  with  numerous  “scars,”  due  to 
young  parasites 100 

92.  Cross  section  of  the  liver  of  a lamb  which  died  nine  days  after  feeding 

with  eggs  of  the  Marginate  Tapeworm 101 

93.  Young  cysticerci  of  the  Marginate  Tapeworm 103 

94.  Skull  of  a sheep  showing  the  brain  infested  with  a Gid  Bladder  AA^orm 

( Coenurus  cerebral  is) 106 

95.  An  adult  Gid  Tapeworm  ( Taenia  coenurus) 107 

96.  Sexually  mat  ure  segment  of  the  Gid  Tapeworm 108 

97.  Brain  of  a lamb  infested  with  young  Gid  Bladder  worms 108 

98.  Sheep’s  skull,  the  hind  portion  thin  and  perforated,  due  to  the  pres- 

ence of  Gid  Bladder  worms 109 

99.  An  isolated  Gid  Bladder  \Arorm,  showing  the  heads 110 

100.  Diagrammatic  section  of  a Gid  Bladder  AATorm Ill 

101.  Portion  of  hog’s  liver  infested  with  Echinococcus  hydatid 112 

102.  Portion  of  the  intestine  of  a dog  infested  with  the  adult  Hydatid 

Tapeworm  {Taenia  echinococcus) 114 

103.  Adult  Hydatid  Tapeworm,  enlarged 115 

104.  Hooks  of  Adult  Hydatid  Tapeworm 115 

105.  Diagram  of  an  Echinococcus  hydatid 116 

106.  A racemose  Echinococcus 117 

107.  Section  through  a multilocular  Echinococcus . 117 

108.  A multilocular  Echinococcus  from  the  liver  of  a steer 118 

109.  A multilocular  Echinococcus  from  the  pleura  of  a hog 118 

110.  Lymphatics  of  a steer  infested  with  the  so-called  “Tongue  worm” 

( Linguatula  rhinaria) 119 

111.  Portions  o*f  an  adult  Flat  Moniezia  ( Moniezia  planissima) 120 

112.  Three  views  of  heads  of  the  Flat  Moniezia 121 

113.  Dorsal  view  of  sexually  mature  segment  of  the  Flat  Moniezia 122 

114.  Dorsal  view  of  gravid  segments  of  the  Flat  Moniezia,  showing  the 

uterus - 126 

115.  Egg  of  the  Flat  Moniezia 126 

116.  Portions  of  an  adult  specimen  of  The  Broad  Moniezia  ( Moniezia 

expansa)  127 

117.  Three  views  of  the  head  of  the  Broad  Moniezia 129 

118.  Sexually  mature  segments  of  the  Broad  Moniezia 129 

119.  Gravid  segment  of  the  Broad  Moniezia 130 

120.  Portions  of  an  adult  specimen  of  the  Triangle  Moniezia  ( Moniezia  tri- 

gonophora)  131 

121.  Sexually  mature  segments  of  the  Triangle  Moniezia 132 

122.  Adult  specimen  of  the  Fringed  Tapeworm  (Tiigsanosoma  actinioides) . ..  133 

123.  Ventral  and  apex  views  of  the  head  of  the  Fringed  Tapeworm 134 

124.  Segments  of  the  Fringed  Tapeworm,  showing  canals  and  nerves, 

fringed  border,  testicles,  and  uterus 136 


THE  INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


i.  THE  FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP.  AND 
SWINE,  WITH  SPECIAL  REFERENCE  TO  THE  INSPECTION  OF 
MEATS. 

By  Ch.  Wardell  Stiles,  Ph.  D., 

Zoologist  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  object  of  the  report. — The  present  report  on  “The  flukes  and  tape- 
worms of  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine,  with  special  reference  to  the  inspec- 
tion of  meats,”  is  intended  primarily  for  the  use  of  meat  inspectors,  and 
an  effort  has  been  made  to  bring*  together  in  systematic  order  the  more 
important  facts  relating  to  the  flukes  and  tapeworms  which  inspectors 
are  likely  to  find  in  the  abattoirs  and  slaughterhouses.  For  several 
reasons  it  is  important  that  meat  inspectors  should  be  well  informed 
upon  both  the  practical  and  the  theoretical  considerations  of  this  subject: 

First.  Since  certain  parasites  ( Cysticercus  cellulosae  and  C.  bovis)  are 
directly  transmissible  to  man  through  the  use  of  meat,  a knowledge  of 
these  worms  will  enable  inspectors  to  preveut  the  spread  of  their  tape- 
worm stage  among  human  beings  by  condemning  the  infested  meat  or 
subjecting  it  to  processes  which  will  render  it  harmless.  The  rigid  sys- 
tem of  meat  inspection  in  Germany  has  resulted  in  an  actual  decrease 
in  tapeworm  disease  (by  Taenia  solium  and  probably  also  by  T.  saginata) 
in  man  and  in  the  frequency  of  C<  cellulosae  in  the  human  eye. 

Second.  Condemnation  and  destruction  of  organs  infested  with  cer- 
tain other  parasites  ( Echinococcus , Goenurus , Cysticercus  tenuicollis)  will 
prevent  the  spread  of  these  parasites  in  their  tapeworm  stage  to  dogs, 
and  by  that  means  prevent  the  reinfection  of  man  (by  Echinococcus) 
and  of  domesticated  animals  (by  Echinococcus , Coenurus , Cysticercus 
tenuicollis) ; in  this  case  prevention  of  tapeworm  disease  in  dogs,  though 
of  comparatively  little  importance  so  far  as  the  dogs  are  concerned, 
becomes  very  important  not  only  in  public  hygiene  (in  the  prevention 

11 


12 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


of  disease  in  man  and  animals),  but  also  from  an  economic  standpoint, 
preventing  financial  loss  to  stock  raisers  from  disease  and  death  in 
their  herds  and  flocks  caused  by  these  worms.  The  destruction  of 
livers  heavily  infested  with  flukes  will  also  result  indirectly  in  decreas- 
ing fluke  disease  in  man  and  live  stock. 

Third.  Certain  animal  parasites  ( Gysticercus  cellulosae , G.  bovis , 
Echinococcus , etc.)  may  under  certain  conditions  bring  about  pathologi- 
cal appearances  in  the  meat  which  may  at  first  sight  be  mistaken  for 
tuberculosis.  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  insist  upon  the  importance  of  a 
differential  diagnosis  between  tuberculosis  and  diseases  caused  by 
animal  parasites. 

It  is  thus  seen  that  the  meat  inspector  is  destined  to  render  an 
important  public  service  in  the  prevention  of  parasitic  diseases,  not  only 
in  man,  but  among  domesticated  animals. 

Secondarily,  this  report  is  intended  for  the  stock  raiser,  and  an 
attempt  has  been  made  in  the  text  to  give  him  such  information  regard- 
ing the  various  parasites  discussed  as  will  be  useful  in  preventing  the 
spread  of  parasitic  diseases  among  his  animals.  The  stock  raiser, 
whether  the  owner  of  a large  herd  or  of  but  one  or  two  animals,  should 
never  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that  his  stock  is  raised  not  only  as  a money 
investment  for  himself,  but  as  food  for  his  fellow-men.  To  allow  the 
introduction  of  certain  diseases  among  his  animals  means  not  only  a 
financial  loss  to  himself,  but  a loss  of  health  or  life  to  those  who  may 
use  these  animals  for  food.  To  prevent  these  diseases  is  to  increase  the 
value  of  his  investment  and  to  aid  the  health  authorities  in  preventing 
disease  among  his  neighbors  and  his  neighbors7  stock.  The  stock  rais- 
er’s position  is  therefore  based  not  only  upon  dollars  and  cents,  but  also 
upon  the  broader  plane  of  ethics,  and  he  who  intentionally  or  uninten- 
tionally and  persistently  loses  sight  of  the  ethical  side  of  his  occupation 
must  necessarily  suffer  from  the  financial  standpoint.  The  unprinci- 
pled action  of  placing  diseased  live  stock  on  the  market,  instances  of 
which  can  be  cited  from  all  civilized  countries,  is  indeed  a very  short- 
sighted policy,  which  will  sooner  or  later  tell  upon  the  purse  of  him 
who  descends  to  such  action,  as  well  as  upon  the  health  of  the  com- 
munity. A person  who  aids  in  concealing  a smallpox  or  diphtheria 
patient  from  the  health  authorities  and  thus  jeopardizes  the  health  of 
his  friends  and  neighbors  justly  earns  the  contempt  of  his  fellow-beings 
as  well  as  the  punishment  provided  by  law  in  some  places;  and  a per- 
son who  knowingly  places  diseased  live  stock  or  diseased  meat  on  the 
market  and  thus  endangers  the  health  of  those  who  consume  the  meat 
is  none  the  less  worthy  of  contempt  and  punishment. 

In  the  third  instance,  this  report  is  intended  for  butchers  who  handle 
meat  which  has  not  been  inspected,  as  is  unfortunately  the  case  in 
many  places,  particularly  in  smaller  towns.  The  writer  has  personally 
seen  many  towns  where  the  meat  supply  was  drawn  almost  entirely 
from  local  slaughterhouses,  in  which  there  was  no  inspection.  Fre- 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  13 

quently  the  butchers  raised  their  own  stock,  or  a portion  of  it,  on  the 
grounds  of  the  slaughterhouses  and  under  unhygienic  conditions,  which 
were  not  only  most  favorable  to  the  spread  of  disease,  but  which  must 
necessarily  have  resulted  in  the  spread  of  infection  among  the  animals 
raised  upon  the  premises  and  in  the  neighborhood  ; especially  in  cases 
where  the  slaughterhouse  was  located  on  the  banks  of  a creek  or  river. 

In  writing  a report  for  the  information  of  these  three  classes  of  per- 
sons, the  author  is  well  aware  that  technical  language  is  not  desired  by 
the  stock  raiser  and  the  butcher;  a considerable  amount  of  technical 
detail  is,  however,  necessary  in  treating  this  subject  in  a manner  which 
will  be  exact  and  complete  enough  for  the  expert  inspector,  who  must 
view  the  questions  from  different  standpoints.  These  technical  details 
consist  chiefly  (1)  of  the  classification  and  analytical  keys  to  the  various 
worms,  necessary  in  order  to  properly  determine  the  parasites  found; 

(2)  of  detailed  synonymy  of  each  form,  necessary  because  so  many  of 
the  parasites  are  described  in  various  works  under  different  names; 

(3)  details  in  regard  to  the  life  history  of  the  worms,  necessary  in  order 
to  establish  the  proper  methods  of  prevention;  and,  (4)  details  in  the 
pathological  appearances  of  diseased  organs,  necessary  in  order  to  dif- 
ferentiate between  diseases  which  may  bear  a close  resemblance  to  one 
another. 

This  technical  discussion,  necessary  as  it  is  to  the  expert  inspector, 
has  been  forced  to  the  background  as  much  as  possible  by  placing  it  in 
small  type  or  in  footnotes,  and  any,  except  sanitary  officers  and  zoolo- 
gists, who  read  this  bulletin  will  do  well  to  rely  chiefly  upon  the  dis- 
cussion in  large  type. 

Scientific  nomenclature  and  synonymy. — One  of  the  greatest  aids  in 
scientific  work,  giving  exactness  to  statements  and  rendering  the  names 
of  animals  and  plants  international,  is  the  use  of  Latin  names  for  all 
plants  and  animals.  These  names  should  be  given  according  to  certain 
regulations  agreed  upon  by  workers  in  science,  but  owing  to  the  dis- 
regard of  these  rules  by  some  authors,  many  of  the  parasites  discussed 
have  received  numerous  technical  names.  In  this  paper  the  writer  has 
endeavored  to  follow  the  international  rules  in  selecting  the  technical 
name  used  for  each  parasite,  and  this  name  alone  should  be  quoted  in 
referring  to  the  worms.  The  lists  of  synonyms  are  intended  only  as 
tables  of  reference,  in  order  to  trace  the  parasites  as  described  by  dif- 
ferent authors. 

Authorities  consulted. — The  majority  of  the  parasites  mentioned  in 
the  report  have  been  known  for  many  years  and  much  has  already  been 
published  upon  them.  In  writing  the  report,  therefore,  I have  not  only 
drawn  from  my  own  personal  studies,  but  have  not  hesitated  to  use  the 
entire  literature  at  my  disposal.  A list  of  the  chief  works  consulted 
is  given  on  pages  145-150,  and  of  these  I have  used  with  special  freedom 
Zlirn  (1882),  Blanchard  (1885-95),  Neumann  (1892),  Railliet  (1893),  Oster- 
tag  (1895),  and  my  own  papers. 


14 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


GENERAL  METHODS  FOR  THE  PREVENTION  OF  PARASITIC  DISEASES. 

“A  well-regulated  system  of  slaughterhouses  is  as  necessary  to  public  health  as  is  a 
well-regulated  system  of  schools  to  public  education. ” 

Under  the  subject  of  prevention  there  will  here  be  considered  chiefly 
those  rules  which  apply  to  the  parasites  discussed  in  this  paper.  The 
methods  of  prevention  naturally  fall  under  several  heads : 

(1)  Segregation  of  slaughterhouses .l — The  first  and  most  important 
step  to  be  taken  in  order  to  prevent  the  spread  of  parasitic  diseases  is 
to  segregate  the  slaughterhouses.  In  many  places,  especially  in  the 
West,  we  find  two,  three,  four,  or  even  five  small  slaughterhouses  on 
the  outskirts  of  a town  of  300  to  2,500  inhabitants.  These  slaughtering 
places  are  scattered  north,  east,  south,  and  west  of  the  town;  as  they 
are  often  outside  of  the  corporation  limits,  they  do  not  come  under  the 
direct  control  of  the  local  board  of  health;  few,  if  any,  of  the  State 
boards  pay  any  attention  to  them,  and  as  a result  the  meat  supply  is 
often  without  sanitary  supervision. 

The  general  rule  may  be  laid  down  that  every  slaughterhouse  is  a 
center  of  infection  for  the  surrounding  neighborhood,  not  only  of  dis- 
eases caused  by  animal  parasites,  but  also  of  other  diseases,  such  as 
hog  cholera,  swine  plague,  tuberculosis,  etc.  The  first  step  to  be  taken, 
therefore,  is  to  reduce  the  number  of  localities  from  which  infection 
may  spread,  and  there  is  evidently  only  one  way  to  do  this,  namely,  to 
compel  all  the  butchers  of  a town  to  do  all  of  their  killing  at  the  same 
slaughterhouse.  If  the  slaughtering  is  all  done  at  one  place,  it  is 
comparatively  easy  to  control  the  class  of  animals  used;  but  when 
numerous  slaughterhouses  exist,  it  is  practically  impossible  to  supervise 
the  premises. 

In  many  European  cities  and  towns  the  slaughterhouse  is  built  either 
at  municipal  expense  or  by  a stock  company,  and  stalls  are  let  to 
the  butchers  for  killing  purposes.  This  plau  has  been  found  very 
satisfactory. 

The  places  of  slaughtering  should  be  built  of  some  more  durable 
material,  as  brick,  rather  than  wood;  the  less  wood  used  the  easier  it 
is  to  keep  the  place  clean.  Even  the  floors  should,  if  possible,  be  of 
brick,  stone,  or  asphalt. 

(2)  Sanitary  supervision  of  slaughterhouses. — There  should  be  a com- 
petent veterinary  inspector  appointed  as  director  of  every  slaughter- 
house, with  assistants  if  necessary.  It  should  be  the  duty  of  the  director 
and  his  assistants  to  see  that  the  stalls  and  grounds  are  kept  in  proper 
sanitary  condition,  and  that  the  offal  is  properly  disposed  of.  In  small 
towns,  where  there  is  not  enough  offal  to  pay  for  preparing  it  as  fertil- 
izer, there  seems  to  be  no  valid  sanitary  objection  to  feeding  the  offal 
of  healthy  cattle  and  sheep  to  hogs ; but  offal  of  hogs  should  under  no 
circumstances  be  fed  to  other  hogs,  unless  it  is  first  thoroughly  cooked. 

1 Cf.  Stiles.  1897.  The  Country  Slaughterhouse  as  a Factor  in  the  Spread  of  Disease. 
(Yearbook  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  for  1896,  pp.  155-166.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  15 

(3)  Meat  inspection. — There  should  be  a regular  inspection,  by  a com- 
petent veterinarian,  of  all  meats  before  they  are  allowed  to  leave  the 
slaughterhouse. 

(4)  Dogs  and  rats. — Dogs  should  be  excluded  from  slaughterhouses 
and  meat  shops,  and  all  stray  and  ownerless  dogs  should  be  killed, 
This  will  prevent  the  spread  of  a number  of  dangerous  parasites.  Hats 
are  common  factors  in  spreading  diseases  from  slaughterhouses,  al- 
though they  do  not  come  into  consideration  in  connection  with  any  of 
the  parasites  discussed  in  this  report. 

(5)  The  raising  of  hogs  and  other  animals  at  slaughterhouses  is  a cus- 
tom which  can  not  be  too  severely  condemned,  and  the  farmer  who 
grants  to  a butcher  the  privilege  of  slaughtering  on  his  farm  in  exchange 
for  the  use  of  the  offal  as  feed  simply  bids  for  disease. 

(6)  Deserted  premises. — In  the  segregation  of  slaughterhouses,  which 
must  come  sooner  or  later,  care  should  be  taken  to  properly  dispose  of 
the  houses  which  are  deserted;  an  attempt  should  be  made  to  kill  the 
rats  on  the  deserted  premises,  in  order  to  prevent  their  spreading  dis- 
ease by  wandering  to  neighboring  farms,  etc. 

(7)  Domesticated  animals  must  not  be  allowed  access  to  human  excreta 
or  to  water  supply  contaminated  by  drainage  from  privies,  vaults,  etc. 

TREATMENT. 

The  treatment  of  the  verminous  diseases  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine, 
discussed  in  this  report,  may  be  summed  up  in  two  rules : 

(1)  The  treatment  for  the  larval  tapeworms  and  the  liver  flukes  must 
be  preventive,  as  no  medicinal  treatment  known  is  satisfactory. 

(2)  The  treatment  for  the  adult  tapeworms  and  the  intestinal  flukes 
should  be  medicinal,  as  this  is  effective,  and  the  life  history  of  most  of 
these  worms  still  being  problematical,  we  have  no  satisfactory  data  upon 
which  to  base  preventive  measures. 

(For  details  regarding  prevention  and  treatment,1  see  these  captions 
under  each  parasite.) 

THE  DISPOSITION  OF  CONDEMNED  MEATS. 

The  proposition  that  diseased  meats  which  are  dangerous  as  articles 
of  food  should  not  be  allowed  on  the  market  is  one  which  will  receive 
universal  support  from  all  sanitarians  and  also  from  the  thinking  pub- 

'In  connection  with  the  subject  of  treatment,  I would  call  the  attention  of  veteri- 
narians to  the  necessity  of  not  forgetting  that  a prescription  written  in  one  country 
does  not  mean  the  same  in  all  countries.  In  dealing  with  pounds,  ounces,  and  grains 
the  apothecaries’  weight,  United  States,  agrees  with  the  imperial  standard  troy, 
hut  many  of  the  articles  used  in  dosing  large  herds  are  purchased  at  avoirdupois 
weight.  The  apothecaries’,  United  States,  and  the  imperial  liquid  measures  do  not 
agree,  a point  which  should  he  home  in  mind  in  utilizing  English  formulae  in  this 
country.  Have  not  many  accidents  occurred  because  English  formulae  were  taken, 
and  the  fact  overlooked  that  the  English  gallon  is  one-hfth  larger  than  the  United 
States  gallon?  Hutcheon’s  wireworm  treatment  (pp.  133-135),  if  adopted  in  this 
country  without  making  due  allowance  for  the  difference  in  the  size  of  the  gallon, 
would  probably  result  in  heavy  losses  to  the  sheep  owner. 


16 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


lie.  The  question,  however,  arises  as  to  the  classes  of  diseased  meats 
and  the  stages  in  these  diseases  that  justify  their  condemnation  or  that 
justify  their  sale  and  the  method  of  their  disposal  if  condemned.  It  is 
not  the  purpose  of  this  report  to  discuss  the  general  aspect  of  these 
questions,  but  only  to  discuss  them  so  far  as  the  diseases  caused  by 
animal  parasites  are  concerned. 

In  some  foreign  cities  regulations  exist,  or  have  existed,  compelling  the 
burial  or  burning  of  meats  affected  with  certain  parasitic  diseases.  To 
such  extreme  regulations  we  are  opposed  for  several  reasons.  In  the 
first  place,  such  destruction  by  burial  or  burning  is  in  itself  an  expense. 
It  also  results  in  a total  and  unnecessary  loss  of  the  carcass.  Again, 
the  burial  of  a diseased  carcass,  unless  buried  in  quicklime  or  other 
destructive  material,  does  not  meet  either  the  practical  or  the  theoret- 
ical requirements  of  destruction  of  diseased  material.  Take  the  disease 
trichinosis,  for  instance.  In  some  places  the  carcasses  of  trichinous 
hogs  have  been  buried  by  order  of  the  sanitary  officials.  After  this  has 
been  done,  the  owners  of  the  carcass  have  disinterred  the  hog  and  it  has 
been  used  for  food ! 1 Even  had  these  men  not  disinterred  the  body  and 
fed  it  to  their  friends  and  customers,  the  grave  would  have  been  acces- 
sible to  rodents,  such  as  rats,  field  mice,  etc.,  which  would  be  likely 
to  feed  upon  the  carcass,  and  thus  become  infected  with  the  disease, 
resulting  in  a possible  (theoretical  1)  ultimate  transmission  of  the  disease 
to  other  hogs.  Finally,  the  writer  is  opposed  to  this  method  of  destruc- 
tion (?)  on  the  ground  that  diseased  or  partially  diseased  carcasses  can 
be  utilized  under  certain  conditions  and  restrictions,  so  that  the  owner 
will  not  lose  the  entire  amount  of  his  investment. 

Three  methods  in  particular  are  open,  the  method  selected  being 
dependent  (1)  upon  the  nature,  extent,  or  stage  of  the  disease,  and  (2)  the 
facilities  at  hand.  These  methods  are:  (1)  Utilization  as  fertilizer;  (2) 
rendering  the  meats  harmless  by  cold  storage,  cooking,  or  preserving, 
and  then  placing  them  upon  the  market;  (3)  selling  the  meats  under  a 
declaration  of  their  character. 

In  determining  the  extent  or  stage  of  the  disease  and  its  relation  to 
the  method  of  disposition  of  the  carcass,  the  opinion  of  the  meat 
inspector  must,  of  course,  be  based  upon  certain  general  principles  and 
must  naturally  be  final. 

Utilization  as  fertilizer. — There  is  no  parasitic  disease  known  which 
will  withstand  the  degree  of  heat  used  at  the  large  abattoirs  in  the 
preparation  of  fertilizers.  “Tanking  for  fertilizers”  is  therefore  an 
absolutely  safe  method  for  the  disposition  of  condemned  meats,  no 
matter  how  serious  the  infection  is  or  to  what  extent  the  disease  has 
progressed. 

In  connection  with  some  parasitic  diseases,  however,  a question  arises 
as  to  the  necessity  of  condemning  to  the  tank  certain  diseased  con- 


1 This  has  happened  a number  of  times  in  Germany,  one  case  being  reported  within 
less  than  a year!  (See  Zeitschr.  f.  Fleisch-  und  Milchhygiene,  1897,  VII,  (5),  p.  104.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  17 

ditions.  A case  of  generalized  cestode  tuberculosis  ( Cysticercus  bovis) 
should  undoubtedly  be  “tanked,”  but  in  a very  light  infection  the  ques- 
tion takes  a different  aspect,  namely : Can  not  the  diseased  portion  be  cut 
out  and  the  rest  of  the  carcass  be  placed  on  the  block?  To  allow  such 
meat  on  the  market,  leaving  the  consumer  to  suppose  that  he  is  pur- 
chasing a first-class  article,  is  evidently  an  injustice  to  the  buyer,  for  it 
is  by  no  means  certain  that  all  of  the  parasites  have  been  detected  and 
removed.  To  condemn  a light  infection  of  this  disease  is,  on  the  con- 
trary, an  injustice  to  the  dealer,  for  there  are  methods  by  which  the 
remaining  parasites,  if  any,  may  be  rendered  harmless,  and  in  this  case 
the  dealer  could  be  saved  a part  of  his  loss.  To  judge  between  those 
cases  in  which  the  carcass  is  absolutely  unfit  for  food,  and  therefore  to 
be  condemned,  and  those  cases  in  which  the  carcass  may  be  treated 
according  to  methods  which  will  destroy  the  remaining  but  undiscov- 
ered parasites,  thus  rendering  the  meat  fit  for  food,  is  a point  upon 
which  the  expert  meat  inspector  must  decide. 

To  follow  up  the  example  cited,  let  us  examine  the  effects  of  cold 
storage,  cooking,  and  salting.  It  is  evident  that  the  method  chosen 
must  depend  upon  the  facilities  at  hand.  At  a large  abattoir  any  of 
these  methods  might  be  followed,  but  at  a small  country  slaughter- 
house the  choice  would  be  restricted. 

Cold  storage. — Experiment  shows  that  the  parasite  under  discussion 
(■ Cysticercus  bovis ) dies  about  two  to  three  weeks  after  the  death  of  its 
host.  Three  weeks  of  cold  storage  would  therefore  render  a light 
infection  of  this  kind  absolutely  harmless,  and  the  meat  could  safely 
be  placed  on  the  block.  With  the  disease  known  as  pork  measles  the 
parasites  live  for  a month  or  more,  so  that  more  care  would  be  neces- 
sary in  dealing  with  it. 

Cooking. — Many  of  the  abattoirs  voluntarily  tank  for  canning  certain 
meats  of  inferior  quality.  The  heat  to  which  these  meats  are  subjected 
is  not  so  great  as  that  used  in  tanking  for  fertilizers,  but  as  Cysticercus 
bovis  can  not  survive  a temperature  of  140°  E.  (see  p.  81)  for  five  min- 
utes, and  as  the  meats  tanked  for  canning  are  thoroughly  cooked,  it 
may  safely  be  asserted  that  a light  case  of  “beef  measles”  would  be 
rendered  perfectly  harmless  by  the  cooking  preparatory  to  canning. 

The  same  applies  to  cases  of  trichinosis.  The  parasite  of  this  disease 
can  not  withstand  a heat  of  70°  0.  (=158°  F.),  so  that  if  trichinous 
pork  is  cooked  until  the  entire  piece  has  reached  this  temperature  and 
assumed  a light-gray  color,  the  disease  is  rendered  nontransmissible 
to  man. 

Salting. — The  parasite  of  “beef  measles”  is  killed  in  twenty-four  hours 
by  the  action  of  salt  solution,  and  we  have  found  no  case  where  the 
parasite  of  trichinosis  has  been  able  to  withstand  four  months  in  the 
“pickling  vats.”  In  both  of  these  cases  it  must  be  remembered  that  it 
takes  some  time  for  the  salt  to  thoroughly  permeate  the  tissue.  It 
5257— No.  19 2 


18 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


would  accordingly  not  be  safe  to  assume  that  in  a piece  of  measly  beef 
which  had  been  placed  in  brine  for  twenty-four  hours  the  parasites  had 
been  killed.  The  length  of  time  necessary  to  guaranty  the  result  is,  of 
course,  dependent  upon  the  size  of  the  piece  of  meat. 

Selling  infected  meats  under  declaration. — While  the  large  abattoirs 
have  means  at  their  command  by  which  cases  of  light  infection  may  be 
rendered  noninfectious,  the  smaller  slaughterhouses  are  at  more  of  a 
disadvantage  in  this  respect.  Cooking  and  salting  would  be  possible 
for  some — perhaps  all  of  them — while  cold  storage  would  often  be  out 
of  the  question. 

In  this  connection,  it  will  be  interesting  to  study  for  a moment  a sys- 
tem which  is  quite  extended  in  certain  parts  of  Europe.  Beferenceis 
made  to  the  German  u Freibank ” or  66  FinnenbankP  Under  this  system 
certain  meats  of  inferior  quality  are  allowed  to  be  placed  on  the  market 
under  given  conditions.  One  of  these  conditions  is  that  they  must  be 
sold  in  a specified  meat  stall  or  counter,  known  as  the  “ Freibank v or 
u Finnenbankf  where  the  true  nature  of  the  meat  must  be  made  known 
to  the  purchaser.  Naturally,  such  meats  are  sold  at  a lower  price  than 
the  meats  offered  in  open  market,  thus  enabling  many  of  the  poorer 
classes  to  purchase  meat  who  can  not  afford  to  pay  the  regular  prices. 
Meats  which  are  absolutely  dangerous  from  a sanitary  standpoint  are, 
of  course,  excluded  from  these  special  meat  counters,  and  in  some 
instances  the  law  requires  that  even  these  meats  of  inferior  quality, 
which  are  harmful  in  some  cases,  though  not  dangerous,  must  be  ren- 
dered harmless  before  being  sold. 

In  the  United  States  inspected  meats  are,  generally  speaking,  either 
passed  and  allowed  to  go  upon  the  open  market  or  condemned  and  thus 
excluded  from  the  market.  The  German  system  of  the  u Freibank n prac- 
tically results  in  dividing  the  meats  into  three1  classes,  namely,  first, 
meats  which  may  be  sold  in  open  market — good  or  first-class  meats 

1 Strictly  speaking,  the  Imperial  German  law  of  May  14,  1879,  divides  meats  into 
five  classes,  as  follows : 

“ 1.  Good  or  first-class  wares  which  may  be  placed  upon  the  open  market  without 
restrictions.  This  corresponds  to  the  ‘ bankwiirdiges  Fleisch’  of  the  South  German 
meat  inspection  regulations. 

“2.  Meat  which  may  be  placed  upon  the  market  under  declaration  and  sold 
as  ‘spoiled  (or  waste)  goods  in  the  sense  of  the  food  laws/  Other  disposition 
of  this  meat  (as  use  in  one’s  own  family  or  presentation  to  other  persons),  is  not 
prevented  by  law.  This  meat  is  called  ‘ nichtbankiviirdiges  Fleisch ’ in  the  older 
regulations. 

“3.  Meat  which  is  unconditionally  dangerous  or  injurious  to  health,  the  use  of 
which,  under  any  condition,  as  food  for  man,  even  use  in  one’s  own  family,  presen- 
tation to  other  people,  or  permitting  it  to  be  taken  away,  etc.,  is  forbidden  by  law. 
This  meat  must  be  disposed  of  in  such  a way  as  to  render  it  harmless. 

“4.  Meat  which  is  injurious  to  health  under  certain  conditions,  but  which  can  be 
rendered  harmless  by  proper  manipulation,  such  as  cooking,  sterilizing,  pickling, 
etc.  After  the  meat  has  been  rendered  harmless  it  may  be  placed  on  the  market  as 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  19 

(ugute  oder  tadellose  Ware”  of  North  Germany,  u bankwiirdiges  Fleisch” 
of  South  Germany,  also  called  “ bankrnassig  ” or  u ladenrein  ”)  $ a second 
class  of  meats  which  may  be  sold  only  under  declaration  of  their  true 
character,  in  many  cases  only  after  having  been  cooked  or  salted  under 
official  supervision  (u  niclitbankwiirdig”  u nichtbankmassig,”  “ nichtladen- 
*rein  ”) ; a third  class  of  meats  which  are  unconditionally  condemned,  and 
therefore  excluded  from  the  market. 

History  of  the  “Freibank — The  system  of  the  German  “Freibank ” 
and  compulsory  declaration  of  the  condition  of  inferior  meats  is  very 
old.  The  municipal  laws  of  Augsburg  in  1276  prescribed  that  inferior 
meat  should  not  be  sold  without  giving  notice  as  to  its  quality.  In 
1404  the  municipal  laws  of  Wimpfen  provided  that  the  “Freibank” 
(from  the  German  ufrei  ” free,  here  in  the  sense  of  unconnected  or 
separated,  and  “Bank”  a counter  or  stall)  should  be  situated  three 
paces  away  from  the  regular  counters.  The  u Freibank”  (free  stall) 
was,  therefore,  one  which  was  free  or  separate  from  the  regular  coun- 
ters. The  term  “Finnenbank”  is  sometimes  used  for  these  special  meat 
stalls  because  the  measly  meat  (“finniges  Fleisch ”)  especially  is  sold 
at  these  places.  This  system  of  “ Freibank ” has  been  extended  to 
most  of  the  slaughterhouses  of  Germany,  and  is  rapidly  extending  in 
France,  Belgium,  and  Italy. 

The  economic  importance  of  the  system  is  seen  from  the  following 
statistics  taken  from  Ostertag: 

In  the  Kingdom  of  Saxony  in  1892,  0.25  per  cent  of  the  animals 

spoiled  (or  waste)  meat,  in  the  sense  of  the  food  law.  In  regard  to  selling  this  kind 
of  meat  raw  compare  the  legal  decisions : 

“ An  explicit  statement  by  the  seller  that  the  meat,  which  is  rendered  harmless  by  cooking,  is  to  be 
eaten  only  when  cooked  protects  the  merchant  from  penalty.”  (Urt.  IV,  v.  II,  7,  1884.) 

“A  simple  statement  regarding  the  unwholesome  condition  of  the  meat  on  the  part  of  tbe  merchant 
to  the  purchaser  does  not,  however,  render  the  former  free  from  penalty,  for  the  danger  to  the  com- 
munal interests  of  the  act  is  not  thereby  obviated.”  (Urt.,  v.  15,  1 and  29,  9,  1885.) 

u 5.  Finally,  there  should  he  recognized  meat  which  is  spoiled  beyond  use  [liter- 
ally, spoiled  in  high  degree],  i.  e.,  meats  which,  though  not  unwholesome,  have  lost 
their  value  as  food  for  man  because  of  extensive  changes  in  the  tissue  (for  example, 
watery  meat,  meat  and  organs  which  are  heavily  infested  with  parasites,  etc.). 
Such  meats  are  to  be  judged  as  ‘ unfit  for  food/  and  can  be  looked  upon  as  ‘spoiled’ 
in  the  sense  of  sec.  367  of  the  penal  code,  and  offering  for  sale  and  selling  such 
meats  are  plaiuly  forbidden  by  this  paragraph.  Their  use  in  the  household  of  the 
owner  can  not,  however,  be  forbidden  on  grounds  of  the  Imperial  regulations.  In 
order  to  prevent  underhand  traffic  with  such  meat,  it  is  provided  that  meat  which  is 
spoiled  beyond  use  is  to  be  entirely  excluded  from  the  market,  except  in  such  cases  as 
portions  of  the  same,  such  as  the  fat  in  heavily  infected  cases  of  pork  measles,  can 
be  used  for  food. 

“In  meat  wares  we  further  distinguish  imitations  [ nachgemachte ] (meats  which  are 
treated  in  such  a way  as  to  appear  different  from  what  they  really  are,  Urt.  I,  v. 
15,  5,  1882),  and  adulterations  [verfalsclite]  (meats  which  do  not  possess  those  qual- 
ities which  they  are  supposed  to  possess  in  reliable  traffic). 

u I will  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  expert  must  use  the  word  4 spoiled’ 
[ verdorben ] only  in  the  legal  sense  and  not  in  the  sense  of  decomposed  meat,  for  decom- 
posing [ faulende ] meat  is  injurious  to  health.” — Ostertag,  1895,  pp.  100, 101,  et  al. 


20 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


slaughtered  for  food  were  unconditionally  condemned,  while  0.42  per 
cent  of  the  animals  slaughtered  were  sold  at  the  u Freibank .” 

In  Leipzig  during  1891  the  meat  of  604  cattle,  89  calves,  28  sheep, 
983  hogs,  and  104  pieces,  representing  a total  weight  of  271,608  kilo- 
grams (about  543,216  pounds),  was  used  by  the  u Freibank P 
The  average  receipts  per  pound  for  the  first  quality  meats  and  for  the 
meat  sold  at  the  “ Freibank”  after  deducting  fees  were  as  follows: 


First  quality. 

Price. 

Beef 

57.  6 pfennige,  about  $0. 144 
55.  5 pfennige,  about  . 138J 

58.  8 pfennige,  about  . 147 
61.  0 pfennige,  about  . 152£ 

Veal 

Mutton 

Pork 

Freibank. 

Price. 

Beef 

53.  8 pfennige,  about  $0. 134£ 
44.  2 pfennige,  about  . 110£ 

54.  5 pfennige,  about  . 136J 
57. 4 pfennige,  about  . 143£ 

Veal 

Mutton 

Pork 

Ostertag  (1896)  has  recently  published  a detailed  compilation  giving 
the  data  concerning  the  sale  of  measly  beef  in  38  cities  in  Germany. 
At  first  there  was  great  prejudice  against  the  meat,  so  that  in  some 
cases  the  price  fell  to  2J  cents  per  pound  5 but  as  this  prejudice  wore  oif 
the  price  went  up  6,  8,  and  10  cents  per  pound.  In  some  places  the 
demand  for  this  cheaper  meat  is  greater  than  the  supply. 

Objections  to  the  “Freibank”  have  been  raised  by  some  parties,  but 
we  are  unable  to  see  wherein  this  system  is  unfair  either  to  the  dealer 
or  to  the  purchaser,  for  no  one  is  obliged  to  buy  this  meat  who  does 
not  wish  to  do  so,  while  anyone  who  wishes  a cheaper  class  of  meat 
can  purchase  it  at  the  “Freibank”  with  the  full  knowledge  of  the  condi- 
tion of  the  meat  he  is  buying.  It  is  perfectly  safe  to  use  the  meat 
when  thoroughly  cooked,  and  the  dealer  is  able  to  economize  in  his 
business.  We  take  the  decided  stand,  however,  that  it  is  far  better  to 
subject  all  of  these  meats  to  thorough  cooking  or  other  methods  of 
safeguarding  before  they  are  placed  upon  the  market. 

PARASITIC  WORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE. 

The  term  “ cattle”  in  this  report  is  used  in  the  American  sense  of  the  word,  i.  e., 
for  the  species  known  zoologically  as  Bos  taurus,  the  only  bovine  animal  at  present 
slaughtered  in  this  country.  Other  animals  also  are  known  under  the  terms  cattle, 
hulls,  etc.,  in  some  countries,  and  a few  parasites  found  in  these  animals  are  men- 
tioned briefly  in  this  report.  These  parasites  are  cited  because  the  same  species,  or 
at  least  the  same  genera,  are  likely  to  infest  Bos  taurus  sooner  or  later. 

The  term  “ sheep,”  as  used  here,  refers  to  the  only  species  of  sheep  slaughtered  in 
the  United  States,  i.  e.,  Ovis  aries. 

The  terms  “hog,”  “pig,”  and  “swine”  refer  to  the  only  species  of  domesticated 
swine  found  in  this  country,  i.  e.,  Sus  scrofa  domestica. 

The  parasitic  worms  found  in  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs  belong  to  two 
different  zoological  groups,  known  as  Flat  worms  ( Plathelminthes ) and 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  21 


Round  worms  ( N emathelminthes ).  The  Flat  worms  alone  are  discussed 
in  this  report. 

Flat  Worms  (Class  Plathelminthes). 

The  Flat  worms  include  at  present  five  orders,  only  two  of  which,  namely,  the 
flukes  ( Trematoda ) and  the  tapeworms  ( Gestoda ),  are  discussed  in  this  report. 

Flukes,  or  Trematodes. — The  flukes  found  in  cattle,  sheep,  and 
swine  vary  iu  size  from  a few  lines  to  4 inches  in  length  and  from 
one  or  more  lines  to  an  inch  or  more  in  breadth.  They  are  found  in  the 
liver,  lungs,  intestine,  and  body  cavity,  and  occasionally  in  other  parts 
of  the  body.  None  of  the  species  found  in  cattle,  sheep,  or  swine  are 
directly  transmissible  from  these  animals  to  man,  although  three  of  the 
species  occasionally  infest  man.  At  least  two  of  the  species  render  the 
organs  in  which  they  occur  unfit  for  food  when  present  in  numbers ; 
they  also  injure  the  animals  to  a greater  or  less  degree,  although  the 
extent  of  injury  in  cattle  has  possibly  been  overestimated ; one  form  is 
particularly  injurious  to  sheep. 

'Tapeworms,  or  Cestodes. — Oestodes  occur  as  larval  forms  ( blad- 
der worms)  or  as  adult  forms  (tapeworms,  strobilae). 

Larval  tapeworms . — The  larvae,  or  bladder  worms  ( Gysticercus , Coenu- 
rus,  Echinococcus),  are  found  in  the  liver,  lungs,  brain,  muscles,  or  other 
organs  except  the  intestinal  tract,  and  do  not  reach  maturity  until  they 
are  transmitted  to  meat-eating  animals.  The  most  important  bladder 
worms  considered  in  this  report  are : (1)  The  Beef-measle  Bladder  Worm, 
and  (2)  the  Borh-measle  Bladder  Worm , both  of  which  develop  into  tape- 
worms in  man;  (3)  the  Gid  Bladder  Worm,  which  causes  gid,  or  turn- 
sick,  in  sheep;  and,  (4)  the  Hydatid,  which  causes  hydatid  disease  in 
man  and  various  domesticated  and  wild  animals.  When  eaten  by  dogs 
the  two  latter  bladder  worms  develop  into  Adult  tapeworms. 

Adult  tapeworms . — Several  different  species  are  found  in  the  intes- 
tine of  cattle  and  sheep.  They  injure  their  hosts,  but  are  not  trans- 
missible to  man  in  any  stage  of  their  development. 

The  following  key  will  aid  the  reader  in  determining  the  various 
flukes  and  tapeworms  discussed  in  this  report.  A certain  amount  of 
technical  knowledge  is  valuable  in  the  use  of  this  key,  which  is  based 
upon  zoological  characters.  Some  liberty  has,  however,  been  taken 
with  the  anatomical  characters  in  order  to  make  the  key  as  simple  as 
possible;  and  it  is  believed  that  most,  if  not  all,  of  the  forms  mentioned 
can  be  more  or  less  definitely  determined  by  comparing  the  key,  espe- 
cially the  habitat  given  for  each  form,  with  the  figures  of  the  parasites, 
even  if  one  is  unable  to  follow  the  more  technical  statements. 

Key  to  the  Flukes  and  Tapeworms  of  Cattle,  Sheep,  and  Swine. 

[For  the  species  thus  far  positively  known  to  have  been  found  in  North  America,  follow  Roman  type. 
As  the  characters  given  are  confined  to  the  forms  discussed  in  this  report,  this  key  should  not 
be  relied  upon  to  classify  the  parasites  of  other  animals.] 

(1)  Parasitic  in  the  liver,  lungs,  pancreas,  veins,  abdominal  cavity,  or  intestine  of 
cattle,  sheep,  and  swine,  more  rarely  encysted  in  muscles  of  swine.  Unseg- 
mented Flat  worms;  intestinal  tube  present;  anus  absent;  mouth  with  one 
sucker Flukes,  2. 


22 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


Parasitic  in  the  intestine,  more  rarely  in  bile  ducts,  as  adult  segmented  worms; 
or  in  the  liver,  lungs,  muscles,  etc.,  as  unsegmented  bladder  worms.  Intestinal 
tube  absent;  head  with  four  suckers Tapeworms,  14. 

FLUKES. 

(Trematoda.) 

(2)  Parasitic  in  liver,  lungs,  pancreas,  veins,  or  abdominal  cavity  of  cattle,  sheep. 

or  swine,  rarely  encysted  in  muscles  of  swine.  Ventral  sucker  (acetabulum? 

on  anterior  half  of  body Fasciolidae,  3. 

Parasitic  in  intestinal  tract  or  gall  ducts  of  sheep,  cattle,  zebu,  gayal,  or  buffalo. 
Ventral  sucker  (acetabulum)  at  posterior  extremity Amphistomidae,  9 

Fasciolidae. 

(3)  Parasitic  in  liver,  lungs,  pancreas,  or  abdominal  cavity  of  cattle,  sheep,  or  swine, 

more  rarely  encysted  in  muscles  of  swine.  Hermaphrodites Fasciolinae,  4. 

Parasitic  in  the  blood  of  cattle  and  sheep;  eggs  found  forming  egg  tumors  in 
genito-urinary  tract  or  colon.  Sexes  separate Schistosominae,  8. 

Fasciolinae. 

(4)  Parasitic  in  liver,  lungs,  pancreas,  or  abdominal  cavity.  Mature  flukes,  or  forms 

in  which  the  genital  organs  are  developed  to  an  extent  which  permits  of  a 
determination  of  the  genus.  Acetabulum  sessile;  genital  pore  between  oral 

sucker  and  acetabulum ; oral  sucker  unarmed 5. 

Encysied  in  muscles  of  swine,  very  rare.  Must  not  be  mistaken  for  trichinae.  Imma- 
ture fluke,  in  which  the  organs  do  not  permit  of  a determination  of  the  genus.  Body 
(fig.  1)  0.5  mm.  long,  elliptical,  grayish,  transparent ; oral  sucker  terminal ; ventral 
sucker  near  the  middle  of  the  body  ; pharynx  followed  by  a short  oesophagus  and  two 
simple  intestinal  caeca,  which  extend  slightly  beyond  the  middle  of  the  body  ; in  front 
of  acetabulum  are  four  large  unicellular  glands  with  rather  long  ducts,  extending  to 
oral  sucker  ; three  primordial  genital  glands  in  distal  half  of  body ; terminal  excre- 
tory canal  median,  branching  immediately  distal  of  testicles. 

The  Muscle  Fluke  of  Swine  (Agamodistomum  suis),  p.  28. 

(5)  Parasitic  in  liver,  lungs,  rarely  abdominal  cavity  of  cattle,  sheep,  or  swine.  Body 

large,  shaped  like  a flat  fish,  dark  colored;  intestinal  caeca,  testicles  and  ovary 
profusely  branched;  freshly  laid  egg  does  not  contain  embryo. 

Fascioles  (Fasciola),  6. 

Parasitic  in  liver  or  pancreas  of  cattle,  sheep,  orsivine.  Body  smaller;  intestinal  caeca 
very  simple,  long,  tubular,  extending  beyond  acetabulum  to  posterior  portion  of 
body;  oesophagus  comparatively  short;  genital  pore  at  bifurcation  of  intestine;  tes- 
ticles two,  may  be  slightly  lobate,  near  acetabulum;  ovary  posterior  of  and  smaller 
than  testicle,  but  anterior  of  transverse  vitello-duct;  ovary  and  testicles  anterior  of 
mass  of  uterine  coils  which  extend  to  posterior  end  of  the  body. 

Dicrocoeles  (Dicrocoelium),  7. 

Fascioles  (Fasciola). 

(6)  Parasitic  in  liver  or  lungs  of  cattle.  Body  (figs.  28-30)  flesh-colored,  very  large 

and  thick,  20  to  100  mm.  long  by  11  to  26  mm.  broad;  anterior  conical  portion 
not  very  distinct  from  posterior  portion ; posterior  extremity  bluntly  rounded ; 
vitellogene  glands  situated  ventrally  of  intestine;  oesophagus  generally  one 
and  one-half  times  as  long  as  pharynx;  eggs  109  to  168  /x  by  75  to  96  jx. 

The  Large  American  Fluke  (F.  magna),  p.  49. 
Parasitic  in  liver  or  lungs  of  cattle,  sheep,  hogs,  etc.  Body  (figs.  2 and  3)  18  to 
51  mm.  long  (occasionally  longer)  by  4 to  13  mm.  broad;  anterior  conical  por- 
tion generally  very  distinctly  bounded  from  posterior  portion;  posterior  ex- 
tremity bluntly  pointed;  vitellogene  glands  both  dorsal  and  ventral  of  intes- 
tine; oesophagus  rarely  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  the  pharynx;  egg 
105  to  145  jx  by  63  to  90  /x The  Common  Liver  Fluke  (F.  hepatica),  p.  29. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  23 


Parasitic  in  liver  of  Senegal  cattle.  Body  {figs.  23  and  24)  26  to  38  mm.  long  by  6 to 
8 mm.  broad,  flat,  linguiform,  sides  of  posterior  portion  nearly  parallel  for  some 
distance  but  tapering  toward  posterior  extremity;  ventral  sucker  large  and  promi- 
nent; egg  143  to  151  jx  by  82  to  88  ju. 

The  Narrow  Liver  Fluke  (F.  hepatica  angusta),  p.  48. 

Parasitic  in  the  Indian  buffalo  (Bos  bubalis)  and  cattle  (Bos  taurus).  Body  (figs. 
25  and  26)  25  to  31  mm.  long  by  6 to  8 mm.  broad;  sides  of  body  nearly  parallel  for 
some  distance;  posterior  extremity  somewhat  rounded. 

The  Egyptian  Liver  Fluke  ( F . hepatica  aegyptiaca),  p.  48. 

Parasitic  in  the  liver  of  giraffes  and  cattle  (?).  Body  (fig.  27)  75  mm.  long  by  3 to  12 
mm.  broad,  flat,  oblong , lanceolate;  anterior  extremity  cylindrical,  attenuate;  pos- 
terior extremity  obtuse;  sides  nearly  parallel  for  greater  part  of  length;  oral  sucker 
1.12  mm.  in  diameter,  ventral  sucker  somewhat  larger;  oesophagus  extends  nearly  to 
acetabulum;  8 to  10  lateral  branches  to  each  intestinal  caecum;  olher  organs  agree 
with  F.  hepatica The  Giant  Fluke  (F.  gigantica),  p.  49. 

Dicrocoeles  (Dierocorlium). 

(7)  Parasitic  in  liver  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine.  Body  (figs.  36  and  37)  lancet  form,  4 to 

10  mm.  long  by  1 to  2.5  mm.  broad;  anterior  end  much  more  attenuate  than  posterior 
end;  semitransparent,  spotted  brown  by  eggs;  cuticle  without  spines;  oral  sucker 
0.5  mm.  in  diameter,  subterminal;  ventral  sucker  0.6  mm.  in  diameter,  one-fifth  the 
length  of  body  back  of  mouth ; mouth  followed  by  an  oesophagus  which,  about  halfway 
between  oral  sucker  and  acetabulum,  immediately  in  front  of  cirrus  pouch,  branches 
into  two  simple  intestinal  caeca;  the  latter  extend  one  each  side  to  about  the  posterior 
quarter  of  the  body  ; cirrus  pouch  present ; cirrus  long,  filiform,  straight;  testicles 
lobed,  one  posterior  to  the  other,  and  situated  immediately  posterior  of  acetabulum; 
uterus  sinuous,  very  long,  extending  backward  beyond  the  end  of  the  intestine  to  pos- 
terior portion  of  body,  then  running  forward  in  loops  to  genital  pore,  and  rendered 
prominent  by  presence  of  brown  eggs;  vitellogene  glands  in  marginal  portion  of 
middle  third  of  body ; eggs  (fig.  38)  40  to  45  jx  by  30  jx,  containing  embryo  at  time 
of  ovipont The  Lancet  Fluke  (D.  lanceatum),  p.  55. 

Parasitic  in  pancreas  of  “ cattle,”  Indian  buffalo,  and  sheep,  in  Asia.  Body  (tig.  40) 
somewhat  similar  to  the  common  fluke  but  proportionally  broader  and  more  pointed 
at  distal  extremity ; 8 to  15  mm.  long  by  5 mm.  broad;  blood  red  in  color ; cuticle 
ivithout  spines;  oral  sucker  subterminal;  ventral  sucker  slightly  larger  than  oral 
sucker,  one-third  the  length  of  the  body  back  of  the  mouth;  pharynx,  oesophagus, 
and  intestines  about  the  same  as  in  D.  lanceatum;  cirrus-pouch  pyriform ; testicles 
irregularly  lobed,  in  lateral  portion  of  median  field,  on  same  transverse  plane,  near 
acetabulum ; uterus  of  similar  type  to  that  of  D.  lanceatum;  vitellogene  glands 
only  about  one-fifth  as  long  as  body,  situated  in  marginal  portion  of  middle  third; 
eggs  ovoid,  thick  shelled,  44  p to  49  p.  by  23  jx  to  30  ju. 

The  Pancreatic  Fluke  (I).  pancreaticum),  p.  57. 

Blood  Flukes  (Family  Schistosominae ; Genus  Schistosoma). 

[Acetabulum  penduculate;  intestinal  caeca  unite  or  anastomose  distal  of  acetabu- 
lum ; male  shorter,  thicker,  and  broader  than  female,  the  margins  curling  ventrally 
to  form  canal  for  filiform  female;  testicular  complex  consists  of  a double  series  of 
four  or  more  sacular  bodies.] 

(8)  Parasitic  (fig.  41)  in  blood  of  man  and  cattle  (?).  Male  4 to  14  mm.  long  by  1 

mm.  broad;  female  attains  13  to  20  mm.  long  by  0.28  mm.  broad  by  0.21  mm. 
thick;  eggs  ovoid  to  fusiform  120  to  197  p long  by  40  to  73  jx  broad. 

The  Human  Blood  Fluke  (S.  haematobium),  p.  58. 

Parasitic  (fig.  45)  in  blood  of  cattle.  Body  thicker  than  the  Human  Blood  Flukes;  the 
dorsal  surface  of  the  inner  fold  of  the  male  is  provided  with  a longitudinal  groove 
(fig.  46)  into  which  the  end  of  the  outer  fold  extends;  eggs  fusiform,  160  to  180  jx  by 
40  to  50  n The  Bovine  Blood  Fluke  (S.  bovis),  p.  60. 


24 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


Amphistomes  (Amphistomidae). 

(9)  Parasitic  in  intestinal  tract  or  gall  ducts  of  sheep,  cattle,  zebu,  and  gayal. 

Pharynx  without  lateral  sacs 10. 

Parasitic  in  intestinal  tract  of  zebu  and  gayal.  Pharynx  with  two  lateral  sacs;  the 
greater  part  of  the  ventral  surface  of  posterior  portion  of  body  is  covered  ivith 
numerous  papillae Homalog aster,  13. 

(10)  Parasitic  in  intestinal  tract  or  gall  ducts  of  sheep,  cattle,  and  zebu.  Ventral 

pouch  very  small  or  absent True  Amphistomes  ( Amphistoma ),  11. 

Parasitic  in  intestinal  tract  of  cattle,  zebu,  gayal,  and  Indian  buffalo.  Ventral 
pouch  large,  extending  to  posterior  portion  of  body. 

Pouched  Amphistomes  ( Gastrothylax ),  12. 

True  Amphistomes  (Amphistoma). 

(11)  Parasitic  in  rumen  of  sheep  and  cattle.  Body  (figs.  49  and  50)  4 to  13  mm.  long 

by  1 to  3 mm.  broad ; conical,  pinkish  white . . The  Conical  Fluke  (A.  cervi),  p.  64. 
Parasitic  in  gall  bladder  and  hepatic  ducts  of  zebu.  Body  lanceolate,  8 to  10  mm. 
long  by  3 to  4 mm.  broad,  rather  similar  to  the  Conical  Fluke,  but  somewhat  flat- 
tened dor so-ventr ally A.  explanatum,  p.  67. 

Parasitic  in  stomach  of  zebu.  Body  (fig.  56)  somewhat  similar  to  A.  cervi,  but  more 
oval,  and  somewhat  flattened  dor  so-ventr  ally  ; about  11  mm.  long  by  6.6  mm.  broad. 

A.  bothriopliorum,  p.  67. 

Pouched  Amphistomes  (Gastrothylax). 

(12)  Parasitic  in  stomach  of  zebu  and  cattle.  Body  (figs.  57-62 ) reddish  brown  to  grayish 

green,  9 to  15  mm.  long  by  4 to  5 mm.  broad G.  crumenifer , p.67. 

Parasitic  in  stomach  of  gayal.  Body  (fig.  63)  pyriform,  10  mm.  long  by  5 mm.  broad 

at  posterior  extremity G.  Cobboldii,  p.  67. 

Parasitic  in  stomach  of  gayal  and  zebu.  Body  attains  (fig.  64)  20  mm.  long  by  4 mm. 

broad;  intestine  only  half  as  long  as  body G.  elongatum,  p.  67. 

Parasitic  in  stomach  of  Indian  buffalo.  Body  (figs.  65  and  66)  deep  red,  cylindrical  to 
conical,  attains  7 to  10  mm.  long  by  2 to  2.5  mm.  broad G.  gregarius,  p.  67. 

Homalog  aster. 

(13)  Parasitic  in  caecum  of  gayal.  Body  (fig.  67)  lanceolate ; testicles  small. 

H.  paloniae,  p.  67. 

Parasitic  in  caecum  of  “cattle”  (=  (?)  zebu).  Body  — mm.  long ; oral  sucker  with 
digitate  papillae;  testicles  lateral  and  divided  into  two  equal  lobes  with  irregular 
contours,  so  that  there  appear  to  be  four  testicular  masses H.  Poirieri,  p.67. 

TAPEWORMS. 

(Cestoda.) 

(14)  Larval  tapeworms  or  bladder  worms  (figs.  68,  76,  84,  97,  and  105)  parasitic  in 

muscles,  liver,  lungs,  etc.,  but  not  in  lumen  of  intestinal  tract;  the  head, 
which  is  generally  provided  with  hooks,  lies  inside  the  cyst;  body  unseg- 
mented, generally  surrounded  by  a cyst  of  connective  tissue ; no  genital  organs 
developed ; these  forms  become  adult  in  man  and  carnivorous  animals,  and  are 
of  great  importance  from  the  standpoint  of  meat  inspection. . . Taeniinae,  15. 
Adult  tapeworms  (fig.  lit),  found  in  the  intestine  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine  ( ?), 
or  in  gall  ducts  of  sheep Anoplocephalinae,  18. 

Bladder  Worms,  or  Larval  Tapeworms  (Hard-shelled  Tapeworms,  Subfamily  Taeniinae; 

Genus  Taenia). 

(15)  Parasitic  in  muscles,  abdominil  cavity,  lungs,  and  liver.  One  head  in  each 

cyst Bladder  Worms  (Cysticercus),  16. 

Parasitic  in  any  organ  of  body  except  intestine,  most  frequent  in  liver,  lungs, 
and  brain.  Numerous  heads  may  be  present 17. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP.  AND  SWINE.  25 


Bladder  Worms  (Cysticercus). 

(16)  Parasitic  in  cattle;  found  in  the  muscles,  especially  those  of  mastication,  more 

rarely  in  lungs  or  liver.  Body  (fig.  68)  spherical  to  elliptical,  2.5  to  10  mm.  long 
by  3 mm.  broad;  whitish  to  gray,  with  a small  yellowish  spot  due  to  the 
invaginated  head;  no  hooks  present;  the  bladder  contains  but  little  liquid. 
Transmissible  to  man Beef  Measle  Bladder  Worm  (x  C.  bovis),  p.  71. 

Parasitic  in  swine ; found  in  the  muscles.  Body  (figs.  75  and  76)  ellipsoid,  6 to 
10  mm.  long  by  5 to  10  mm.  broad,  with  a white  spot  corresponding  to  the 
invaginated  head ; head  armed  with  a double  row  of  24  to  32  hooks  of  two  differ- 
ent sizes  (see  description  of  adult,  p.  84) ; the  bladder  contains  but  little  liquid. 
Transmissible  to  man Pork  Measle  Bladder  Worm  (*  C.  cellulosae) , p.  89. 

Parasitic  in  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine;  young  stages  in  the  liver,  older  stages 
found  hanging  into  the  body  cavities,  attached  to  omentum,  etc.  Bladder 
(figs.  84,  91,  and  92)  large,  varying  from  size  of  a pea  to  that  of  a man’s  fist, 
occasionally  attaining  160  mm.  by  60  to  70  mm. ; neck  long ; invaginated  head 
armed  with  a double  row  of  28  to  44  (generally  36  to  38)  hooks,  of  two  sizes 
(see  description  of  adult,  p.  101) ; the  bladder  contains  considerable  liquid. 
Transmissible  to  dogs,  but  not  to  man. 

The  Thin  Necked  Bladder  Worm  (1 2  C.  tenuicollis),  p.  96. 

Coenurus  and  Echinococcus. 

(17)  Parasitic  in  nervous  system , especially  the  brain,  of  sheep  and  calves.  Bladder  (figs. 

94  and  97)  varies  from  size  of  a pea  to  that  of  a hems  egg,  and  is  composed  of  a 
hydatid  cyst  (cuticle  thin)  which  forms  numerous  small  invaginations  (as  many 
as  500  in  large  specimens) , in  each  of  which  a head  develops  without  the  forma- 
tion of  brood  capsules  ; head  armed  with  a double  row  of  22  to  32  hooks,  of  two 
sizes  (see  description  of  adult,  p.  101).  Transmissible  to  dogs,  but  not  to  man. 

The  Gid  Bladder  Worm  (2  Coenurus  cerebralis),  p.  108. 

Parasitic  in  any  organ,  particularly  the  liver  and  lungs  of  man,  cattle,  sheep, 
swine,  etc.  Bladder  (figs.  101  and  105)  varies  from  size  of  a pea  to  that  of 
a child’s  head,  assuming  different  forms,  as  described  on  p.  102;  the  hydatid 
cyst  has  a thick  laminated  cuticle;  the  heads  are  armed  with  a double  row 
of  28  to  50  hooks,  of  two  sizes  (see  characters  of  adult,  p.  101),  and  develop  in 
brood  capsules,  which  are  attached  to  the  cyst  wall.  The  adults  develop 
in  dogs,  but  not  in  man.  This  is  the  most  important  parasite  of  meat  inspec- 
tion   The  Echinococcus  Hydatid  (2  Echinococcus  polymorphus),  p.  113. 

Adult  tapeivorms  of  Cattle,  Sheep,  and  Sivine  (?)  (Subfamily  3 Anoplocephalinae). 

(18)  Posterior  border  of  segments  not  fringed;  parasitic  in  the  intestine 19. 

Posterior  border  of  segments  fringed  (figs.  122  and  124).  Parasitic  in  intestine 

and  bile  ducts  of  sheep.  Genital  pores  double;  strobila  15  to  30  cm.  long;  head 
large,  1.5  mm.  broad,  nearly  square  on  apex'view ; neck  flat,  broad,  and  short; 
broadest  segments  measure  5 to  8 mm.  wide  by  0.4  to  0.6  mm.  long,  and  are 
situated  about  2 cm.  from  posterior  end,  the  end  segment  showing  a decided 
tendency  to  become  longer  and  narrower;  gravid  segments  attain  2.2  mm.  in 
thickness;  uterus  single,  transverse,  but  undulate  with  cornucopia-like  egg 
pouches;  testicles  form  a band  in  distal  portion  of  median  field;  horns  of  pyri- 
form body  around  embryo  not  developed. 

The  Fringed  Tapeworm  (Thysanosoma  actinioides),  p.  128. 

1 For  characters  of  the  adult  form  in  man,  see  key,  p.  84. 

2 For  characters  of  the  adult  form  in  dogs,  see  key,  p.  101. 

3 This  key  to  the  adult  forms  is  extremely  artificial,  as  characters  have  been 
selected  which  will  most  easily  enable  a determination  of  the  worms.  For  a key 
expressing  more  closely  the  true  relations  of  the  forms  to  each  other,  see  Stiles  & 
Hassall,  1893,  p.  88,  and  Stiles,  1896,  p.  214. 


26 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


(19)  Genital  pores  double,  segments  generally  quite  broad;  pyriform  body  well 
developed.  Parasitic  in  cattle  and  sheep Moniezia  20. 

Genital  pores  usually  single , rarely  double,  and  then  only  in  strobilae,  which  contain 
single-pored  segments  in  the  majority , Parasitic  in  sheep,  cattle  (f),  and  swine  (?).. 
Strobila  1 to  2 meters  long;  head  0.5  to  1 mm.  broad;  neck  absent  or  present;  most 
of  the  segments  broader  than  long,  only  the  posterior  segments  longer  than  broad; 
unripe  segments  of  ten  present  a zigzag  appearance;  largest  segments  5 to  6.5  mm. 
broad  by  1 to  2 mm.  long;  testicles  divided  into  two  groups  and  confined  for  the 
most  part  to  the  lateral  fields;  uterus  same  as  in  the  Fringed  Tapeworm. 

Giard’s  Thysanosoma  ( Th . Giardi ),  p.  129. 

Genital  pores  single;  segments  very  narrow.  Parasitic  in  sheep  and  cattle  (?). 

Stilesia,  24. 


Moniezia. 


(20)  Interproglottidal  glands  absent Alba  group,  21. 

Interproglottidal  glands  linear  (fig.  113) Planissima  group,  22. 


Interproglottidal  glands  circular,  groups  around  blind  sacs  (fig  118). 

Expansa  group,  23. 

Neck  absent;  head  large,  decidedly  lob ed;  strobila  40  cm.  long;  segments  attain  8 mm. 
in  breadth.  Doubtful  species,  parasitic  in  sheep Moniezia  nullicollis. 

(21)  Parasitic  in  sheep.  Strobila  nearly  half  a meter  long  by  2.5  mm.  broad;  gravid  seg- 

ments may  attain  2.5  mm.  broad  by  5 mm.  long;  genital  pores  in  middle  or  anterior 
half  of  lateral  margin;  cirrus  pouch  about  0.18  mm.  long;  eggs  60  p,  pyriform  body 
20  jii,  horns  end  in  a knob Vogt’s  Moniezia  (M.  Vogti),  p.  127. 

Parasitic  in  sheep  and  cattle.  Strobila  0.60  to  2.5  meters  long;  head  subquadrangu- 
lar,  1.15  to  1.4  mm.  broad;  neck  1.5  to  5.8  mm.  long;  gravid  segments  attain  8 to  14 
mm.  broad  by  2 to  6.5  mm.  long  by  1.5  mm.  thick;  testicles  arranged  in  a quadrangle; 
eggs  60  to  88  p,  bulb  of  pyriform  body  16  to  24  p,  horns  8 to  20  u. 

The  White  Moniezia  ( M . alba),  p.  127. 

(22)  Parasitic  in  cattle  and  sheep.  Strobila  (fig.  Ill)  1 to  2 meters  long;  yellowish; 

head  0.4  to  0.9  mm.  broad  ; neck  thin,  short  or  long;  segments  always  broader 
than  long;  gravid  segments  attain  12  to  26  mm.  broad  by  1 to  1.75  mm.  long, 
generally  thin  and  flat;  interproglottidal  glands  large  and  very  distinct;  tes- 
ticles arranged  at  first  in  two  triangles,  in  older  segments  in  a quadrangle; 
400  to  600  testicles  present  in  a segment ; eggs  63  p,  bulb  of  pyriform  body  20  p, 
horns  24  p * The  Flat  Moniezia  (M.  planissima ),  p.  127. 

Parasitic  in  sheep  and  cattle.  Strobila  attains  4 meters  in  length;  head  about  1 mm.; 
neck  2 to  2.5  mm.  long;  suckers  very  distinctly  lobed  and  sharply  separated  from 
neck;  segments  always  broader  than  long;  gravid  segments  may  attain  12  mm.  broad 
by  3 mm.  long  by  2 mm.  thick;  interproglottidal  glands  extremely  indistinct;  eggs 
80  to  85  p, pyriform  body  18  p..  Van  Beneden’s  Moniezia  ( M . Benedeni),  p.  128. 

Parasitic  in  sheep.  Strobila  1. 5 to  2 feet  long;  head  square,  0.9  mm.;  gravid  seg- 
ments attain  8 mm.  broad  by  1. 5 mm.  long  ; but  the  end  segments  may  measure  6 
mm.  broad  by  2 mm.  long;  testicles  arranged  in  a quadrangle;  interproglottidal 
glands  small ; eggs  55  to  65  p Neumann’s  Moniezia  ( M.  Neumanni),  p.  128. 

(23)  Parasitic  in  cattle  and  sheep.  Strobila  (fig.  116)  attains  4 to  5 meters  in  length ; 

anterior  portion  usually  whitish,  posterior  portion  usually  yellowish ; head 
0.36  to  0.7  mm.  broad;  segments  always  much  broader  than  long,  gravid  seg- 
ments attaining  16  mm.  in  width  and  are  quite  thick;  end  segments  never  as 
long  as  broad;  testicles  usually  arranged  in  a quadrangle,  rarely  in  two  tri- 
augles  except  in  younger  segments;  eggs  50  to  60  p,  bulb  of  pyriform  body 
20  ju The  Broad  Moniezia  ( M . expansa),  p.  128. 

Parasitic  in  sheep.  Strobila  (fig.  120)  attains  1.6' to  2 meters  in  length;  cream 
to  whitish  in  color;  head  0.6 to 0.7  mm.  broad;  neck  filiform,  2 mm.  long;  seg- 
ments generally  broader  than  long,  rarely  over  6 mm.  broad  by  2 mm.  long; 
although  end  segments  are  occasionally  found  which  are  square  or  even  slightly 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  27 

longer  than  broad;  testicles  usually  arranged  in  two  triangles;  eggs  52  to 
60  u,  bulb  of  pyriform  body  20  to  24  /i,  horns  12  to  15  fi. 

The  Triangle  Mouiezia  ( M. . trigonophora),  p.  128. 

Stilesia. 

(24)  Strobila  transparent , whitish  or  grayish  yelloiv,  45  to  60  mm.  long,  not  over  2.5  mm. 
broad ; head  0.5  to  1 mm.  broad;  median  portion  of  median  field  transparent ; two 
lateral  cornucopia-like  egg  pouches  presen  t in  each  segment. 

The  Globipunctate  Tapeworm  ( S . globipunctata),  p.  130. 

Strobila  attains  nearly  2 meters  in  length,  but  not  over  3 mm.  in  breadth;  head  1.5  to 
2 mm.  broad;  median  field  occupied  by  transverse  uterus. 

The  Centri punctate  Tapeworm  (S.  centripunctata),  p.  130. 

FLUKES,  OR  TREMATODES  (Order  Trematoda). 

The  following  technical  description  shows  the  systematic  position  and 
general  structure  of  the  flukes  under  discussion : 

[Suborder  Malacocotylea : Digenea.  Families  Fasciolidae  and  Amphistomidae. 

See  figs.  3,  29,  30,  37, 41,  42,  43,  and  50.] 

With  the  exception  of  the  Blood  Flukes  ( Schistosoma ),  they  are  all  hermaphrodites. 
They  are  flat  or  conical  worms,  always  longer  than  broad;  on  the  anterior  extremity 
is  situated  the  mouth,  surrounded  by  a muscular  organ,  known  as  the  oral  sucker 
and  curved  slightly  ventrad.  There  is  a second  sucker  (the  acetabulum ),  which  is 
situated  in  the  median  ventral  line ; in  the  Fasciolidae  the  acetabulum  is  generally 
found  on  the  anterior  half  of  the  body,  while  in  the  family  Amphistomidae  it  is  at 
or  near  the  posterior  extremity.  The  surface  of  the  worms  is  generally  more  or  less 
covered  with  minute  spines,  or  tubercles. 

The  digestive  tract  consists  of  the  mouth,  a short  oesophagus,  and  two  blind  sacs 
{intestinal  caeca),  which  represent  the  true  intestine.  The  anterior  portion  of  the 
oesophagus  is  generally  connected  with  the  mouth  by  a muscular  bulb  (the  pharynx ) ; 
the  posterior  extremity  bifurcates,  one  branch  being  connected  with  each  intestinal 
caecum..  The  intestinal  sacs  are  usually  simple  elongated  tubes,  but  in  the  genus 
Fasciola  they  branch  freely  (fig.  29).  In  Schistosoma  the  two  caeca  unite  after  pass- 
ing the  acetabulum.  An  anus  is  never  present. 

Genital  organs. — The  genital  pore  is  in  the  ventral  median  line  in  all  species  here  de- 
scribed, the  male  copulatory  organ  ( cirrus  or  penis)  lying  very  close  to  the  female  open- 
ing (vulva).  Male  organs : A cirrus  is  frequently  seen  extruded  from  the  genital  pore, 
and  in  those  cases  it  appears  as  a curved  organ,  varying  in  size  according  to  the  spe- 
cies; usually  the  cirrus  is  invaginated  in  the  cirrus  pouch.  Through  its  center  runs 
a canal  (the  ductus  ejaculatorius)  which  receives  the  spermatozoa  from  a vesicula  semi- 
nalis.  The  latter  is  partially  or  entirely  included  in  the  pouch ; at  its  posterior 
end  it  receives  the  two  vasa  deferentia,  through  which  the  spermatozoa  are  con- 
ducted from  the  testicles.  The  testicles,  generally  two  in  number,  one  right  and  one 
left,  are  more  or  less  round,  lobed,  or  branched.  Female  organs:  The  vulva  leads 
into  a canal,  the  anterior  portion  of  which  is  known  as  the  metraterm;  this  is  con- 
tinued as  the  uterus,  which  forms  more  or  less  numerous  folds  in  the  median  portion 
of  the  body  and  finally  leads  to  the  so-called  shell-gland  which  may  frequently  be 
seen  in  fresh  specimens  (F.  magna  and  others)  as  a round  body  a short  distance  pos- 
terior of  the  acetabulum.  In  the  center  of  the  shell  gland  is  a canal  (the  ootyp),  in 
which  four  canals  ( uterus , oviduct,  Laurer’s  canal,  and  vitello-duct)  come  together. 
The  ovary  in  some  species  is  globular,  in  others  branched,  and  connects  with  the 
ootyp  through  the  oviduct.  The  Laurer’s  canal  runs  from  the  ootyp  dorsad  in  curves 
and  opens  to  the  exterior  on  the  dorsal  surface;  its  function  is  still  doubtful,  but 


28 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


homoxogically  it  represents  the  uterus  of  cestodes.  The  vitellogene  glands  are  two  in 
number  and  are  situated  laterally  of  the  longitudinal  intestinal  tubes ; they  vary  in 
size  in  different  species,  are  generally  quite  elongated,  and  are  composed  of  numerous 
branches  touch  like  a hunch  of  grapes  in  form,  all  of  which  connect  with  a longi- 
tudinal vitello-duct  (one  on  each  side  of  the  body);  these  longitudinal  ducts  are  in 
turn  connected  by  a pair  of  transverse  ducts  which  unite  in  the  median  line,  imme- 
diately posterior  of  the  shell-gland,  to  form  a common  reservoir;  this  in  turn 
empties  into  the  ootyp  through  the  short  vitello-duct  mentioned  above.  The 
vitellogene  glands  produce  yolk  cells  which  are  associated  with  the  true  ovum  to 
form  the  eggs. 

Excretory  system. — -At  or  near  the  posterior  extremity,  generally  somewhat  dorsally, 
is  situated  a small  pore  (poms  excretorius),  which  leads  into  a median  terminal  vesicle ; 
this  latter  gives  off  longitudinal  branches ; these  in  turn  give  off  secondary  branches 
which  ramify  throughout  the  body,  each  small  branch  ending  in  an  excretory  organ. 

Nervous  system. — A set  of  ganglia  is  found  at  each  side  of  the  pharynx;  these  gan- 
glia are  connected  by  a dorsal  commissure  and  give  off  numerous  nerves  to  various 
parts  of  the  body.  The  largest  nerves  are  the  two  ventral  longitudinal  nerves 
which  run  antero-posteriorly,  and  can  frequently  be  seen  in  fresh  specimens. 

Development. — See  p.  30. 

Cattle  (Bos  taurus)  are  alleged  to  be  infested  with  fifteen  kinds  of 
flukes,  only  two  of  which,  the  Large  American  Fluke  and  the  Common 
Liver  Fluke,  are  positively  known  to  occur  in  the  United  States.  Osier 
has  found  the  Conical  Fluke  at  Montreal,  where  it  was  not  uncommon; 
he  also  found  the  same  parasite  in  cattle  in  Nova  Scotia. 

Sheep  ( Ovis  aries)  are  infested  with  five  known  species  of  flukes, 
only  one  of  which,  the  Common  Liver  Fluke,  is  known  to  be  in  the 
United  States;  the  Conical  Fluke,  as  stated  above,  is  found  in  Canada. 

Hogs  (Sus  scrofa  domestica)  harbor  three  known  species  of  flukes,  only 
one  of  which,  the  Common  Liver  Fluke,  is  found  in  the  United  States. 
Willach  (1893)  has  described  a Monostomum  hepaticum  suis  from  the 
liver  of  hogs;  this  supposed  fluke  is  evidently  a partially  developed 
bladder  worm  ( Cysticercus  tenuicollis)  (see  p.  96). 

DISTOMES  (Flukes  of  the  Family  Fasciolidae). 

Hermaphroditic  Distomes  (Flukes  of  the  Subfamily  Fasciolinae). 

AGAMIC,  OR  IMMATURE,  DISTOMES  (Genus  Agamodistomum). 

This  is  a purely  artificial  group,  of  biologic  rather  than  systematic  nature.  One 
immature  fluke  is  occasionally  found  encysted  in  the  muscles  of  hogs. 

1.  The  Muscle  Fluke  of  Swine  ( Agamodistomum  suis). 

[Fig.  1.] 

Synonymy. — Distomum  musculorum  suis  Duncker,  1896. 

Bibliography. — Duncker  (1896). 

This  small  (0.5  mm.  to  0.7  mm.  long  by  0.2  mm.  broad)  parasite  was 
discovered  in  1881  by  G.  Leunis  (a  trichina  inspector  in  Saxony),  and 
has  since  been  found  by  several  other  trichina  inspectors  of  Germany, 
As  it  appears  never  to  have  been  binomially  named,  I propose  to  call  it 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE. 


29 


Agamodistomum  suis.  The  worm  lies  free  or  encysted  in  the  connective 
tissue  between  the  muscle  fibers;  it  is  exceedingly  rare  and  is  of  no 
known  practical  importance  in  meat  inspection,  except  that  in  a super- 
ficial and  careless  microscopic  examination  it  might  be  mistaken 
for  sarcosporidia,  or  possibly  for  trichinae. 

Nothing  is  known  of  its  life  history,  but  it 
is  supposed  to  be  a purely  accidental  para- 
site in  swine.  We  are  not  aware  of  its  ever 
having  been  recorded  in  this  country. 

FASCIOLES  (Distomes  of  the  Genus  Fasciola). 

The  genus  Fasciola  contains  the  large,  flounder-like 
parasites  found  especially  in  the  liver  of  herbivorous 
animals  and  known  under  the  general  term  “ liver 
flukes.”  Of  these  Fascioles,  or  “ liver  flukes/’  we  find 
two  forms  in  American  cattle  ( F . magna  and  F.  hepa - 
tica ),  one  form  (F.  liepatica)  in  American  sheep,  while 
a third  form  (F.  Jaeksoni1)  has  been  found  in  North 
America,  South  America,  and  in  India  in  the  liver  of 
elephants,  and  a fourth  form  (F.  gigantica1)  is 
described  by  Cobbold  from  the  liver  of  the  giraffe. 

It  is  quite  generally  admitted  that  these  Fascioles, 
owing  to  their  larger  size,  are  more  harmful  than 
other  flukes. 

Until  a short  time  ago  it  was  supposed  that  we 
had  but  one  form  of  fluke  in  American  cattle,  but 
Hassall  (1891)  and  Francis  (1891)  showed,  almost 
simultaneously,  that  two  distinct  forms  are  found, 
one  form  ( F . liepatica ) being  present  in  the  liver, 
very  rarely  in  the  lungs,  the  other  (F.  magna ),  a much  larger  worm,  infesting  both 
liver  and  lungs. 


Fig.  1.— The  Muscle  Fluke  (Agamo- 
distomum suis)  , occasionally  found 
in  the  muscle  of  swine.  (After 
Leuckart,  1889,  p.  155,  fig.  86.) 


2.  The  Common  Liver  Fluke  ( Fasciola  liepatica ) of  Cattle,  Sheep,  Swine,  etc. 

[Figs.  2-22.] 

For  anatomical  characters,  compare  fig.  3 with  key,  p.  21. 

Vernacular  names. — English,  Common  Liver  Fluke;  German, 

OLeheregel,  Leberwurm,  Schafegel ; Dutch,  Botten,  Lever  worm;  Dan- 
ish, Faareflynder;  Swedish,  Levermask;  French,  Douve  hepatique, 
fasciole;  Italian,  Biscuola,  ilistoma  epatico;  Spanish,  Caracolillo. 

Synonymy.  —Fasciola  liepatica  Liunaeus,  1758 ; Planaria  latius- 
cula  Goeze,  1782;  Distoma  hepaticum  (Linnaeus)  Abildgaard  ( ?) ; 
Fasciola  humana  Gmelin,  1790;  Distoma  ( Cladocoelium ) hepaticum 
Fig. 2.— The  Common  (Linnaeus)  of  Dujardin,  1845;  Fasciolaria  liepatica  (Linnaeus) 
Liver  Fluke  (Fasci-  anonymous,  1845;  Distomum  hepaticum  (Linnaeus)  Diesing,  1850; 
olahepatica) , natural  Distomum  ( Fasciola ) hepaticum  Linnaeus  of  Leuckart,  1863; 

Cladocoelium  hepaticum  (Linnaeus)  Stossich,  1892. 
Bibliography. — For  bibliography,  see  Hassall  (1894)  and  Huber  (1894).  For  more 
technical  discussion  of  species,  see  Leuckart  (1889,  pp.  179-328). 

Geographical  distribution. — Cosmopolitan. 

Hosts. — Man,  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  and  other  animals.  (See  pp.  137-143.) 


1 For  a discussion  of  these  forms,  see  Stiles,  1894-1895. 


30 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


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Life  history.- The 
life  cycle  of  this 
fluke,  as  deter- 
mined by  the  in- 
vestigations of 
Creplin  (1837), 
Weinland,  Leuck- 
art  (1863,  1879 

1880,  1881,  1882), 
and  Thomas  (1882, 
1883),  is  exceed- 
ingly interesting $ 
at  the  same  time 
it  is  very  compli- 
cated, for  the  adult 
parasite,  instead 
of  producing 
young  similar  to 
itself  and  capa- 
ble of  developing 
directly  ini  o ad  ults 
in  cattle,  produces 
eggs  which  develop 
into  organisms 
totally  different 
from  the  adult 
form  living  a para- 
sitic life  in  other 
animals.  In  scien- 
tific language,  the 
parasite  is  subject 
to  an  alternation 
of  generations,  to- 
gether with  a 
change  of  hosts. 
The  following  sum- 
mary of  the  life  his- 
tory will  make  this 
point  clear : 

(a)  The  adult  her- 
maphroditic worm  (figs. 
2 and  3),  the  charac- 
ters of  which  are  given 
on  p.  22,  fertilizes  it- 
self (although  a cross 
fertilization  of  two 
individuals  is  not  im- 
possible)in  the  biliary 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  31 


passages  of  the  liver,  and  produces  a large  number  (estimated  at  37,000  to  45,000) 
of  eggs. 

(6)  Eggs  (figs.  4 and  5). — Each  egg  is  composed  of  the  following  parts:  (1)  A true 
germ  cell,  which  originates  in  the  ovary  and  is  destined  to  give  rise  to  the  future 
embryo;  (2)  a number  of  vitelline  or  yolk  cells,  which  are  formed  in  a specialized  and 
independent  portion  (vitellogene  gland)  of  the  female  glands;  instead  of  developing 
into  embryos,  the  yolk  cells  form  a follicle-like  eoveringTor  the  true  germ  cell  and  play 
an  important  role  in  the  nutrition  of  the  latter  as  it  undergoes  further  development; 
(3)  a shell  surrounding  the  germ  cell  and  vitelline  cells,  and  provided  at  one  end 
with  a cap  or  operculum.  The  eggs  escape  from  the  uterus  of  the  adult  through  the 
vulva,  are  carried  to  the  intestine  of  the  host  with  the  bile,  then  pass  through  the 

intestines  with  the  contents  of  the  latter,  and 
are  expelled  from  the  host  with  the  faecal 


1 f 


cl. 


- - k 


Fig.  4.— Egg  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke 
(Fasciola  hepatica)  examined  shortly  after 
it  was  taken  from  the  liver  of  a sheep ; at 
one  end  is  seen  the  lid  or  operculum,  o; 
near  it  is  the  segmenting  ovum,  e,-  the  rest 
of  the  space  is  occupied  by  yolk  cells 
which  serve  as  food;  all  are  granular, 
hut  only  three  are  thus  drawn.  X 680t 
(After  Thomas,  1883,  p.  281 , fig.  1.) 


Fig.  5. — Egg  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke 
containing  a ciliated  embryo  (miraci- 
dium)  ready  to  hatch  out:  d,  remains 
of  food;  e,  cushion  of  jelly-like  sub- 
stance; /,  boring  papilla;  h,  eye-spots; 
fc,  germinal  cells.  X 680.  (After 
Thomas,  1883,  p.  283,  fig.  2.) 


matter.  Many  of  them  become  dried  and  then  undergo  no  further  development, 
but  others  are  naturally  dropped  in  the  water  in  marshes,  or,  being  dropped  on  dry 
ground,  they  are  washed  into  the  water  by  the  rain,  or  are  carried  to  a more  favorable 
position  by  the  feet  of  animals  pasturing  or  passing  through  the  fields.  After  a 
longer  or  shorter  period  of  incubation,  which  varies  with  the  temperature,  a cili- 
ated embryo  ( miracidium ) is  developed.  At  a temperature  of  20°  to  26°  C.  the 
miracidium  may  be  formed  in  10  days  to  3 weeks;  at  a temperature  of  16°  C.  the 
development  takes  2 to  3 months;  at 38°  C.  it  ceases  entirely.  Experiments  have 


32 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


shown  that  as  long  as  these  eggs  remain  in  the  dark  the  miracidium  will  not  escape 
from  the  eggshell;  accordingly  it  will  not  escape  during  the  night.  When  exposed 

to  the  light,  however,  or  when  suddenly  brought  into 
contact  with  cold  water,  the  organism  bursts  the  cap 
from  the  eggshell,  crawls  through  the  opening,  and 
becomes  a — 

(c)  Free-swimming  ciliated  miracidium  (fig.  6). — As 
already  stated,  this  organism  is  entirely  dilferent  from 
its  mother.  It  measures  about  0.15  mm.  long ; it  is  some- 
what broader  in  its  anterior  portion  than  in  its  pos- 
terior portion  ; on  its  anterior  extremity  we  find  a small 
eminence  known  as  a boring  papilla;  the  exterior 
surface  of  the  young  worm  is  covered  with  numer- 
ous cilia,  which  by  their  motion  propel  the  animal 
through  the  water;  inside  the  body  we  find  in  the 
anterior  portion  a simple  vestigial  intestine  and  a 
double  ganglionic  mass,  provided  with  a peculiar  pig- 
mented double  cup-shaped  eye-spot;  in  the  posterior 
portion  of  the  body  cavity  are  found  a number  of 
germ  cells,  which  develop  into  individuals  of  the  next 
generation. 

Swimming  around  in  the 
water,  the  miracidium  seeks 
out  certain  snails  ( Limnaea 
truncatula,  L.  oahuensis,  L.  ru- 
bella, see  p.  43),  which  it  im- 
mediately attacks  (fig.  6).  The 
miracidium  elongates  its  pa- 
pilla and  fastens  itself  to  the 
feelers,  head,  foot,  or  other  exterior  soft  portion  of  the  body 
of  the  snail ; some  of  the  parasites  enter 
the  pallial  (lung)  cavity  and  attach  them- 
selves there.  After  becoming  securely 
fastened  to  the  snail  the  miracidium  dis- 
cards its  ciliated  covering  and  shortens 
to  about  half  its  former  length  (0.07  mm. 
to  0.08  mm.).  The  parasites  now  bore 
their  way  into  the  body  of  the  snail  and 
come  to  rest  in  the  liver,  or  near  the  roof 
of  the  pallial  cavity,  etc.,  the  movements 

gradually  cease,  and  we  have  before  us  the  stage  known  as  the — 

( d ) Sporocyst  (figs.  7 and  8). — The  eye-spots,  ganglionic  swell- 
ings, and  vestigial  intestine  become  more  and  more  indistinct 
and  are  finally  lost.  The  sporocyst  grows  slowly  at  first,  then 
more  rapidly,  and  at  the  end  of  14  days  or  so  measures  about 
0.5  mm.  The  germ  cells  mentioned  as  existing  in  the  posterior 
portion  of  the  miracidium  now  develop  into  individuals  of  a 
third  generation,  known  as — 

( e ) Rediae  (figs.  9 and  10). — The  rediae  escape  from  the  sporo- 
cyst when  the  latter  are  from  two  weeks  (in  summer)  to  four 
weeks  (in  late  fall)  old.  Upon  leaving  the  body  of  the  sporocyst 
they  wander  to  the  liver  of  the  snail,  where  they  grow  to  about 
2 mm.  long  by  0.25  mm.  broad.  Each  redia  consists  of  a cephalic 
portion,  which  is  extremely  motile,  and  which  is  separated  from 

the  rest  of  the  young  worm  by  a ridge;  under  the  latter  is  situated  an  opening, 
through  which  the  next  generation  (cercariae)  escape.  The  posterior  portion  of  the 


Fig.  6.— Embryo  of  the  Common 
Liver  Fluke  ( Fasciola  hepatica) 
boring  into  a snail.  X 370. 
(After  Thomas,  1883,  p.  285, 
fig.  4.) 


Fig.  7.— Sporocyst  of  the 
Common  Liver  Fluke 
which  has  developed 
from  the  embryo,  and 
contains  germinal  cells. 
X 200.  (After  Leuck- 
art,  1889,  p.  109,  fig.  67  B.) 


Fig.  8.— Sporocyst  of 
the  Common  Liver 
Fluke,  somewhat 
older  than  that  of  fig. 
7,  in  which  the  germi- 
nal cells  are  giving 
rise  to  rediae.  X 200. 
(After  Leuckart, 
1889,  p.  109,  fig.  67  C.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  33 


worm  is  provided,  at  about  the  border  of  the  third  and  the  last  fourths  of  the  body, 
with  two  projections.  There  is  a mouth  with  pharynx  situated  at  the  anterior 
extremity,  the  pharynx  leading"  into  a simple  blind  intestinal 
sac.  The  redia,  as  well  as  the  sporocyst,  may  be  looked  upon  as 
a female  organism,  and  in  its  body  cavity  are  found  a number  of 
germ  cells,  which  develop  into  the  individuals  of  the  next 
"generation,  known  as — 

(/)  Cercariae  (figs.  11-13). — These  organisms  are  quite  similar 
to  the  adult  parasites  into  which  they  later  develop.  The  body 
is  fiat,  more  or  less  oval,  and  provided  with  a tail  inserted  at 
the  posterior  extremity.  The  oral  sucker  and  acetabulum  are 
present  as  in  the  adult,  but  the  intestinal  tract  is  very  simple; 
on  the  sides  of  the  body  are  seen  two  large  glands,  but  the 
complicated  genital  organs  of  the  adult  are  not  visible.  The 
cercaria  leaves  the  redia  through  the  birth  opening,  remains  in 
the  snail  for  a longer  or  shorter  time,  or  passes  out  of  the  body 
of  the  snail  and  swims  around  in  the  water.  After  a time  it 
attaches  itself  to  a blade  of  grass  (fig.  12)  or  some  other  object, 
and  forms  a cyst  around  itself  with  material  from  the  large 
glands,  at  the  same  time  losing  its  tail.  It  now  remains  quiet 
until  swallowed  by  some  animal.  Then,  upon  arriving  in 
the  stomach  — of 


Common  Liver  Fluke 
(Fasciola  hepatica ), 
containing  germinal 
cells  which  are  devel- 
oping into  cercariae. 
X 150.  (After  Leuck- 
art,  1889,  p.  269,  fig. 
129  A.) 


a steer,  for  in- 
stance— the  cyst 
is  destroyed,  and 
the  young  parasite 
wanders  through 
the  gall  ducts  or, 


as  some  believe,  through  the  portal  veins 
to  the  liver,  where  it  develops  into  the 
adult  hermaphrodite. 

From  the  above  we  see  that  this 
parasite  runs  through  three  gen- 
erations, namely: 

(1)  Ovum,  miracidium,  and 

sporocyst first  generation. 

(2)  Redia. . .second  generation. 

(3)  Cercaria  and  adult third 

generation. 

During  this  curious  develop- 
ment, which  lasts  about  10  to  12 
weeks,  there  is  a constant  poten- 
tial increase  in  the  number  of 
individuals,  for  each  sporocyst 
may  give  rise  to  several  (5  to  8) 
rediae,  each  redia  to  a larger 
number  (12  to  20)  cercariae,  and 
each  adult  to  an  enormous  num- 
ber (37,000  to  45,000)  of  eggs. 

This  unusual  fertility  of  the  animal 
is  necessary  because  of  the  complicated  life  history  and  the  compara- 
tively small  chance  any  one  egg  has  of  completing  the  entire  cycle. 

5257 — No.  19 3 


Fig.  10.— Kedia  of  the 
Common  Liver  Fluke, 
with  developed  cer- 
cariae. X 150.  (After 
Leuckart,  1889,  p.  270, 
fig.  130.) 


Fig.  11. — Free  cercaria  of 
the  Common  Liver  Fluke, 
showing  two  suckers, 
intestine,  large  glands, 
and  tail.  (After  Leuck> 
art,  1889,  p.  279,  fig.  137.) 


34 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


Rosts. — An  interesting  and,  from  an  agricultural  standpoint,  an 
important  matter  connected  with  this  fluke  is  that  it  is  found  in  a 
large  number  (about  25)  of  domesticated  and  wild  animals,  and  this 
fact  probably  explains  to  some  degree  the  wide  geographical  distribu- 
tion of  the  parasite. 

THE  EFFECTS  OF  THE  COMMON  LIVER  FLUKE  UPON  CATTLE,  SHEEP, 

AND  SWINE. 

This  worm  is  one  of  the  most  important  and  dangerous  parasites 
with  which  the  stock  raiser  has  to  deal,  since  it  produces  a disease  winch 
often  results  in  heavy  loss  of  live  stock,  especially  of  sheep.  Although 
it  does  not  seem  as  yet  to  have  caused  any  such  serious  epizootics  in 
this  country  as  have  been  reported  in  Europe,  sweeping  out  or  greatly 
retarding  the  live-stock  industry,  we  should  not  wait  until  such  an 
occasion  arises  before  we  consider  the  importance  of  this  subject.  We 
know  that  F.  hepatica  is  present  in  the  country;  furthermore,  that  it  is 
common  in  some  places  (Texas  and  elsewhere),  and  we  would  do  well 
to  inquire  into  the  injury  which  other  countries  have  sustained  as  a 
warning  that  we  must  not  totally  ignore  its  presence  among  us. 

The  following  are  among  the  most  important  outbreaks1  recorded: 

Wernicke  (1886)  records  that  not  less  than  1,000,000  sheep  died  of  fluke  disease  in 
the  southerly  provinces  of  Buenos  Ayres  during  1882;  in  1886  more  than  100,000  head 
died  in  Tandil  during  eight  months. 

Youatt  estimated  the  annual  loss  in  Great  Britain  at  1,000,000  sheep.  For  1879 
and  1880,  a loss  of  3,000,000  head  per  year  was  estimated  for  England  alone. 

During  1876,  Slavonia  lost  40  per  cent  of  her  cattle  from  distomatosis. 

In  1830,  England  lost  3,000,000  sheep  from  this  disease,  estimated  at  a value  of 

$20,000,000. 

In  1829  and  1830,  5,000  of  the  25,000  cattle  of  Montm^dy  perished;  in  Verdun, 
2,200  cattle  and  nearly  20,000  sheep,  out  of  20,000  cattle  and  50,000  sheep,  succumbed 
to  the  parasite. 

Names  of  the  disease. — The  presence  of  these  flukes  in  the  liver  of 
animals  gives  rise  to  a disease  known  under  the  various  names  of  rot, 
liver-rot,  rot-dropsy,  fluke  disease,  aqueous  cachexia,  cachexia  aquosa 
verminosa,  fascioliasis,  distomatosis,  etc. 

The  term  rot,  as  used  by  farmers  and  by  some  veterinarians,  is  an 
exceedingly  broad  one;  in  many  parts  of  this  country  almost  any  dis- 
ease of  sheep  is  called  rot.  We  have  met  nodular  disease  of  the  intes- 
tine and  other  diseases  under  this  term.  On  this  account  it  must  not 
be  supposed  that  every  article  on  rot  refers  to  liver  fluke  disease. 

Symptoms. — There  is  no  one  special  symptom  which  is  characteristic  of 
this  disease  and  absent  from  all  others;  in  fact  liver  rot  in  its  various 
stages  might  easily  be  mistaken  for  other  parasitic  complaints. 

(A)  The  disease  in  sheep. — Gerlacli  has  divided  the  malady  into  four 
periods,  and  although  this  division  is  more  or  less  artificial,  since  the 
different  stages  gradate  imperceptibly  into  each  other  and  are  obscured 


For  a more  complete  list  of  epizootics,  see  Hassall,  1894. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  35 


on  account  of  the  constant  liability  to  further  infection,  we  give  Ger- 
lach’s  scheme  here  as  a convenient  diagram  of  the  disease: 


These  symptoms  are  taken  chiefly  from  sheep,  but  the  same  description  applies  in 
a general  manner  to  the  same  disease  in  other  animals: 

(1)  Period  of  immigration  (stage  of  traumatic  hepatic  inflammation,  inflammatory 
swelling  of  the  liver). — July  to  September,  lasting  about  13  weeks.  This  is  the 
period  of  infection,  but  as  the 
symptoms  are  not  generally 
very  pronounced  (the  path- 
ological lesions  produced  by 
the  flukes  not  having  as  yet 
affected  the  system  of  the 
host)  it  generally  escapes 
notice.  At  first  a redness  of 
the  eyes,  which,  however, 
soon  disappears ; paleness. 

Death  from  apoplexy  some- 
times occurs.  The  presence 
of  the  flukes  in  the  liver  irri- 
tates this  organ  and  causes  an 
increased  blood  supply  (hy- 
peraemia)  and  consequent 
enlargement  of  the  liver.  The 
surface  is  smooth,  marked 
with  small  openings,  out  of 
w li  i c h may  be  pressed  a 
bloody  serum,  and  around  these  openings  there  is  frequently  an  inflammation  of  the 
peritoneum  (localized  peritonitis).  Gall  ducts  still  about  normal;  gall  more  or  less 
bloody;  hemorrhagic  centers  in  parenchyma;  bloody  serous  exudate  in  abdominal 
cavity,  in  which  flukes  are  occasionally  found.  No  eggs  present  as  yet  in  droppings. 

(2)  Period  of  anaemia. — September  to  December,  6 to  12  weeks.  The  visible 
mucous  membranes  (around  the  eyes,  nose,  and  gums)  and  the  skin  are  paler  than 
usual.  Animals  have  a tendency  to  fatten.  Appetite  may  be  very  good,  but  after- 
wards diminishes  and  rumination  becomes  irregular;  slight  oedema;  bare  skin  soft 

to  the  touch,  loose  and  pasty ; eyes  become  “ fat,”  i.  e.,  they 
are  partially  closed,  the  conjunctiva  becoming  puffy ; gradual 
loss  of  strength ; fever  and  accelerated  respiration;  death  in 
this  stage  seldom. 

Liver  pale,  increased  considerably  in  size,  especially  in 
thickness;  its  capsule  rough,  opaque;  its  parenchyma  soft 
with  an  appearance  like  porphyry,  with  hemorrhagic 
centers;  here  and  there  channels  caused  by  parasites; 


Fig.  12. — Portion  of  a grass  stalk  with  three  encapsuled  cercariae 
of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke  (Fasci  >la  hepatica).  X 10.  (After 
Thomas,  1883,  p.  291,  fig.  13.) 


Fig.  13.— Isolated  encysted 
cercaria  of  the  Common 
Liver  Fluke.  X 150. 
(After  Leuckart,  1889, p. 
286,  fig.  142.) 


(3)  Period  of  emaciation  (stage  of  atrophy  of  the  liver). — 
January  to  May.  Disease  is  at  its  height;  extreme  anaemia 
and  emaciation ; respiration  feeble  and  quickened ; tempera- 
ture variable;  abortions  frequent;  “ puffiness”  (oedema) 
especially  frequent  under  the  jaws;  mortality  high. 

Atrophy  of  liver  in  various  stages;  gall  ducis  greatly  thickened,  frequently  with 
calcareous  incrustations;  petechiae  beneath  endocardium;  bile  thick,  dirty  brown, 
with  numerous  eggs. 

(4)  Period  of  emigration  of  the  flukes. — May  to  July.  The  flukes  leave  the  liver  and 
are  passed  with  the  droppings.  The  symptoms  diminish,  but  the  scars,  the  result  of 
the  inflammatory  processes,  remain. 


-36 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


Zlindel  makes  a slightly  different  division  of  the  periods  of  the  dis- 
ease, but,  as  in  the  division  proposed  by  Gerlach,  it  is  not  to  be  followed 
too  rigidly,  as  the  different  periods  are  not  sharply  defined  from  one 
another.  Ziindel’s  four  periods  are: 

First  period. — Stage  of  inflammation,  inflammatory  swelling  of  the  liver:  August  to 
October.  The  presence  of  the  flukes  causes  an  irritation;  profuse  flow  of  gall  mixed 
with  blood.  Generally  passes  unnoticed. 

Second  period. — Stage  of  contraction  of  the  liver:  September  to  November,  6 to 
12  weeks.  Flukes  collected  in  groups  partially  obstruct  the  bile  ducts,  whose  irri- 
tated mucosa  is  thickened;  anaemia,  cachexia,  general  weakness,  discoloration  of  the 
tissues. 

Third  period. — Stage  of  atrophy  of  the  liver:  January  to  March.  Cachexia;  high 
mortality.  Flukes  mature ; gall  ducts  greatly  thickened  and  hardened.  Liver  atro- 
phies in  some  places,  swells  in  others. 

Fourth  period. — Stage  in  which  the  flukes  leave  the  liver:  April  to  June. 

(B)  The  disease  in  cattle. — The  first  symptoms  are  geuerally  over- 
looked, the  disease  not  attracting  attention  until  the  appetite  is  dimin- 
ished, rumination  becomes  irregular,  the  animals  become  hidebound,  and 
the  coat  dull  and  staring.  The  staring  coat  is  due  to  the  contraction  of 
the  muscles  of  the  hair  follicles.  The  visible  mucous  membranes  become 
pale,  eyes  become  dull,  there  is  running  at  the  eyes,  and  the  animal 
gradually  becomes  emaciated.  As  the  disease  advances  the  milk  sup- 
ply is  lessened,  fever  appears,  there  is  generally  great  thirst,  but  the 
appetite  almost  ceases;  oedematous  swellings  appear  on  the  belly, 
breast,  etc.;  diarrhoea  at  first  alternates  with  constipation,  but  finally 
becomes  continuous.  The  disease  lasts  from  2 to  5 months,  when  the 
most  extreme  cases  succumb. 

Ostertag  (1895,  p.  357)  states  that  most  of  the  European  cattle  are 
infested  with  liver  flukes,  but  that  even  when  a large  number  are  pres- 
ent the  nourishment  of  the  cattle  is  not  disturbed.  Thickening  of  the 
gall  ducts,  so  that  a so-called  “Medusa’s  head”  forms  on  the  surface  of 
the  liver  toward  the  stomach,  appears  in  even  well-nourished  animals; 
even  in  cases  of  a cirrhosis  of  the  liver  it  is  seldom  that  any  effect  upon 
the  cattle’s  health  can  be  noticed,  and  as  long  as  a portion  of  the  liver 
tissue,  about  twice  the  size  of  the  fist,  remains  intact  the  nourishment 
of  the  animal  may  be  comparatively  good.  Ostertag,  in  all  of  his  expe- 
rience, has  never  seen  a generalized  oedema  in  slaughtered  cattle  as  a 
result  of  fluke  invasion,  and  even  in  the  heaviest  infections  of  young 
cattle  he  has  noticed  only  emaciation. 

(0)  The  disease  in  hogs. — The  Common  Liver  Fluke  is  a compara- 
tively rare  parasite  in  swine  and  apparently  of  very  little  importance. 

Pathology. — The  pathological  lesions  are  directly  dependent  upon  the 
presence  of  the  flukes  in  the  body,  and  as  the  liver  is  the  chief  abode  of 
the  parasites,  we  should  accordingly  expect  to  find  that  this  organ  is 
more  affected  than  any  other,  and  the  seat  of  the  primary  lesions;  also 
that  the  symptoms  and  changes  noticed  in  other  organs  are  in  nearly  all 
cases  directly  dependent  upon  the  changes  in  the  liver ; furthermore, 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  37 

that  the  extent  of  the  lesions  is  dependent  upon  the  number  of  para- 
sites present.  The  size  of  the  worms  and  the  size  of  the  spines  found 
on  them  are  two  important  factors  in  determining  the  extent  of  the 
lesions. 

By  their  presence  and  wanderings  in  the  gall  ducts  the  parasites  irritate  the 
mucosa  and  cause  an  inflammation  accompanied  by  an  increased  secretion,  leading 
to  a desquamative  catarrh;  this  inflammation  causes  a thickening  of  the  mucosa 
with  growth  of  its  glandular  elements  (glandular  hyperplasia)  and  submucosa. 
The  young  parasites  make  their  way  into  the  smaller  ducts,  rolling  their  body  dor- 
sally  and  here  singly,  or  in  the  larger  ducts  in  groups,  they  cause  a dilatation  of  the 
ducts,  in  some  cases  forming  cysts.  There  is  a hyperplasia  of  the  connective  tissue 


Fig.  14.— Drawing  from  a microscopic  preparation  showing  a hemorrhage  in  the  parenchyma  of  the 
liver  caused  hy  the  Common  Liver  Fluke  (Fasciola  hepatica) : a,  atrophic  liver  tissue;  b , round  cell 
infiltration ; c,  a portion  of  the  parasite ; d,  hemorrhage.  (After  Schaper,  1890.  FI.  I,  fig.  1.) 

and  a cellular  infiltration,  together  with  an  increased  development  of  the  blood 
capillaries.  The  inflammatory  process  extends  from  the  duct  walls  to  the  interlobular 
connective  tissue,  accompanied  by  atrophy  of  the  parenchyma.  A slight  atrophy  of 
the  parenchyma,  with  an  extensive  hypertrophy  of  the  connective  tissue  and  an 
extensive  infiltration  and  increased  blood  supply,  naturally  causes  an  increase  in  the 
size  of  the  liver.  With  the  decrease  of  the  hyperplastic  tissue  and  the  consequent 
compression  and  destruction  of  the  capillaries  the  cirrhotic  and  atrophic  processes 
become  evident.  An  advancing  hyperplasia  of  the  connective  tissue  destroys  the 
parenchymatic  cells  of  the  lobules,  leaving  in  many  cases  only  a clump  of  gall  pig- 
ment as  evidence  of  a former  lobule.  Gradually  a smaller  or  larger  portion  of  the 
liver  is  changed  into  a mass  of  cicatricial  tissue  surrounding  stiff  tubes — the  meta- 
morphosed gall  ducts. 

Besides  the  lesions  thus  far  described,  due  for  the  most  part  to  the  changes  in  the 
gall  ducts,  other  changes  are  found  due  directly  to  the  action  of  the  parasites  upon 
the  parenchyma  of  the  liver,  namely,  a breaking  down  of  the  liver  tissue,  paren- 


38 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


cliymatic  hemorrhages,  pns  infiltrations,  and  abscess  formations.  The  flukes  may 
break  through  a smaller  gall  duct,  or  may  penetrate  one  of  the  larger  ducts  at  a 
weak  point,  and  wander  directly  through  the  soft  glandular  tissue;  the  mechanical 
injury  to  the  tissue  results  in  its  necrosis;  blood  vessels  are  also  injured,  giving  rise 
to  multiple  hemorrhages,  which  may  discharge  through  the  gall  ducts  and  aid  in 
producing  the  general  anaemia.  Inflammation  naturally  follows  the  flukes  in  their 
wanderings,  leading  to  a liquefaction  of  the  tissue  and  formation  of  abscesses,  in 
which  bacteria  (streptococci  and  staphylococci)  are  found,  the  organisms  having 
come  from  the  inflamed  bile  ducts.  With  this  inflammation  going  on  it  is  but  nat- 
ural that  the  walls  of  some  of  the  blood  vessels  should  be  affected,  thus  making  it 
possible  for  the  flukes  to  gain  access  to  the  circulation,  with  which  they  might  be 


Fig.  15. — Drawing  from  a microscopic  preparation  showing  the  glandular  hyperplasia  of  the  mucosa  of 
a gall  duct  caused  by  the  Common  Liver  Fluke  ( Fasciola  hepatica) : a,  hypertrophied  submucosa;  b, 
interstitial  connective  tissue;  c,  compressed  lobule;  d,  lumen  of  the  gall  duct;  thickened  fibrous 
wall  of  the  gall  duct.  (After  Schaper,  1890,  PI.  I,  fig.  2.) 

carried  to  various  jiarts  of  the  body,  lungs,  brain,  etc.,  causing  endophlebitis,  end- 
arteritis, ruptures,  thrombosis,  emboli,  abscesses,  etc. ; pyaemic  or  septicopyaemic 
processes  may  extend  from  the  liver,  and  finally  the  flukes  in  their  wanderings  may 
perforate  the  capsule  of  the  liver,  causing  perihepatitis  or  peritonitis. 

These  various  pathological  lesions  naturally  act  upon  the  circulatory  system.  The 
branches  of  the  portal  veins  and  vena  cava  are  compressed  or  obliterated  to  a certain 
extent,  and  ascites  and  oedema  follow. 

The  bile  is  greatly  changed,  becoming  more  or  less  thick,  greenish  brown,  or  dirty 
red,  and  containing  epithelial,  parenchymatic,  and  blood  cells,  leucocytes,  bacteria, 
fluke  eggs,  etc.,  according  to  the  processes  going  on  in  the  liver. 

The  hemorrhages,  lack  of  sufficient  gall,  consequent  disorder  in  digestion,  patho- 
logical changes,  etc.,  rapidly  lead  to  a general  cachexia,  weakness,  and  emaciation. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  39 


In  animals  infested  with  flukes  it  has  been  noticed  that  the  blood  is  poor  in  haemo- 
globin and  that  the  number  of  blood  corpuscles  is  below  the  normal. 

For  a more  detailed  discussion,  see  Schaper  (1890). 

As  already  stated,  the  symptoms  and  pathology  here  given  are  based 
chiefly  upon  observations  made  on  sheep,  but  what  has  been  said  of  the 
disease  in  sheep  may  also  be  said  of  the  disease  in  cattle,  except  that 
the  latter,  on  account  of  their  greater  strength,  can  better  withstand  the 
attack,  and  the  symptoms  are  accordingly  not  so  marked. 

Diagnosis. — Flukes  are  said  to  be  found  in  the  faecal  matter  during 
the  fourth  stage,  but  their  eggs  may  be  found  much  earlier.  Accord- 
ingly, if  fluke  disease  is  suspected  a positive  diagnosis  may  be  made  by 


Fig.  16. — Drawing  from  a microscopic  preparation  showing  a fluke  in  the  tissue  of  the  liver:  a , 
necrotic  liver  tissue;  b,  atrophic  liver  cells;  c,  spines  on  the  fluke,  showing  the  outline  of  the  body. 
(After  Schaper,  1890,  PI.  Ill,  fig.  5.) 

a microscopic  examination  of  the  faeces  to  find  the  ova.  In  order  to  do 
this  it  is  often  sufficient  to  place  a minute  portion  of  faecal  matter  on  a 
slide,  add  a drop  of  water,  and  examine  under  a low-power  lens. 

An  easy  method  of  concentrating  the  eggs  in  a given  amount  of  manure  to  be 
examined,  so  that  the  microscopic  examination  will  be  facilitated,  is  to  place  the  faecal 
matter  in  ajar  of  water,  shake  well,  filter  through  a wire  net,  and  allow  it  to  settle. 
The  fluke  eggs  will  settle  on  the  bottom  with  the  heavier  matter,  but  a great  deal  of 
vegetable  material  will  be  caught  by  the  wire  netting  or  will  float.  The  part  which 
floats  can  then  be  drained  off  with  water,  leaving  the  eggs  in  the  more  solid  matter, 
which  can  then  be  examined  microscopically. 

If  facilities  for  a microscopic  examination  are  not  at  hand,  it  is  best 
to  sacrifice  one  of  the  animals  of  the  herd — the  one  in  which  the  symp- 
toms are  most  pronounced — and  examine  its  liver  for  flakes. 


40 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


Position  of  the  parasites . — For  the  most  part  the  flukes  are  confined 
to  the  gall  ducts;  some,  however,  are  found  in  the  parenchyma  of  the 
liver;  a few  reach  the  portal  veins  and  cause  endophlebitis,  thrombosis, 
and  emboli ; others  enter  the  liver  veins  and  are  carried  to  various  parts 
of  the  body;  upon  passing  the  heart  they  reach  the  lungs,  where  they 
can  give  rise  to  hemorrhagic  centers,  canals  with  bloody  contents,  or 
even  nodules.  From  the  pulmonary  arteries  they  could  reach  the  pul- 
monary veins,  and  from  there  may  be  carried  by  the  blood  to  any  part 
of  the  body.  The  presence  of  flukes  in  peripheral  portions  of  the  body 
is,  however,  exceptional. 

Influence  of  age. — It  has  been  noticed  in  epizootics  that  calves  and 
cattle  under  three  years  are  more  seriously  affected  by  the  disease  than 
are  older  animals.  This  is  undoubtedly  due  to  the  fact  that  the  older 
animals  are  stronger,  and  hence  are  able  to  resist  more. 

It  has,  however,  been  shown  that  very  young  calves  are  compara- 
tively rarely  infested  with  flukes  (see  fig.  17);  a fact  which  is  easily 
understood  when  we  recall  that  they  are,  from  their  mode  of  life,  food, 
etc.,  less  exposed  to  the  infection  than  the  older  animals,  which  live 
almost  entirely  upon  pasture,  and,  taking  in  a great  amount  of  grass, 
naturally  stand  in  danger  of  swallowing  a greater  number  of  the  cer- 
cariae.  Bulls  which  are  kept  close  are  generally  free  from  these 
worms. 

Geographical  distribution ; fluky  years  and  fluky  seasons. — This  para 
site  has  a very  wide  distribution,  being  found  in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa, 
North  America,  and  South  America.  As  a general  rule,  it  can  be  said 
that  the  parasite  is  found  on  the  lowlands — marshes,  valleys,  etc. — but 
is  generally  absent  from  the  highlands;  and  this  is  in  accordance  with 
the  facts  observed  in  connection  with  the  life  history,  for  the  interme- 
diate host  is  a snail  which  lives  in  marshes  and  marshy  districts,  but  is 
generally  absent  from  the  dry  highlands.  With  this  same  general  law 
of  distribution,  dependent  upon  the  physical  geography  of  the  country, 
we  can  correlate  two  other  general  statements  in  regard  to  the  occur- 
rence of  the  parasite,  and  heuce  of  the  disease,  based  upon  the  humid- 
ity of  the  season — namely,  fluke  disease  is  more  frequent  in  wet  years 
(“fluky  years”)  than  in  dry  years,  and  fluke  disease  is  more  prevalent 
after  the  wet  months  of  the  year  than  after  the  dry  months. 

In  wet  years,  namely,  in  years  of  heavy  rainfall,  the  overflow  of 
water  naturally  extends  the  limits  of  marshes  and  carries  the  snails 
over  a greater  area.  Furthermore,  the  ground  being  more  moist,  the 
eggs  have  greater  chances  for  development,  and  the  infection  is  thus 
spread. 

An  idea  of  the  frequency  of  the  parasites  during  different  months  of 
the  year  may  be  obtained  from  an  examination  of  fig.  17.  On  this  chart 
Leuckart  has  plotted  the  animals  slaughtered  at  the  Berlin  abattoirs 
during  the  years  1883-81,  according  to  statistics  furnished  byllertwig. 
The  table  covers  91,387  head  of  cattle  and  77,818  calves.  Of  the  cattle, 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  41 

aDout  three- fourths  to  four-fifths  were  infested  with  flukes,  and  of  these 
3,428  were  so  badly  iufested  that  their  livers  were  condemned.  Of  the 
calves,  only  154  livers  were  condemned. 

The  table  shows  us  that  the  parasites  are  present  the  entire  year,* 
also  that  there  are  two  periods  during  the  year,  namely,  from  October 
to  January  (highest  in  October)  and  from  March  to  April,  in  which  the 


Ttr- 

/ 

/u\ 

42- 

13 

A 

/5 

\ 

-g_ 

A 

/ 

/ 

V 

1 

/ 

\ 

5 

^7 

-fl- 

4 

4\ 

xZ 

3 

3 

Jan.  Teb  Mar  Apr  May.  dun.  duly  Aug.  Sept.  -Get  Nov.  Dec. 


-4n 

7*\ 

7N 

/ 

— N 

'v 

-A 

r 

\ 

U- 

I \ 

A- 

1 

1 

5r 

^ i 

Fig.  17.— Tabular  diagram  of  the  occurrence  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke  (Fasciola  hepatica)  during 
different  months  of  the  year:  a,  cattle;  6,  sheep;  c,  swine.  (After  Leuckart,  1889,  p.  301,  fig.  147.) 

livers  are  particularly  infested,  or  so  altered  as  not  to  be  fit  for  food. 
Leuckart  has  interpreted  these  figures  as  signifying  that  the  winter 
maximum  pointed  to  an  infection  in  the  fall,  while  the  summer  maxi- 
mum pointed  to  one  in  early  spring,  namely,  during  the  wettest  seasons 
of  the  year. 


42 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


According  to  Lutz  (1892),  Oahu  and  Kauai  of  the  Sandwich  Islands 
suffer  considerably  from  fascioliasis.  In  some  parts  of  Oahu  nearly 
all  the  cattle  have  been  destroyed  by  the  disease;  the  sheep  from  dry 
districts,  however,  are  not  affected.  Of  002  calves  examined  at  Hono- 


lulu, 298  were  found  infested;  of  2,180  cattle,  1,313  were  infested,  SO' 
that  about  four-sevenths  of  the  animals  were  diseased. 

In  this  country  we  have  no  exact  statistics  covering  this  parasite, 
but  Francis,  in  writing*  upon  the  presence  of  the  worm  in  Texas,  states 
“that  it  is  exceptional  to  find  a liver  free  from  them 
at  any  time  of  the  year,  and  especially  so  during  the 
spring;”  also,  that  “heifers  coming  2 years  old  suffered 
more  than  at  any  other  age.  Many  of  the  cattle  and 
sheep  die,  and  many  of  those  that  recover  do  not  thrive 
the  following  summer,  but  remain  poor  and  weak  and 
fail  to  breed.” 


Fig.  18. — Limnaea 
truncatula , natural 
size  and  enlarged. 
(After  Leuckart.) 


Most  American  authors  (Hassall  and  Francis  excepted)  have 
failed  to  recognize  ihe  difference  between  this  species  and  F. 
magna,  so  it  is  in  many  cases  impossible  to  determine  whether  an  author  had  before 
him  F.  hepatica  or  F.  magna,  or  both  species,  and  on  this  account  it  is  impossible  to 
give  the  exact  distribution  of  the  worms  in  this  country.  That  it  is  common  in 
Texas  is  shown  by  Francis’  article,  and  I have  found  the  same  parasite  quite  com- 
mon (August,  1893)  in  Texan  cattle  slaughtered  at  Chicago.  I have  also  found  it  in 
other  than  Texas  cattle,  although  1 can  not  state  where  the  animals  came  from. 
Law  records  F.  hepatica  from  sheep  on  Long  Island.  Curtice  is  of  the  opinion  that 
F.  hepatica  is  rare  in  the  United  States,  but  says  that  in  sheep  it  is  “ reported  by 
sheep  books  and  newspaper  articles.” 


Time  of  infection. — Gerlach  supposed  that  the  iufection  takes  place 
only  in  summer  and  fall,  but  the  diagram  (fig.  17)  does  not  support 
his  view.  Furthermore,  young  flukes  have  been 
found  in  February,  pointing  to  an  infection  in  Janu- 
ary. Nevertheless,  the  general  rule  will  hold  true  that 
in  a temperate  climate  the  time  of  greatest  danger 
of  infection  is  during  the  summer  and  early  fall. 

That  the  danger  of  infection  gradually  decreases 
in  the  fall  and  winter  is  shown  by  the  interesting 
observation  of  Thomas  that  in  winter  the  rediae  pro- 
duce other  rediae  instead  of  cercariae,  and  that 
fluke  disease  is  more  fatal  to  snails  than  to  mam- 
mals, so  that  as  the  season  advances  the  number  of 
cercariae  in  the  fields  must  reach  its  maximum  and  then  gradually 
decrease. 

In  a warm  and  moist  climate  the  conditions  favorable  to  infection  will 
naturally  persist  longer  than  in  a cold  and  dry  climate. 

Source  of  infection. — The  snails1  which  form  the  intermediate  host  of 
this  parasite  must,  because  of  the  transmission  of  fluke  disease,  be 
included  among  the  worst  enemies  of  the  stock  raiser. 


Fig.  19. — Limnaea  pere- 
gra , natural  size  and 
enlarged.  (After 
Leuckart.) 


For  a more  detailed  account,  see  Stiles,  1894-95,  pp.  303-313. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  43 


Leuckart  and  Thomas  experimentally  demonstrated  the  truth  of 
Weiu land’s  view,  that  in  Europe  the  intermediate  host  for  this  fluke  is 
a small  swamp  snail  ( Limnaea  truncatula).  Leuckart  also  showed  that 
the  rediae  (but  not  the  cercariae)  would  develop  in  the  young  of  another 
species  of  snail  ( L . peregra ),  and  quite  recently  Lutz  (1892  and  1893) 
has  shown  that  in  Oahu  and  Kauai  (Sandwich  Islands)  two  other  snails 
may  serve  in  this  capacity 
[L.  oahuensis  Souleyet  and 
L.  rubella  Lea).  In  the  case 
ol  L . oahuensis , Lutz  states 
that  “the  infection  can  take 
place  only  in  young  speci- 
mens.” None  of  these  four 
very  closely  allied  species  are 
recorded  for  America,  and  yet  we  find  F.  hepatica  in  both  North 
America  and  South  America,  so  that  we  must  either  have  on  this  conti- 
nent some  other  species  of  snail  which  may  act  as  intermediate  host, 
or  some  of  the  species  described  in  America  must  be  identical  with 
some  of  the  above-named  forms. 

The  forms  which  would  especially  fall  under  suspicion  are  L.  humilis 

Say,  in  North  America,  and  L . 


ct  h c.  d e.  f.  £ h.  t j 


Fig.  20. — Limnaea  humilis . natural  size  and  enlarged. 
(After  Binney.) 


Fig.  21. — Limnaea  oahuensis , natural  size  and  en- 
larged. (After  Souleyet.) 


viator  Orb.,  in  South  America. 

This  report  is  not  the  place  to  discuss 
the  question  as  to  whether  these  forms  (X. 
truncatula,  L.  peregra,  L.  oahuensis,  L.  ru- 
bella, L.  humilis,  and  L.  viator ) represent 
six  well-established  species  or  not,  as 
that  is  a matter  for  conchologists  to  decide.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  specialists  in 
conchology  have  described  snails  under  these  names ; that  the  forms  are  all  so  very 
closely  related  that  a zoologist  would  not  commit  a very  grave  offense  against 
systematic  zoology  if  he  were  to  consider  them  as  varieties  of  two  or  three  species; 
that  the  forms  described  under  the  names  L.  truncatula,  L.  oahuensis,  and  L.  rubella 
are  known  to  serve  as  intermediate  hosts  for  the  parasite  now  under  discussion ; that 
in  Europe  the  rediae  (but  not  the  cer- 
cariae) develop  in  L.  peregra,  and  that 
it  is  probable,  though  not  demonstrated 
as  yet,  that  L.  humilis  is  intermediate 
host  for  North  America  and  L.  viator  for 
South  America. 

Treatment. — Hygiene  must  play 
a much  more  important  role  in  the 
treatment  of  this  disease  than 
therapeutics,  for  while  the  knowl- 
edge of  the  life  history  of  the  parasite  shows  us  how  we  may  to  a certain 
extent  prevent  the  disease,  no  drug  is  known  which  can  be  relied  upon 
to  kill  the  flukes  or  dislodge  them  from  their  habitat.  A great  many 
drugs  have  been  tried  in  the  hope  of  accomplishing  this  end,  but 
although  some  authors  recommend  the  use  of  anthelminthics,  most 
writers  admit  that  such  drugs  are  practically  useless  in  this  disease, 


0 


Fig.  22. — Limnaea  viator,  natural  size  and  enlarged. 
(After  d’Orbigny.) 


44 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


and  that  the  only  treatment  practicable  is  to  use  stimulants  and  tonics 
(various  iron  salts,  walnut  leaves,  pepper  in  alcoholic  drinks,  calamus, 
etc.),  with  good  nourishing  food,  such  as  lupine  seeds,  lupine  hay, 
roasted  malt,  linseed  cakes,  oats,  bran,  etc.,  rich  in  protein,  in  order  to 
build  up  the  system  and  carry  the  animal  through  to  the  fourth  stage 
of  the  disease,  when  the  flukes  will  die  or,  as  some  authorities  state, 
wander  out  spontaneously;  and,  in  case  the  pathological  lesions  are  not 
too  great,  the  live  stock  will  have  an  opportunity  to  recover.  Many 
authors  recommend  astringents  and  diuretics  (salt,  juniper  berries,  tur- 
pentine, etc.)  to  meet  the  hydropic  complications. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  formulae  given  by  various  authors  for 
fascioliasis  in  sheep,  and  the  same  medicaments  may  be  used  for  this 
disease  in  cattle : 

(1)  The  following  is  advised  by  Delafond.  Make  into  a paste  with 
water  and  allow  to  ferment,  then  bake  in  an  oven.  Give  morning  and 
evening.  In  about  fifteen  days  this  bread  is  said  to  produce  improve- 
ment. 


Mixture. 

Metric. 

Approximate  equivalents. 

Avoirdupois. 

Apothecaries’. 

Imperial  troy. 

Undressed  wheat 
meal. 

Oatmeal 

Barley  meal 

Sulphate  of  iron 

Carbonate  of  soda  . . . 
Table  salt 

1 kilogram . . 

2 kilograms . 
1 kilogram . . 

30  grams 

30  grams 

200  grams... 

2J  pounds 

4f  pounds 

2£  pounds 

1 ounce  25  grains  . .. 
1 ounce  25  grains  . . . 
7 ounces  24  grains  . . 

2.7  pounds 

5.3  pounds 

2.7  pounds 

463  grains 

463  grains 

3,036  grains  = 6§ 
ounces. 

2.7  pounds. 

5.3  pounds. 

2.7  pounds. 

463  grains. 

463  grains. 

3,086  grains  = 6§ 
ounces. 

(2)  The  following  is  Hauber’s  lick  for  100  sheep: 


Mixture. 

Metric. 

Approximate  equivalents. 

Avoirdupois. 

Apothecaries’. 

Imperial  troy. 

Sulphate  of  iron 

Calamus  root 

■Crushed  oats 

Boasted  barley  malt . 

60  grams 

500  grams. . . 

20  liters 

20  liters 

2 ounces  50  grains  . . 

17  ounces  279  grains. 

21£  quarts,  U.  S 

21£  quarts,  U.  S 

926  grain  s = 1.7 
ounces. 

7,716  grain  s = l 
pound  4 ounces. 

21|  quarts,  U.  S 

2l|  quarts,  U.  S 

926  grain  8=1.7 
ounces. 

7, 716  grains=l  pound 
4 ounces. 

17 1 quarts,  imperial. 
17§  quarts,  imperial. 

(3)  The  following  is  Hauber’s  lick  for  50  sheep : 


Mixture. 

Metric. 

Approximate  equivalents. 

Avoirdupois. 

Apothecaries’. 

Imperial  troy. 

Sulphate  of  iron... 
Powdered  juniper 
berries. 

Gentian 

Grits 

30  grams. 
500  grams. 

500  grams. 

20  liters . . . 

1 ounce  25  grains  .. 
17  ounces  279  grains. 

17  ounces  279  grains. 

21&  quarts,  U.  S 

463  grains : . 

7,716  grains  = lpound 
4 ounces. 

7,716  grains  = 1 pound 
4 ounces. 

21|  quarts,  U.  S 

463  grains. 

7,716  grains=l  pound 
4 ounces. 

7,716  grains=l  pound 
4 ounces. 

17-|  quarts,  imperial. 

(4)  The  following  lick  for  300  sheep  is  highly  indorsed  by  some 
authors,  but  not  considered  of  much  value  by  Ziirn.  A portion  of  this 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  45 


mixture  is  given  every  other  day  for  awhile,  and  then  once  every 
fourteen  days  through  the  summer. 


Approximate  equivalents. 

Mixture. 

Metric. 

U.  S.  apotheca- 
ries’, or  wine 
measure. 

Imperial  troy. 

Powdered  limo  - - 

5 liters 

5J  quarts 

10|  quarts 

4?  quarts. 
8|  quarts. 

Powdered  table  salt 

10  liters 

(5)  Mojkowski  reports  good  results  in  treating  sheep  twice  a day  for 
a week  with  0.7  to  1 gram  (metric)  of  napthaliue  (=7.7  to  15f  grains, 
apothecaries’  or  imperial  troy). 

(6)  Zurn  suggests  the  following  to  be  mixed  and  given  to  cattle  in 
four  doses  in  two  days : 


Mixture. 

Metric. 

Powdered  wormwood . . 

90  grams.. 

3 

Powdered  calamus  root 

90  grams . . 

3 

Sulphate  of  iron 

15  grams. . 

I 

Approximate  equivalents. 


Avoirdupois. 

Apothecaries’. 

Imperial  troy. 

ounces  76  grains. . 
ounces  76  grains., 
ounce 

1,389  grains  = 2.89 
ounces. 

1,389  grains  = 2.89 
ounces. 

231.5  grains 

1,389  grains  = 2. 89- 
ounces. 

1,389  grains  = 2.89> 
ounces. 

231.5  grains. 

(7)  Bunk  advises  30  to  60  grams  (=1  ounce  25  grains  to  2 ounces  50' 
grains  avoirdupois =463  to  926  grains  apothecaries’  or  imperial  troy)  of 
benzine  as  a daily  dose  for  each  steer,  to  be  given  in  mash. 

The  butcher’s  knife  will  be  found  a much  more  practicable  means  of 
treatment  than  any  of  the  prescriptions  given  above,  and  the  earlier  in 
the  disease  that  the  animals  are  slaughtered  the  better  condition  they 
will  be  found  in.  In  the  early  stages  of  the  malady,  as  was  seen  above, 
there  is  a tendency  on  the  part  of  the  animals  to  fatten,  due  possibly 
to  the  increased  flow  of  bile  and  the  consequent  acceleration  in  diges- 
tion, and,  according  to  several  authors,  this  fact  has  been  taken  advan- 
tage of  by  certain  sheep  dealers  who  have  purposely  exposed  their 
flocks  to  fluke  infection  in  order  to  fatten  them  early  in  the  season. 

In  the  case  of  cattle  infected  with  F.  hepatica  it  will  scarcely  be  nec- 
essary to  take  such  strenuous  precautions  as  with  sheep,  for,  as  already 
stated,  the  disease  is  by  no  means  as  fatal  to  cattle  as  to  sheep  5 in  fact,, 
in  the  vast  majority  of  cases  the  presence  of  the  parasites  in  cattle  is 
not  recognized  until  after  the  animals  are  slaughtered.  This  must  not, 
however,  be  interpreted  as  meaning  that  the  disease  in  cattle  may  bo 
ignored,  but  merely  that  the  disease  in  sheep  must  receive  much  more 
prompt  attention  than  the  disease  in  cattle. 

If  sheep  are  pastured  in  the  same  region  as  cattle,  the  presence 
of  this  parasite  in  cattle  becomes  doubly  important,  for  in  this  case  the 
disease  will  be  spread  to  sheep  and  may  cause  heavy  losses.  Prompt 
measures  to  suppress  the  disease  and  isolation  of  the  iufested  cattle 
should  accordingly  be  resorted  to. 


46 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


Preventive  measures.— For  an  excellent  aiul  more  detailed  account  of 
the  preventive  measures,  the  reader  is  referred  to  Thomas  (1883,  pp. 
296-305),  of  which  the  greater  part  of  the  following  is  a summary: 

As  seen  from  the  life  history  of  the  parasite,  four  conditions  are  nec- 
essary for  the  propagation  of  this  disease  in  any  given  district,  namely: 
(1)  The  presence  of  fluke  eggs;  (2)  wet  ground,  or  water  during  the 
warmer  weather,  in  which  the  eggs  may  hatch ; (3)  a snail  ( L . truncatula , 
or  certain  other  species;  which  will  serve  as  intermediate  host;  (4) 
herbivorous  animals  must  be  allowed  to  feed  upon  the  infected  pastures 
without  proper  precaution  being  taken  to  prevent  infection.  Destroy 
any  one  of  these  conditions  and  fluke  disease  will  be  destroyed;  con- 
trol any  one  of  these  conditions  and  the  disease  will  be  controlled  in 
equal  measure. 

These  conditions  may  be  controlled  or  held  in  check  by  the  following 
means : 

(1)  To  prevent  the  scattering  of  eggs  in  the  fields: 

(a)  In  buying  cattle  or  sheep,  do  not  purchase  any  from  a fluky  herd, 
as  they  may  introduce  the  disease  to  your  farm. 

(b)  If  animals  are  fluked,  send  those  which  are  most  affected  to  the 
butcher  and  place  the  others  on  dry  ground. 

( c ) Destroy  the  livers  of  the  slaughtered  fluked  animals,  or  if  used 
as  food  for  animals  (dogs,  etc.,)  they  should  first  be  cooked  in  order  to 
kill  the  eggs;  if  this  precaution  is  not  taken,  the  fresh  eggs  will  pass 
through  the  intestine  of  the  dogs  uninjured  and  be  scattered  over  fields. 

( d ) Manure  of  fluky  animals  should  never  be  placed  upon  wet  ground. 
It  is,  however,  not  dangerous  to  use  such  manure  upon  dry  ground. 

(e)  u As  rabbits  and  hares  may  introduce  the  disease  into  a district, 
or  may  keep  up  an  infection  if  once  introduced,  these  animals  should 
be  kept  down  as  much  as  possible.”  This  is  not  always  practicable. 

(/)  Where  animals  very  heavily  infested  with  flukes  have  pastured 
on  a given  piece  of  ground,  some  one  should  go  over  the  field  with  a 
spade  and  spread  out  the  patches  of  manure,  so  that  it  will  dry  more 
rapidly,  and  thus  the  eggs  may  be  more  quickly  destroyed.  A spade 
full  of  lime  or  dust  will  aid  in  drying  up  the  manure  patches. 

(g)  Manure  of  fluky  animals  should  not  be  stored  where  it  can  drain 
into  pastures. 

(2)  To  control  the  second  condition , i.  e.,  marshy  ground: 

{a)  The  marshes  should  be  drained,  if  possible,  so  that  the  snails 
may  be  gotten  rid  of. 

(b)  It  has  been  noticed  that  sheep  which  pasture  on  salty  marshes 
are  not  fluked;  accordingly  dressings  of  salt,  to  which  lime  maybe 
added,  should  be  spread  over  the  pasture,  as  salt  and  lime  will  destroy 
the  embryos,  the  encysted  cercariae,  and  the  snails.  May  to  August 
are  the  best  months  for  scattering  these  substances. 

Lime  will  destroy  the  grass  for  immediate  use,  but  will  in  some  cases 
be  advantageous  to  the  soil.  The  farmer  must  decide  for  himself 
whet  her  he  should  use  salt  alone  or  lime  and  salt. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  47 


(c)  If  the  marshy  ground  can  not  be  controlled,  place  the  animals  on 
higher  ground. 

(3)  To  destroy  the  snail. — This  may  be  done  by  draining  the  fields, 
thus  depriving  the  snails  of  the  conditions  necessary  for  their  develop- 
ment, or  by  the  free  use  of  salt  and  lime. 

(4)  General  precautions  to  be  taken: 

(a)  It  is  known  that  salt  will  kill  the  cercariae;  accordingly  if  salt  is 
given  to  the  animals  they  stand  a better  chance  of  escaping  hepatic 
infection,  even  if  the  germs  are  swallowed,  not  only  because  this  sub- 
stance kills  the  young  flukes,  but  because  it  aids  the  animals  in  their 
digestion.  The  following  experiment  is  interesting  in  this  connection: 

A number  of  uninfected  sheep  were  selected  and  divided  into  two  flocks,  then 
placed  upon  pasturage  which  was  known  to  be  infected.  One  flock  received  no 
special  attention,  while  the  sheep  of  the  other  flock  were  fed  a quarter  of  an  ounce 
of  common  salt  well  mixed  with  half  a pint  of  oats  every  day  that  they  were  on  the 
pastures;  but  when  fed  upon  turnips,  vetches,  etc.,  the  allowance  of  salt  and  corn 
[=oats]  was  not  given.  The  first  flock  were  so  infected  with  flukes  that  they  could 
not  be  kept  through  the  winter,  while  the  second  flock  was  quite  sound.  The  corn 
[=oats]  and  salt  had  cost  about  3s.  (75  cents)  per  head;  the  profit  was  about  5 Os. 
($12.50)  per  head. — T.  P.  Heath,  Western  Morning  News,  October  14,  1882. 

( b ) A daily  allowance  of  dry  food  should  be  given. 

(c)  If  fields  are  overstocked  the  animals  will  be  obliged  to  graze  very 
close  to  the  ground,  and  will  thus  be  more  liable  to  become  infected; 
accordingly,  in  order  to  prevent  this  close  grazing,  fields  should  not 
be  overstocked. 

( d ) Animals  should  not  be  left  too  long  upon  the  same  pasture. 

(e)  Raised  watertanks  should  be  placed  in  the  pastures  so  that  the 
herds  will  not  be  forced  to  drink  from  pools,  etc.  As  it  is  difficult  for 
snails  to  get  into  such  drinking  tanks,  there  will  be  little  fear  of  infec 
tions  from  tanks  of  this  sort. 

ABATTOIR  INSPECTION. 

Fluked  animals  as  food. — If  only  a few  flukes  are  found  in  the  liver 
and  these  have  not  caused  any  extensive  pathological  changes,  there 
seems  to  be  no  valid  reason  for  condemning  the  entire  organ  as  food, 
for  the  eggs  would  be  perfectly  harmless  if  eaten ; the  adult  parasites, 
if  swallowed  alive,  might  cause  some  temporary  injury,  but  as  liver  is 
well  cooked  in  this  country,  there  is  scarcely  any  chance  that  the  adult 
worm  would  be  swallowed  alive ; if  the  pathological  change  is  confined 
to  a portion  of  the  liver,  that  portion  can  be  cut  out  and  the  rest  may 
be  used  for  food;  in  case  of  a general  cirrhosis,  or  in  case  of  suppurat- 
ing inflammation  of  the  tissue,  caused  by  the  wandering  of  flukes 
through  the  same,  the  liver  should  be  condemned  to  the  tank.  There 
is  generally  no  particular  alteration  to  be  noticed  in  the  flesh  of  fluked 
cattle,  unless  the  livers  are  very  far  gone,  in  which  case  the  meat  is 
more  “flabby”  and  lighter  than  usual.  In  the  case  of  badly  fluked 
sheep,  the  flesh  is  of  a very  poor  quality  and  contains  but  little  nour- 


48 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


isbment;  it  is  pale  and  u flabby,”  and  according  to  European  autnors 
it  should  not  be  placed  on  the  market  in  case  the  sheep  have  passed 
Gerlaclds  second  stage  of  the  disease. 

JURISPRUDENCE. 

In  this  country  we  have  no  general  laws  protecting  a person  in  case 
he  buys  fluked  animals.  In  Germany,  Austria,  and  Switzerland  cer- 
tain laws  protect  the  buyer,  so  that  if  fluke  disease  shows  itself  in  a 
flock  within  a stated  time  after  purchase  the  contract  is  void. 

THE  COMMON  LIVER  FLUKE  IN  MAN. 

This  parasite  is  rare  in  man,  only  about  twenty  cases  being  on  record 
of  its  presence  in  the  bile  ducts.  It  is  uot  at  all  impossible  that  the 
parasites  described  as  Hexathyridium  venarum , Distomum  oculi-humani 
(D.ophthalmobium),  and  Monostomum  lentis  are  young- 
erratic  liver  flukes. 

The  fluke  may  produce  serious  trouble  in  man, 
which  may  result  fatally. 

VARIETIES  OF  THE  COMMON  LIVER  FLUKE. 

Several  varieties  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke  have  been 
described  by  different  authors,  and  although  they  have  not 
yet  been  recorded  in  this  country,  they  should  be  mention*  <1 
briefly  in  this  report: 

(a)  The  Narrow  Liver  Fluke  ( Fasciola  hepatica  angusta)  op' 
Senegal  Cattle  and  Man(?). 

[Figs.  23  and  24.] 

This  variety  has  recently  been  described  by  Railliet  (1895, 
p.  338)  from  specimens  taken  from  cattle  slaughtered  at  St. 
Louis,  Senegal.  Blanchard  (1895,  p.  733)  thinks  it  identical  with  Fasciola  gigantica 
(see  p.  49)  of  the  giraffe.  He  also  considers  it  identical  with  a parasite  expectorated 
by  a French  naval  officer  iu  Brazil  and  recorded  by  Gouvea  (1895).  See  also  the 
next  variety. 

( b ) The  Egyptian  Liver  Fluke  ( Fasciola  hepatica  aegyptiaca)  of  Buffalo  and 

Cattle. 

[Figs.  25  and  26.] 

This  parasite  was  originally  described  by  Looss  (1896,  pp.  33-36,  192)  as  a variety 
of  the  common  fluke,  but  he  has  recently  written  to  us  that  he  is  now  inclined  to 
look  upon  it  as  a distinct  species.  He  found  the  parasite  in  the  liver  of  cattle  ( Bos 
taurus)  and  buffalo  (Bos  bubalis).  Blanchard  (1896,  p.  733)  evidently  considers  this 
form  identical  with  both  the  narrow  fluke  (F.  hepatica  angusta)  and  the  giant  fluke 
(F.  gigantica,  p.  49). 

(c)  The  Common  Liver  Fluke  ( Fasciola  hepatica  caviae)  of  Guinea  Pigs. 

Synonymy. — Distomum  caviae  Sonsino,  1890.;  Fasciola  hepatica  var.  caviae  (Sonsino) 
Sonsino,  1896. 

Sonsino  described  this  parasite  from  the  guinea  pig  as  a distinct  species,  but  he 
now  believes  it  to  be  a variety  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke. 


Fig.  23. — The  Narrow 
Liver  Fluke  (Fasciola 
hepatica  angusta) , nat- 
ural size  (original, 
from  one  ot  the  cotype 
specimens). 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  49 


3.  The  Giant  Liver  Fluke  ( Fasciola 
gigantica)  of  Giraffes,  Cattle  (?), 
and  Man  (?). 

[rig.  27.] 

Synonymy.  — Fasciola  gigantica  Cob- 
bold,  1856;  Distomum  giganteum  Dies- 
ing, 1858;  Distoma  hepaticum  ex  p. 
of  Gervais  and  van  Beneden,  1858; 
Fasciola  giganteaCohhold,  1859;  Clado- 
coelium  giganteum  (Diesing)  Stossich, 
1892  ex.  p. 

Bibliography. — For  bibliography 
and  technical  dis- 
cussion, see  Stiles, 

1894-95,  pp.  139- 
143. 

Host.  — Giraffe, 
cattle  ( ?),  andman 
(?).  (See  pp.  137- 
143. 

This  parasite  was 
described  from 
specimens  taken 
in  England  from  a 
giraffe  belonging 
to  a traveling  men- 
agerie. Blanchard 
(1895,  p.  733)  be- 
lieves it  identical 
with  the  narrow 


evidently  also 
fluke  (p.  48). 


Fig.  25.— The  Egyp- 
tian Liver  Fluke 
( Fasciola  hepatica 
aegyptiaca ),  drawn 
from  one  of  Looss’ 
specimens,  natural 
size  (original) . See 
p.  48. 

fluke  (p.  48)  and 
with  the  Egyptian 


5257— No.  19- 


4.  The  Large  American  Fluke  ( Fas- 
ciola magna)  of  Cattle  and  Deer. 

[Figs.  28-35]. 

For  anatomical  characters, 
compare  figs.  29  and  30  with  key, 

p.  21. 

Vernacular  names. — English,  The 
Large  American  Fluke,  The  Grand 
Fluke;  German,  Der  grosse  amerikan- 
ische  Leberegel;  French,  Grand  Dis- 
tome;  Italian,  Distoma  grande,  Distoma 
magno. 

Synonymy. — Distomum  magnum 
Bassi,  1875;  Fasciola  carnosa  Hassall, 
1891;  F.  americana  Hassall,  1891; 


Fig.  24. — The  Narrow  Liver  Fluke  (Fasciola  hepatica  angusta ),  en- 
larged to  show  the  anatomical  characters : a , acetabulum ; i,  in- 
testine m,  mouth  with  oral  sucker ; o,  ovary ; p,  pharyngeal  bulb ; 
s,  shell  gland;  t , profusely  branched  testicles;  u,  uterus;  va, 
vagina ; vg,  profusely  branched  vitellogene  glands.  See  p.  48. 


50 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


,rn. 


Fig.  26.— The  Egyptian  Liver  Fluke  ( Fasciola  hepatica 
aegyptiaca),  enlarged  to  show  the  anatomical  charac- 
ters: a , acetabulum;  c,  cirrus  pouch;  i,  intestine; 
m,  mouth  with  oral  sucker;  o,  ovary;  s , shell  gland; 
t,  profusely  branched  testicles ; ut,  uterus ; va,  va- 
gina; vg,  profusely  branched  vitellogene  glands. 
(After  Looss,  1896,  PI.  Ill,  fig.  16.)  See  p.  48. 


Fig.  27 — The  Giant  Liver 
Fluke  (Fasciola  gigantica)* 
enlarged  to  show  the  anat- 
omy. (After  Cobbold,. 
1864.)  See  p.  49. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  51 


Distomum  texanicum  Francis,  1891;  D.  americanum  (Hassall)  Stiles,  1892;  Fasciola 
magna  (Bassi)  Stiles,  1894. 

Bibliography. — For  bibliography  and  technical  discussion,  see  Stiles  (1894-1895). 

Hosts. — Cattle,  deer,  and  other  animals.  (See  pp.  137-143.) 

Geographical  distribution. — North  America  (Texas,  Arkansas,  Indian  Terri- 
tory, California,  Iowa,  Illinois,  New  York,  and  probably  else- 
where); Europe  (Italy). 

The  Large  American  Fluke  appears  to  be  more 
frequent  in  this  country  than  the  so-called  Common 
Liver  Fluke,  although  this  opinion  is  the  result  of 
general  impression  from  abattoir  inspection  rather 
than  a view  based  upon  actual  statistics.  The  para- 
site was  first  described  by  Bassi,  who  found  it  pro- 
ducing a fatal  epizootic  among  the  deer  of  the  Royal 
Park  near  Turin,  Italy,  where  it  is  supposed  to  have 
been  introduced  with  imported  Wapiti  from  ^North 
America.  Dinwiddie  has  found  that  iu  some  counties 
of  Arkansas  practically  all  the  cattle  are  infected 

with  this  worm,  and 
for  years  the  livers  of 
cattle  from  certain 
districts  have  been 
unfit  for  use.  As  the 
infected  area  fell 
within  the  cattle-fever 
district,  some  persons 
erroneously  thought  that  the  changes 
produced  in  the  liver  were  due  to  Texas 
fever.  Fortunately  this  species  (so  far 
as  known)  does  not  occur  in  sheep,  and 
on  that  account  it  must  be  looked  upon 
as  of  less  importance  than  the  common 
fluke. 

Leidy  (1891)  thought  this  species 
identical  with  u Distomum  crassum” 
which  occurs  in  man,  and  Stossich 
(1892)  considered  it  identical  with  the 
giant  fluke  Gladocoelium  giganteum 
(= Fasciola  gigantica)  of  giraffes. 

Life  history. — The  complete  life  his- 
tory of  this  parasite  has  not  yet  been 
experimentally  demonstrated,  but  as  the 
species  is  so  closely  allied  to  the  Common  Liver  Fluke,  it  will  un- 
questionably be  found  that  the  life  cycle  agrees  with  that  given  for 
Fasciola  hepatica  (p.  30). 

Upon  several  different  occasions  experiments  have  been  instituted  in 
this  Bureau  to  trace  out  the  life  cycle,  but  the  snails  we  have  collected 


Fig.  28. — The  Large 
American  Fluke  (Fas- 
ciola magna),  natural 
size  (original). 


Fig.  29 — Macerated  specimen  of  Large 
American  Fluke,  showing  the  digestive 
system  and  acetabulum.  X 2.  (After 
Stiles,  1894,  p.  226,  fig.  2.) 


52  INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


in  tlie  locality  of  tbe  District  of  Columbia  have  thus  far  not  taken  the 
infection. 


Egg-— The  eggs  (fig.  32)  of  F.  magna  can  hardly  be  distinguished  from 
those  of  F.  hepatica.  In  general,  however,  they  are  slightly  larger.  In 
F.  hepatica  they  vary  from  0.105  mm.  to  0.145  mm.  (rarely  0.172  mm.) 
long  by  0.003  mm.  to  0.09  mm.  broad.  In  F.  magna  they  vary  from 

0.109  mm.  to  0.168  mm. long 
by  0.075  mm.  to  0.096  mm. 
broad.  The  structure  of 
the  egg  agrees  perfectly 
with  that  given  for  the 
Common  Liver  Fluke,  so 
that  a differential  diagnosis 
in  faecal  examinations  is 
impossible.  Upon  several 
different  occasions  we  have 
raised  the  — 

Miracidium  (figs.  33, 34), 
which  agrees  with  the  cili- 
ated embryo  of  F.  hepatica 
(see  p.  32).  It  is  covered 
with  a ciliated  epithelium, 
and  upon  its  anterior  end 
is  found  a papilla  in  which 
an  opening  is  perfectly  visi- 
ble. This  opening  leads 
into  a thin  string  of  tissue, 
evidently  a rudimentary 
oesophagus,  ending  in  a 
double-lobed  body,  which 
from  homology  with  F. 
hepatica  represents  the 
rudimentary  intestine.  Im- 
mediately anterior  of  this 
is  situated  the  ganglionic 
mass  with  the  two  cup- 
shaped eye-spots.  In  the 
posterior  portion  of  the 
body  a number  of  germ 
cells  can  be  distinguished.  The  movements  of  this  embryo  agree  with 
those  of  F.  hepatica.  The  size  varies  according  to  contraction,  but  in 
general  it  may  be  given  as  0.15  mm.  long  by  0.04  mm.  broad. 

Sporocyst , redia , and  cercaria. — For  a description  of  these  stages  (not 
yet  known  for  F.  magna),  see  pp.  32  and  33. 

The  disease. — The  remarks  upon  this  subject  on  page  36,  under  F. 
hepatica , will  apply  in  a general  way  to  this  parasite  also.  The  large 


Fig.  30. — Macerated  specimen  of  Large  American  Fluke 
(Fasciola  magna) , showing  the  anatomical  characters : a, 
acetabulum;  m,  mouth  with  oral  sucker;  o,  ovary;  p, 
pharyngeal  bulb ; s,  shell  gland;  t,  profusely  branched  testi- 
cles; vg,  profusely  branched  vitellogene  glands.  X 2. 
(After  Stiles,  1894,  p.  236,  fig.  3.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  53 


Fig.  31. — A section  of 
the  cuticle  of  Large 
American  Fluke 
( Fasciola  magna), 
showing  the  spines. 
(After  Stiles,  1894, 
p.  227,  fig.  7.) 


fluke  appears  to  be  more  dangerous  for  cattle,  however,  than  the  com- 
mon fluke.  According  to  Francis,  many  cattle  die  from  the  effects  of 
the  common  fluke,  and  those  which  recover  do  not  thrive  the  following 
summer,  but  remain  poor  and  weak  and  fail  to  breed — remarks  which 
if  well  founded  for  F.  hepatica  would  apply  in  a-still 
greater  degree  for  F.  magna.  Heifers  coming  2 years 
old  suffered  more  than  at  any  other  age.  It  is  stated 
that  the  large  fluke  has  caused  disease  among  the 
dairy  cows  in  California,  and  Francis  is  said  to  have 
investigated  an  outbreak  in  Texas  where  the  loss  ran 
into  hundreds  of  cattle.  In  the  Italian  outbreak,  the 
disease  corresponded  with  fluke  disease  of  sheep,  and 
reached  its  highest  stage  during  the  winter  and  spring. 

Bitting  (1895)  records  fluke  disease  in  cattle  for  Flor- 
ida, but  attributes  it  to  the  common  fluke. 

/Symptoms. — See  remark  s under  F7.  hepatica , pp.  34-36. 

Pathology. — The  pathological  changes  brought  about 
by  this  form  have  never  been  studied  in  detail,  but 
the  earlier  changes  will  doubt- 
less agree  with  those  described 
for  F.  hepatica.  In  heavily  in- 
fected livers  there  is  a much 
greater  tendency  to  the  forma- 
tion of  large  cysts  in  the  liver,  in  which  several 
parasites  are  present.  Dinwiddle  has  described 
a post  mortem  as  follows: 

Apparently  in  good  liealtli  and  fair  butchering  condition. 
The  “fat  caul”  seen  on  first  opening  the  abdomen  as  a 
large  sheet  was  dotted  with  black  spots  and  streaks. 
Lymphatic  glands  on  the  concave  sur- 
face of  the  liver  were  much  swollen 
and  black  in  color.  The  liver  itself 
was  enlarged  and  darkened  on  the 
surface,  with  a number  of  prominent 
elevations,  some  appearing  like  blisters 
and  some  more  or  less  solid,  and  vary- 
ing greatly  in  size.  A longitudinal  section  showed  the  presence 
of  many  cavities,  some  containing  a dark  fluid  in  which  were 
floating  granules  and  shreds  of  tissue.  One  very  large  cavity, 
about  2 inches  in  diameter,  with  irregular  yellowish  colored 
walls,  besides  the  dark-colored  fluid  above  mentioned,  contained 
also  two  flat,  leaf-like  bodies  about  one  inch  in  length  and  slightly 
less  in  breadth.  They  were  fished  out  and  recognized  as  “flukes.” 

More  of  these  were  obtained  from  other  cavities.  Several  other 
cavities  contained  solid,  greenish-yellow,  gritty  matter,  and  no 
parasites.  A section  made  through  the  liver  in  any  direction  cut 
through  one  or  more  of  these  cysts.  They  were  situated  near  the  surface  of  the  organ 
or  in  its  substance  indiscriminately.  Those  that  contained  the  “fluke  ” were  usually 
of  medium  or  smaller  size,  and  the  parasite  was  found  folded  or  curled  upon  itself 
longitudinally  and  surrounded  by  fluid.  * * * The  shreds  of  tissue  found  in 


Fig.  32. — Egg  of  Large  Amer- 
ican Fluke,  showing  the 
germ  cell,  surrounded  by  a 
large  number  of  vitelline 
cells,  and  an  eggshell  pro- 
vided with  a cap.  (After 
Stiles,  1894,  p.  227,  fig.  4.) 


Fig.  33. — Ciliated  em- 
bryo (miracidium) 
of  Large  American 
Fluke  withintheegg- 
shell.  (After  Stiles, 
1894,  p.  227,  fig.  5.) 


54 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


those  cysts,  which  did  not  contain  the  living  parasites,  were  shown  by  microscopic 
examination  to  be  the  debris  of  dead  and  partly  decomposed  flukes. 

Such  were  the  gross  appearances  of  the  livers  of  at  least  three-fourths  of  the  cattle 
slaughtered  during  the  spring  and  summer  at  this  place,  and 
about  30  per  cent  of  all  coming  from  certain  ranges  in  St. 
Francis  and  Lee  counties  [Arkansas]. 

I am  inclined  to  think  that  the  effects  of  the  para- 
site upon  cattle  have  possibly  been  somewhat  over- 
estimated, for  I have  seen  cattle  in  abattoirs  which 
were  apparently  in  excellent  condition  and  yet 
whose  livers  were  literally  composed  almost  entirely 
of  flukes  and  their  cysts.  The  question  arises 
whether  other  factors  (Texas  fever,  blackleg,  etc.) 
also  were  not  concerned  in  the  outbreaks  among 
cattle  which  have  been  attributed  to  this  parasite. 
A small  number  of  these  worms  certainly  has  little 
or  no  appreciable  effect  upon  cattle,  and  even  when 
a large  number  is  present  the  effects  do  not  appear 
to  be  very  great  in  the  case  of  full-grown  steers. 
The  fact  that  Francis  has  attributed  the  death  of 
a number  of  cattle  (chiefly  2-year-olds)  to  this  worm 
is  deserving  of  attention,  but  the  published  accounts 
of  these  outbreaks  are  not  detailed  enough  to  allow  a 
satisfactory  conclusion.  While  it  must  be  admitted  that  the  patho- 
logical changes  in  the  liver  of  cattle  caused  by  this  parasite  can  not 
help  producing 
some  effect  upon 
the  host,  we  are 
perfectly  war- 
ranted in  the 
statement  that 
the  Large  Amer- 
ican Fluke  bears 
a much  less  im- 
portant relation 
to  the  cattle  in- 
dustry than  the 
common  fluke 
bears  to  the 
sheep  industry. 

Diagnosis. — 

Same  as  for  the 
common  fluke. 

(See  p.  39.) 


Fig.  34.— Free  embryo 
(miracidium)  of  Large 
American  Fluke  ( Fasci- 
ola magna),  showing 
ciliated  epithelium,  bor- 
ing papilla,  rudimen- 
tary oesophagus,  and 
intestine;  eye-spots  sit- 
uated above  the  gan- 
glionic mass,  and  germ 
cells.  (After  Stiles, 
1894,  p.  227,  fig.  6.) 


Fig.  35. — Cyst  in  the  liver,  caused  by  Large  American  Fluke.  (After  Stiles, 
1894,  p.  226,  fig.  1.) 


Position  of  the  parasites. — Thus  far  the  large  fluke  has  been  recorded 
only  in  the  liver  and  lungs. 

Influence  of  age. — The  remarks  on  page  40  under  this  heading  will 
doubtless  be  found  to  hold  for  the  large  fluke  also. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  55 


Fig.  36. — Lancet  Fluke 
( Dicrocoelium  lancea- 
turn),  natural  size 
(original). 


Geographical  distribution ; fluky  years  and  fluky  seasons. — F.  magna 
is  known  from  the  localities  given  on  page  51.  (See  also  remarks  under 
this  head  in  the  discussion  of  F.  hepatica , p.  40.) 

Time  of  infection. — The  remarks  under  this  head 
on  page  42  will  apply  in  a general  way  to  this  para-  /) 

site  also.  v 

Source  of  infection. — The  intermediate  host  is  as  yet 
unknown,  but  it  should  not 
be  a difficult  matter  to  deter- 
mine this  point  in  the  in- 
fected areas.  It  will  un- 
doubtedly be  found  to  be  a snail,  probably  of 
the  genus  Limnaea. 

Treatment  and  preventive  measures. — See 
pages  43-47. 

ABATTOIR  INSPECTION. 

Fluked  animals  as  food. — Regarding  the 
flukes  in  the  liver,  see  page  47.  I have  ex- 
amined the  meat  of  a large  number  of  cattle 
whose  livers  were  infested  with  this  parasite, 
and  have  been  unable  to  find  any  ground  for 
excluding  the  meat  from  market.  (See  also 
pp.  47-48.) 

DICROCOELES  (Distomes  of  the  Genus  Dicro- 
coelium). 

One  representative  of  this  genus,  namely,  D.  lancea- 
tum, has  been  recorded  for  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs,  aud 
a second  species  (D.  pancreaticum)  has  been  recorded 
for  cattle  and  sheep,  but  there  is  no  satisfactory  evi- 
dence that  either  parasite  is  present  in  this  country. 
(Seep.  56.) 

5.  The  Lancet  Fluke  ( Dicrocoelium  lanceatum ) of  Cat- 
tle, Sheep,  and  Swine. 

[Figs.  36-39.] 

For  anatomical  characters,  compare  fig.  37 
with  key,  p.  21. 


Fig.  37.— Lancet  Fluke,  enlarged 
to  sbo  vv  the  anatomical  charac- 
ters: a , acetabulum;  c,  cirrus 
(Touch ; i,  intestine;  m,  mouth 
with  oral  sucker ; o,  ovary ; oe, 
oesophagus;  p , pharyngeal 
bulb;  t , lobate  testicles;  u, 
uterus;  va , vagina;  vg,  vitello- 
gene  glands.  (After  Stiles  & 
Hassall,  1894,  PI.  IV,  fig.  19.) 


Vernacular  names. — English,  Lancet  Fluke;  Ger- 
man, Der  lanzettformige  Leberegel,  das  lanzettfdrmige 
Doppelloch ; French,  Distome  lanceole;  Italian,  Distoma 
lanceolaio. 

Synonymy. — Fasciola  lanceolata  Rudolphi,  1803  [nec 
Schrank,  1790]  ; Distoma  lanceolatum  (Rudolphi)  Mehlis, 
1825;  “ Distoma  ( Dicrocoelium ) lanceolatum  Mehlis”  of 
Dujardin,  1845;  iC Distomum  lanceolatum  Mehlis”  of  Diesing,  1850;  u Dicrocoelium 
lanceolatum  Dujardin”  of  Weinland,  1858;  “Fasciola  Buchholzii  Jordens,  1801,”  mis- 
print of  Braun,  1889;  Dicrocoelium  lanceatum  Stiles  & Hassall,  1896. 


56 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


Bibliography. — No  extensive  bibliography  as  yet  published.  For  detailed  tech- 
nical discussion,  see  Leuckart  (1889,  pp.  359-399). 

Hosts. — Man,  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  and  other  animals.  (See 
pp.  137-143.) 

Geographical  distribution.— Very  extended,  especially  in 
Europe,  but  apparently  not  in  England  or.  North  America. 

Life  history. — The  complete  development  of  this  par- 
asite is  not  yet  known,  although  it  is  undoubtedly  an 
indirect  development  with  change  of  host,  the  inter- 
mediate host  being  some  mollusk. 

Von  Willemoes-Suhm  looked  upon  Planorbis  marginatus  as  inter- 
mediate host ; a Limnaea  has  also  been  viewed  with  suspicion. 
Leuckart  found  some  cerca- 


Fig.  38. — Egg  of  Lan- 
cet Fluke  ( Dicro - 
coelium  lanceatum) 
with  contained 
embryo.  X 7 00. 
(After  Leuckart, 
1889,  p.  379,  fig.  171.) 


riae  in  a Planorbis , which  he 
suspected  for  a while  repre- 
sented the  larval  stage  of 


Fig.  39. — Free  embryo  (miracidium)  of  the 
Lancet  Fluke:  A,  lateral  view;  _B,  dorsal 
view.  (After  Leuckart,  1889,  p.  385,  fig. 
175  A,B.) 


these  snails  have  as  yet  been 
experimentally  proven  to  be 
the  host  of  the  larval  stage  of  the  parasite,  the 
question  is  at  present  far  from  being  solved. 

In  Leuckart’ s most  recent  experiments  he  has 
fed  eggs  of  the  parasite  to  certain  small  slugs 
and  noticed  that  the  embryos  escaped  from  the  egg,  but  were  unable  to  develop 

into  the  sporocyst  stage.  That  the  embryos 
escaped  from  the  eggshell  in  the  intestine  of 
slugs  points  to  the  fact  that  the  experiments 
are  in  the  right  direction,  and  that  it  will  proba- 
bly be  found  that  some  snail  belonging  to  the 
family  Limacidae — the  slugs — in  the  order  of  the 
Pulmonata  serves  as  intermediate  host  to  the 
Lancet  Fluke. 

The  Lancet  Fluke  is  much  less  danger- 
ous, owing  to  its  smaller  size  and  un- 
armed cuticle,  than  either  the  common 
fluke  or  the  large  fluke;  and  the  path- 
ological changes  caused  by  the  Lancet 
Fluke,  even  when  present  in  large  num- 
bers, are  scarcely  ever  more  than  a ca- 
tarrhal affection  of  the  gall  ducts,  rarely 
with  secondary  troubles.  The  parasite 
is  frequently  found  in  very  large  numbers, 
cases  being  recorded  where  1,000  speci- 
mens or  more  have  been  taken  from  a 
single  liver;  it  may  occur  alone  or  in 
company  with  F.  hepatica.  It  has  been 
recorded  about  six  times  in  man. 

Leidy  (1856,  p.  43)  says  that  this  para- 
site is  u stated  to  be  frequent  in  sheep  in 
several  of  the  Western  States.”  This 
u statement”  may  be  correct,  but  we  have  not  yet  been  able  to  verify  it. 


coelium  pancreaticum) , enlarged  to  sbo  w 
the  anatomical  characters : a,  acetabu- 
lum ; c,  cirrus  pouch ; ep,  excretory  pore ; 
i,  intestine ; m,  mouth  with  oral  sucker ; 
ov,  ovary ; ph,  pharyngeal  bulb ; t,  testi- 
cles; u,  uterus;  va,  vagina;  vg,  vitel- 
logene  glands.  (After  Kailliet,  1897.) 
See  p.  57. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  57 


ABATTOIR  INSPECTION. 

In  abattoir  inspection,  the  rules  given  for  infection  with  F.  hepatica 
(p.  47)  would  apply  to  cases  of  infection  with  the  Lancet  Fluke. 

6.  The  Pancreatic  Fluke  ( Dicrocoelium  pancreaticum)  of  Cattle  and  Sheep. 

[Fig.  40.] 

For  anatomical  characters,  see  key,  p.  21. 


Synonymy. — Distoma  pancreaticum  Railliet,  1890;  Distoma  coelomaticum  Giard  & 
Billet,  1892;  Distomum  pancreaticum 
JaDson,  1893;  Distoma  ( Dicrocoelium ) 
coelomaticum  Giard  & Billet  of  Rail- 
liet, 1896;  Dicrocoelium  pancreaticum 
(Railliet)  Railliet,  1897. 

Bibliography. — Railliet,  1897,  pp. 

371-377. 

Hosts. — Japanese  cattle  and  sheep, 

Cambodia  cattle  and  Indian  buffalo. 

(See  pp.  137-143.) 

The  Pancreatic  Fluke,  which 
is  somewhat  smaller  than  the 
common  fluke  but  larger  than 
the  Lancet  Fluke,  has  been  found 
in  Japan,  Tonkin,  and  Cochin 
China,  but  is  not  yet  recorded 
for  North  America;  it  is  said  to 
be  present  in  about  50  per  cent 
of  the  cattle  and  buffaloes  of 
Cochin  China,  slaughtered  in 
good  condition,  and  in  90  per 
cent  of  the  cachectic  animals; 
it  is  found  at  all  seasons  of  the 
year,  both  wet  and  dry.  Its 
normal  seat  is  the  Ductus  Wir- 
sugianus  and  its  branches,  which 
are  occasionally  given  a sausage- 
like appearance  by  the  presence 
of  the  parasites.  The  local  lesions 
developed  by  the  presence  of  the 
Pancreatic  Fluke  are  not  gen- 
erally very  extensive;  in  many 
cases  the  pancreas  seems  quite 
normal;  when  the  infection  is 
extensive,  however,  this  organ  is  thicker  and  heavier  than  usual;  occa- 
sionally blackish  streaks  are  noticed  on  the  surface,  representing  the 
infected  canals,  but  usually  it  is  necessary  to  cut  into  the  organ  in  order 
to  recognize  an  infection.  Even  when  the  infected  canals  assume  a 
sausage-like  or  moniliform  appearance,  no  abnormal  fluid  appears  to  be 
present,  and  the  thickening  and  induration  of  the  walls  are  scarcely 
noticeable. 


Blood  Fluke  ( Schistosoma  haematobium ),  enlarged. 
X 12.  (After  Loose,  1896,  PI.  XI,  fig.  107.)  See  p.  58. 


58 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


There  is  at  present  no  reason  to  assume  that  these  parasites  would 
continue  to  live  for  any  length  of  time  if  accidentally  eaten  by  man;  in 
fact,  their  direct  transmission  from  cattle  to  man  through  eating  sweet- 
breads infected  by  them  is  contrary  to  analogy. 

Dioecious  Distomes  (Flukes  of  the  Subfamily  Schistosominae). 

BLOOD  FLUKES  (Distomes  of  the  Genus  Schistosoma). 

Flukes  of  this  genus,  only  a few  of  which  are  known,  live  in  the  veins  of  mammals 

and  birds.  At  least  one  species  ( S . 
bovis)  is  found  in  cattle  and  sheep, 
while  the  occurrence  of  a second  form 
( S . haematobium ) in  cattle  is  as  yet  in 
need  of  confirmation. 

The  Human  Blood  Fluke  has  been 
found  twice  in  this  country  : once  in  a 
foreigner  on  the  11  Midway  ” during  the 
World’s  Fair,  and  once  in  New  York. 

7.  The  Human  Blood  Fluke  ( Schis- 
tosoma haematobium)  of  Man  and 
Cattle  (?). 

[Figs.  41-44,48.] 

For  anatomical  characters, com- 
pare  tigs.  41-43  with  key,  p.  21. 

Synonymy. — Distomurn  haematobi  um 
Bilharz,  1852 ; Schistosoma  haematobium 
(Billiarz)  Weinland,  1858;  Gynaecopho- 
rus  haematobius  (Bilharz)  Diesing, 
1858;  Bilharzia  haematobia  (Bilharz) 
Cobbold,  1859;  (?)  Bilharzia  magna 
Cobbold,  1859 ; Thecosoma  haematobium 
(Bilharz)  Moquin-Tandon,  1860;  Dis- 
toma  capense  Harley,  1864,  nomen 
nudum;  Bilharzia  capensis  Harley, 
1864;  Bilharzia  haematobia  hominis 
Kowalewski,  1895;  (?)  Bilharzia  hae- 
matobia magna  (Cobbold)  Kowalewski, 
1895;  Schistosomum  haematobium  (Bil- 
harz) of  Blanchard,  1895. 
Bibliography. — For  bibliography, 
Fra.  42.  Anterior  portion  of  male  Human  Blood  Fluke  gee  Huber  (1894,  pp.  294-305).  For 
(Schistosoma  haematobium),  showing  theanatomical  , , 

characters : a, acetabulum,  go, cerebral  ganglion,,,!,  deta_lled  anatomical  study,  see  Looss 
glands  of  oesophagus  ( oe );  i,  intestine;  nda,  dorsal  (1895,  pp.  1-108)  and  Leuckart  (1894, 
anterior  nerve;  ndp,  dorsal  posterior  nerve;  nla,  pp.  464-534). 

lateral  anterior  nerve ; nva,  ventral  anterior  nerve ; HOSTS. Man,  Sooty  monkey  (?), 

nvp,  ventral  posterior  nerve;  plv,  lateral  posterior  and  catfle  (?)<’  (See  pp.  137-143.) 
nerve;  pg,  genital  pore;  t,  testicles;  vs,  vesicula  ^ . , 

seminalia.  (After  Looss,  1895,  PI.  II,  fig.  18.)  GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION.- At- 

rica. 

Life  history. — The  following  may  be  taken  as  a summary  of  our 
present  incomplete  knowledge  of  the  life  history  of  this  parasite.  The 
eggs  which  are  passed  in  the  urine  contain  a ciliated  embryo  possessing 
a terminal  papilla;  a rudimentary  intestinal  sac,  at  each  side  of  which 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  59 


is  a large  glandular  cell ; a rudi- 
mentary nervous  system;  an 
excretory  system,  and  a number 
of  germinal  cells.  While  in 
the  fresh  urine  the  embryo  is 
comparatively  quiet,  but  more 
active  movements  can  be 
brought  about  by  the  addition 
of  water;  water  also  causes  the 
shell  to  burst,  the  embryo  be- 
coming free ; preserved  in  urine 
the  embryos  die  within  about 
two  hours.  From  this  embry- 
onic stage  to  the  time  when 
the  parasites  are  found  in  the 
body  we  have  no  positive  data 
concerning  the  life  history, 
although  clinical  observation 
and  analogy  point  to  unfiltered 
water  as  the  source  of  infection. 

Sonsino  conclud.ed  from  his  recent 
investigations  that  fresh-water  crus- 
taceans ( Ciammarus  Simoni ) and  in- 
sects form  the  intermediate  hosts; 
that  the  embryo  develops  through  a 
larval  stage  (“ Dicotyle ”),  but  with- 
out an  alternation  of  generations, 
and  that  man  becomes  infected  by 
swallowing  the  “Dicotyle” 

While  analogy  points  directly  to 
some  fresh-water  invertebrate  as  the 
intermediate  host,  the  presence  of 
germ  cells  in  the  miracidium  points 
to  a necessary  alternation  of  genera- 
tions as  opposed  to  Sonsino’s  idea  of 
a metamorphosis. 

Hosts. — The  Human  Blood 
Fluke  is  found  in  man  in  Af- 
rica, especially  in  Egypt.  A 
parasite  found  by  Oobbold  in 
the  Sooty  monkey  ( Gercopithe - 
cus  fuliginosus),  and  described 
as  Bilharzia  magna , may  pos- 
sibly be  identical  with  this 
parasite  of  man. 

Cobbold,  Leuckart,  and  Blanchard 
admit  the  identity  of  the  two  forms, 
while  some  other  authors  do  not  con- 
sider the  point  as  yet  established. 


tlie  two  caeca  unite  ( i ) back  of  the  ovary ; oe , oesopha- 
gus ; oo,  ootyp ; ov,  ovary ; ovd,  oviduct ; pg,  genital  pore ; 
sg,  shell  gland;  sn,  nervous  system;  ut,  uterus;  vtd , 
vitello  duct;  vg,  vitellogene  glands.  X 38.  (After 
Looss,  1896,  PI.  XI,  fig.  108.) 


60 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


Schistosoma  haematobium  has  been  recorded  once  from  cattle  in  Cal- 
cutta, but  the  determination  is  perhaps  open  to  question.  The  exact 
data  given  are  as  follows : 

Bomford  found  the  peculiar  uncinate  ova  of  Bilharzia  on  microscopic  examination 
of  the  large  intestines  of  two  Calcutta  transport  cattle  de- 
stroyed on  account  of  their  being  considered  affected  with 
rinderpest.  In  one  case  numerous  eggs  were  found  in  a 
small  portion  of  the  caecum  preserved  in  absolute  alcohol. 
They  were  most  numerous  within  or  between  the  tubular 
glands  of  the  mucous  membrane,  but  were  also  present  in 
considerable  numbers  in  the  submucous  tissue  below  the 
muscularis  mucosae.  The  alcohol  had  shriveled  up  the  con- 
tents of  the  eggs,  but  the  external  form  of  the  shell  was 
preserved  and  the  characteristic  hook  very  clearly  seen.  In 
another  bullock  the  ova  were  found  in  some  papillomatous 
growths  removed  from  the  margin  of  the  anus.  In  this 
case  the  form  of  the  embryo  in  the  ova  could  be  dis- 
tinguished. The  ova  exactly  resemble  those  of  Distomum 
( Bilharzia ) haematobium  hitherto  found  only  in  man  (or  a 
monkey),  and  in  Africa,  Arabia,  or  Mauritius.  Sonsino’s 
Bilharzia  bovis  of  Egyptian  cattle  differs  in  the  spindle 
shape  of  its  eggs  and  in  their  short,  broad,  caudate  spine. 
* BioodFhfke  l SchTstoZma  These  bullocks  had  not  served  in  Egypt,  hut  may  possibly 

haematobium ),  with  con-  have  obtained  the  parasites  from  Indian  transport  cattle 

tained  embryo,  passed  in  which  had  done  so.  This  parasite  should  be  sought  for  in 

the unne  x 285  (After  cases  Gf  Haematuria  of  cattle  and  when  the  ileocaecal 

Looss,  1896,  PI.  XI,  112.)  . 

ring  is  found  congested.  (See  Mem.  Med.  Officers  Army 
India,  II  (1886),  1887,  p.  53.) 

8.  The  Bovine  Blood  Fluke  ( Schistosoma  bovis ) of  Cattle  and  Sheep. 

[Figs.  45-47.] 

For  anatomical  characters,  compare  figs.  45  and 
46  with  the  key,  p.  21. 

Synonymy. — Bilharzia  bovis  Sonsino,  1876;  Bilhartzia 
crassa  Sonsino,  1877 ; Gynaecophorus  crassus  (Sonsino)  Stos- 
sich,  1892;  Gynaecophorus  bovis  (Sonsino)  Railliet,  1893; 

Bilharzia  haematobia  crassa  (Sonsino)  Kowalewski,  1895; 

Schistosomum  bovis  (Sonsino)  R.  Blanchard,  1895. 

Bibliography. — For  bibliography,  see  R.  Blanchard 
(1895,  p.  191).  For  anatomical  discussion,  see  Leuckart 
(1894,  pp.  464-534). 

Hosts. — Cattle  and  sheep.  (See  pp.  137-143.) 

Geographical  distribution. — Egypt,  Italy,  Sicily, 

India  (?). 

This  parasite  was  discovered  by  Sonsino  (1876) 
in  Egypt  in  the  portal  veins  of  the  ox  and  later  he 
found  it  in  sheep,  while  Grassi  and  Kovelli  after- 
ward found  it  in  about  75  per  cent  of  the  sheep  slaughtered  at  Catania, 
Sicily.  The  sheep  were  born  and  raised  on  the  neighboring  plains. 

The  worm  is  said  to  bring  about  in  cattle  and  sheep  the  same  lesions 
of  the  bladder,  intestine,  etc.,  which  S.  haematobium  causes  in  man. 
Nothing  is  known  regarding  the  life  history. 


Fig.  45. — The  Bovine  Blood 
Fluke  ( Schistosoma  bovis), 
male  and  female.  X 9- 
(After  Leuckart,  1894, 
p.  467,  fig.  204 A.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  61 
THE  DISEASE  BILHARZIOSIS. 


As  this  disease  in  man  has  been  subjected  to  much  more  thorough 
study  than  the  same  malady  in  cattle  and  sheep,  the  human  subject 
may  well  be  taken  as  basis  for  the  discussion.1 

Source  of  infection. — As  already  stated,  clinical  observation  and 
analogy  point  to  unfiltered  drinking  water  as  the  source  of  infection. 

Position  of  the  parasite. — The  worms  are  found  in  the  veins  of  the 
abdomen,  the  vena  porta,  vena  linealis,  vena  renalis,  and  the  venous 
plexus  of  the  bladder  and  of  the  rectum. 

Symptoms. — The  period  of  incubation  has  not  been  definitely  deter- 
mined, but  Hatch  records  the  case  of  a patient  who  remained  fourteen 
days  at  Suez  and  suffered  from  bilharzian  haematuria  one  month  after 
his  arrival  at  Bombay.  The 
young  parasites  appear  to 
do  no  injury;  in  fact,  even 
the  adult  worms  seem  to 
be  inoffensive  in  them- 
selves. The  eggs  on  the 
other  hand,  armed  with  a 
sharp  point,  are  the  excit- 
ing cause  of  the  disease. 

The  position  of  the  para- 
site in  the  venous  system 
and  the  consequent  loca- 
tion of  the  agglomeration 
of  eggs  determine  the  par- 
ticular symptoms.  Either 
the  genito-urinary  system 
is  attacked,  in  which  case 
haematuria  is  one  of  the 
first  symptoms;  or  the  large  intestine  is  attacked  and  blood  is  noticed 
in  the  stools. 

If  the  parasites  are  lodged  in  the  venous  plexus  of  the  genito-urinary 
system,  the  chief  symptoms  are:  Haematuria;  pains  in  the  lumbar 
region,  the  left  iliac  fossa,  the  thigh,  or  in  the  vulva,  which  maybe 
spontaneous  or  may  accompany  micturition;  cystitis;  vesical  calculus; 
urinary  fistulae ; vaginal  verminous  tumors ; nephritis. 


Fig.  46.— Cross  section  of  Bovine  Blood  Fluke  ( Schistosoma 
bovis),  showing  the  position  of  the  female  in  the  gynaeco- 
phoric  canal.  X 200.  (After  Leuckart,  1894,  p.  472,  fig.  209.) 


The  eggs  accumulate  in  the  capillaries,  which  they  rupture;  they  traverse  the 
mucosa  and  fall  into  the  bladder,  thus  causing  more  or  less  hemorrhage ; in  this  way 
the  haematuria  is  established,  which  is  often  the  initial  symptom.  At  first  the  urine 
is  quite  bloody,  but  it  gradually  becomes  clearer,  and  it  is  only  at  the  end  of  mic- 
turition that  muco-purulent  flakes  are  expelled,  in  which  numerous  eggs  and  even 
embryos  are  found;  the  urine  contains  also  epithelial  cells,  more  or  less  pus,  eggs, 
and  occasionally  embryos.  On  micturition  sharp  pains  are  felt  at  the  base  of  the 
penis  or  at  the  gland,  possibly  due  to  the  passage  of  eggs.  The  passage  of  eggs 


1 This  discussion  is  based  chiefly  upon  Blanchard,  1895,  pp.  69-93. 


62 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


through  the  walls  of  the  bladder  give  rise  to  cystitis;  blood  becomes  more  abundant 
in  the  urine  after  fatigue,  coitus,  or  after  taking  alcoholics;  clots  may  form  and 
cause  retention  of  urine ; chronic  urethritis  may  develop,  evidently  due  to  the  pres- 
ence of  the  eggs.  In  Egypt  80  per  cent  of  the  cases  of  vesical  calculus  coincide  with 
bilharziosis ; the  formation  of  the  calculi  evidently  results  from  the  presence  of  the 
eggs,  for  the  central  nodule  always  contains  one  or  more  of  these  structures.  Urinary 
fistulae,  opening  on  the  perineum,  more  rarely  into  the  rectum,  occasionally  form. 
In  women,  the  vagina  may  become  the  seat  of  a chronic  inflammation;  it  is  painful 
to  the  touch,  exudes  a bloody  foetid  discharge,  and  may  become  ulcerated  or  may  be 
covered  with  numerous  sessile  or  pedunculate  tumors,  which  are  very  vascular  and 
spongy,  and  contain  the  parasites  or  their  eggs.  The  mucosa  of  the  vagina,  also  the 
uterus  and  bladder,  become  impregnated  with  calcareous  salts.  Nephritis  develops 
in  grave  cases. 

If  the  parasites  lodge  in  the  veins  of  the  rectum  the  lesions  caused 


Fig.  47. — Eggs  of  Bovine  Blood  Fluke  (Schistosoma  mucous  membrane  is  infiltrated  with 


are  dead  and  more  or  less  degenerated ; frequently  the  mucosa  is  hypertrophied  in 
places  so  that  papillae  are  formed  which  are  larger  than  those  found  in  cases  of  sim- 
ple catarrh  of  the  bladder ; they  occasionally  attain  a finger  in  length,  and  may  be 
recognized  during  life  by  cystoscopic  examination.  Harrison  noticed  in  four  cases  out 
of  five  at  Alexandria,  Egypt,  that  the  tumors  developed  in  the  tissue  of  the  bladder 
had  a carcinomatous  character.  Lesions  analogous  to  those  of  the  bladder  are  also 
observed  in  the  lower  third  of  the  ureters  and  may  extend  as  high  as  the  kidney; 
the  ureter  is  enlarged  and  tortuous;  the  mucosa  irregular;  its  lumen  may  remain 
nearly  normal  in  size,  but  its  wall  becomes  very  thick.  The  flow  of  the  urine  may 
be  obstructed.  The  kidney  increases  in  size,  its  calyx  dilates,  the  division  between 
cortical  and  medullary  substance  becomes  indistinct,  and  the  renal  tissue  may  be 
reduced  to  an  almost  homogenous  layer  3 to  4 mm.  thick;  miliary  abscesses  form 
on  the  surface ; in  short,  a veritable  hydronephrosis  obtains,  which  results  in  atrophic 


are  analogous  to  those  described 
for  the  genitourinary  tract; 
among  the  most  prominent 
symptoms  are  bloody  stools,  dys- 
enteric diarrhoea 


and  prolapse  of  the  rectum.  The 
mucosa  is  studded  with  numer- 
ous papilliform  outgrowths,  which 
occasionally  attain  considerable 
size  and  require  surgical  interfer- 
ence. 


The  heart,  lungs,  and  liver  gen- 
erally remain  normal. 


Pathology. — The  bladder  is  reduced  in 
size,  while  its  wall  is  greatly  thickened, 
due  chiefly  to  the  hypertrophy  of  the 
muscularis;  the  mucosa  is  also  thick- 
ened, and  at  certain  points  it  is  indu- 
rated by  uric  or  calcareous  deposits,  but 
the  principal  lesion  consists  in  ulcer- 
ations covered  with  sanious  pus;  the 


bovis ),  showing  the  peculiar  process  on  the  end: 
a,  b,  layers  of  the  oviduct;  c,  eggs  in  the  oviduct 
X 180 ; x , eggs  deformed  by  pressure ; y,  spinous 
process  on  end  of  egg  X 700.  (After  Sonsino.) 


numerous  leucocytes,  but  with  few  eggs ; 
the  submucous  connective  tissue,  how- 
ever, contains  numerous  eggs,  which  also 
fill  the  blood  vessels ; most  of  the  eggs 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  63 


lesions  of  the  kidney  and  may  finally  end  fatally;  death  may  occur  rather  frequently 
from  albuminuria;  in  the  less  grave  cases  the  renal  affection  consists  of  a simple 
inflammation  and  parenchymatous  nephritis ; renal  calculi  may  form ; the  organ  may 
become  the  seat  of  a more  or  less  intense  cirrhosis.  The  vesicula  seminalis  and 
prostata  may  also  contain  eggs,  and  become  more  or  less  hypertrophied. 

The  polyps  of  the  rectum,  mentioned  above,  may  attain  10  mm.  to  13  mm.  in  length ; 
the  eggs  are  accumulated,  especially  in  the  mucosa,  and  may  form  masses  1.25  mm. 
thick,  visible  to  the  naked  eye;  a microscopic  examination  of  the  growths  shows 
that  they  are  composed  in  great  part  of  mucosa,  the  glands  (the  normal  length  of 
which  is  about 0.5  mm.)  becoming  2 to  3 or  3.5  mm.  in  length  by  60  n to  80//  in  diameter. 
Between  the  polyps  the  mucosa  shows  the  lesions  of  chronic  dysentery;  all  the 
tunics  exhibit  traces  of  a slow  phlegmatic  process ; the  submucosa  is  infiltrated  with 
leucocytes;  the  muscularis  may  hypertrophy  to  three  or  more  times  its  normal 
thickness. 

The  mesenteric  lymphatic  glands  may  hypertrophy,  their  substance  becoming 
tumified,  presenting  small  hemorrhagic  centers,  and  containing  eggs.  The  liver  may 
contain  eggs  and  become  somewhat  cirrhotic ; the  eggs  accumu- 
late in  the  branches  of  the  portal  veins,  or  after  piercing  the 
walls  they  lie  in  the  hepatic  parenchyma.  The  lungs  may  also 
contain  eggs,  as  was  shown  by  Mackie  in  the  case  of  a patient 
who  succumbed  to  pyemia  following  a purulent  cystitis.  He 
found  in  the  lungs  a large  number  of  small  metastatic  abscesses 
limited  by  a necrotic  tissue  and  containing  a sanious  pus  with 
Schistosoma  ova. 

Diagnosis . — The  diagnosis  may  easily  be  made  by  a 
microscopic  examination  of  the  urine  to  determine  the 
presence  of  the  egg. 

Prognosis , etc. — The  severity  of  the  disease  varies 
directly  with  the  number  of  parasites  (and  hence  the 
number  of  eggs)  in  the  body.  Fortunately,  in  the 
majority  of  cases  the  number  of  parasites  is  small, 
though  it  may  increase  from  repeated  infections  to 
500  or  more.  In  cases  of  comparatively  light  infec-  Egyptian,  with  nu- 
tion , the  disease  is  reduced  to  a slight  chronic  cystitis,  me™U3  unc-acid  con- 

7 0^7  cretions,  as  a resulted 

with  now  and  tben  exacerbations,  in  course  of  which  blood  -fluke  infection, 

a slight  amount  of  blood  and  pus  is  passed  in  the  (After Leuckart.,1894, 
urine.  The  disease  may  last  for  years  without  ap- 
parent increase.  In  the  most  severe  cases  death  may  occur  from  various 
causes;  a rupture  of  the  bladder,  ascending  pyelonephritis,  uremia, 
albuminuria;  the  patient  may  die  in  marasmus,  being  exhausted  by  the 
dysentery  or  the  anaemia. 

Bilharziosis  is  accordingly  not  such  a fatal  disease  as  has  sometimes 
been  supposed. 

Prevention. — Avoid  unfiltered  or  unboiled  water  in  contaminated 
districts. 

Treatment. — No  experiments  in  treating  cattle  for  this  disease  have 
been  recorded. 

In  human  practice  Fouquet  seems  to  have  had  good  success  with  capsules  of 
extract  of  male  fern;  he  begins  with  one  capsule  per  day,  afterward  increasing  the 
dose  to  two  or  in  some  cases  to  three  capsules.  The  dosing  is  continued  with  per- 
si  stency  until  the  patient  seems  recovered ; the  dose  is  then  reduced  to  one  capsule  daily 


64 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


for  one  month.  Intravesical  injections  of  bichloride  of  mercury  1 :5000  are  advised 
in  severe  cases.  Nitrate  of  silver,  carbolic  or  boric  acid  are  also  used  as  injections 
or  enemata.  Napier  claims  good  results  with  salicylate  of  soda;  40  grains  before 
retiring.  Surgical  intervention  is  occasionally  neces- 
sary in  cases  of  severe  lesions. 

ABATTOIR  INSPECTION. 

At  present  the  blood  flukes  do  not  play  any 
role  in  the  inspection  at  American  abattoirs. 
Should  the  parasite  appear  in  this  country  it 
will  probably  first  be  found  in  Southern  cattle, 
and  the  affected  organs  should  be  condemned 
in  order  to  prevent  the  spread  of  the  worm. 
There  would,  however,  be  no  danger  of  trans- 
mission of  the  parasite  from  cattle  direct  to  man. 


Fig.  49. — Conical  amphistomes 
( Amphistoma  cervi)  in  the  ru- 
men; tubercles  from  which 
the  parasites  have  loosened. 
(After  Railliet,  1893,  p.  376, 
fig.  249.) 


TAX... 


AMPHISTOMES  (Flukes  of  the  Family  Amphis- 
tomidae). 

Of  this  family  of  worms,  characterized  by 
the  position  of  the  acetabulum  in  the  posterior  portion  of  the  body, 
only  one  species  (Amphistoma  cervi)  has  as  yet  been  recorded  in  the 
herbivorous  animals  of  North  America. 

TRUE  AMPHISTOMES  (Flukes  of  the 
Genus  Amphistoma). 

9.  The  Conical  Fluke  ( Amphistoma  cervi)  of 
Cattle  and  Sheep. 

[Figs.  49-55.] 

For  anatomical  characters,  compare 
figs.  49  and  50  with  key,  p.  21. 

Synonymy. — Festucaria  cervi  Zeder,  1789; 

Fasciola  cervi  (Zeder)  Schrank,  1790;  Fasciola 
elaphi  Gmelin,  1790;  Monostoma  elaphi  (Gmelin) 

Zeder,  1800;  Monostoma  conicum  Zeder,  1803 
Amphistoma  conicum  (Zeder)  Rudolphi,  1809 
Amphistomum  conicum  (Zeder)  of  Diesing,  1850 
Strigea  cervi  (Zeder)  Railliet,  1893. 

Bibliography. — For  bibliography,  see  Otto 
(1896,  pp.  97, 98).  For  technical  discussion,  see 

Otto  (1896),  Looss  (1896.  pp.  32, 33, 185-191),  and  FliG^0-“Dorfal^ew  ofa Coni,cal  AmPMa' 
Leuckart  (1894,  pp.  448-464). 

Hosts. — Cattle,  sheep,  deer,  and  other  ani- 
mals. (See  pp.  137-143.) 

Geographical  distribution. — Europe,  Af- 
rica (Egypt),  Asia,  Australia,  Canada,  and 
probably  elsewhere. 

Life  history. — Sonsino  found  in  an 
Egyptian  snail  a larval  parasite  (Gercaria pigmentata)  which,  according 
to  some  authors,  represents  the  larval  stage  of  this  amphistome.  The 
life  cycle  has  recently  been  experimentally  demonstrated  by  Looss 
(1896),  who  describes  it  as  follows. 


.-isclt 


tome,  showing  the  anatomical  characters : 
a , position  acetabulum ; ex,  terminal  ves- 
icle of  excretory  system;  i,  intestinal 
caeca;  Lc , Laurer’s  canal;  oe,  oesopha- 
gus ; ov,  ovary ; ph,  pharynx ; t,  testicles ; 
w,  uterus;  vd,  vas  deferens;  vdt,  vitello 
duct;  vs,  vesiculaseminalis.  X5.  (After 
Otto,  1896,  p.  100,  fig.  4.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  65 


The  eggs  escape  from  the  host  with  the  faeces.  After  a time,  evidently  varying 
with  the  temperature  (twelve  to  fourteen  days  at  22°  C.),  a ciliated  embryo  is  formed 
(fig.  51).  This  embryo  ( miracidium ) escapes  from  the  eggshell  only  when  exposed  to 
light  and  in  case  the  water  is  not  below  15°  C.  Swimming  around  in  the  water  it 
enters  certain  snails  (Pliysa  alexandrina  Bourg.  and  P.  micropleura  Bourg.)  establish- 
ing itself  in  the  visceral  cavity.  Here  it  develops  into  a sporocyst  (fig.  52)  which, 
when  about  fifteen  days  old,  measures  0.7  mm.  long  by  0.15  mm.  broad;  a generation 

of  rediae  (fig.  53)  develops  in  the  sporocyst;  the 
rediae  escape  from  the  latter  in  about  fifteen  days; 
a second  generation  of  rediae  (fig.  54)  forms  within 
the  first  rediae,  escaping  by  the  birth  opening;  a 
third  generation  of  rediae  may  develop  within  the 
second.  The  cercariae  (fig.  55)  form  in  the  rediae 
and  are  born  at  an  early  stage  of  development; 
when  fully  developed  these  cercariae  escape  from 
the  snail  and  swim  around  in  the  water.  The  entire 
cycle  to  this  point  is  evidently  completed  in  less 
than  two  months.  The  cercaria  ( Cercaria  pig- 
mentata ) is  oval,  0.5  mm.  long  by  0.33  mm.  broad 
with  a tail  about  0.9  mm.  long;  body  opaque,  due 


£?Zr 


Fig.  51.— Dorsal  view  of  the  free  em- 
bryo (miracidium)  of  the  Conical 
Amphistome  ( Amphistoma  cervi) 
about  to  enter  the  intermediate 
host:  fl,  end  portion  of  excretory 
system;  g,  germ  cells;  gg,  matrix 
of  germ  cells ; i,  rudimentary  intes- 
tine; sn,  nervous  system.  X285. 
(After  Looss,  1896,  PI.  XII,  fig.  125.) 


Fig.  52 — Sporocyst  of  the  Conical  Amphistome  result- 
ing from  the  transformation  and  development  of 
the  embryo,  age  about  15  days : ex.p,  excretory  pore. 
gg,  matrix  of  germ  cells.  The  large  halls  of  cells 
represent  developing  rediae  of  the  next  generation. 
X170.  (After  Looss,  1896,  PI.  XII,  fig.  126.) 


to  pigment  and  to  certain  subtegumentary  cells;  oral  sucker  spherical,  45  p in 
diameter;  acetabulum  90  p in  diameter;  two  eye-spots  present.  The  cercariae 
encyst  themselves  on  plants  and  various  other  objects  and  evidently  gain  access  to 
the  final  host  (cattle,  sheep,  etc.)  through  the  drinking  water. 

The  Conical  Fluke  seems  to  have  a very  wide  distribution,  being 
recorded  in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  North  America,  and  South  America. 
As  yet  it  has  not  been  recorded  in  the  United  States,  but  specimens 
collected  in  Canada  have  been  sent  to  us  by  Professor  Wright,  and 
we  may  expect  to  find  the  same  worms  any  day  in  the  United  States. 

5257— No.  19 5 


66 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


e- — 


There  is  considerable  difference  of  opinion  among  authors  as  to 
whether  these  parasites  are  injurious  to  the  animals  in  which  they 
occur.  While  some  writers  state  that  they  are  absolutely  harmless, 
others  claim  that  they  cause  an  irritation  in  the  stomach,  and  that 

cattle  which  are  heavily  infested  with 
them  gradually  emaciate.  According 
to  an  Australian  paper,  the  parasites 
cause  a considerable  number  of  deaths 
among  the  cattle  of  the  coast  districts; 
they  occur  in  great  numbers  and  injure 
cows  more  than  steers  or  oxen.  Attach- 
ing themselves  to  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  stomach,  by  means  of  their 
suckers  they  raise  the  epithelium  in  form 
of  papillae.  The  treatment  is  the  same 
as  for  adult  tapeworms  (see  p.  133). 

ABATTOIR  INSPECTION. 

The  amphistomes  of  cattle  are  of  no 
importance  in  meat  inspection,  as  they 
are  not  transmissible  to  man  in  any 
stage  of  their  development.  In  fact,  ac- 
cording to  Schwein- 
furtli,  these  parasites 
are  collected  by  the 
natives  of  Africa 
and  eaten  raw. 


Several  other  am- 
phistomes are  found 
in  various  allied  ru- 
min  ants  used  for  food 
in  certain  countries, 
and  although  these 
parasites  have  not 
yet  made  their  ap- 
pearance in  this 
country,  we  can  not 
tell  what  moment  we  shall  find  them  introduced, 
perhaps  with  animals  imported  for  menageries. 

Should  they  be  introduced  in  this  manner  and  find 
the  conditions  necessary  to  the  development  of  their 
larval  stages,  they  would,  in  all  probability,  develop 
in  our  American  cattle.  As  this  day  has  not  yet  come,  they  will  sim- 
ply be  mentioned  here  by  name  and  figured.  For  anatomical  charac- 
ters, compare  the  figures  with  the  key  on  page  21. 


Fig.  53.— Adult  redia  of  the  Conical  Am- 
phistome  ( Amphistoma  cervi ) of  the  first 
generation,  thirty-nine  days  after  the 
infection  of  the  intermediate  host  with 
embryos:  fl,  end  portion  of  excretory 
system ; gg , matrix  of  germ  cells ; i , rudi- 
mentary intestine;  pg,  birth  opening; 
sn,  nervous  system.  (After  Looss,  1896, 
PI.  XII,  fig.  129.) 


Fig.  54.— Young  redia  of 
the  Conical  Amphis- 
tome  of  the  second 
generation  in  which 
the  cercariae  develop. 
X170.  (After  Looss, 
1896,  PL  XII,  fig.  130.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  67 

10.  1 Amphistoma  explanation  Creplin  is  described  from  the  liver  and  gall  bladder 
of  the  zebu;  von  Linstow  (1878,  p.  49)  cites  it  as  a parasite  of  cattle;  Railliet  cites 
it  from  the  Indian  buffalo  and  the  zebu. 

11.  *. Amphistoma  bothriophorum  Braun  (fig.  56)  also  occurs  in  the  stomach  of  the  zebu. 

12.  Amphistoma  tuberculatum  was  reported  by  Cobbold  (1875, 
p.  819)  from  the  intestine  of  the  Indian  oxen ; but  no  descrip- 
tion of  the  parasite  has  ever  been  given,  so  that  the  form  may 
be  ignored. 

13.  3 Gastrothylax  crumenifer  Creplin.  This  parasite  (figs. 

57-62)  is  said  to  occur  in  most  of  the  bovine  animals  (the 
zebu)  killed  at  Son-Tay;  its  natural  habitat  is  the  stomach, 
and  when  present  in  large  numbers  they  irritate  the  mucous 
lining  and  lead  to  an  extreme  emaciation  of  their  host.  The 
same  parasite  was  once  found  at  Leipsic,  Germany,  in  a cross 
between  the  zebu,  gayal,  and  yak;  and  von  Linstow  (1878, 
p.  49)  cites  it  among  the  parasites  of  cattle. 

14.  4 Gastrothylax  Cobbolaii  Poirier  (fig.  63)  was  described 
from  the  stomach  of  the  gayal  from  Java. 

15.  4 Gastrothylax 
elongatum  Poirier  (fig. 

64)  was  described 
from  the  stomach  of 
the  gayal  from  J ava, 
and  Railliet  (1893,  p. 

379)  reports  that  it 
has  been  found  in 
Paris  in  the  stomach 
of  a zebu. 

16. 1 2 3 4  5 6 Gastrothylax 
gregarius  Looss  (figs. 

65  and  66)  is  found  in 
enormous  numbers  in 
the  rumen  of  nearly 
all  the  Indian  buffa- 
loes slaughtered  in 
Alexandria,  Egypt. 

In  one  buffalo  Looss 

counted  1,758  specimens  on  a portion  of  the 

' tion'of  MrtataT™ ; "iT  temtoi' vesicle  of  mucosa  as  lar*e  as  a hand-  They  were  often 

excretory  system;  i,  intestinal  caeca;  Lc , found  associated  with  Amphistoma  cervi. 

Laurer’s  canal;  oe , oesophagus;  ov,  ovary;  17.  AHomalog  aster  paloniae  Poirier  (fig.  67) 

ph,  pharynx;  t,  testicles;  u,  uterus;  vd,  vas  js  found  in  the  caecum  of  the  gayal  in  Java. 

deferens.  X5.  (After  Otto,  1896,  p.  102,  lg<  e Eomalogaster  Poirieri  Giard  & Billet 

is  found  in  the  large  intestine  of  Tonkin 
cattle  (=?  the  zebu).  It  fixes  itself  by  means  of  the  acetabulum  to  the  mucosa  and  is 
sometimes  present  in  large  numbers. 


Fig.  55. — Mature  cerca- 
ria  of  the  Conical  Am- 
phistome  ( Amphistoma 
cervi),  the  stage  which 
gains  access  to  cattle 
and  sheep.  X75.  (After 
Looss,  1896,  PI.  XII, 
fig.  133.)  See  p.  65. 


1 For  original  description,  see  Creplin,  1847,  pp.  34  and  35. 

2 For  technical  discussion,  see  Otto,  1896,  pp.  101-105. 

3 Amphistoma  crumeniferum  Creplin,  1847;  Gastrothylax  crumeniferum  (Creplin) 
Poirier,  1883;  G.  crumenifer  (Creplin)  Otto,  1896.  For  bibliography  and  technical 
discussion,  see  Otto,  1896,  pp.  94-97. 

4 For  technical  discussion,  see  Poirier,  1883,  pp.  73-80. 

6 For  technical  discussion,  see  Looss,  1896,  pp.  5-13, 170-177. 

6 For  original  description,  see  Giard  & Billet,  1892,  pp.  614  and  615. 


68 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


TAPEWORMS,  OR  CESTODES  (Order  Cestoda). 


Fig.  57. — Enlarged  dorsal 
view  of  Gastrothylax 
crumenifer.  (After 
Creplin,  1847,  PI.  II,  fig. 
1.)  See  p.  67. 


[Segmented  Tapeworms  (suborder  Tomiosoma).  Tapeworms  without  four  re- 
tractile probosces  (tribe  Atrypanorhyncha) . Tapeworms  with  four  suckers  (subtribe 
Tetrassichiona) .] 

Family  TAENIIDAE. 

In  cattle  and  sheep  we  find  both  of  the  stages  of  tapeworms  men- 
tioned on  page  21,  namely: 

Larval  forms  (cystic  worms,  bladder  worms,  hy- 
datids) which  live  in  the  muscles  or  parenchymatous 
organs,  but  not  in  the  intestine.  They  render  the 
meat  unfit  for  food  since  they  are  transmissible  (ac- 
cording to  the  species)  to  man  and  dogs;  and — 
Adult  worms  (tapeworms,  stro- 
bilae)  which  occur  in  the  intes- 
tines of  sheep  and  cattle  (rarely 
in  the  ducts  of  the  liver  of  sheep) 
and  are  not  transmissible  to  car- 
nivorous animals. 

Hogs  on  the  other  hand  appear  to  be  infested 
only  with  larval  tapeworms,  although  three  isolated 
cases  of  adult  tapeworms  have  been  recorded  for 
them.  These  three  cases  may  have  been  accidental 
occurrences,  the  hogs  having  possibly  become  acci- 
dentally infested  with  worms  which 
normally  live  in  other  animals. 

Tapeworms  of  the  family  Taeniidae  pos- 
sess the  following  characters : The  anterior  extremity  is  repre- 
sented by  a more  or  less  knob-like  portion  known  as  the  head;  this 
is  followed  by  an  unsegmented  portion,  the  neck;  head  and  neck 
together  form  the  scolex;  this  in  turn  by  the  segments,  or  proglottids. 

The  head  is  provided  with  four  cup-shaped  suckers,  which  are 
never  provided  with  hooks  in  any  form  known  in  cattle,  sheep, 
or  hogs,  but  are  armed  with  numerous  book- 
lets in  some  of  the  forms  found  in  certain  other 
animals  (man,  rabbits,  birds).  The  apex  of 
the  head  is  provided  with  a muscular  body, 
which  develops  into  different  forms  in  the  various  subfamilies. 

It  may  form  a rostellum,  which  may  be  unarmed  ( Taenia  saginata ) 
or  armed  ( Taenia  solium).  In  the  larval  forms  discussed  in  this 
paper  ( Taeniinae ) the  rostellum  protrudes  at  the  center  of  the 
apex,  but  in  some  other  forms  ( Dipylidiinae ) it  may  retract  into 
a rostellum  sac.  In  the  adult  tapeworms  ( Anoplocephalinae ) of 
cattle,  sheep,  etc.,  the  muscular  body  is  composed  of  stellate  fibers  which  move 
the  suckers,  but  these  fibers  do  not  appear  to  form  a true  rostellum. 

The  neck  is  very  simple  in  structure,  containing  each  side  two  longitudinal 
canals  and  a longitudinal  nerve  trunk.  At  the  posterior  portion  of  the  neck,  seg- 
ments form  by  transverse  division. 

The  segments  increase  in  size,  gradually  becoming  larger  the  farther  they  are  from 
the  head;  reaching  a maximum  breadth,  they  decrease  in  width,  and  then  increase 
in  length  more  rapidly.  The  anterior  segments  are  the  youngest,  the  posterior  seg- 


Fig.  58.— Enlarged  ven- 
tral view  of  Gastrothy- 
lax crumenifer:  a,  ace- 
tabulum ; vp,  opening 
to  the  ventral  pouch. 
(After  Creplin,  1847,  PL 
II,  fig. 2.)  Seep.  67. 


Fig.  59.— Enlarged 
view  of  anterior 
extremity  of  Gas- 
trothylax crumeni- 
fer: m,  mouth;  vp, 
opening  to  ventral 
pouch.  (After 
Creplin,  1847,  PI. 
II,  fig.  4.)  Seep.  67. 


Fig.  60. — Enlarged 
view  of  posterior 
extremity  of  Gas- 
trothylax crumeni- 
fer. See  p.  67 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  69 


Fig.  61. — Enlarged  view 
of  Gastrothylax  cru- 
menifer,  with,  ventral 
pouch  open : a , acetab- 
ulum ; gp , genital  pore ; 
m,  mouth.  (After 
Creplin,  1847,  PI.  II, 
fig.  5.)  Seep.  67. 


ments  the  oldest.  Many  zoologists  look  upon  the  entire  tapeworm  as  a colony  of 
animals,  each  separate  segment  representing  a single  individual,  and  all  segments 
being  descended  from  a single  animal  represented  by  the  head  ^ 

and  neck. 

Owing  to  their  parasitic  life,  tapeworms  are  very  degraded 
in  their  structure.  The  digestive  tract  is  entirely  absent,  the 
worms  taking  their  nourishment  by  osmosis  through  their 
entire  surface.  The  nervous  system  is  composed  of  nerve 
centers  (ganglia),  situated  in  the  head,  and  two  large  lateral 
nerves,  one  of  which  extends  on  each  side  of  the  worm  from 
the  head  to  the  posterior  end  of  the  strobila;  in  some  cases,  at 

least,  the  lateral  nerves 
are  connected  by  two 
transverse  nerves  at  the 
distal  end  of  each  seg- 
ment. The  excretory 
system  consists  of  two 
dorsal  aud  two  ventral 
longitudinal  lateral  ca- 
nals, which  are  connected  in  various  ways  in 
the  head;  the  ventral  canals  are  connected  by 
transverse  canals  at  the  posterior  border  of  each 
segment.  The  genital  organs  form  by  far  the 
most  important  organ  system  in  the  animal. 
In  the  first  place,  the  entire  genital  system  is 
repeated,  so  that  each  segment  as  it  arrives  at 
a given  age  possesses  its  own  genital  organs, 
independent  of  the  organs  of  the  other  seg- 
ments. Again,  every  segment  is  hermaphro- 
ditic, containing  both  male  and  female  organs, 
and  in  some  genera  the  segments  are  doubly 
hermaphroditic,  contain- 
ing double  sets  of  male 
and  of  female  organs. 

The  male  organs  consist  of 
a cirrus  (penis),  a cirrus 
pouch,  a vas  deferens, 
and  numerous  testicles. 

The  female  organs  consist 
of  a vulva,  a vagina,  an 
ovary,  a vitellogene 
gland,  a shell  gland,  ovi- 
ducts, and  a uterus.  Each 
segment  possesses  one  or 
two  genital  pores,  the 
cirrus  and  the  vulva  of 
any  given  set  of  organs 


,.rn, 


Fig.  62. — Dorsal  view  of  Gastrothylax  cru- 
meni/er,  magnified  to  show  the  anatomical 
characters:  a , acetabulum;  ex,  terminal 
vesicle  of  excretory  system ; i,  intestinal 
caeca ; Lc.  Laurer’s  canal ; oe,  oesophagus ; 
ov,  ovary;  ph,  pharynx;  t,  testicles;  u, 
uterus;  vd,  vas  deferens.  X5.  (After 
Otto,  1896,  p.  96,  fig.  3.)  See  p.  67. 


(except  in  the  genus  Amabilia,  according  to  Diamare)  opening 
at  the  same  pore.  In  some  species,  so-called  inter proglottidal 
glands  of  unknown  function  are  found  between  the  segments. 

Life  history. — Tapeworms  pass  through  three  stages  of  de- 
velopment, known  as  the  oncosphere  (or  embryo),  the  larva  (a 
bladder  worm  known  as  a cysticercus,  a coenurus,  an  echinococcus , 
or  a cysticercoid),  and  an  adult  form  known  as  the  strobila.  A 
change  of  host  is  necessary  for  their  development;  the  host  in 
which  the  oncosphere  develops  into  the  larva  is  known  as  the  intermediate  host, 


Fig.  63.—  Gastrothylax 
Cobboldii,  lateral  view: 
a,  acetabulum;  i,  in- 
testine; m, mouth;  vp, 
opening  to  ventral 
pouch.  (After Poirier, 
1883,  PI.  II,  fig.  3b. 
Taken  from  Braun, 
Yermes,  PI.  XVIII, 
fig.  2.)  See  p.  67. 


70 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


while  the  animal  which  harbors  the  adult  form  is  known  as  the  final  host.  The  life 
history  of  Taenia  saginata  given  on  page  72  may  he  taken  as  typical  for  the  family. 

All  of  the  larval  cestodes  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine  belong  to  the 
subfamily  Taeniinae , while  all  the  adult  forms  found  in  these  hosts  are 
classified  in  the  subfamily  Anoplocephalinae. 

Hard-shell  Tapeworms  (Cestodes  of  the  Subfamily  Taeniinae). 

The  Hard-shell  Tapeworms,  so  called  because  of  the  thick  striated 
eggshell  (embryophore),  are  found  as  adults  in  the  intestines  of  meat- 
eating  mammals,  while  their  larval  stage  is  found  in  the  muscles  or 
parenchymatous  organs  of  herbivorous  and  om- 
nivorous animals.  These  larval  forms  are  very  im- 
portant from  the  standpoint  of  meat  inspection, 
and  organs  which  harbor  them  should  be  excluded 
from  the  market  or  should  be  rendered  wholesome 
before  being  placed  on  sale. 

The  larval  forms  may  be  of  three  kinds,  as 
follows: 

(1)  Gysticercus  (figs.  68  and  76). — This  is  the 
most  simple  form.  The  parasite  consists  of  a 
cyst,  which  is  invaginated  at  a given  point.  There 
is  normally  only  one  invagination  to  each  cyst,  and 
at  the  base  of  the  invagination  is  situated  the  head 
of  the  future  tapeworm.  Besides  the  invagina- 
tion, the  cyst  contains  more  or  less  liquid. 

(2)  Coenurus  (figs.  99  and  100). — In  this  case 
there  is  a considerable  number  of  invaginations, 
each  containing  a head. 

(3)  Echinococcus  (fig.  105). — In  the  third  type 
there  is  no  invagination  of  the  cyst  wall,  but  brood 
capsules  are  formed  from  the  parenchyma  of  the 
cyst  and  several  heads  are  formed  in  each  brood 
capsule. 


Fig.  64 .—Gastrothylax  elon- 
gatum:  g , ganglion ; i,  in- 
testinal caeca ; ph , pharyn- 
geal bulb;  t , testicle;  u, 
uterus;  vd,  vas  deferens 
{ductus  ejaculatorius) ; ve, 
vasa  efferentia;  vg , vitel- 
logene  glands.  (After 
Poirier,  1883,  PI.  II,  fig. 

26.  Taken  from  Braun, 
Vermes,  PI.  XVIII,  fig.  7.) 

See  p.  67. 

only  one  genus,  Taenia , 
to  the  three  types  of  larvae. 


Attempts  have  been  made  to  subdivide  the  Taeniinae  into 
genera  and  subgenera,  the  genus  Taenia  Linnaeus  being 
retained  for  the  forms  which  possess  a Cysiicercus  or  a Coenu- 
rus as  larval  form,  while  Echinococci/ er  Weinl  and,  1861,  has 
been  proposed  as  the  generic  name  for  Taenia  echinococcus. 
This  generic  division  has  not  been  accepted  by  the  majority 
of  helminthologists,  most  workers  preferring  to  recognize 
but  many  authors  admitting  three  subgenera,  corresponding 


HARD-SHELL  TAPEWORMS  (Genus  Taenia). 


The  following  species  of  this  genus  must  be  considered  in  this  report: 


Adult. 

Larva. 

Name . 

Host. 

Name. 

Host. 

Taenia  saginata 

Taenia  solium 

Taenia  marginata 

Taenia  coenurus  

Taenia  echinococcus 

Man 

Man 

Dogs 

Dogs. . . . 
Dogs 

Gysticercus  bovis 

Gysticercus  cellulosae 

Gysticercus  tenuicollis 

Coenurus  cerebralis 

Echinococcus  polymorphus 

Cattle. 

Swine  and  man. 

Cattle,  sheep,  and  swine. 
Cattle  and  sheep. 

Cattle,  sheep,  swine,  man,  etc. 

FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  71 

19.  Beef  Measles  ( Cysticercus  bovis ) of  Cattle,  and  its  adult  stage,  The  Unarmed, 
or  Beef  Measle,  Tapeworm  ( Taenia  saginata ) of  Man. 

[Figs.  68-74.] 

Larval  stage  ( Cysticercus  boi'is). 

For  anatomical  characters,  compare  fig.  68  with  key,  p.  21. 

Synonymy. — Cysticercus  Taeniae  saginatae  Leuckart,  18 — (?);  C.  bovis  Cobbold, 


Fig.  65. — Dorsal  view  of  Gastrothylax 
gregarius:  i,  intestinal  caeca ; os,  oral 
sucker;  ov , ovary;  t,  testicles;  u, 
uterus;  vg,  vitellogene  glands;  vs. 
vesicula  seminalis.  X9.  (After 
Looss,  1896,  fig.  1.)  See  p.  67. 


Fig.  66. — Lateral  view  of  Gastrothylax  gregarius:  gp, 
genital  pore;  i,  intestinal  caeca;  m,  mouth;  Lc , 
opening  of  Laurer’s  canal ; ov,  ovary;  pc,  excretory 
pore;  t,  testicle;  u,  uterus;  vd , vas  deferens;  vp, 
ventral  pouch ; vg,  vitellogene  gland ; vs,  vesicula 
seminalis.  X9.  (After Looss,  1896,  fig.  2.)  Seep.  67. 


1866;  C.  Taeniae  mediocanellatae  Knoch,  1868;  C.  inermis  of  various  Germans  and 
others,  18 — (?);  “ Cysiicerkus”  bovis  of  Schneidemiihl,  1896. 

Hosts. — Cattle,  Rocky  Mountain  11  antelope/’  llama,  and  giraffe.  (Seepp.  137-143.) 

Adult  stage  ( Taenia  saginata  (Goeze,  1782) ). 

For  anatomical  characters,  compare  figs.  69-73  with  key,  p.  84. 

Synonymy  (see  also  pp.  89-90). — Taenia  solium  Linnaeus,  1758,  pro  parte;  T.  cucur- 
bitina  Pallas,  1781,  pro  parte;  T.  cucurbitina  Art  [=var.]  saginata  Goeze,  1782;  T. 
cucurbitina,  grandis,  saginata  Goeze,  1782;  T.  solitaria  Leske,  (1785),  pro  parte;  Halysis 


72 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


Fig.  67. — Homalog  aster 
paloniae,  ventral  view. 
(After  Poirier,  1883,  PI. 
II,  fig.  la.  Taken  from 
Braun,  Yermes,  PI. 
XYIII,  fig.  3.)  See  p. 
67. 


solium  (Linnaeus)  Zeder,  1803,  pro  parte;  Pentastoma  coarctata  Y irey,  1823;  “T.  den- 
tata”  Nicolai,  (1830)  [nec  Batsch,  1786]  ; “T.  lata ” Pruner,  1847  [nec  Linnaeus,  1758]  ; 
Bothriocephalus  tropicus  Sckmidtmuller,  1847 ; T.  mediocanellata  hominis,  seu  T.  medio- 
canellata  seu  T.  zittaviensis  Kiichenmeister,  1852;  T.  solium 
var.  mediocanellata  (Kiichenmeister)  Diesing,  1854;  Taenia- 
rhynchus  mediocanellata  (Kiichenmeister)  Weinland,  1858;  (?) 
Taenia  solium  Arar.  abietina  Weinland,  1858 ; T.  inermis  Moquin- 
Tandon,  1860;  T.  mediocancellata  (-?-),  date  (?),  see  Moquin- 
Tandon,  1860;  T.  tropica  (Schmidtmiiller)  Moquin-Tardon, 
1860;  T.  megaloon  Weinland,  (1861);  T.  ( Cystotaenia ) medio- 
canellata of  Leuckart,  1863 ; T.  saginata  (Goeze,  1782)  of  Leuck- 
art,  1867;  (?)  T.  abietina  Weinland  of  Davaine,  1873;  T.  iner- 
mis Laboulbene,  1876;  T.  algerien,  Redon,  1883;  (?)  T.  solium 
var.  minor  Guzzardi  Asmundo,  1885;  T.  algeriensis  Braun,  1894 
(=  T.  algtrien  Redon  renamed). 

Anomalies. — (?)  “ Taenia  vulgaris”  Werner,  1782  [nec  Lin- 
naeus, 1758]  = T.  dentata  Batsch,  1786;  (?)  T.  fenestrata 
Chiaje,  1833;  T.  capensis  Moquin-Tandon,  1860;  T.  lophosoma 
Cobbold,  1866;  T.  fusa,  T.continua,  T.  solium  fusa  seu  continua 
Colin,  1876 ; T.  mummijicata  Guzzardi  Asmundo,  1885 ; T.  nigra 
Davaine,  1877;  T.  inermis  fenestrata  Maggiora,  1891. 

Pre-Linnaean  names. — Vermis  cucurbitinus  composing  Tae- 
nia longissima  Plater,  1609;  Lumbricus  latus  Movfetus,  (1634); 
Taenia  secunda  Plateri  Ernst,  1659;  Lumbricus  latus  Tyson, 
1683;  Solium  ou  Tenia  sans  epine  Andry,  (1700) ; Taenia  de  la 
seconde  espece  Andry,  1718;  Taenia  sans  epine  ou  Taenia  de  la 
premiere  espece  Andry,  1741. 

Bibliography. — For  bibliography,  see  Huber  (1892).  For 
technical  discussion,  see  Leuckart  (1880,  pp.  513-616) ; R.  Blanchard  (1886,  pp.  315-382). 

Host. — Man. 

Life  history. — Starting  with  the  adult  tapeworm  (fig.  69)  in  the  intes- 
tine of  man,  the  life  history  of  the 
parasite,  the  knowledge  of  which 
we  owe  to  Rudolf  Leuckart,  is  as 
follows:  The  eggs  (fig.  74)  escape 
from  the  uterus  and  are  passed  with 
the  excreta,  or  the  segments  con- 
taining eggs  break  loose  from  the 
tapeworm  and  either  wander  out  of 
the  intestine  of  their  own  accord  or 
are  passed  with  the  excreta.  In 
either  case  the  eggs  become  scat- 
tered upon  the  ground  or  in  water, 
and  reach  the  cattle  through  their 
drinking  water  or  with  the  fodder. 

When  whole  segments  (generally 
several  together)  are  passed,  these 
crawl  around  on  the  ground  or  herb- 
age, and  cattle  by  swallowing  them 
may  become  infected  with  numerous  eggs  at  the  same  time.  Upon  arriv- 
ing in  the  stomach,  the  eggshells  are  destroyed ; the  embryo  then  bores  its 


Fig.  68. — Section  of  a beef  tongue  heavily  infested 
with  beef  measles,  natural  size  (original). 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  73 


way  through  the  in- 
testinal walls  with  the 
aid  of  its  six  minute 
hooks,  and  wanders  to 
the  muscles  where  it 
comes  to  rest;  or  if 
it  bores  into  a blood 
vessel,  it  may  be  car- 
ried with  the  blood  to 
any  organ  of  the  body. 
When  the  embryo 
conies  to  rest  it  loses 
its  hooks,  and,  increas- 
ing in  size,  develops 
into  a small  round 
bladder  worm.  The 
head  of  the  future 
tapeworm  is  then  de- 
veloped in  an  invagi- 
nation of  the  cyst 
wall,  and  the  com- 
plete organism  (fig. 
68)  thus  formed  is 
known  as  a cysticer- 
cus , or  bladder  worm. 
During  its  develop- 
ment the  cyst  pushes 
the  tissues  of  the 
host  aside  to  make 
room  for  itself  and  an 
outer  cyst  is  formed 
around  it,  made  up 
of  connective  tissue 
of  the  host.  The 
total  time  consumed 
in  the  development 
of  the  cysticercus 
from  the  embryo  is 
variously  estimated 
from  seven  to  eighteen 
weeks. 

Hertwig  states  that 
the  larva  has  com- 
pleted its  develop- 
ment in  eighteen 


74 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


weeks,  and  gives  the  following  table  to  determine  the  age1  of  the 
cysticercns : 


Age  in  weeks. 


4.. 

6.. 
8.. 
30. 
12. 
14. 
16 
18. 
22. 
28. 


Entire  cyst. 

Cysticercus  with- 
out connective 
tissue  cyst. 

4.0  by  3.5  mm 

4.2  by  3.5  mm 

4.5  by  3.5  mm 

5 by  3.75-4  mm 

5.6  by  3.5-4  mm 

6 by  4.5  mm 

6 by  4.5  mm 

6.25-7  by  4.5  mm  . . 

6.5- 8  by  4.5  mm  . . . 

7.5- 9  by  5.5  mm  .. . 

2.25  by  2.25  mm. .. 

3 by  2.5  mm 

3.25  by  2.75  mm 

| 3.5  by  3.5  mm 

4 by  4 mm 

5 by  4.5  mm 

5 by  4.5  mm 

6 by  4 mm 

6 by  4.5  mm 

7 by  5 mm 

Scolex. 


Natural  size. 


0.5  by  0.5  mm 

1 by  1 mm 

1.5  by  1 mm 

1.75  by  1 mm 

1.8  by  1 mm 

2 by  1 mm 

2 by  1 mm  ...» 

2 by  1.25  mm 

2.25  by  1.75  mm... 

2.5  by  2 mm 


Stretched. 


0.7  mm.  long. 

1.3  mm.  long. 

2.9  mm.  long. 

3.3  mm.  long. 

3.5  mm.  long. 

4 mm.  long. 

4.25  mm.  long. 

5 mm.  long. 
5.5-6.25  mm.  long. 
7 mm.  long. 


The  calcareous  bodies  may  appear  when  the  bladder  worm  is  four 
weeks  old;  the  suckers  are  fully  developed  at  the  eighteenth  week. 

Occasionally  bladder  worms  are  found 
measuring  10  to  12  mm.,  with  a scolex 
8 to  9 mm. ; these  parasites  are  more 
than  28  weeks  old.  If  the  infested 
animal  is  not  slaughtered  and  does 
not  die  the  cysts  will  eventually  die 
and  degenerate.  Thus,  in  one  animal 
killed  224  days  after  being  infected 
with  tapeworm  eggs,  the  cysts  were 
calcified  (Saint-Cyr).  The  parasites 
which  inhabit  the  seats  of  predilection 
(see  p.  78)  seem  to  be  the  last  to  die. 
The  degeneration  may  include  (1)  the 
surrounding  connective  tissue  cap- 
sule, which  becomes  opaque  and  thick- 
ened, (2)  the  bladder  cyst  of  the  worm, 
which  turns  to  a yellowish  green, 
soft,  cheesy  mass,  or  (3)  both.  If, 
however,  the  animal  is  slaughtered 
before  the  cysticerci  become  calci- 
fied, and  the  meat  used  for  food,  the 
cyst  around  the  hydatid  is  digested  upon  arriving  in  the  stomach  of 

1 During  the  proofreading  of  this  report  an  article  by  Ostertag  (1897,  pp.  1-4)  has 
reached  us,  in  which  he  adds  some  details  of  value  in  judging  the  age  of  the  bladder 
worms.  His  chief  results  may  be  summarized  as  follows : 

(1)  A steer  may  become  infected  with  beef  measles,  and  yet  recover  from  the 
attack  without  showing  upon  post-mortem  any  calcified  cysts.  (2)  C.  bovis,  18  days 
old,  is  spiudleform,  and  measures  4 mm.  long  by  2 mm.  broad  ; a differentiation  into 
scolex  and  bladder  is  not  yet  present.  (3)  Up  to  33  days  after  infection  the  parasite 
is  surrounded  by  a cheesy  mass,  the  result  of  exudation ; this  afterward  disap- 
pears. (4)  At  25  days  old  the  parasite  shows  the  primordium  of  the  scolex,  with 
faint  indication  of  the  suckers.  (5)  When  the  parasite  is  59  days  old  the  suckers 
may  be  seen  with  the  naked  eye;  calcareous  corpuscles  are  also  present.  (6)  The 
lumen  of  the  suckers  is  visible  in  parasites  73  days  old. 


Fig.  70. — Dorsal,  apex,  and  lateral  views  of  the 
head  of  Beef-measle  Tapeworm  (Taenia  sa- 
ginata),  showing  a depression  in  the  center 
oftheanex.  X17.  lOriffinal.I 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  75 


man.  The  hydatid  cyst  is  also  digested,  the  head  and  neck  alone 
remaining  uninjured.  The  scolex  then  passes  from  the  stomach  into 
the  small  intestine,  fastens  itself  to  the  wall  by  means  of  its  suckers,  and 
gives  rise  to  segments  by  transverse  division  (stabilization)  directly 
back  of  the  head  and  neck.  New  segments  are  formed  between  the 
head  and  the  old  segments,  so  that  the  last  segment  is  always  the  oldest 
and  the  segment  nearest  the  head  always  the  youngest.  Segments  are 
formed  so  rapidly  that  the  worm  is  full  grown  at  the  end  of  about  three 
months.  Perroncito  estimates  that  about  13  to  14  new  segments  are 


formed  each  day, 
length  of  the 
the  first  month 
Genital  organs, 
segment,  em 
completed  to  the 


which  results  in  an  average  increase  in  the 
worm  at  the  rate  of  about  3 cm.  per  day  for 
and  14  cm.  per  day  for  the  second  month, 
both  male  and  female,  are  developed  in  every 
bryos  are  produced,  and  the  life  cycle  is 
point  from  which  we  started  out. 


BEEF  MEASLES. 


The  disease  in 

cattle  in  the  skel 


M 


Fig.  71.— Segments  from  various  strobilae  of  Beef-measle 
Tapeworm  (Taenia  saginata)  showing  forms  of  proglottids 
which  are  occasionally  found:  a,  elongated  segments;  b, 
beadlike  segments;  c,  a portion  of  strobila  in  which  the  seg- 
mentation is  not  distinct;  d,  moniliform  segments  (a  and  5 
original;  c and  d after  E.  Blanchard,  1894). 


cattle. — Cysticercus  bovis  has  been  found  in 
etal  muscles,  in  the  heart,  the  adipose  tissue 
around  the  kidneys,  the  subperitoneal  con- 
nective tissue,  the  lymphatic  glands,  and 
between  the  convolutions  of  the  brain; 
cases  are  also  reported  of  its  presence  in 
the  lungs  and  liver. 

In  some  infections  of  cattle  which  have 
been  made  no  symptoms 
of  disease  were  noticed, 
but  in  others  quite  severe 
symptoms  have  been  ob- 
served. About  fifteen  to 
twenty  days  after  infec- 
tion the  animals  became 
feverish,  the  sickness  in- 
creasing to  the  twenty- 
fifth  to  sixtieth  day,  the 
patients  becoming  ema- 
ciated. Several  cases 


proved  fatal,  while  others  recovered  and  were  apparently  none  the 
worse  for  the  experiment. 

These  symptoms  have  been  noticed  only  in  cattle  which  have  been 


experimented  upon  and  which  have  received  enormous  infectious,  and 
it  is  very  generally  sujjposed  that  an  ordinary  infection  will  have  little 
or  no  effect  upon  the  animals;  we  can,  however,  easily  imagine  that 
such  an  infection  as  Fleming  describes,  where  he  found  300  cysticerci 
in  one  pound  of  muscle,  will  injure  the  host.  When  the  heart  is 
heavily  infected  its  action  must  be  seriously  impeded.  As  an  example 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


76 


of  an  extreme  case  we  may  take  the  following  description  of  symptoms 
and  post-mortem  examination,  taken  from  Ziirn  (1882,  p.  187) : 

Symptoms. — Four  days  after  feeding  segments  of  T.  saginata  to  a healthy  three- 
months-old  calf,  the  patient  showed  a higher  temperature  (the  normal  temperature 
was  39.2  C. ) The  calf  ate  hut  little  on  that  day,  showed  an  accelerated  pulse,  swollen 
belly,  staring  coat,  and  upon  pressure  on  the  sides  showed  signs  of  pain.  The  next 
day  the  animal  was  more  lively,  ate  a little,  and  for  nine  days  later  did  not  show 
any  special  symptoms  except  pain  on  pressure  of  the  abdominal  walls,  and  a slight 
fever.  Nine  days  after  the  infection  the  temperature  was  40.7  C.,  pulse  86,  respira- 
tion 22 ; the  calf  laid  down  most  of  the  time,  lost  its  appetite  almost  entirely,  and 
groaned  considerably.  When  driven  it  showed  a stiff  gait  and  evident  pain  in  the 
side.  The  fever  increased  gradually  and  with  it  the  feebleness  and  low  spirited- 
ness of  the  calf, 
which  nowretained 
a recumbent  posi- 


tion most  of  the 
time,  being  scarcely 
able  to  rise  without 
aid,  and  eating  only 
mash  with  ground 
corn.  Diarrhea 
commenced,  the 
temperature  fell 
gradually,  and  on 
the  twenty -third 
day  the  animal 
died.  The  temper- 
ature had  fallen  to 
38.2  C.  During  the 
last  few  days  the 
calf  was  unable  to 
rise;  in  fact,  it 
could  scarcely  raise 
its  head  to  lick  the 
mash  placed  before 
it.  Pulse  was  re- 
duced by  1C  beats. 
On  the  last  day  the 
heart  beats  were 

very  much  slower,  yet  firm,  and  could  be  plainly  felt.  Several  days  before  death  the 
breathing  was  labored  and  on  the  last  day  there  was  extreme  dyspnoea.  * * * 

Post-mortem. — Body  cavities  contained  reddish  serous  exudate.  Subdermal  con- 
nective tissue  was  oedematous.  Muscles  were  redder  than  usual,  in  some  places 
very  dark  red.  In  the  heart  muscles  were  innumerable  (many  thousand)  round 
tubercle-like  bodies,  1.5  to  3 mm.  long,  1.2  to  5 mm.  wide,  yellowish- white  in  color. 
Young  cysticerci  lay  embedded  in  these  smeary  chalky  cysts.  Some  of  these  cysti- 
cerci  were  round,  but  the  majority  were  bottle-shaped  and  contained  round  cells  and 
fat  globules,  and  were  inclosed  by  a membrane. 

The  bottle-shaped  cysticerci  measured  0.557  mm.  long  while  their  greatest  diameter 
was  0.326  mm.  Cysts  were  also  found  in  all  the  muscles,  especially  in  the  muscles 
of  mastication,  dorsal  muscles  of  the  neck,  etc.,  and  finally,  though  not  many,  in 
the  diaphragm,  and  outer  and  inner  diagonal  abdominal  muscles. 

Acute  cestode  tuberculosis  is  a name  which  is  sometimes  applied  to 
designate  a heavy  infection  with  cysticerci. 


Fig.  72. — Sexually  mature  segment  of  Beef-measle  Tapeworm  (Taenia  sagin- 
ata) : cp,  cirrus  pouch,  with  cirrus;  dc,  dorsal  canal;  gp,  genital  pore; 
n,  lateral  longitudinal  nerves;  ov,  ovary;  sg , shell  gland:  t , testicles;  ut, 
median  uterine  stem;  v,  vagina;  vc,  ventral  canal,  connected  by  transverse 
canal,  tc ; vd,  vas  deferens;  vg , vitellogene  gland,  enlarged  (in  part  after 
Leuckart). 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  77 


Failing  to  diagnose  the  presence  of  the  parasites  by  symptoms 
exhibited  by  the  cattle,  we  have  recourse  to  other  methods  which  have 
occasionally  jjroved  0f  use : 

(1)  By  examining  the  under  side  of  the  tongue  it  is  occasionally  pos- 
sible to  find  small  lumps  about  the  size  of  a pea  or  bean  which  can  be 
moved  slightly  with  the  fingers,  and  which  in  many  cases  represent 
cysticerci.  It  is  rare  that  this  method  leads  to  any  practical  results, 
and  no  confidence  should  be  placed  in  it. 

(2)  Several  authors  suggest  cutting  out  a portion  of  muscle — one 
of  the  neck  muscles,  for  instance — and  examining  it  for  the  cysts. 
Although  the  diagnosis  may  sometimes  be  made  by  operating  in  this 
manner,  we  can  hardly  see  how  it  can  be  of  any  practical  value,  since 
no  treatment,  except  good  nourishment,  which  cattle  should  always 
have,  can  at  present  be  suggested  for  animals  infested  with  these  para- 
sites. Moreover,  extirpation  of  a muscle  should  be 

practiced  only  by  professionals,  and  a negative  diag- 
nosis in  this  case  is  of  no  value. 

(3)  The  only  positive  diagnosis  is  post-mortem 
examination,  and  this,  for  the  comfort  of  man,  as 
will  be  shown,  should  be  made  on  all  slaughtered 
cattle.  An  examination  of  the  internal  and  external 
muscles  of  the  jaws,  the  tongue  and  neck,  as  well  as 
the  heart  and  muscles  seen  from  the  body  cavity, 
will  generally  suffice  to  determine  whether  the  cysti- 
cerci are  present  or  not. 

Treatment. — There  is  no  medical  treatment  to  be 
suggested.  Prevention , however,  is  extremely  sim- 
ple. We  have  seen  (p.  72)  ‘that  cattle  obtain  the 
eggs  directly  or  indirectly  from  human  excrements; 
hence  persons  who  have  this  tapeworm  should  not 
void  their  excrements  in  fields  or  barns  where  they 
can  contaminate  the  fodder  or  water  used  for  cattle. 

If  this  plan  is  followed,  not  only  will  the  spread  of 
the  parasite  among  cattle  be  prevented,  but  also  the  spread  of  this 
species  of  tapeworm  among  man,  since  the  latter,  as  has  already  been 
stated,  becomes  infected  by  eating  meat  containing  the  larval  stage.  It 
lies  entirely  within  the  power  of  the  inhabitants  in  stock-raising  districts 
to  prevent  the  infection  of  their  cattle  with  this  parasite. 


Fig.  73.— Gravid  segment 
of  Beef-measle  Tape- 
worm ( Taenia  sagin- 
ala),  showing  lateral 
branches  of  the  uterus, 
enlarged  (original) . 


ABATTOIR  INSPECTION.1 


As  beef  measles,  when  swallowed  by  man,  gives  rise  to  an  adult 
tapeworm,  the  question  of  using  meat  infested  with  this  parasite  and 


1 Since  this  report  was  sent  to  press  we  have  received  a very  extensive  article  upon 
abattoir  inspection  for  beef  measles,  written  by  Rasmussen  (1897),  of  Kopenhagen. 
Persons  who  wish  to  inform  themselves  upon  this  subject  more  in  detail  are  referred 
to  the  articles  by  Rasmussen  (1897)  and  Friis  (1897). 


78 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


the  question  of  abattoir  inspection  naturally  arise.  Although  this  spe- 
cies of  tapeworm  does  not  contribute  to  the  comfort  of  man,  it  can  not 
be  looked  upon  as  a dangerous  parasite.  It  may  bring  about  digestive 
troubles,  but  will  not  per  se  result  in  the  death  of  the  patient;  and 
with  proper  treatment  it  can  be  gotten  rid  of,  although  sometimes 
with  difficulty.  Nevertheless,  its  presence  in  man  should,  of  course,  be 
prevented  when  possible,  and  this  can  be  done  by  very  simple  means, 
namely,  (1)  by  an  inspection  of  cattle  at  the  slaughterhouses  to  deter- 
mine the  presence  or  absence  of  the  larval  stage,  and  (2)  by  submitting 
infested  meat  to  processes  which  kill  the  parasites. 

(1)  Position  of  the  parasites. — Inspectors  should  examine  very  thor- 
oughly the  muscles  of  all  cattle  slaughtered,  especially  the  inner  and 
outer  muscles  of  mastication  and  the  heart;  cuts  should  be  made  into 
the  muscles  of  the  jaws  parallel  to  the  bones. 

The  following  table,  taken  from  Ostertag,  giving  the  result  of  the 
meat  inspection  in  Berlin  for  1889-90,  is  exceedingly  instructive,  as  it 
shows  the  general  distribution  of  the  parasites  in  the  various  muscles : 

Cases. 


(1)  In  muscles  of  the  jaws 316 

(2)  In  muscles  of  the  jaws  and  in  the  heart 39 

(3)  In  muscles  of  the  jaws  and  in  the  tongue 4 

(4)  In  muscles  of  the  jaws  and  in  the  neck 1 

(5)  In  muscles  of  the  neck 1 

(6)  In  muscles  of  the  neck  and  in  the  tongue 1 

(7)  In  muscles  of  the  tongue ' 2 

(8)  In  muscles  of  the  tongue  and  heart 2 

(9)  In  muscles  of  the  tongue  and  muscles  of  breast I 

(10)  General  infection 22 


Thus  it  is  seen  that  in  these  examinations  the  muscles  of  the  jaws 
were  infested  360  times,  while  the  other  organs  were  infested  but  55 
times  (in  this  computation  the  22  cases  of  general  infection  are  omitted) ; 
in  other  words,  in  about  seven  eighths  of  all  cases  found  parasites 
were  present  in  the  muscles  of  the  jaws.  Occasionally,  in  very  heavy 
infections,  the  parasites  occur  also  in  the  lymphatic  glands,  the  lungs, 
the  liver,  the  brain,  etc. 

The  recognition  of  the  fully  developed  bladder  worms  is  an  easy  mat- 
ter for  anyone  who  understands  the  structure  of  the  parasite;  although 
their  detection  in  superficial  layers  is  rendered  somewhat  difficult  in 
case  the  surface  of  the  meat  becomes  dried.  In  case  of  doubt  the  sus- 
pected cysticercus  may  be  placed  between  two  fingers  and  a gradual 
pressure  exerted  upon  the  cyst.  This  will  cause  the  protrusion  of  the 
head,  upon  which  the  four  suckers  can  be  easily  distinguished.  A sim- 
ple microscopic  preparation  of  the  parasite,  made  by  pressing  it  between 
two  pieces  of  glass,  will  reveal  the  presence  of  the  calcareous  corpus- 
cles of  the  parenchyma. 

Differential  diagnosis. — The  only  parasites  in  cattle  which  would  be 
likely  to  be  mistaken  for  beef  measles  are  Cysticercus  tenuicollis  (see 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  79 

p.  96)  and  Echinococcus  polymorphus.  The  absence  of  hooks,  however, 
immediately  distinguishes  the  Beef-measle  Bladder  Worm  ( Gysticercus 
bovis)  from  G.  tenuicollis,  which  occurs  in  the  serous  membranes,  etc., 
but  not  in  the  muscles.  Young  stages  of  the  echinococcus  hydatid, 
which  are  occasionally  found  in  the  muscles,  differ  from  the  Beef-measle 
Bladder  Worm  in  several  characters,  which  render  a differential  diag- 
nosis comparatively  easy,  as  seen  from  the  following  table: 


Cysticercus  bovis. 

Echinococcus,  p.  113. 

One  unarmed  head  present. . 

Cuticle  thin 

Form  oval 

Head  absent’or  numerous  armed  heads  present  in  brood  capsules  (p.  116). 
Cuticle  thick  and  laminated  (p.  116). 

Form  round. 

A positive  diagnosis  of  the  younger  stages  of  G.  bovis  (i.  e.,  before  the 
head  has  developed),  or  of  degenerated  specimens,  is  sometimes  more 
difficult;  the  younger  stages  and  the  totally  degenerated  specimens 
will  not  develop  further  if  eaten;  the  specimens  which  are  only  partially 
degenerated  may,  however,  still  retain  enough  vitality  to  develop  into 
adult  tapeworms.  The  oval  or  pyriform  body  gives  a probable  diag- 
nosis for  the  younger  stages,  while  the  presence  of  calcareous  corpuscles 
(seen  only  with  the  microscope)  furnishes  a method  of  diagnosis  for  the 
degenerated  forms.  Even  in  completely  degenerated  cysts  the  calca- 
reous bodies  may  be  discovered ; these  should,  however,  not  be  mistaken 
for  fat  globules  which  are  more  strongly  refractive,  possess  a broader 
and  darker  edge,  and  do  not  change  on  addition  of  acetic  acid.  It  is 
more  difficult  to  distinguish  the  calcareous  corpuscles  from  certain  crys- 
tals of  calcium  carbonate;  the  latter  lie  in  clumps  and  overlap  each  other, 
and  upon  being  treated  with  mineral  acids  (as  weak  hydrochloric  acid) 
completely  disappear,  while  when  the  calcareous  corpuscles  are  treated 
with  acids  their  organic  base  retains  the  original  form. 

Rissling  gives  the  following  method  for  determining  the  presence  of  cysticerci  in 
chopped  meat  and  sausage,  hut  its  application  does  not  seem  very  practicable,  for 
this  country  at  least.  It  appears  to  us  much  better  to  inspect  meat  for  measles  before 
it  is  cut  up. 

Prepare  1 to  4 liters  of  a solution  of  caustic  soda  or  caustic  potash  having  a specific 
gravity  of  1.15;  place  this,  together  with  the  teased  or  chopped  meat,  in  a funnel- 
shaped  dish,  stir  well  and  allow  to  stand.  The  worms  will  then  sink  to  the  bottom 
while  the  rest  of  the  material  will  float. 

Schmidt-Mulheim’s  method  consists  in  artificially  digesting  the  meat  at  40°  C. 
After  several  hours  the  bladder  portion  of  the  cysticerci  will  be  more  or  less  destroyed, 
hut  the  heads  will  not  be  affected ; they  sink  to  the  bottom  of  the  vessel  and  may  be 
recognized  as  small  white  bodies.  In  armed  cysticerci  (C.  cellulosae,  p.  89,  etc.)  the 
hooks  will  be  found. 


80 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


Frequency  o/Cysticercus  bo  vis  in  cattle. — No  exact  statistics  have  been 
published  for  this  country.  The  proportions  of  infected  cattle  slaugh- 
tered in  Prussia  for  1892  were  as  follows: 


Regierungsbezirk. 

Propor- 

tion. 

Regierungsbezirk. 

Propor- 

tion. 

Stralsund .* 

1:51 

Kassel 

1 : 1,  653 

1 

Oppeln 

1:229 

Bromberg 

Hannover 

J 1 : 350 

Breslau 

Liineburg 

Arnsberg 

>1:2,  500 

Danzig 

1:426 

Koblenz 

] 

Berlin 

1:610 

Stettin 

Marienwerder 

■) 

Posen 

| 1:3,  500 

Frankfurt 

l 1:775 

Konigsberg 

1 : 6,  659 

Merseburg 

Liegnitz 

1:20,  000 

Schleswig 

1:915 

Diisseldorf ' 

1:25,  586 

Potsdam \ 

1 i . i 

Wiesbaden 

1:34, 182 

Hildesheim 

1 

The  average  proportion  for  the  first  20  Regierungsbezirke  mentioned 
was  1:1,631.  These  statistics  appear  rather  low  when  we  notice  the 
following  figures  for  the  Berlin  abattoir: 


Tear. 

Cattle 

slaugh- 

tered. 

Cattle 

infected. 

Proportion. 

1883-88  

2 

1888  89  

141,  814 
154,  218 
124,  593 
136,  368 

142,  874 

113 

1 :1,  255 

1889  90  

390 

1:395 

1890-91  

263 

1:474 

1891-  92 

254 

1:541 

1892  93  

214 

1:672 

This  apparent  increase  in  proportion  from  1:1,255  in  1888-89  to 
1:672  in  1892-93  is  due  to  the  more  thorough  inspection  following 
Hertwig’s  discovery  of  the  seats  of  predilection  of  the  parasite,  rather 
than  an  actual  increase  in  the  number  of  animals  infected. 

Influence  of  age  and  sex  of  the  host. — According  to  certain  European 
statistics  about  50  per  cent  of  the  cases  of  infection  are  found  in  ani- 
mals 2 years  old ; about  20  per  cent  of  the  cases  in  animals  3 years  old, 
and  about  4.5  per  cent  in  animals  of  1,4,  5,  6,  7,  and  8 years  old,  respec- 
tively. Beef  measles  are  also  said  to  be  more  common  in  male  animals 
than  in  female  animals. 

Influence  of  season. — According  to  Rasmussen,  bladder  worms  are 
more  common  in  late  summer  and  early  fall  than  at  other  times  of  the 
year.  From  statistics  he  gives  for  Copenhagen  it  appears  that  for  the 
years  1890-96,  the  total  number  of  cases  found  and  their  proportion  to 
the  entire  number  of  animals  slaughtered  were  as  follows: 


Months. 


January.. 
February 
March  — 

April 

May 

June 


Cases. 

Per  cent. 

Months. 

39 

0. 17 

July 

38 

.19 

August 

43 

.20 

September 

20 

.10 

October 

24 

.12 

November 

13 

.09 

December - - 

Per  cent. 


0. 10 
.31 
.32 
.35 
.24 
.18 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  81 


Disposition  of  measly  beef. — Measly  beef  should  be  condemned  to  the 
tank  as  unfit  for  food  when  the  infection  is  general,  or  when  the  inva 
sion  by  the  parasites  has  caused  a watery  and  “flabby”  condition  of 
the  meat.  In  case  of  light  infection  the  meat  can  be  used  for  food  aftei 
the  cysticerci  have  been  rendered  harmless,  but  even  in  these  cases 
it  is  well  to  cut  away  the  most  heavily  infested  portions.  Oases  of 
so-called  “ single  infection”  should  be  treated  the  same  as  cases  of 
light  infection,  for  although  it  may  unquestionably  happen  that  an 
animal  is  infected  with  but  one  bladder  worm,  still  the  finding  of  only 
one  parasite  is  no  proof  that  other  parasites  are  not  present;  further- 
more, in  a number  of  cases  of  alleged  u single  infection,”  later  and 
more  thorough  examination  has  revealed  further  worms. 

In  case  of  infection  with  only  very  young  parasites,  in  which  the 
suckers  are  not  fully  developed,  the  meat  may  safely  be  passed  and 
allowed  to  go  on  the  market  without  restriction. 

In  case  of  infection  with  fully  developed  live  bladder  worms,  the 
meat  should  be  subjected  to  some  safeguarding  method  before  being 
placed  on  the  block,  or  it  should  be 
sold  under  declaration  of  its  exact 
character. 

Opinion  differs  as  to  the  method 
which  should  be  followed  in  case  of 
infection  with  degenerated  bladder 
worms.  It  is  maintained  by  some 
that  this  meat  should  be  allowed  on 
the  market  without  restrictions. 

The  finding  of  degenerated  cysts, 
or  bladders,  however,  is  no  proof 
that  all  the  parasites  are  dead,  for 
not  only  are  cases  more  or  less  frequently  found  in  which  both  live  and 
degenerated  bladders  are  present,  but  even  if  the  cyst,  or  bladder,  is 
degenerated  the  head  may,  in  some  cases,  still  retain  its  vitality.  It  is 
accordingly  safer  to  treat  carcasses  with  degenerated  cysts  in  the  same 
manner  as  carcasses  with  live  cysts;  and  should  any  exception  to  this 
be  made,  such  exception  should  be  limited  to  cases  in  which  the 
degenerated  parasites  are  found  in  the  muscles  of  the  jaws. 

The  cysticerci  may  be  killed  by  cooking,  by  salting  or  corning,  or  by 
cold  storage. 

Cooking. — This  is  the  surest  method  of  killing  the  parasites,  but  it  is 
open  to  the  serious  practical  objection  that,  according  to  estimates, 
cooking  in  a steam  sterilizing  apparatus  results  in  a shrinkage  of  from 
33  to  50  per  cent,  and  this  heavy  loss  will  undoubtedly  be  a drawback 
to  its  general  use. 

Perroncito  found  that  below  30°  0.  the  movements  of  the  worms  are 
very  slight,  or  practically  nil;  from  36°  to  38°  C.  the  movements  are 
livelier;  at  higher  temperature  they  diminish,  ceasing  at  44°  0.;  they 
5257— No.  19 6 


Fig.  74. — Egg  of  Beef-measle  Tapeworm  (Taenia 
saginata),  with  thick  eggshell  (embryophore), 
containing  the  six-hooked  embryo  (oncosphere), 
enlarged.  (After  Leuckart.) 


82 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


“die  sometimes  at  44°  0.,  now  and  then  at  45°  0.,  and  always  at  46°  C ” 
He  “ therefore  concluded  that  they  could  in  no  case  survive  47°  C. 
and  48°  0.  [=116.6°  to  118.4°  F.]  when  they  are  maintained  at  this 
temperature  for  at  least  five  minutes.  Lewis  found  a somewhat  higher 
temperature  necessary  in  order  to  kill  the  worms.  He  states — 

(1)  That  exposure  to  a temperature  of  120°  F.  for  five  minutes  will  not  destroy  life 
in  cysticerci,  but  they  may  continue  to  manifest  indications  of  life  for  at  least  two 
or  three  days  after  such  exposure;  (2)  that  exposure  to  a temperature  of  125°  F.  for 
five  minutes  does  not  kill  them,  but  (3)  after  being  subjected  to  a temperature  of 
130°  F.  for  five  minutes  they  may  be  considered  to  have  perished.  After  exposure 
to  this  and  higher  temperatures,  in  no  instance  have  I been  able  to  satisfy  myself 
that  the  slightest  movements  took  place  in  their  substance  when  examined  even 
under  a high  power.  At  least,  it  may  be  confidently  asserted  that  after  exposure 
for  five  minutes  to  a temperature  of  135°  to  140°  F.  life  in  these  parasites  may  be 
considered  extinct. 

Pillizzari  found  that  cysticerci  died  at  a temperature  of  60°  0. 
( = 140°  F.),  while  according  to  Hertwig  52°  0.  ( = 125.6°  F.)  reduces 
the  bladder  worm  to  a smeary,  soft  condition,  so  that  it  can  be  easily 
flattened  out  between  two  pieces  of  glass.  It  is  important  to  recall, 
however,  that  in  cooking  large  pieces  of  meat  the  temperature  of  the 
inner  portion  does  not  rise  as  rapidly  as  that  of  the  outer  portion  As 
an  index  to  the  duration  of  cooking  required  in  order  to  guaranty  that 
nil  the  bladder  worms  are  killed,  Ostertag  gives  the  rule  of  two  hours’ 
cooking  for  pieces  of  varying  length,  but  not  over  12  cm.  (=6  inches) 
thick.  Probably  the  best  criterion  in  forming  a judgment  is  the  color 
of  the  meat;  60°  to  70°  0.  (=  140°  to  158°  F.)  causes  a reduction  of  the 
haemoglobin,  and  this  results  in  giving  a gray  color  to  beef  and  a white 
color  to  pork;  when  slices  of  cooked  beef  (or  pork)  assume  this  gray 
(or  white)  color,  it  can  safely  be  assumed  that  all  the  cysticerci  have 
been  killed. 

In  1894  and  1895  Berlin,  Prussia,  cooked  342  insured  beef-measly 
carcasses,  representing  insurance  policies  to  the  value  of  57,223.30 
marks  (about  $13,619.15).  During  the  same  period  there  were  con- 
demned 221  uninsured  beef-measly  carcasses,  valued,  on  the  same 
basis,  at  36,977.60  marks  (about  $8,800.67).  The  raw  beef  was  sold  to 
the  parties  having  the  cooking  in  charge  at  20  pfennige  (about  5 cents) 
per  pound,  and  after  being  cooked  was  sold  to  the  public  at  30  to  35 
pfennige  (about  7J  to  8f  cents)  per  pound.  Cooked  measly  pork  was 
sold  at  40  pfennige  (about  10  cents)  per  pound. 

Salting. — Salt  solution  kills  the  bladder  worms  in  twenty-four  hours, 
the  parasites  becoming  shriveled.  Here,  again,  it  must  be  remem- 
bered that  it  takes  some  time  for  the  salt  to  reach  the  deeper  layers. 

It  is  probable  that  this  method  will  to  some  extent  supersede  the 
cooking,  since  the  shrinkage  by  salting  is  estimated  at  only  6.6  per 
cent.  Two  carcasses  of  500  pounds  each,  treated  at  Kiel  by  different 
methods,  form  an  excellent  comparison.  The  cooked  carcass  gave  300 
pounds  of  beef  which  sold  at  30  pfennige  (about  7£  cents  per  pound;  in 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  83 

all,  90  marks  (about  $21 .42) ; the  salted  carcass  gave  400  pounds  of  beef 
which  sold  at  40  pfennige  (about  10  cents)  per  pound;  in  all,  184  marks 
(about  $43.79). 

In  Saxony  measly  beef  has  sold  as  high  as  1 mark  (about  24  cents) 
per  pound,  while  in  some  parts  of  Germany  it  has  been  sold  from  2£  to 
10  cents  per  pound.  In  a few  instances  the  prejudice  against  this  meat 
was  so  great  that  it  could  not  be  sold  at  all.  In  general,  however,  the 
salted  measly  beef  is  easier  to  dispose  of  than  the  cooked  measly  beef. 

Ostertag  gives  as  rule  for  salting  the  following:  Cut  the  meat  into 
strips  of  any  given  length,  but  not  over  6 cm.  (3  inches)  in  thickness, 
and  place  for  two  weeks  in  a brine  composed  of  1,000  parts  of  water, 
250  parts  of  salt,  20  parts  of  sugar,  and  2£  parts  of  saltpeter.  As  a 
practical  test  to  determine  whether  the  salting  is  thorough,  and  the 
parasites  are  dead,  he  suggests  the  use  of  a 1 per  cent  solution  of 
nitrate  of  silver.  If  applied  to  the  surface  of  lightly  cured  meat  this 
solution  will  produce  no  change  in  the  appearance;  if  the  meat  is  fully 
cured,  a momentary  milky  opacity  will  result,  owing  to  the  formation 
of  chloride  of  silver.  To  use  the  test,  wash  the  meat  thoroughly  in 
water,  then  wipe  it  with  a cloth,  and  make  a quick  incision  through  the 
middle  of  the  piece  to  be  tested;  apply  a few  drops  of  the  nitrate  of 
silver  to  the  cut  surface. 

Cold  storage . — Perroncito  maintains  that  Cysticercus  bovis  dies  four- 
teen days  after  its  host  has  been  slaughtered.  More  recent  investiga- 
tions by  Ostertag,  Zsclrokke,  Glage,  and  others  have  shown  that  two 
weeks  form  too  short  a limit,  but  that  none  of  the  worms  can  survive 
three  weeks;  beef-measly  meat  which  has  been  in  cold  storage  for 
three  weeks  may  therefore  be  looked  upon  as  harmless. 

In  view  of  these  recent  investigations,  I can  see  no  reason  why  light 
cases  of  beef  measles  (but  not  pork  measles,  see  p.  94),  which  have 
remained  three  weeks  in  cold  storage,  should  not  be  passed  as  first- class 
meat  and  allowed  on  the  open  market  without  further  restrictions. 
During  certain  seasons  of  the  year,  however,  there  is  a practical  objec- 
tion to  this  method  of  safeguarding  which  has  been  thus  far  overlooked 
(except  by  Friis).  Experience  has  shown  that  meat  which  has  been  in 
cold  storage  for  this  length  of  time  during  summer  will  spoil  much  more 
rapidly  when  taken  out  of  the  cooler  than  meat  which  has  been  placed 
in  the  ice  box  only  long  enough  to  cool  and  “firm.” 

THE  ADULT  TAPEWORM  IN  MAN  AND  METHODS  OF  PREVENTING  THE 
INFECTION  OF  CATTLE. 

Taenia  saginata , or  the  large  Unarmed  Tapeworm,  is  the  most  com- 
mon of  the  ten  species  of  tapeworms  found  in  the  intestine  of  man. 
A form  with  which  it  has  frequently  been  confounded  is  a tapeworm 
(T.  solium)  of  about  half  the  size  (2  to  3.5  m.),  acquired  by  eating  pork 
infected  with  larvae  ( Cysticercus  cellulosae ),  which  are  very  similar  to 
those  found  in  the  cattle,  but  are  somewhat  larger  and  possess  a double 
crown  of  hooks  on  the  head. 


84 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


The  Unarmed  Tapeworm  of  man  is  almost  cosmopolitan,  and  is  especially  common 
in  Africa  and  Asia.  Many  of  the  published  statistics  of  the  relative  frequency  of 
T.  saginata  and  T.  solium  are,  however,  to  be  taken  with  reserve.  In  some  countries 
the  Beef-measle  Tapeworm  is  said  to  be  increasing  and  the  Pork-measle  worm  to  be 
decreasing  in  frequency;  but  in  some  cases  these  statements  are  unquestionably 
based  uponmisdeterminations.  Physicians  too  frequently  make  their  determinations 
upon  the  external  form  of  the  segments — a method  which  can  not  be  relied  upon,  even 
when  such  detemination  is  made  by  a specialist.  In  America,  for  instance,  it  is  fre- 
quently stated  that  T.  solium  is  more  common  than  T.  saginata,  but  this  view  has  been 
shown  to  be  erroneous  (Stiles,  1895,  p.  281).  According  to  the  official  medical  sta- 
tistics of  the  late  civil  war,  566  cases  of  tapeworms  were  noticed  in  5,548,854  patients 
from  July  1, 1862,  to  June  30, 1866,  or  1 : 9,803,  but  no  indication  as  to  the  species  found 
is  given.  In  some  countries  statistics  seem  to  show  that  tapeworm  disease  has  been 
on  the  increase.  Thus  Berenger-F6raud  (1892)  records  the  following  statistics  for  the 
maritime  hospitals  of  France : 


Year. 

Cases. 

Patients. 

Cases  per 
1,000 
patients. 

1861-65  

33 

130,  927 
152, 822 

0. 20 

1866-70  

95 

0.  62 

1871-75  

422 

137,  361 
130, 898 

3.06 
8. 45 

1876-80  

1, 108 
1,565 
2,  253 

1881-85 

155,  646 
152,  352 

10.  05 

1886-90  

14.  80 

B6renger-F6raud  looks  upon  1860  as  the  date  of  introduction  of  T.  saginata  into 
France,  but  Blanchard  has  shown  that  this  is  not  the  case,  although  he  admits  that 
it  has  increased  in  frequency  from  year  to  year 

Krabbe  has  published  the  following  valuable  statistics  regarding  tapeworms  of 
man  in  Denmark : 


Year. 

T.  saginata. 

T.  solium. 

Dipylidium 

caninum. 

Bothriocepha- 
lus  latus. 

Before  1869  ........ 

37 

53 

1 

9 

1869-80 

67 

19 

4 

11 

1880  87 

87 

5 

4 

5 

1887-95 

89 

6 

30 

It  seems  quite  well  established  that  there  has  been  an  increase  in  the  frequency  of 
T.  saginata  in  man  in  some  districts,  but  since  Hertwig's  important  observation 
in  1889-90  regarding  the  seats  of  predilection  of  the  larval  stage  the  destruction  of 
so  many  more  larvae  must  necessarily  have  resulted  in  decreasing  the  frequency  of 
this  species  in  man.  There  can  be  no  question  that  since  the  trichina  scare  in  1860 
and  the  following  years,  which  led  to  an  inspection  of  pork  in  some  countries, 
and  to  greater  care  in  cooking  it  in  others,  T.  solium  has  decreased  in  frequency. 

Tlie  following  key  will  aid  in  the  determination  of  the  tapeworms  of 
man : 

Key  to  the  Adult  Tapeworms  of  Man. 

[For  forms  recorded  in  this  country  follow  Roman  type.] 

(1)  Head  with  two  elongate  grooves  or  slit-like  suckers ; rostellum  absent;  uterus 
with  special  pore;  genital  pores  generally  dorsal  or  ventral. 

Bothriocephalidae,  2. 

Head  with  four  cup-shaped  suckers;  rostellum  present  but  not  always  evident; 
uterus  without  special  pore;  genital  pores  generally  marginal. ..  Taeniidae,  4. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  85 


bothriocephalidae  (Subfamily  Bothriocephalinae). 

(2)  Body  with  external  segmentation ; head  with  two  elongate  or  groove-like  suckers : 
Genital  organs  single  in  each  segment;  cirrus,  vulva,  and  uterus  open  ventro- 

median Bothriocephalus,  3. 

Genital  organs  double  in  each  segment ; cirrus , vulva,  and  uterus  open  ventr ally  ; worm 
very  large,  attains  about  10  meters  in  length  by  2 cm.  in  breadth;  life  history 
unknown.  Found  in  Japan Krabbea  grandis. 


BOTHRIOCEPHALUS. 

(3)  Very  large,  attains  10  meters  or  more  in  length,  reddish  gray  in  color ; very  rare 
m this  country;  obtained  from  eating  fish  : Common  pike  ( Lucius  lucius),  ling 
( Lota  lota),  perch  (Perea  fluviatilis)',  several  members  of  the  salmon  family 
(Salmo  urnbla,  S.  trutta,  S.  lacustris,  Thymallus  vulgaris,  Coregonus  lavaretus, 


C.  albula,  Onchorrhynchus  Perryi,  and  perhaps  Salmo  salar) B.  latus. 

(B.  latus  includes  B.  cristatus  Davaine,  1874.) 

Length  a little  less  than  four  feet;  found  in  Greenland B.  cordatus. 


(A  larval  Bothriocephalus  (B.  Mansoni)  is  found  in  subperiioneal  connective  tissue  of 
man.) 

TAENIIDAE. 

(4)  Egg  with  thin  outer  shell  and  thick  brown  inner  shell  (embryophore) ; uterus 
median  and  longitudinal  with  lateral  branches;  head  generally  armed;  larval 
stage  a Cysticercus,  Coenurus  or  an  Echinococcus  generally  in  herbivora; 
adults  in  carnivorous  or  omnivorous  animals Taeniinae,  5. 

Egg  with  thin  transparent  shells,  and  frequently  in  egg  capsules ; in  some  cases 
scattered  through  the  segment ; head  nearly  always  armed  with  hooklets  on 
rostellum;  larval  stage  a cysticercoid;  adults  in  birds  and  mammals. 

Dipylidiinae,  7. 

TAENIINAE. 


(5)  Head  with  armed  rostellum 6. 

Head  unarmed,  rostellum  absent;  strobila  attains  3 to  10  meters  in  length; 

ovary  of  pore  side  undivided;  uterus  with  17  to  30  branches  on  each  side;  the 
most  common  tapeworm  of  man  in  this  country ; larva  in  cattle. 

Taenia  saginata,  p.  71. 

(6)  Rostellum  with  two  rows  of  hooks,  24  to  32  in  number;  strobila  attains  4 to  8. 

meters  in  length;  ovary  of  pore  side  divided;  uterus  with  7 to  12  branches 
each  side ; comparatively  rare  in  this  country ; larva  in  swine. 

T.  solium,  p.  89. 

Rostellum  (H)1;  strobila  attains  5 meters  in  length;  terminal  proglottids  27  to 

35  mm.  long  by  3.5  to  5 mm.  wide T.  confusa. 

(The  larval  stages  of  T.  solium  and  T.  echinococcus  are  also  found  in  man.) 

‘Ward  describes  the  rostellum  as  having  6 or  7 rows  of  very  small  hooks. 
Through  the  kindness  of  Professor  Ward,  I have  recently  examined  the  head  and  a 
number  of  segments  of  the  original  material.  This  examination  leads  me  to  look 
upon  the  head  as  a head  of  Dipylidium  caninum , which  has  accidentally  been  placed 
in  the  wrong  bottle,  a possibility  which  had  also  occurred  to  Ward.  Regarding  the 
remarkable  segments,  I do  not  wish  to  commit  myself  until  I have  opportunity  to 
study  a complete  specimen. 


86 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


DIPYLIDIINAE. 

(7)  Suckers  unarmed 8. 

Suckers  armed  ( the  suckers  of  the  young  specimens  ivill  undoubtedly  be  found  to  be 

armed,  although  the  specimens  thus  far  found  in  man  ivere  unarmed,  the  hooks  prob- 
ably having  fallen),  the  hooks  being  arranged  in  circular  rows  on  border;  hooks  on 
rostellum  resemble  a hammer  in  form,  about  90  in  number  and  arranged  in  a double 
roiv,  or  rostellum  rudimentary  and  unarmed;  strobila  25  to  30  cm.  long.  Very 
rare;  not  yet  recorded  for  America.  Larva  probably  in  some  invertebrate. 

Davainea  madagascariensis. 

(8)  Genital  pores  double ; two  submedian  ovaries  in  each  segment;  several  rows  of 

hooks  on  rostellum;  strobila  attains  15  to  35  cm.  in  length;  gravid  segrhents 
elliptical.  Adults  found  in  dogs  and  cats;  rare  in  man.  Larva  found  in  lice 
and  fleas  of  dogs  ( Tricliodectes  canis  and  Pulex  serraticeps) . . Dipylidium  caninum. 

Genital  pores  single  and  unilateral  (on  left  of  segment);  rostellum  with  24  to  30 
hooks,  the  dorsal  root  longer  than  prong  or  ventral  root ; three  testicles  nor- 
mally present  in  each  segment;  eggs  with  three  envelopes Hymenolepis,  9. 

(9)  Hooks  (24  to  28  in  number,  15  ju  long)  present  on  rostellum;  body  10  to  15  mm. 

long;  not  uncommon  in  Italy;  found  also  in  other  parts  of  Europe.  Found  in 
rodents  (rats,  etc.),  as  well  as  man;  larva  develops  in  the  villi  of  the  intes- 
tine   H.  murina. 

(Including  Taenia  nana.) 

Rostellum  rudimentary  and  unarmed;  20  to  40  cm.  or  more  long;  adult  generally 
parasitic  in  rodents  (rats);  larval  stage  develops  in  certain  insects  ( Asopia 
farinalis,  Anisolabis  annulipes,  Akis  spinosa,  Scaurus  striatus) H.  diminuia. 

(Including  Taenia  flavopunctata.) 

If  a person  is  known  to  liave  a tapeworm,  it  is  of  great  importance, 
both  from  an  economic  (agricultural)  and  a hygienic  standpoint,  to 
know  whether  one  of  these  two  tapeworms  [T.  saginata , the  Beef  measle 
Tapeworm,  and  T.  solium , the  Pork-measle  Tapeworm)  is  present,  and 
if  so,  which  one.  This  can  be  determined  in  several  ways: 

(1)  Since  the  Pork  measle  Tapeworm  comes  from  pork,  it  will  not  be 
found  in  persons  who  abstain  from  eating  that  meat,  as  is  usually  the 
case  among  Hebrews.  So  that  if  one  of  these  two  parasites  were  found 
in  such  persons  it  could  be  only  the  Unarmed  Tapeworm. 

(2)  On  the  other  hand,  those  who  eat  pork  but  no  beef  would  not  be 
infested  with  the  Unarmed  Tapeworm,  but  we  would  expect  to  find  in 
them  the  Pork-measle  (armed)  Tapeworm. 

These  two  modes  of  diagnosis  do  not  hold  in  all  cases,  for,  as  already 
stated,  man  is  subject  to  ten  different  species  of  tapeworms.  Most  of 
the  remaining  eight  species  are,  however,  so  totally  different  from  the 
two  under  consideration  that  a positive  diagnosis  can  be  made  by  com- 
paring the  worms  with  figs.  73  and  81,  and  with  the  key  given  above. 

(3)  When  segments  of  the  parasite  break  off  and  wander  out  of  their 
own  accord  or  with  stools  of  the  person  affected,  it  should  be  noticed 
whether  several  segments  are  joined  together  or  whether  every  portion 
consists  of  a single  segment.  In  the  former  case,  the  parasite  is  gen- 
erally the  armed  parasite,  in  the  latter  case  generally  the  unarmed 
parasite. 

(4)  Take  a segment  of  the  parasite  found  in  the  stool  or  bed,  press 
it  between  two  pieces  of  glass  and  hold  it  up  to  the  light.  Comparing 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  87 


it  with  figs.  73  and  81,  notice  whether  the  uterus  has  17  to  30  branches 
on  each  side  of  the  main  trunk  (Unarmed  Tapeworm)  or  from  7 to  10 
branches  each  side  (Armed  Tapeworm). 

(5)  In  case  the  head  is  found,  notice  whether  hooks  are  absent 
(unarmed)  or  whether  two  rows  of  hooks  are  present  (armed). 

The  necessity  of  knowing  which  parasite  is  present  is,  first,  that  the 
Armed  Tapeworm  injures  man,  not  only  because  it  inhabits  his  intes- 
tine, but  also  because  the  larval  stage  may  develop  in  the  muscles,  eye, 
and  other  portions  of  the  body,  and  a man  who  has  the  Armed  Tapeworm 
stands  in  constant  danger  of  infecting  himself  with  these  larvae.  Tbe 
Unarmed  Tapeworm,  on  the  other  hand,  develops  only  in  the  intestine, 
its  larval  form  being  unable  to  develop  in  man. 

In  the  second  jdace,  it  is  important  to  know  which  tapeworm  is  pres- 
ent in  a person,  especially  in  a farm  hand,  for  if  he  has  the  unarmed 
form  there  is  constant  danger  of  his  infecting  the  cattle  by  passing  his 
excrements  in  fields  where  cattle  feed;  if  he  carries  the  Armed  Tape- 
worm he  will  infect  the  hogs,  should  he  void  his  excrements  in  a place 
to  which  swine  have  access. 

Symptoms. — The  symptoms  exhibited  by  a patient  troubled  with  tape- 
worms are  both  general  and  local:  Itching  at  the  extremities  of  the 
intestinal  canal,  and  various  dyspeptic  symptoms;  uncomfortable  sen- 
sations in  the  abdomen,1  uneasiness,  fullness  or  emptiness,  sensation  of 
movement  attributed  to  the  movements  of  the  parasite,  colicky  pains; 
disordered  appetite,  at  times  deficient,  at  other  times  craving;  paleness 
and  d.scoloration  around  the  eyes;  fetid  breath;  sometimes  emaciation; 
dull  headache;  buzzing  in  the  ears;  twitching  of  the  face;  dizziness; 
often  the  uncomfortable  feelings  in  the  intestine  are  increased  by  fast- 
ing and  relieved  after  a hearty  meal;  fainting,  chorea,  epileptic  fits. 

Diagnosis. — A positive  diagnosis  can  be  made  by  finding  the  segments 
of  tapeworms  in  the  stools,  bed,  or  clothes  of  the  patient,  or  by  a micro- 
scopic examination  of  the  faeces  in  search  of  eggs. 

Treatment. — It  is  always  advisable  to  consult  a physician  in  regard 
to  treatment,  especially  when  the  patient  is  much  run  down  in  health 
or  naturally  delicate  in  constitution,  since  “in  weak  persons,  such  as 
those  having  consumption,  the  treatment,  if  admissible  at  all,  must 
be  conducted  with  the  greatest  care,  lest  the  patient’s  strength  be 
exhausted”  (Pepper).  It  is  not  always  possible,  however,  for  men  on 
the  ranches  to  obtain  the  services  of  a physician,  so  the  following  hints 
are  given  in  regard  to  treatment  and  may  be  followed  without  danger 
by  a strong  and  healthy  person  of  ordinary  intelligence: 

Before  taking  any  of  the  medicines  suggested  below,  it  is  necessary 
to  prepare  for  the  treatment  by  removing  all  obstructions  in  the  intes- 
tine to  the  free  exit  of  the  parasite.  This  can  best  be  done  by  living 


■The  most  constant  symptom  which  I observed  in  an  experimental  infection  of 
myself  with  T.  sayinata  was  the  sensation  which  one  experiences  in  the  rapid  descent 
of  an  elevator.  This  peculiar  feeling  frequently  occurred,  especially  when  walking 


88 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


for  two  or  three  days  on  a light  diet  of  milk,  coffee,  soup,  and  bread; 
but  vegetables  should  not  be  taken.  On  the  evening  before  taking  the 
medicine  it  is  also  advisable  to  give  the  patient  a thorough  injection  of 
1 to  2 quarts  of  warm  water,  to  which  1 to  2 tablespoon fu Is  of  pure 
glycerin  may  be  added. 

Early  the  next  morning  one  of  the  following  doses  may  be  taken: 

(1)  Take  1 to  2 ounces  of  oil  of  turpentine  -f-  1 ounce  of  castor  oil,  mixed  with  the 
white  of  an  egg  and  some  sugar.  Take  the  whole  dose  at  one  time,  and  if  a move- 
ment of  the  bowels  does  not  follow  within  two  or  three  hours,  take  another  dose  of 
castor  oil  (1  ounce)  (Leidy,  1885). 

Objection  has  been  raised  by  some  practitioners  to  the  use  of  oil  of  turpentine 
on  the  ground  that  it  causes  an  intense  burning  sensation  in  the  intestine  and  pro- 
duces headaches  which  may  last  several  days. 

(2)  The  most  generally  useful  remedy  is  the  oleo-resin  of  male  fern, 1 which  is  in 
reality  an  ethereal  extract  of  the  drug.  A half  drachm  or  drachm  of  the  remedy  is 
given  in  the  morning  after  two  days’  restriction  of  diet,  and  in  the  evening  a brisk 
cathartic,  such  as  castor  oil,  should  be  administered.  Sometimes  calomel  is  given  in 
combination  with  the  oleo-resin.  The  patient  should  remain  abed  after  the  admin- 
istration of  the  remedy,  to  avoid  syncope  and  other  effects  of  large  doses  of  the  drug 
(Pepper,  1891).  In  overdose,  this  medicine  is  a distinct  poison;  six  drachms  have 
caused  death. 

(3)  One  or  two  ounces  of  pumpkin  seeds  ground  and  made  into  a paste  with  sugar. 
Follow  in  an  hour  with  a dose  of  castor  oil.  This  is  one  of  the  best,  cheapest,  and 
safest  tapeworm  remedies. 

(4)  Tanret’s  Pelletierine  is  very  highly  recommended  but  is  rather  expensive  ($2.50 
per  dose)  and  often  difficult  to  procure  fresh  in  this  country.  In  case  this  is  taken 
the  instructions  which  come  with  the  bottle  (one  dose)  must  be  strictly  carried  out. 

Many  other  remedies  could  be  suggested,  but  those  given  above  are  among  the 
most  simple  and  will  suffice  for  this  report. 

Whatever  anthelmintic  is  used,  the  medicine  should  be  procured  as 
fresh  as  possible.  Many  failures  in  treating  for  parasites  are  due  to 
the  fact  that  the  remedy  used  has  lost  its  anthelmintic  property. 

When  the  parasite  is  being  passed  the  patient  should  evacuate  into 
a vessel  containing  warm  water,  the  object  of  this  being  to  prevent  the 
worm  from  breaking  or  attempting  to  retain  its  hold  in  the  intestine 
in  case  it  is  still  alive,  as  it  will  frequently  do  if  it  comes  in  contact 
with  any  cold  object.  The  patient  should  likewise  avoid  pulling  the 
worm  while  it  is  being  expelled,  for  he  is  thus  liable  to  break  it. 

When  the  movement  is  completed  the  stool  should  be  examined  thor- 
oughly for  the  head,  for  if  this  has  remained  in  the  intestine  it  will 
give  rise  to  new  segments  again,  and  in  about  three  or  four  months  the 
patient  will  discover  that  he  is  still  infected.  If  the  head  is  not  found 
upon  examination  of  the  stool, it  is  best  not  to  repeat  the  treatment  uutil 
the  segments  have  again  appeared,  for,  as  the  head  is  quite  small,  it 
may  have  escaped  notice,  although  present  in  the  stool,  and  in  that  case 
the  second  treatment  would  be  useless. 

Prevention. — After  what  has  been  said,  it  is  exceedingly  easy  to  see 


1 Male  fern  and  kamala  capsules  are  put  up  ready  for  use.  Directions  come  with 
each  box. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  89 


the  measures  which  should  be  adopted  to  preveut  this  disease:  (1)  Per- 
sons should  not  eat  meat  in  which  fresh  cysticerci  are  present;  (2)  meat 
in  which  only  a few  cysts  have  been  found,  but  have  been  cut  out, 
should  be  thoroughly  cooked  or  salted  before  eating,  or,  (3)  such  beef 
should  lie  in  cold  storage  for  three  weeks  at  least;  (4)  cattle  and 
hogs  should  not  have  access  to  human  excrements,  especially  when  it  is 
known  that  persons  in  the  neighborhood  have  tapeworms;  (5)  persons 
should  not  void  their  excrements  on  fields  where  live  stock  is  feeding. 

By  following  out  these  simple  instructions  it  will  not  be  a difficult  task 
to  totally  eradicate  the  tapeworm  disease  caused  by  T.  saginata  and  T. 
solium  in  man,  and  the  corresponding  disease  of  “ measles’7  caused  by 
the  larvae  of  these  worms  in  cattle  and  hogs.  In  fact,  it  has  been 
noticed  in  several  parts  of  Europe,  where  meat  is  inspected,  that  certain 
tapeworms  are  gradually  becoming  rarer,  owing  to  the  condemnation  of 
meat  containing  the  cysts. 

20.  Pork  Measles  ( Cysticercus  cellulosae ) of  Man  and  Swine,  and  ics  adult  stage, 
The  Armed,  or  Pork  Measle,  Tapeworm  ( Taenia  solium ) of  Man. 

[Figs.  75-83.] 

Many  authors  state  that  the  Pork-measle  Tapeworm  is  the  common 
tapeworm  of  man  for  the  United  States,  but  a careful  study  of  the  sub- 
ject has  shown  this  view  to  be  erroneous. 

Larva  ( Cysticercus  cellulosae). 

For  anatomical  characters,  compare  figs.  75  and  7G  with  key,  p.  21. 

Synonymy. — Finna  Werner,  1786;  Taenia  hydatigera  Fischer,  1788 ; T.  cellulosae  Gme- 
liu,  1790;  T. finna  Gmelin,  1790;  Vesicaria  hygroma  humana  Schrank,  (-?-) ; V.  finna 
suilla  Schrank,  (-?-) ; V.  lobaia  suilla  Fabricius,  (-?-) ; Hydatis  finna  (Werner)  Blu- 
menbach,  (-?-) ; H.  humana  Blumenbach,  (-?-) ; Taenia  muscularis  Jordens,  1802;  T. 
hydatigena  anomala  Steinbuck,  (1802);  Cysticercus  finna  (Gmelin)  Zeder,  1803;  C. 
cellulosae  (Gmelin)  Rudolphi,  1808 ; C.finnus  (Gmelin)  Laennec,  1812;  C.  solium  Koe- 
berle,  1861;  C.suis  Cobbold,  1869;  Neotaenia  Sodero,  (1886) ; C.cellulosus  of  several 
authors;  “ Cysticerlcus”  cellulosae  of  Schneidemuhl,  1896. 

Anomalies. — The  names  proposed  by  various  authors  for  these  supposed  distinct 
species  found  in  man,  especially  in  the  cranial  cavity,  are  more  or  less  descriptive. 
Hydatis  piriformis  Fischer,  1789  (=Taenia pyriformis  (Fischer)  Treutler,  1793 =Cysticer- 
cus  pyriformis  (Treutler)  Zeder,  1803  = C.  Fisclierianus  Laennec,  1812) ; Taenia 
alhopunctata  Treutler,  1793  (=  C.  albopunctatus  (Treutler)  Zeder,  1803=  “ T.  albo- 
punctata  hominis  Treutler”  of  Cobbold,  1864);  Cysticercus  dicystus  Laennec,  1812;  C. 
acanthotrias  Weinland,  1858;  C.  turbinatus  Koeberle,  1861;  C.  melanocephalus  Koeberl6, 
1861;  C.  racemosus  Heller,  1875  (=C.  bothryoides  Heller,  1875  [nec  Reinitz,  1885] 
= C.  multilocularis  Kiichenmeister,  (-?-) ; Trachelocampylus  Davaine,  1880  (for  Trach- 
elocampules  Fredault,  1847). 

Hosts. — Man,  swine,  wild  boar,  and  other  animals.  (See  pp.  137-143.) 

Adult  ( Taenia  solium  Linnaeus,  1758). 

For  anatomical  characters,  compare  figs.  77-81  with  key,  p.  84. 

Synonymy. — Taenia  solium  Linnaeus,  1758  (after  elimination  of  T.  saginata  and 
T.  marginata ) ; T.  cucurbitina  Pallas,  1766  (=  T.  solium  Linnaeus,  renamed) ; T.  cucur- 
bitina  Art  [=var.]  pellucida  Goeze,  1782;  T.  cucurbitina , plana,  pellucida  Goeze, 


90 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


1782;  T.  solitaria  Leske,  (1785),  pro  parte;  dialysis  solium  (Linnaeus)  Zeder,  1803; 
Taenia  humana  armata  Rudolphi,  1810,  pro  parte  (=  Brera’s,  1802,  Tenia  armata 
nman a ) ; T.  solium  Linnaeus  of  Kiichenmeister,  1852;  T.  hamoloculata  Kiichenmeister, 
1855  (possibly  earlier) ; T.  turbinata  Koeberle,  1861;  T.  ( Cystotaenia ) solium  of  Leuck- 
art,  1863;  T.  tenella  Cobbold,  1871  [nec  Pallas,  1781];  (?)  T. 
solium  var.  minor  Guzzardi  Asmendo,  1876;  T.  officinalis  Bos, 

1894. 

Anomalies. — (?)  “ Taenia  vulgaris ” Werner,  1782  [nec  Lin- 
naeus, 1758]  = T.  dentata  Batsck,  1786 ; ( ?)  T.  fenestrata  Chiaje, 

1833;  T.  (Cysticercus)  acanthoti'ias of  Leuckart,  1863;  (?)  T. fen- 
estrata Colin,  1885;  T.  solium  fenestrata  Colin,  1876;  (?)  T. 
fusa,  T.  continua,  T.  solium  fusa  seu  continua  Colin,  1876; 

(?)  T.  scalariforme  Notta,  1885  (=  T.  fenestrata  Colin,  re- 
named) ==  T.  solium  scalariforme  Notta,  1885. 

Pre-Linnaean  name. — ( ? ) Taenia  clegener  Spigelius,  1618. 

Bibliography. — For  bibliography,  see  Huber,  1892.  For 
technical  discussion,  see  Leuckart  (1880,  pp.  617-713) ; R. 

Blanchard  (1886,  pp.  382-418). 

Host. — Man.  It  is  an  error  for  the  Minnesota  State  board 
and  the  North  Carolina  Station  to  record  it  in  doss. 


Fig.  75.— A piece  of  pork 
heavily  infested  with 
pork  measles  ( Cysticer- 
cus  cellulosae),  natural 
size  (original) . 


Life  history. — The  life  cycle  of  the  Pork  Bladder 
Worm  is  exactly  the  same  as  that 
of  the  Beef  Bladder  Worm  (see 
p.  72),  except  that  the  hog  is  the  intermediate  host. 

The  following  observations  regarding  the  larval 
parasite  at  different  ages  have  been  made  by  various 
authors : 

Nine  days  after  infection. — An  oval  vesicle  33  ji  'long  by  24  /z 
broad;  connective  tissue  cyst  absent.  (Mosler.) 

Twenty  days  after  infection. — Parasite  consists  of  a delicate, 
transparent  bladder  worm  about  as  large  as  the  head  of  a pin. 
The  anlage  (primordium)  of  the  head  is  represented  by  a small, 
indistinct  point;  surrounding  cyst  absent.  (Gerlach.) 

Twenty-one  days  after  infec- 


tion.— Spherical,  0.8  mm.  in 
diameter;  slightly  attenuate 
toward  the  point,  showing 
the  anlage  (primordium)  of 
the  head.  (Leuckart. ) 

Thirty -two  days  after  infec- 
tion.— Ellipsoid,  1 mm.  to  6 
mm.  long  by  0.7  mm.  to  2.5 
mm.  broad.  The  largest 
specimens  show  the  excretory 
system;  the  anlage  (primor- 
dium) of  the  head  equatorial; 
connective  tissue  cyst  very 
thin. 

Forty  days  after  infection. — 
Surrounding  cyst  still  very 
delicate;  about  as  large  as  a mustard  seed,  or  somewhat  larger;  head  very  evident, 
suckers  and  hooks  visible,  but  not  complete.  (Gerlach.) 

Sixty  days  after  infection. — Size  of  a pea  or  slightly  larger.  When  freed  from  the 
connective  tissue,  cyst  somewhat  renal  in  form;  head  as  a small,  white  knob,  but 
without  neck;  hooks  and  suckers  fully  developed.  (Gerlach.) 


Fig.  76.-  An  isolated  Pork-measle  Bladder  Worm  ( Cyslicercus 
cellulosae ),  with  extended  head,  greatly  enlarged  (original). 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  91 


One  hundred  and  ten  days  after  infection. — Neck  developed;  transverse  lines  slightly 
visible;  head  is  invaginated  in  the 
bladder.  (Gerlach.) 

The  determination  of  the  age 
of  the  parasite  is  of  importance 
in  case  that  there  is  a guaran- 
ty of  freedom  from  infection. 

According  to  Rasmussen  the 
periods  of  guaranty  are:  In 
Prussia,  Bavaria,  and  Austria, 

8 days;  in  certain  other  parts 
of  Europe,  9,  15,  and  21  days; 
in  Baden  and  Wiirtemburg,  28 
days,  and  in  Saxony,  30  days. 

It  is  generally  estimated  that 
three  to  four  months  'are  re- 
quired for  the  parasite  to  com- 
plete its  development,  but  as 
the  hooks  and  suckers  are 
formed  after  two  and  a half 
months  it  is  not  impossible 
that  a parasite  ten  to  eleven 
weeks  old  would  develop  into 
the  adult  tapeworm  if  eaten 
by  man ; although,  according  to 
Gerlach,  pork  measles  less  than 
two  months  old  are  not  dan- 
gerous. The  longevity  of  the 
bladder  worm  varies  with  cir- 
cumstances, but  the  factors  here 
concerned  are  not  understood. 

According  to  Railliet,  cases 
have  been  observed  in  man 
where  the  bladder  worm  has 
caused  severe  cerebral  troubles 
for  twelve  to  fifteen  years,  and  it 
has  been  observed  in  the  eye  for 
twenty  years.  The  worms  may 
undergo  calcareous  degenera- 
tion very  early,  but  as  a rule 
this  does  not  take  jdace  until 
the  cyst  is  quite  old. 

The  degeneration  begins  with 
the  capsule  and  ends  with  the 
scolex,  and,  according  to  Morot, 

may  be  divided  into  four  stages,  Fig.  77.— Several  portions  of  an  adult  Pork-measle  Tape 
as  follows  ’ worm  (Taenia  solium ),  natural  size  (original). 

First  stage.—  The  capsule  shows  cheesy,  opaque  spots,  but  the  fluid  is  clear,  and 
the  scolex  is  intact. 


92 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


Second  stage. — Both  the  connective  tissue  capsule  and  the  bladder  cyst  become 
cheesy;  hooks  are  present,  but 
the  suckers  more  or  less  degen- 
erated. 

Third  stage. — Hooks  are  pres- 
ent, but  not  in  definite  order  or 
number. 

Fourth  stage. — No  traces  of  the 
hooks  can  be  found  in  the  para- 
site, which  is  reduced  to  a cheesy 
mass. 

Ostertag  states  that  degeneration 
may  take  place  before  the  hooks 
have  formed.  Ostertag  has  also  shown  that  the  hooks  become  loose,  upon  expres- 
sion of  the  scolex,  only  in  dead  bladder  worms. 

PORK  MEASLES. 

The  disease  in  hogs. — The  symp- 
toms in  hogs  are  very  indefinite, 
but  a diagnosis  may  sometimes  be 
made  by  examining  the  visible 
mucous  membranes  of  the  mouth, 
particularly  under  the  tongue.  See 
also  the  same  subject  for  cattle, 
p.  77. 

A heavy  infection  of  measles  is 
more  common  in  hogs  than  in  cat- 
tle— a fact  easily  understood  when 
we  recall  the  feeding  habits  of  the 
two  animals,  the  comparative  size  of 
their  bodies,  and  of  their  stomachs. 
From  1884  to  1887,  of  5,610  measly 
hogs  found  at  the  Berlin  (Prussia)  abattoir,  2,167  were  heavily  in- 
fested, 1,641  had  medium  infections,  and  1,802  were  slightly  infested. 

Treatment. — See  page  77. 

ABATTOIR  INSPECTION. 

See  discussion,  page  77.  As  the  Armed  Tape- 
worm is  more  dangerous  to  man  than  the  un- 
armed form,  the  abattoir  inspection  for  Cysticercus 
eellulosae  is  more  important  from  a hygienic  stand- 
point than  the  inspection  for  C.  hovis. 

Position  of  the  parasites  in  hogs. — The  Pork- 
measle  Bladder  Worm  is  found  in  the  muscles, 
especially  in  the  abdominal  muscles,  the  muscular 
portion  of  the  diaphragm,  the  psoas,  tongue, 
heart,  the  muscles  of  mastication,  intercostals, 
muscles  of  the  neck,  the  adductor  of  the  hind  legs,  and  the  pectorals. 
These  parts  are  shown  by  fig.  83.  Particular  stress  should  be  laid 


Fig.  80. — Segment  of  Pork- 
measle  Tapeworm  ( Tdenia 
solium)  in  which  the  uterus 
is  about  half  developed. 
X 2.  (A  fter  Leuckart,  1880, 
p.  666,  fig.  295  ) 


Fig.  79. — Mature  sexual  segments  of  Pork-measle 
Tapeworm  ( Taenia  solium),  showing  the  di- 
vided ovary  on  the  pore  side : cp,  cirrus  pouch ; 
gp,  genital  pore;  n,  nerve;  ov,  ovary;  t,  testi- 
cles ; tc,  transverse  canal ; ut,  uterus ; v,  vagina ; 
vc,  ventral  canal ; vd,  vas  deferens ; vg,  vitello- 
gene  gland.  X10.  (After  Leuckart,  1880,  p. 
665,  fig.  294.) 


Fig.  78. — Large  (a)  and  small  (6)  hooks  of  Pork-measle 
Tapeworm  (Taenia  solium).  X280.  (After  Leuckart, 
1880,  p.  661,  fig.  293.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  93 

upon  an  examination  of  the  tongue  and  muscles  of  mastication,  the 
muscles  of  the  shoulder,  neck,  and  diaphragm. 

The  parasite  of  hogs  which  is  most  liable  to  be  mistaken  for  C.  cellu- 
losae  is  the  large  bladder  worm  with  a long  neck  (C.  tenuicolUs , p.  96). 
The  latter  form,  which  is  not  transmissible  to  man,  occurs  under  the 
serous  membranes  of  the  body  cavities,  but  is  not  found  in  the  muscles; 
it  is  much  larger,  and  is  provided  with  more  hooks  (28  to  40)  than 
C.  cellulosae  (22  to  28). 

Frequency  of  Cysticercus  cellulosae  in  hogs. — Satisfactory  statistics 
regarding  the  presence  of  this  parasite  in  American  hogs  are  lacking; 
we  know,  however,  the  American  hogs  are  comparatively  free  from  this 
worm.  The  statistics  for  Prussia  are  quite  complete,  the  proportion  of 
infested  hogs  being  as  follows: 

1876  to  1882. — One  hog  infested  in  every  305  hogs  examined.  ( Johne,  after  Ostertag.) 

1886  to  1893. — One  hog  infested  in  every  637.5  hogs  examined. 1 

The  proportion  of  measly  hogs  appears  to  vary  in  different  localities. 
Thus  at  the  Berlin  abattoir  the  average  for  seven  years  was  1 infested 
hog  to  every  173  hogs  examined  (Ostertag).  In  south  Germany  the 
parasite  is  said  to  be  rare.  It  is  much  more  common  in  the  eastern 
Prussian  provinces  than  in  the  western,  as  shown  by  Ostertag  in  the 
following  statistics  for  1892 : 


Regierungsbezirk. 

Propor- 

tion. 

Regierungsbezirk. 

Propor- 

tion. 

Marienwerder  . . 

1:28 
1 :80 
1:108 

| 1:187 

j 1:250 

Arnsberg  

1:865 
1 :975 
1:1070* 

} 1:1900 

1:1290 

1:604 

Oppeln  . .......... 

Coblenz 

Konigsberg 

Diisseldorf 

Stalsund 

Munster 

Posen 

Wiesbaden 

Danzig 

Entire  Prussia 

Frankfurt 

Eastern  provinces 

Bromberg 

The  hogs  imported  into  Germany  from  Bussian  Poland,  Galicia, 
Bohemia,  and  Siberia  were  infested  in  much  higher  proportion  than  the 
German  hogs;  in  some  of  the  importations  the  proportion  ran  as  high 
as  50  per  cent  (Ostertag). 


1 The  totals  of  the  following  table  do  not  agree  with  the  totals  published  in  Ger- 
many, hut  are  made  upon  the  details  given  for  the  various  years.  Several  errors  in 
addition  were  noticed  in  the  German  statistics. 


Year. 

Hogs 

inspected. 

Hogs  in- 
fested 
with  C. 
cellulosae. 

Authority. 

1886  

4,  834,  898i 

5,  486,  41 6& 

6,  051,  2491 

5,  500,  678i 
5, 590,  512 

6,  550,182 
6, 134,  559 
6,  251,776 

10,126 
11,068 
10, 031 
8,  373 
5,492 
7,689 
9,364 
10,  640 

(Veroff.  d.  kais.  Gesundheits- 
j amtes,  1891,  p.  244. 

V Veroff.  d.  kais.  Gesundheits- 
j amtes,  1894,  p.  208. 

Veroff.  d.  kais.  Gesundheits- 
amtes,  1895,  p.  347. 

1887  

1888  

1889  

1890  

1891 

1892  

1893  

Total 

46,  400,  272 

72,  783 

94 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


Influence  of  the  age  of  the  host. — According  to  Gerlach  hogs  over  six 
months  old  will  not  become  infested  with  this  parasite,  but  this  is  not 
admitted  by  Fisclioder. 

Disposition  of  measly  pork.—  See  disposition  of  measly  beef,  p.  81. 
Since  Taenia  solium  is  more  dangerous  than  T.  saginata , the  regulations 
concerning  the  disposition  of  measly  pork  should  be  even  more  rigid 

than  those  concerning 
^ IH  I measly  beef.  . 1 ork  of 
-///*  I this  character  can  of 
course  be  sold  under 
declaration,  but  even 
this  is  not  advisable 
unless  the  meat  is 
first  rendered  noil-in- 
fectious. Cases  of 
so-called  “ single  in- 
fection”1 should  be 
treated  the  same  as 
cases  of  moderate  in- 
fection; In  very 
heavy  infections  (up 
to  20,000  bladder 
worms  may  occur  in 
a single  carcass)  the 
pork  is  watery  and  pale;  it  decomposes  easily,  and  has  a disagreeably 
sweet  taste.  Such  cases  should,  of  course,  be  condemned  to  the  tank. 

Cooking. — According  to  Perroncito,  C.  cellulosae  dies  at  45°  to  50°  C. 
( = 113°  to  122°  F.).  (See  also  p.  81.)  It  dies  in  1 minute  at  50°  C. 

Storage. — Living  specimens  of  C.  cellulosae  have  been  found  in  pork 
twenty-nine  days  after  slaughtering  (Rail- 
liet).  After  fourteen  to  nineteen  days  of 
cold  storage  at  —10°  to  —15°  C.  the  para- 
sites are  said  to  be  dead;  the  protoplasm 
has  become  viscid,  bluish  opaque,  and  the 
hooks  have  fallen.  More  observations  are 
needed  upon  this  subject. 

Effects  of  electricity. — Glage  has  experi- 
mented some  with  electricity  in  order  to 
kill  the  parasite  of  pork  measles,  but 
further  study  in  this  line  is  desirable  before  the  method  is  adopted. 


Fig.  81.— Gravid  segment  of  Pork-measle  Tapeworm  ( Taenia  solium), 
showing  the  lateral  branches  of  the  uterus,  enlarged  (original). 


Fig.  82.— Eggs  of  Pork-measle  Tape- 
worm (Taenia  solium) : a , with 
primitive  vitelline  membrane;  b, 
without  primitive  vitelline  mem- 
brane, hut  with  striated  embryo- 
phore.  X450.  (After  Leuckart, 
1880,  p.  667,  fig.  297.) 


THE  ADULT  AND  LARVAL  TAPEWORM  IN  MAN. 

See  discussion,  page  83.  It  should  always  be  recalled  that  the  Armed 
Tapeworm  is  more  dangerous  than  the  Unarmed  Tapeworm,  since,  as 
already  stated,  the  larva  as  well  as  the  adult  may  develop  in  man. 

1 During  the  year  1889-90  Berlin,  Prussia,  found  373  cases  of  alleged  single  infec- 
tion ; of  these,  56  cases  were  afterward  shown  to  contain  more  than  one  parasite. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  95 


Treatment. — See  page  87. 

Cysticercus  cellulosae  in  man. — This  infection  may  take  place  in  differ- 
ent ways;  a patient  may  either  soil  his  hands  with  the  microscopic  agg s 
during  defaecation  and  afterward  swallow  the  eggs;  or,  through  a 
reverse  peristaltic  movement  of  the  intestine,  gravid  segments  may  be 
carried  into  the  stomach,  where  the  shells  will  be  destroyed,  thus  free- 
ing the  embryos.  An  infection  through  a contaminated  water  supply 
may  also  take  place.  (See  Life  history,  p.  90.)  In  man  the  bladder 
worm  may  develop  in  the  muscles,  the  eye,  and  the  brain. 

The  following  statistics  upon  the  distribution  of  the  worm  in  various 
parts  of  the  body  have  been  compiled  from  different  sources : 


Locality. 

Parasite  found  in — 

Total 
number 
of  cases. 

Authority. 

Brain. 

Muscles. 

Heart. 

Lungs. 

Under 

skin. 

Liver. 

Dresden 

Erlangen 

Berlin 

Erlangen 

(?) 

} 21 
72 
33 
6 
5 

{ ai 

13 
6 
1 

} 3 
6 

3 

3 

2 

2 

f 22 

\ 14 

87 
21 
6 
5 

jMiiller. 

Dressel. 

Haug  (1874-1885). 

Gribbobra. 

Sievers. 

(?)--- 

Total .... 

117  32 

9 

3 

5 

2 155 

The  following  statistics  refer  to  the  presence  of  this  parasite  in  the 
eye: 


Locality. 

Total  num- 
ber of 
patients  or 
bodies. 

C.  cellu- 
losae in 
the  eye. 

Authority. 

Berlin 

/ 80, 000 

\ 60, 000 

/ 30,  000 

\ 43,  000 

60,  000 
30,  000 

80 

70 

1 

von  Grafe. 

Hirschberg  (1869-1885). 

Hirscbberg  (1886-1889). 

Hirschberg  (1890-1894). 

Mauthnerer}Parasite  in  CI^stallm  lens- 

Berlin 

Prance  

2 

1 

Austria 

7 

According  to  Virchow,  the  proportion  of  cysticercus  in  the  human 
cadavers  dissected  in  Berlin  has  been  reduced  from  1:31  (before  the 
introduction  of  meat  inspection)  to  1:280  (since  the  introduction  of 
meat  inspection). 

The  following  statistics,  collected  from  various  sources  by  Blanchard, 
refer  to  post-mortem  examinations : 


Locality. 

Number 
of  post- 
mortems. 

Number 

infected. 

; Proportion 
infected. 

Switzerland: 

Zurich 

2,  500 
1,100 
1,914 

1 

Per  1,000. 
2.5 
.0 

1.13 

6 

Basel 

0 

Basel 

6 

Germany : 

Kiel 

Erlangen 

6.  7 

Dresden 

11.3 
16.  4 

Berlin 

Berlin , 

12.5 

Prevention. — See  page  88. 


96 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


21.  The  Thin,  or  Long,  Necked  Bladder  Worm  ( Cysticercus  tenuicollis ) of  Cattle, 
Sheep,  and  Swine,  and  its  adult  stage,  The  Marginate  Tapeworm  (Taenia, 
marginata ) of  Dogs  and  Wolves. 

[Figs.  84-87 A,  88,  89B,  90-93.] 

Still  another  bladder  worm,  which  is  by  no  means  uncommon  in  the 

animals  of  this  country,  occurs  in  the 
body  cavity  of  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  and 
other  animals,  attached  to  the  dia- 
phragm, omentum,  Jiver,  or  other  organs. 

When  eaten  by  dogs  or  wolves,  it  de- 
velops into  the  Marginate  Tapeworm, 
which  was  formerly  confused  with  T. 
solium  of  man,  and  gave  rise  to  the  er- 
roneous idea  that  the  Pork-measle  Tape- 
worm occurs  in  dogs  as  well  as  in  man. 

Larval  stage  ( Cysticercus  tenuicollis). 

For  anatomical  characters,  compare 
tig.  84  with  key,  p.  21. 

Synonymy. — Taenia  liydatoidea  Pallas,  1760; 
T.  hydatigena  Pallas,  1766,  pro  parte;  Hydra 
hydatula  Linnaeus,  (1766);  Vermis  resicularis 
eremita  Bloch,  1782 ; Hydatigena  orbicularis  Goeze, 
1782 ; H.  globosa  Batsch,  1786 ; H.  oblonga  Batsch, 
1786;  Vesicaria  orbicularis  Schrank,  1788;  Taenia 
simiae  Gmelin,  1790;  T.  ferarum  Gmelin,  1790; 
T.  caprina  Gmelin,  1790;  T.  ovilla  Gmelin,  1790; 
T.  vervecina  Gmelin,  1790;  T.  bovina  Gmelin, 
1790;  T.  apri  Gmelin,  1790;  T.  globosa  (Batsch) 
Gmelin,  1790;  Hydatula  solitaria  Viborg,  (1795); 
Cysticercus clavatus  Zeder,  1803;  C.  simiae  (Gmelin) 
Zeder,  1803;  C.  caprinus  (Gmelin)  Zeder,  1803; 
C.  tenuicollis  Rudolphi,  1810;  C.  visceralis  simiae 
Rudolphi,  1810  (T.  simiae  Gmelin,  renamed);  C. 
Fig.  83.— Half  of  hog,  showing  the  por-  lineatus  Laennec,  1812;  C.  ovis  Cobbold,  1865; 
tions  most  likely  to  become  infested  Monostomum  liepaticum  s itis  Willach,  1893;  “ Cys- 
with  pork  measles.  (After  Ostertag,  (J  jj.  » tenuicouis  „f  gchneidemUbl,  1896. 

1895,  p.387,  fig.  79.)  See  p.  92.  _ ^ * ,,  ..  . 

Pre-Linnaean  names.— Hydatides  Bartholini, 

1673;  Vermes  vesiculares  Hartmann  (1685),  quoted  by  Pallas  as  Hydatis  animata; 
Lumbricus  hydropicus,  Tyson,  1691. 

Hosts. — Cattle,  sheep,  swine,  deer,  and  other  animals.  (See  pp.  137-143.) 

Adult  stage  ( Taenia  marginata  Batsch,  1782). 

For  anatomical  characters,  compare  figs.  85-89  with  key,  p.  101. 

Synonymy. — See  also  pp.  89-90.  Taenia  solium  Linnaeus,  1758,  pro  parte ; T.  cateni- 
formis  Goeze,  1782,  pro  parte;  T.  marginata  Batsch,  1782;  T.  lupina  Schrank,  (1788); 
T.  cateniformis  lupi  Gmelin,  1790;  Halysis  marginata  (Batsch)  Zeder,  1803;  also 
“T.  solium”  of  dogs,  of  several  medical  authors. 

Bibliography. — For  technical  discussion,  see  Deffke,  1891. 

Hosts. — Dog  and  wolf.  (See  pp.  137-143.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  97 


Fig.  84. — The  Thin-necked 
Bladder  Worm  ( Cysticer - 
cus  tenuicollis) , with  head 
extruded  from  body,  from 
cavity  of  a steer,  natural 
size  (original) . 


Life  history.— In  tracing  the  life  history  it  is  best  to  begin  with  the 
egg,  produced  by  the 
adult  tapeworm  in  the 
intestine  of  dogs.  These 
eggs,  containing  a six- 
hooked  embryo,  escape 
from  the  dog  with  the 
excrements  and  are  scat- 
tered on  the  ground, 
either  singly  or  confined 
in  the  escaping  seg- 
ments of  the  tapeworm. 

Once  upon  the  ground 
they  are  easily  washed 
along  by  rain  into  the 
drinking  water,  ponds,  or  brooks,  or  scat- 
tered on  the  grass.  Upon  being  swallowed 
with  fodder  or  water,  they  arrive  in  the 
stomach  of  the  intermediate  host  (cattle, 
sheep,  etc.),  where  the  eggshells  are  de- 
stroyed and  the  embryos  set  free.  The  em- 
bryos then  traverse  the  intestinal  wall,  and 
according  to  most  authors  arrive  either  act- 
ively, by  crawling,  or  passively,  by  being 
carried  along  by  the  blood,  in  the  liver  or 
lungs,  where  they  undergo  certain  transfor- 
mations in  structure.  While  still  in  the  finer 
branches  of  the  blood  vessels  of  the  liver, 
which  they  transform  into  small  irregularly 
shaped  tubes  about  12  to  15  mm.  long  and  1 
to  1.5  mm.  broad,  the  embryos  lose  their  six 
hooks,  and  develop  into  small  round  kernels, 
which  are  generally  situated  at  one  end  of 
the  tubes.  The  embryo  can  first  be  seen 
about  four  days  after  infection.  The  u scars” 

(figs.  91  and  92)  described  in  the  liver  of 
animals  infested  with  Cysticercus  tenuicollis 
are  nothing  more  nor  less  than  these  tubes, 
or  altered  blood  vessels,  caused  by  the  growth 
and  wandering  of  the  parasites.  In  a shoat 
which  Leuckart  infected  with  eggs,  and 
which  he  killed  twenty- three  days  after  the 
infection,  he  found  two  young  cysticerci  in 
the  liver  6 to  8.5  mm.  long  and  3.5  to  5 mm. 
broad.  In  the  smaller  parasite  no  head  was 
visible;  in  the  larger,  one  end  was  slightly 
differentiated  and  evidently  represented  the  anlage  (primordium)  of  the 
5257— No.  19 7 


(Taenia  marginata),  natural  size 
(original). 


98 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


scolex — that  is,  the  head  and  neck  in  course  of  development.  The  por- 
tion which  was  destined  to  give  rise  to  the  head  and  neck  was  a small 
projection  extending  into  the  cavity  of  the  hydatid.  At  about  this 
stage,  or  a few  days  later,  the  parasites  leave  the  liver,  fall  into  the 
body  cavity,  and  become  encysted  again  in  the  organs  mentioned  above. 

A month  after  infecting  another  shoat,  Leuck- 
art  found  cysticerci  in  the  body  cavity,  with 
partially  developed  suckers  and  hooks.  Six 
weeks  after  the  infection  of  another  shoat,  he 
found  cysticerci  15  mm.  long  encysted  in  the 
omentum,  and  with  fully  developed  scolex. 
Three  months  after  infecting  a lamb,  he  found 
cysticerci  twice  as  large.  Experiments  have 
also  been  made  by  other  authors  (Baillet,  Kiich- 
enmeister,  Railliet,  etc.),  most  of  them  agreeing 
with  Leuckartfs  experiment. 

Curtice,  however,  takes  a somewhat  different  view, 
that  is,  he  considers  the  liver  as  a place  of  destruction 
for  the  young  parasites,  rather  than  a normal  place  for 
their  development ; he  also  claims  that  the  embryos  which  may  even  travel  the  entire 
length  of  the  intestine  of  the  intermediate  host,  traverse  the  intestine  and  arrive 
directly  in  the  position  where  they  complete  their  larval  development  without  first 
passing  through  the  liver. 

After  developing  into  the  full-grown  bladder  worm,  the  parasites 
remain  unchanged  until  they  are  devoured  by  a dog  or  wolf,  or  until, 


Fig.  86.— HeadoftheMarginate 
Tapeworm  ( Taenia  margi • 
nata).  X 17.  (Original.) 


y?  j??  ^s. 


Fig.  87. — Small  and  large  hooks  of  (A)  ( Taenia  marginata ),  (B)  I.serrata , and  (C)  T.coenurus:  a , 
small  hooks ; b,  large  hoo.ks.  X 480.  (After  Deffke,  1891,  PI.  II,  fig.  9.) 


after  an  undetermined  length  of  time,  they  become  disintegrated  and 
more  or  less  calcified. 

If  the  hydatid  is  devoured  by  a dog  or  wolf,  either  when  the  latter  prey 
upon  the  secondary  host  or  when  the  dog  obtains  the  cyst  at  a slaugh- 
terhouse, the  bladder  portion  is  destroyed,  the  scolex  alone  remaining 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  99 

intact  in  the  digestive  fluids.  The  head  holds  fast  to  the  intestinal 
wall  with  its  suckers  and  hooks;  by  strobilation  (transverse  division)  it 


Fig.  88. — Sexually  mature  segment  of  the  Marginate  Tapeworm  ( Taenia  marginata) : cp,  cirrus  pouch; 
gp,  genital  pore;  n,  nerve;  ov,  ovary;  sg,  shell  gland;  t,  testicles ; tc,  transverse  canal;  ut,  uterus; 
v , vagina ; vc,  ventral  canal ; vd,  vas  deferens ; vg,  vitellogene  gland.  Enlarged.  ( After  Deffke,  1891, 
PI.  I,  fig,  1.) 

gives  rise  to  the  segments,  which,  as  we  have  already  seen,  together 
with  the  head,  go  to  make  up  the  adult  tapeworm.  Reproductive 
organs  of  both  sexes  develop  in  the  separate  segments,  and  eggs  are 


Fig.  89 — Gravid  segments,  showing  the  lateral  branches  of  the  uteri  of  (A)  Taenia  serrata,  X 4;  (B) 
T.  marginata,  X 6;  (C)  T.coenurus,  X 10-15.  (After  Leuckart,  1880,  p.  720,  fig,  308.) 

produced  within  which  are  developed  the  six-hooked  embryos,  the  point 
from  which  we  started  out. 

The  disease  in  cattle,  sheep , and  hogs. — As  a rule,  this  bladder  worm  is 
a comparatively  harmless  parasite,  a light  infection  having  little  or  no 


100 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


effect  upon  the  host.  A heavy  infection  may,  however,  prove  fatal  to 
young  animals. 

So  far  as  I know,  only  one  case  is  on  record  where  this  parasite  has  proven  fatal  to 
cattle — probably  from  the  fact  that  no  severe  infections  have  yet  been  found ; and 
from  our  present  knowledge  of  the  subject,  it  can  be  confi- 
dently asserted  that  a.  slight  infection  has  little  or  no  effect 
upon  this  host.  In  experiments  which  have  been  made  upon 
sheep  and  pigs,  it  has  been  noticed  that  heavy  infections 
have  not  only  produced  decided  symptoms  but  have  proved 
fatal  to  the  animals  named.  Several  cases  (Leuckart, 
Zschokke,  Railliet)  are  also  reported  where  pigs  have  died 
from  the  effects  of  these  parasites  which  were  accidentally 
acquired  with  their  food.  In  all  of  these  cases  the  infection 
was  very  heavy.  The  parasites  had  caused  peritonitis  and 
pleurisy  by  their  migrations  from  the  liver  and  lungs  to  the 
body  cavities.  In  a case  recently  described  by  Railliet,  a 
shoat  of  two  months  succumbed  to  the  disease.  Baillet  made 
numerous  experiments  on  lambs  and  on  young  goats,  the  animals  dying  in  ten  to 
fifteen  days  (a  primordium  of  the  scolex  was  noticed  on  cysts  fifteen  days  old) . In  one 
of  Railliet’s  experiments  a goat  died  in  five  days. 

There  is  no  way  of  positively  diagnosing  when  an  animal  is  infested  with 
these  larvae,  as  the  symptoms  noticed  on  experimental  animals  apply 


Fig.  91.— Portion  of  the  liver  of  a lamb  which  died  nine  days  after  feeding  with  eggs  of  the  Marginate 
Tapeworm  (Taenia  marginata ),  with  numerous  “scars,”  due  to  young  parasites.  (After  Curtice, 
1890,  PL  X,  fig.  1.) 

equally  well  to  other  infections.  Diagnosis  being  uncertain  or  even 
impossible,  it  is  useless  to  discuss  treatment,  except  to  remark  that 
the  parasite  can  not  be  reached  with  medicines;  so  that  any  treatment 
advised  would  be  simply  that  advocated  for  pleurisy  or  peritonitis. 


Fig.  90.— Egg  of  the  Mar- 
ginate Tapeworm  ( Tae- 
nia marginata ) with 
six-hooked  embryo, 
greatly  magnified 
(original). 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  101 


Prevention  is  a comparatively  easy  matter  and  lies  in  keeping  dogs 
free  from  tapeworms. 

ABATTOIR  INSPECTION. 

So  far  as  the  question  of  using  beef,  mutton,  or  pork  from  animals 
infested  with  Cysticercus  tenuicollis  as  food  for  man  is  concerned,  this 
parasite  is  of  no  importance  whatever ; for  although  several  authors 
have  attempted  to  infect  themselves  with  tapeworms  by  swallowing 
this  larva,  all  such  experiments  have  been  negative. 

Differential  diagnosis. — Infection  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs  by 
G.  tenuicollis  may  be  mistaken  for  infection  by  C.  bovis  (p.  71),  G.  cellulo- 
sae  (p.  89),  Echinococcus  (p.  113),  and  even  for  tuberculosis , but  the  differ- 
ential diagnosis  should  not  be  difficult.  For  the  differences  between  the 
Long  necked  Bladder  Worm  and  the  other  three  larvae,  seethe  discus- 
sions of  those  parasites.  The  condition  of  the  corresponding  lymphatic 
glands  in  tuberculosis  of  the  host,  as  well  as  the  hooks  and  calcareous 


Fig.  92.— Cross  section  of  the  liver  of  a lamb  which  died  nine  days  after  feeding  with  eggs  of  the  Margi- 
nate  Tapeworm  (Taenia  marginata) . (After  Curtice,  1890,*P1.  X,  fig.  2.) 

corpuscles  of  G.  tenuicollis , allow  a differentiation  of  degenerated  and 
calcified  specimens  of  this  parasite  from  tuberculosis. 

Frequency  of  C.  tenuicollis. — In  some  countries  the  larval  stage  is 
common,  especially  in  sheep.  Olt  found  it  in  26.4  per  cent  of  the  sheep 
(132  times  in  500  sheep)  examined  at  Stettin,  Germany.  It  occurs  in 
America,  Europe,  Africa,  and  probably  elsewhere. 

In  connection  with  this  parasite  it  is  necessary  to  consider  the  adult 
tapeworms  found  in  dogs. 

THE  ADULT  TAPEWORMS  OF  DOGS. 

The  Marginate  Tapeworm  is  unfortunately  not  the  only  tapeworm  in 
the  dog  which  proves  harmful  to  our  flocks.  The  following  key  will 
aid  in  determining  the  most  common  canine  forms  and  show  the  source 
of  infection : 

Key  to  the  Adult  Tapeworms  of  Dogs. 

[For  the  forms  transmissible  to  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine  follow  Roman  type.] 


(1)  Four  suckers  on  the  head Family  Taeniidae,  2. 

Two  suckers  on  the  head  ; genital  pores  ventro-median Bothriocephalus. 


102 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


(2)  Head  armed  with  hooks ; genital  pores  marginal 3. 

Head  not  armed  with  hooTcs ; genital  pores  ventro-median Mesocestoides. 

(3)  Head  armed  with  a double  row  of  hooks ; genital  pores  on  only  one  side  of  each 

segment 4. 

Head  very  small,  with  about  60  hooks  arranged  in  4 rows;  body  10  to  40  cm.  long , 
with  80  to  120  quadrate  to  elliptical  segments,  the  largest  of  which  may  measure  1.5 
to  3 mm.  broad  by  8 to  10  mm.  long  ; eggs  in  round  capsules,  about  250  in  number, 
with  5 to  20  eggs  in  each  capsule;  eggs  measure  43  to  50  /x  ; larval  stage  in  fleas  and 
lice,  which  may  transmit  the  worm  to  dogs  or  to  man Dipylidium  caninum. 

(4)  Body  small,  4 to  5 mm.  long,  with  only  3 to  4 segments,  the  largest  of  which  may 

measure  0.6  mm.  broad  by  2 mm.  long;  28  to  50  hooks  on  the  head;  about  60 
testicles  present  in  a segment ; embryophores  32  to  36  fx  by  25  to  30  ju.  The 
eggs  are  transmissible  to  man,  oxen,  sheep,  pigs,  horses,  and  other  mammals, 
and  develop  into  the  larval  stage  (the  Echinococcus  hydatid),  which  is  very 
dangerous.  All  dogs  found  infested  with  this  worm  should  be  killed  and 
burned Taenia  echinococcus , p.  113. 


Body  much  larger  and  with  many  more  segments 5. 

(5)  Segments  somewhat  broader  than  long,  or  square,  or  longer  than  broad 6. 


Segments  much  broader  than  long,  except  the  distal  segments  which  suddenly  elongate; 
head  small,  with  26  to  34  hooks;  genital  pore  unusually  large  and  prominent; 


embryophores  30  jx.  Larval  stage  develops  in  the  reindeer Taenia  Krabbei. 

(6)  Ventral  root  of  hooks  simple 7. 

Ventral  root  of  smaller  hooks  bifid 8. 


(7)  Strobila  40  to  60  cm.  long,  rarely  1 m. ; head  pyriform,  0.8  mm.  in  diameter,  with 

22  to  32  hooks,  the  larger  hooks  150  to  170  jx  long;  220  to  250  segments  present; 
distal  12  to  15  segments  measure  8 to  12  mm.  long  by  3 to  4 mm.  broad;  18  to 
26  uterine  branches  (fig.  89  C)  each  side  of  median  stem;  about  200  testicles  in 
each  segment ; embryophores  spherical,  31  to  36  ju.  Transmissible  from  dogs 
to  lambs  and  calves,  in  which  animals  it  causes  “Gid”..  Taenia  coenurus,  p.  103. 

Strobila  1.5  to  5 m.  long;  head  renal  to  square,  1 mm.  broad,  with  28  to  44 
hooks,  the  larger  hooks  188  to  220  jx  long;  650  to  700  segments  present;  distal 
50  to  70  segments  measure  10  to  14  mm.  long  by  4 to  7 mm.  broad;  5 to  6 or  8 
uterine  branches  (fig.  89  B)  each  side  of  median  stem;  about  600  testicles  in 
each  segment;  embryophores  spherical,  31  to  3 6 ju.  Transmissible  from  dogs 
to  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  etc Taenia  marginata,  p.  96. 

(8)  Strobila  45  to  72  cm.  long;  head  globular,  0.85  to  1.3  mm.  in  diameter,  ivith  26  to  32 

hooks,  the  larger  ofivhich  measure  135  to  156  ju  long;  largest  segments  8 to  16  mm. 
long  with  prominent  posterior  edge;  embryophores  ovoid,  33  to  41  jx  by  26  to  31  /x. 
Transmissible  to  rabbits  and  hares. ... Taenia  serialis. 

Strobila  60  cm.  to  2 m.  long;  head  1 to  3 mm.  in  diameter,  with  38  to  48  hooks,  the 
largest  measuring  225  to  250  fx  long;  about  400  segments  present,  of  which  the  distal 
30  to  40  measure  10  to  17  mm.  long  by  4 to  6 mm.  broad;  posterior  edge  of  segments 
very  prominent,  giving  strobila  a serrate  appearance;  about  400  testicles  in  each 
segment;  uterus  with  8 to  10  lateral  branches  (fig.  89  A)  each  side  of  median 
stem;  embryophores  ovoid,  36  to  40  jx  by  31  to  36  /x.  Transmissible  to  rabbits  and 
hares Taenia  serrata. 

Tapeworm,  disease  in  dogs. — It  is  the  exception  that  the  presence  of 
tapeworms  in  dogs  is  diagnosed  symptomatically,  since  in  the  majority 
of  cases,  especially  in  light  infections,  these  parasites  do  not  affect 
dogs  to  such  an  extent  as  to  attract  attention.  Many  a house  dog 
or  hunting  dog  harbors  tapeworms  without  their  presence  ever  being 
suspected.  In  some  cases,  however,  the  worms  cause  more  or  less  seri- 
ous pathological  lesions  in  the  intestine,  which  naturally  bring  about 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  103 


pronounced  symptoms,  although  the  direct  cause  of  the  trouble  is  not 
always  apparent  to  the  diagnostician. 

The  general  symptoms  exhibited  are  a change  in  appetite,  disposi- 
tion to  vomit,  general  restlessness,  occasionally  cramps. 

The  smaller  species  of  tapeworms,  Taenia  echinococcus  and  Dipylidium 
caninum , have  been  accredited  with  doing  more  harm  than  the  larger 
forms  ( T . marginata , T.  serrata,  T.  coenurus , and  T.  serialis  and  Botlirio- 
cephalus).  A heavy  infection  of  T.  echinococcus  may  cause  a severe,  in 
some  cases  fatal,  intestinal  inflammation,  with  hemorrhage,  the  dog 
exhibiting  epileptic  symptoms  or  even  symptoms  which  might  be  mis- 
taken for  hydrophobia — change  of  voice,  tendency  to  bite,  weakness, 
paralysis  of  lower  jaw,  etc.  Dipylidium  caninum  occasionally  bores 
tunnels  in  the  mucosa  of  the  intestine  “ through  which  the  strobila 
is  drawn,  much  like  a train  of  cars.”  Schieferdeeker  found  a peculiar 
hypertrophy  of  the  intestinal  villi  in  a dog  infested  with  this  para- 
site, the  villi  being  four  to  five  times  the  normal  length ; the  glands 
of  Lieberkiihn  were  more  or  less  atrophied.  The  same  severe  symp- 
toms mentioned  for  infection  with  T.  echinococcus  have 
also  been  noticed  in  dogs  infested  with  D.  caninum. 

An  accumulation  of  tapeworms  may  result  in  a stop 
page  of  the  bowels,  and  cases  are  on  record  of  per 
foration  of  the  intestinal  wall  by  T.  serrata. 

The  nervous  symptoms  are  more  pronounced  in 
high-strung  dogs.  Regarding  frequency,  it  may  be 
stated  that  tapeworms  are  more  common  in  butchers’ 
dogs  and  stray  dogs  having  access  to  slaughterhouses 
than  in  other  dogs.  It  is  claimed  by  some  authors 
that  male  dogs  are  more  frequently  infested  than 
female  dogs,  and  that  tapeworms  are  more  common 
in  large  dogs  and  in  dogs  from  1 to  3 years  old  than  in  small  dogs  and 
animals  under  1 year  of  age. 

The  best  method  of  diagnosis  is  to  examine  the  faeces  for  segments 
or  eggs.  In  some  cases  the  attention  of  the  diagnostician  is  attracted 
to  expelled  segments  by  the  dog’s  licking  around  the  anus  or  his  u slid- 
ing” on  the  anus.  A mild  laxative  will  generally  result  in  the  expul- 
sion of  a few  segments,  and  this  method  of  confirming  suspicions  is 
occasionally  used. 

Even  if  segments  are  not  found  in  the  excreta,  it  is  a good  plan  to 
treat  the  dogs  for  tapeworms,  so  as  to  remove  all  doubts  as  to  their 
presence.  Dogs  which  come  in  contact  with  herds  should  certainly  be 
treated  occasionally  to  prevent  any  possibility  of  infecting  the  stock 
animals. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  larval  stages  of  three  of  these  tapeworms 
are  injurious  to  stock  animals,  namely,  T.  marginata , T.  coenurus , and 
T.  echinococcus. 

The  larvae  of  the  others  are  of  comparatively  little  economic  irnpor- 


MW 

l a 


Fig.  93.— Young  cysti- 
cerci  ( Cysticercustenui- 
collis)  of  the  Margin- 
ate  Tapeworm  ( Taenia 
marginata ),  natural 
size.  (After  Curtice, 
1890,  PL  X,fig.  3a.) 


104 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


tance,  although  it  may  be  remarked  that  the  larvae  of  T.  serrata  are 
sometimes  fatal  to  rabbits,  while  the  adult  D.  caninum  sometimes  occurs 
in  children,  who  become  infected  with  it  by  too  intimate  association 
with  dogs.  While  playing  with  dogs  they  unconsciously  get  fleas  upon 
themselves  which  they  afterwards  swallow.  The  fleas  are  digested  and 
the  larvae  contained  in  their  bodies,  becoming  free  in  the  intestine, 
develop  into  tapeworms. 

It  is  very  difficult  to  distinguish  between  the  adult  forms  of  T . coenu- 
rus  and  T.  serialis.  The  later  is  quite  common  in  America. 

If  T.  echinococcus  is  found  to  be  present  in  a dog,  the  safest  plan  is 
to  kill  the  dog  and  burn  its  carcass.  The  larval  form  of  this  parasite 
is  so  dangerous  to  man  that  it  is  not  safe  to  have  the  dog  around  or 
to  handle  it,  as  is  necessary  in  administering  the  treatment. 

Taenia  marginata  develops  in  the  dog,  as  stated  elsewhere,  in  about 
ten  to  twelve  weeks;  T.  serrata  in  about  eight  weeks;  T.  coenurus  in 
two  and  a half  to  eight  weeks. 

The  table  following,  giving  the  more  common  tapeworms  in  dogs,  has 
been  compiled  from  the  various  sources  cited,  and  shows  the  compara- 
tive frequency  of  the  various  forms.  There  are  as  yet  no  extensive 
statistics  for  this  country. 


Number  and  percentage  of  dogs  infested  with  tapeworms. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  105 


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106 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


Treatment.1 — The  method  of  treatment  is  much  the  same  as  that  fol- 
lowed in  tapeworm  disease  of  man ; first  prepare  the  patient  by  feeding 
him  on  a light  diet  of  milk,  soup,  bread,  etc.,  and  then  administer 
anthelmintics.  It  is  important  that  the  dog  should  be  confined  during 
the  entire  period  of  preparation  and  treatment. 

In  selecting  a remedy,  it  is  well  to  consider  the  following  drugs.  The 


Fig.  94. — Skull  of  a sheep  showing  the  brain  infested  with  a Gid  Bladder  Worm”-  (Coenurus  cerebralis ), 
f natural  size.  (After  Railliet,  1893,  p.  256,  flg.  150.)  Seep.  108. 

doses  (apothecaries7  weight)  here  given  and  the  remarks  on  the  drugs 
are  abstracted  from  French  (1896). 

The  doses  of  pelletierine  tannate  are,  for  adults,  5 to  15  grains;  puppies,  ■§•  to  5 
grains.  Pelletierine  is  undoubtedly  the  most  efficient  and  innocuous  taeuiacide 
for  the  dog  we  possess,  but  is  not  much  used  on  account  of  its  expense.  French 

xIn  this  connection  consult  French,  1896,  and  Curtice,  1890,  pp.  77-78. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  107 

has  frequently  found  it  most  useful  when  the  stomach  has  refused  to  retain  other 
remedies.  It  should  be  administered  in  gelatin-capsular  form  in  conjunction  with 
powdered  purgatives. 

Aspidium  is  perhaps  the  most  reliable  of  all  the  vermifuges,  with  the  exception  of 
pelletierine.  For  everyday  practice  it  is  to  be  preferred  to  all  other  remedies  when 
given  in  the  form  of  oleoresin.  Doses  : For  adults,  15  to  40  minims;  puppies,  5 to  15 
minims.  The  dose  of  the  liquid  extract  is  the  same. 

Kamala  is  a very  efficient  taeniacide  with  drastic  purgative  properties.  Given  in 
small  amount  as  an  adjunct  to  other  taeniacides,  particularly  to  the  oleoresin  of 
male  fern,  it  will  be  found  a very  valuable 
remedy.  Doses:  Adults,  15  to  30  grains; 
puppies,  3 to  15  grains. 

Brayera  (U.  S.  P.),  Cusso  (B.  P.),  yields 
kosin  or  koussin,  to  which  it  owes  its  taeni- 
acidal  properties.  It  is  one  of  the  best  and 
safest  taeniacides,  its  action  being  directly 
toxic  to  the  worm,  but  it  is  too  expensive 
for  ordinary  practice.  The  infusion  ( In - 
fusum  brayerae,  U.  S.  P.)  and  fluid  extract 
( Extractum  brayerae  fluidum ) are  both  too 
bulky  and  disagreeable  for  administration 
to  dogs.  Kosin  may  be  given  in  capsules  in 
doses:  Adults,  10  to  40  grains;  puppies,  10 
to  20  grains.  The  drug  usually  acts  as  its 
own  cathartic,  but  it  is  better  to  employ 
some  adjunct  for  this  purpose. 

Powdered  areca  nut,  when  freshly  ground, 
is  a very  good  remedy  for  tapeworm.  When 
old,  it  will  generally  be  found  inert;  conse- 
quently, it  is  best  always  to  purchase  the 
nut  and  grind  or  grate  on  an  ordinary  nut- 
meg grater.  It  is  still  largely  used  by  British 
veterinarians  and  is  a favorite  with  some 
Americans,  but  it  can  not  be  regarded  as 
being  either  as  effectual  or  easy  of  adminis- 
tration as  the  two  preceding  drugs.  Its 
effects  on  puppies  are  not  unattended  with 
danger,  on  account  of  its  great  astringency ; Fig.  95.— An  adult  Gid  Tapeworm  (Taenia  coe- 
but  with  due  regard  to  subsequent  purga-  nurus),  natural  size.  (After  Eailliet,  1896,  p. 

tion  it  is  a perfectly  safe  remedy.  Mayhew’s  135;  see  also  figs.  86c  and  88c.)  Seep, 

method  of  prescribing  1 to  2 grains  to  every 

pound  weight  of  the  dog  is  usually  followed,  but  the  smaller  quantity  will  generally 
suffice,  provided  the  powder  is  freshly  ground.  It  may  be  conveniently  given  in 
gelatin  capsules,  accompanied  or  followed  by  a purgative. 

Turpentine  is  a powerful  remedy  against  tapeworms,  but  it  is  regarded  as  being 
somewhat  dangerous  from  its  liability  to  produce  strangury  and  renal  inflammation. 
These  effects  are  said  to  be  less  pronounced  after  large  than  after  small  doses;  but 
large  doses  are  more  liable  to  cause  gastric  and  enteric  inflammations.  It  can  hardly, 
therefore,  rank  with  the  best  remedies.  Administer  in  emulsion  with  white  of  an 
egg,  mucilage,  milk  or  oil.  Doses : Adults,  10  to  15  minims;  puppies,  3 to  10  minims. 

Dr.  Hoskins  has  had  very  satisfactory  results  with  this  drug  in  puppies  under  6 
months  of  age  and  has  never  noticed  any  gastric  or  renal  results.  In  very  young 
puppies  he  rarely  gives  over  2 minims,  carrying  it  up  to  10  minims,  and  repeating 
for  two  or  three  days  on  an  empty  stomach  iD  the  morning,  allowing  no  food  for  an 
hour  or  two  after  its  administration. 


108 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


The  following  suggestions  as  to  doses,  compiled  from  various  sources, 
are  taken  from  Curtice  (1890) : 

(1)  Allow  2 grains  of  freshly  powdered  areca  nut  for  each  pound  of  the  dog’s 

weight ; administerdoseinsoup  orrnilk, 
stirrin  g it  well,  or  by  mixing  it  in  butter 
or  molasses.  Follow  in  two  hours  with 
a tablespoonful  of  castor  oil  for  a mod- 
erate-sized dog,  giving  the  oil  alone  or 
in  three  times  its  quantity  of  milk. 

Ziirn  advises  4 drachms  of  areca  nut 
for  a large  dog;  2£  drachms  for  a me- 
dium-sized animal,  and  1 drachm  for 
a small  dog. 

(2)  One  teaspoonful  of  turpentine 
and  two  tablespoon sful  of  castor  oil 
given  in  a cup  of  milk ; the  final  dose 
of  physic  is  not  given  in  this  case. 

(3)  Twenty  drops  of  oil  of  male 
shield  fern,  30  drops  of  turpentine,  and 
60  drops  of  ether.  Beat  together  with 
one  egg  and  give  to  the  dog  in  soup. 

(4)  Hagen  advises  80  grains  of  oxide 
of  copper  with  40  grains  each  of  pow- 


worm  ( Taenia  coenurus) : cp,  cirrus  pouch ; gp,  geni- 
tal pore ; n , nerve ; ov,  ovary ; sg,  shell  gland ; t,  tes- 
ticles; tc,  transverse  canal;  ut,  uterus;  v,  vagina; 
vc,  ventral  canal;  vd,  vas  deferens;  vg,  vitellogene 
gland.  X 20.  (After  Deffke,  1891,  PI.  I,  fig.  3.) 


with  sufficient  water  to  make  an  ad- 


Administer  one  pill  three  times  daily 
for  ten  days  in  meat  or  butter. 

(5)  Roll  prescribes  the  following  dose 
for  large  dogs ; smaller  doses  should  be 
given  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  dog: 

(a)  Two  drachms  each  of  extract  of  male  fern  and  of  powdered  male  fern  ; or — 

( b ) Decoction  of  2^  ounces  of  pomegranate-root  bark  in  water,  reduced  to  6 fluid 
ounces,  to  which  add  1 drachm 
of  extract  of  male  fern.  Give 
in  two  doses,  at  intervals  of 
one  hour;  or — 

(c)  One-half  to  1 ounce  of 
kousso,  made  into  pills,  with 
honey  or  molasses  and  a little 
meal;  or — 

(d)  From  1^  to  2£  drachms 
of  kamala,  stirred  with  honey 
or  water,  and  given  in  two 
doses  inside  of  an  hour. 


Fig.  97.— Brain  of  a lamb  infested  with  young  Gid  Bladder  worms 
(Coenurus  cerebralis),  natural  size.  (After  Leuckart,  1880,  p., 
456,  fig.  206.) 


[a,  b,  and  c,  should  be  followed  in  two  hours,  with  castor  oil,  but  this  is  not 
necessary  for  d.] 

After  treatment,  all  the  faeces  passed  during  the  confinement  of  the 
patient  should  be  collected  and  burned  or  buried  in  quicklime. 


22.  The  Gid  Bladder  Worm  ( Coenurus  cerebralis)  of  Sheep  and  Calves,  and  its 
adult  stage,  The  Gid  Tapeworm  ( Taenia  coenurus ) of  Dogs. 

[Figs.  87  C,  89  C,  94-100.] 

The  Gid  Bladder  Worm  is  an  important  and  dangerous  parasite  to 
the  sheep  industry,  but  fortunately  it  does  not  seem  to  be  prevalent  in 
this  country. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  109 
Larval  stage  ( Coenurus  cerebralis). 

For  anatomical  characters,  compare  figs.  97,  99, 100  with  key,  p.  21. 

Synonymy. — Vermis  vesicularis  socialis  Bloch,  1782;  Taenia  resicularis  Goeze,  1782; 
Multiceps  Goeze,  1782;  Hydatigena  cerebralis  Batsch,  1786;  Yesicaria  socialis  Sclirank, 
(1788);  Taenia  cerebralis  (Batsch)  Gmelin,  1790;  Polycephalus  ovinus  Zeder,  1803;  P. 
bovinus  Zeder,  1803;  Coenurus  cerebralis  (Batsch)  Rudolphi,  1808. 

Hosts.  — Calves,  sheep,  mufflon,  goat,  roedeer,  reindeer,  dromedary,  horse.  (See 
pp.  137-143.) 

Adult  stage  ( Taenia  coenurus  Kiichenmeister,  1853). 

For  anatomical  characters,  compare  figs.  95  and  96  with  key,  p.  101. 

Bibliography. — For  technical  discussion,  see  especially  Deffke  (1891). 

Hosts. — Dogs  and  wolves.  (See  pp.  137-143.) 

Life  history. — Starting  with  the  adult  worm  (fig.  95)  in  the  intestine 


Fig.  98. — Sheep’s  skull,  the  hind  portion  thin  and  perforated,  due  to  the  presence  of  Gid  Bladder  worms 
( Coenurus  cerebralis).  (After  Dewitz,  1892,  p.  65,  fig.  47.) 

of  the  dog,  the  eggs  are  scattered  on  the  ground,  living  three  to  four 
weeks  in  a moist  place,  and  are  taken  in  by  the  sheep  or  cattle  along 
with  the  fodder  or  water.  On  becoming  free  in  the  intestine,  the 
embryo  bores  through  the  intestinal  wall  and  reaches  the  brain  or  spinal 
cord,  probably  aided  in  its  wanderings  by  the  blood  current.  Arriving 
in  the  brain,  the  young  worm  loses  its  hooks  and  develops  into  a cyst 
(fig.  97),  which  preserves  for  some  time  the  power  of  locomotion  and  bur- 


110 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


rows  small  galleries  or  canals  in  the  nervous  tissue,  the  canal  gradually 
growing  larger  as  the  parasite  increases  in  size.  In  fourteen  to  nine- 
teen days  after  infection,  small  (0.5  to  1.5  mm.)  cysts  are  found  in  the 
brain  substance,  and  similar  structures  are  sometimes  found  in  the 
muscles,  especially  of  older  animals.  Those  in  the  muscles  generally 
atrophy  in  a short  time,  but  those  in  the  brain 1 continue  to  grow,  in 
twenty-five  to  forty-five  days,  causing  the  symptoms  of  “gid77  or  u stag- 
gers ; 77  in  fifty  days  they  reach  the  size  of  a hazelnut  and  show  the 

anlagen  (primordii)  of  the  scolices;  in  two  to 

The  heads  (figs.  99, 100)  form  in  invaginations 
generally  at  one  end  of  the  cyst,  the  invagi- 
nations growing  in  a bunch.  If  these  heads 
are  fed  to  dogs  they  develop  into  adult  tape- 
worms, which  produce  eggs  after  about2  four 
to  eight  weeks. 

The  disease  in  calves  and  lambs. — As  inti- 
mated above,  lambs  are  much  more  subject  to 
the  “gid77  than  are  older  animals,  a fact  which 
according  to  some  authors  finds  its  explana- 
tion in  the  circumstance  that  the  embryos 
can  not  force  their  way  through  the  tissues  of  adults,  but  owing  to 
the  more  pliable  condition  of  the  tissues  of  young  animals  they  are 
able  to  penetrate  to  the  brain  without  difficulty.  In  the  case  of  cat- 
tle, however,  although  the  disease  is  more  frequent  in  animals  a year 
or  so  old,  it  is  not  so  rare  to  find  4-year  old  or  6-year  old  cows  also 
infested  with  the  parasite. 

Three  stages  of  the  disease  are  recognized:  (1)  The  period  of  infec- 

1 While  generally  found  in  the  nervous  centers  (brain,  more  rarely  in  the  spinal 
cord),  it  has  also  been  reported  once  in  the  connective  tissue  of  sheep  (Eichler),  once 
under  the  skin  of  a calf  (Nathusius),  and  one  extremely  doubtful  case  has  been 
reported  to  us  from  Minnesota  of  its  occurrence  under  the  skin  of  a horse.  This 
latter  case  has  not  been  examined  by  the  Bureau,  hut  I would  suggest  that  Taenia 
serialis  is  common  in  America,  and  considering  the  tissue  in  which  this  parasite  was 
found,  it  is  not  at  all  improbable  that  the  Minnesota  case  was  one  of  Coenurus  serialis 
( Taenia  serialis ) rather  than  C.  cerebralis. 

2 Statements  are  found  in  the  writings  of  various  authors  that  T.  coenurus  becomes 
“ripe,”  “mature,”  or  “developed”  in  the  dog  in  “ten  days,”  “three  to  four”  or 
“six  to  eight  weeks.”  The  expressions  “ripe,  matured,  and  developed”  are,  how- 
ever, indefinite  terms,  for  in  some  writings  they  refer  to  the  stage  in  which  the 
genital  glands  are  active,  in  other  writings  they  refer  to  the  gravid  segments.  Prop- 
erly speaking,  a segment  is  mature  when  its  sexual  glands  are  active ; it  is  gravid  or 
ovigerous  when  it  contains  embryos.  Von  Siebold  found  gravid  segments  thirty -eight 
days  after  infection ; the  strobilae  were  16  to  26  inches  long,  and  some  segments  had 
already  been  shed,  showing  that  gravid  segments  were  formed  in  less  than  thirty- 
eight  days.  Railliet  states  that  according  to  Leuckart  the  distal  segments  “arrive 
at  maturity”  (probably  meaning  “gravid”  in  this  case)  after  three  to  four  weeks. 
According  to  Kreuder  the  worms  develop  in  dogs  “to  fully-developed  sexually 
mature  tapeworms”  in  ten  days  (Ziirn). 


Fig.  99.— An  isolated  Gid  Bladder 
Worm  (Coenurus  cerebralis ), 
showing  the  heads.  (After  Kail- 
liet,  1886,  p.  245,  fig.  137.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  Ill 

tion  and  migration ; (2)  a period  of  apparent  though  not  real  recovery, 
and,  (3)  the  climax. 

As  gid  is  apparently  not  prevalent  in  this  country,  it  is  hardly  neces- 
sary to  give  a detailed  discussion  of  the  symptoms  and  pathology.  The 
following  short  account  will  suffice  for  the  present : 

If  the  parasites  are  located  in  the  brain,  we  find  the  condition  known 
as  cephalic  gid , if  in  the  spinal  cord  we  find  medullary  gid , also  known  as 
lumbar  gid  or  hydatic  paraplegia. 

In  cephalic  gid  there  is  at  first  indifference  and  weakness,  an  abnormal 
attitude  of  the  head,  which  is  of  an  unusually  high  temperature,  and 
vascular  injection  of  the  sclerotica ; pressure  on  the  skull  causes  pain; 
the  most  characteristic  symptom  of  the  disease  is  the  action  of  the  ani- 
mal in  turning  in  circles  to  the  right  or  left,  the  circles  becoming  smaller 
until  the  patient  pivots  around  on  one  spot;  in  some  cases  it  acts  as  if 
intoxicated,  often 
stumbles  and 
falls;  the  eyes  are 
turned  in  or  out, 
and  grinding  of 
the  teeth  is  no- 
ticed. The  exact 
position  of  the 
parasite  deter- 
mines  the  partic- 
ular symptoms. 

In  medullary  gid 
there  is  a gradual 
paralysis  of  the 
hind  legs,  paraly- 
sis of  the  rectum 
and  bladder,  pale- 
ness of  the  mu- 
cous membranes, 
shedding  of  the 
wool,  etc. 

Cephalic  gid  should  not  be  mistaken  for  vertigo  due  to  heat,  epilepsy , 
blindness , or  false  gid  due  to  grubs  in  the  head.  Medullary  gid  should 
not  be  confounded  with  the  trembling  disease  (the  Scotch  louping-ill)  or 
lumbar  prurigo. 

Treatment. — There  is  no  medical  treatment  which  can  be  suggested; 
surgical  treatment  is  sometimes  resorted  to,  but  should  be  performed 
only  by  a veterinarian  since  it  is  necessary  to  locate  the  parasite  before 
operating,  and  this  can  be  done  only  by  men  of  experience. 

Prevention , however,  can  and  should  be  practiced  by  every  farmer. 
Dogs  should  be  kept  free  from  tapeworms.  As  Taenia  coenurus  develops 
in  the  dog  in  three  to  eight  weeks,  the  treatment  may  be  repeated  two 
to  five  weeks  after  the  first  dose. 


Fig.  100. — Diagrammatic  section  of  a Gid  Bladder  Worm  (Coenurus  cere- 
bralis) : a , normal  disposition  of  scolex;  b.  c,  d,  e,  diagrammatic  drawingto 
show  the  homology  between  cysticercus  and  coenurus.  (After  Kailliet, 
1886,  p.  243,  fig.  134.) 


112 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


When  gid  is  suspected  in  a flock  of  sheep  or  in  cattle,  one  of  the 
animals  should  be  slaughtered  and  its  skull  examined  for  the  parasite. 
If  it  is  positive  that  gid  is  present,  it  is  well  to  slaughter  the  affected 
sheep  before  the  third  stage  of  the  disease  sets  in,  as  in  the  third  stage 
they  sometimes  become  very  thin.  The  skulls  of  “ giddy  w sheep  should 
not  be  fed  to  dogs  unless  they  be  first  subjected  to  a long  boiling,  for  if 
this  precaution  is  not  taken  the  infection  will  be  spread. 

The  eggs  retain  their  vitality  less  than  twenty-four  hours  when 
exposed  to  an  August  sun  (Leuckart);  if  kept  moist  they  are  alive 
after  three  weeks  (Gerlach),  but  after  eight  weeks  are  unable  to  develop 
further  (Leuckart). 

It  has  been  impossible  for  the  writer  to  find  any  positive  evidence  of 
the  existence  of  the  Gid  Bladder  Worm  in  this  country,  yet  in  view  of 
the  importations  from  Europe  of  sheep  and  dogs,  it  is  difficult  to  believe 


Fig.  101. — Portion  of  hog’s  liver  infested  with  Echinococcus  hydatid,  natural  size  (original). 

that  we  are  entirely  free  from  this  parasite.  Leidy,  in  1856,  makes  a 
reference  to  a parasite  u Goenurus  cerebralis  Bud.;  in  the  sheep,  Capra 
aries ,w  which  he  evidently  examined,  but  he  gives  no  details  as  to 
where  or  when  the  parasite  was  found.  One  doubtful  case  of  the 
presence  of  adult  worm  in  dogs  was  recently  recorded  by  Ward,  of 
Nebraska,  but  I have  examined  the  head  of  the  worm  and  find  it  to  be 
a T.  serialis , see  page  101. 

ABATTOIR  INSPECTION. 

So  far  as  infection  of  man  is  concerned,  the  abattoir  inspection  for 
Coenurus  cerebralis  is  of  no  importance,  for  no  case  of  Taenia  coenurus 
has  ever  been  recorded  in  the  human  species.  If  the  parasite  is  found 
in  abattoir  inspection,  care  should  be  taken  to  dispose  of  it  in  such  a 
way  (heat)  as  to  render  an  infection  of  dogs  impossible. 

The  adult  tapeworm  in  dogs. — Symptoms , etc.,  see  page  101. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  113 


23.  The  Echinococcus  Hydatid  (Echinococcus  polymorphus)  of  Man,  Cattle,  Sheep, 

Swine,  etc.,  and  its  adult  stage,  The  Echinococcus  Tapeworm  ( Taenia  echin- 
ococcus) of  Dogs. 

[Figs.  101-109.] 

A third  tapeworm  of  the  dog,  the  larval  form  of  which  develops  in 
cattle,  sheep,  and  swine,  is  Taenia  echinococcus . Since  this  parasite 
develops  its  larval  stage  in  man  also,  and  further,  since  it  is  the  most 
dangerous  animal  parasite  found  in  man,  it  is  important  to  thoroughly 
understand  its  life  history  in  order  to  guard  against  infection,  although 
it  is  at  present  not  very  common  in  America. 

Larval  stage  (Echinococcus polymorphus). 

For  anatomical  characters,  compare  figs.  101,  105,  106-109  with  key, 

p.  21. 

Synonymy. — Taenia  visceralis  socialis  granulosa  Goeze,  1782;  Hydatigena  granulosa 
Batsch,  1786;  Vesicaria  granulosa  (Batsch)  Schrank,  (1788) ; Taenia  granulosa  (Batscli) 
Gmelin,  1790;  Polycephalus  hominis  Zeder,  1800;  Echinococcus  Rudolphi,  1802;  Poly- 
cephalus humanus  Zeder,  1803;  P.  granulosus  (Batsch)  Zeder,  1803;  P.  echinococcus 
Zeder,  1803;  A cephalocystis  Laennec,  1804;  Echinococcus  granulosus  (Batscli)  Rudolphi, 
1805;  Hydatis  errattica  Blumenbach,  1805 ; Acephalocystis  humana  Liidersen,  (1808); 
A.  suilla  Liidersen,  (1808);  Echinococcus  hominis  (Zeder)  Rudolphi,  1810;  E.  simiae 
Rudolphi,  1810;  E . veterinorum  Rudolphi,  1810;  Polycephalus  granosus  Laennec,  1812; 
Acephalocystis  ovoidea  Laennec,  1812;  A.  cystifera  Laennec,  1812;  A.  granosa  Laennec, 
1812;  A.  surculigera  Laennec,  1812;  A.  inter secta  Laennec,  1812;  A.  ansa 1 Laennec, 
1812;  Echinococcus  infusorium  F.  S.  Leuckart,  (1827);  Acephalocytis  eremita  sterilis 
Cruvielhiel,  (-  ?-);  A. prolifera  socialis  Cruvielhiel,  (-?-);  A.  endogena  Kuhn,  (1830); 
A.  exogena  Kuhn,  (1830);  A.  granulosa  Chiaje,  1833;  A.  communis  Cliiaje,  1833;  A. 
prolifera  Chiaje,  1833 ; A.  simplex  Goodsir,  1844 ; ( ? ? ) Diskostoma  acephalocystis  Goodsir, 
1844 ; ( ? ? ) Astoma  acephalocystis  Goodsir,  1844 ; Echinococcus  arietis  E.  Blanchard,  1848 ; 
E.  giraffae  Gervais,  (-?-);  E.  polymorphus  Diesing,  1850;  E.  pardi  Huxley,  (1852) ; E. 
scolicipariens  Kiichenmeister,  1855;  E.  coenuroides  Kuchenmeister,  1855;  E.  altri- 
cipariens  Kuchenmeister,  1855;  (?)  Acephalocystis  macaci  Cobbold,  1861;  (?)  A.  ovis 
tragelaphi  Cobbold,  1861;  Cysticercus  echinococcus  (Zeder)  Koeberl6, 1861;  Echinococcus 
cerehri  Spiering,  1862;  E.  hepatis  seu  process,  vermiformis  Scholler,  1862;  E.  hydatidosus 
R.  Leuckart,  1863;  E.  endogena  ( Kuhn,  1830)  Leuckart,  1863;  E.  multilocularis  Leuck- 
art, 1863;  E.  lienis  Kehlberg,  1873;  E.  pulmonum  Huppert,  1875;  E.  multilocularis 
hepatis  Haffter,  1875;  E.  inter cranialis  Fricke,  1880;  E.  simplex  Leuckart,  1880;  E. 
racemosus  Leuckart,  1880;  E.  multiplex  Stiller,  1882;  E.  alveolaris  R.  Blanchard,  1886; 
E.retroperitonialis  Bitter,  1886;  E.  mesenterii  Surmann,  1891;  E.  cerchralis  Perroncito, 
(18 — );  E.  cysticus  Huber,  1891;  E.  unilocularis  Huber,  1896;  E.  multilocularis  exul- 
cerans  Huber,  1896;  E.  osteoklastes  Huber,  ( ? ) 1896 ; E.  subphrenicus  Huber,  1896; 
“ Echinokokkus”  (!)  of  Schneidemiihl,  1896. 

Bibliography. — For  detailed  technical  discussion  of  the  parasite,  see  especially 
Leuckart  (1880, 1,  pp.  732-825) ; for  discussion  of  hydatid  disease  in  man,  see  especially 
Neisser  (1877) ; J.  D.  Thomas  (1884) ; Davaine  (1877,  pp.  356-666) ; for  bibliography,  see 
especially  (prior  to  1864)  Diesing  (1850,  pp.  842-844,  and  1864,  pp.  395-397) ; (1861-1880) 

lA.  plana  Laennec,  1812,  a seventh  supposed  but  doubtful  variety  described  by 
Laennec,  has  since  been  determined  as  a spurious  parasite,  representing  albuminous 
concretions  occasionally  found  in  the  wrist,  and  afterwards  described  by  Dupuytren 
as  Ovuligera  carpi.  A.  racemosa  Cloquet,  an  eighth  supposed  variety,  is  another  spu 
rious*parasite  later  determined  as  chorial  vesicles. 

5257— No.  19 8 


114 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


Taschenberg  (1889,  pp.  1036-1057);  (1877-1890)  Huber  (1891,  pp.  5-39);  also  Billings, 
Index  Cat.  Lib.  Snrg.  Gens.  Office,  United  States  Army,  1885,  VI,  pp.  530-535. 

Hosts. — Man,  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  and  other  animals.  (See  pp.  137-143.) 

Adult  stage  ( Taenia  echinococcus  Siebold,  1853). 

For  anatomical  characters,  compare  figs.  102-104  with  key,  p.  101. 

Synonymy. — “ Taenia  cateniformis'-  misdet.  pro  parte  Rudolphi,  1808;  “T.  cucu - 
merino  Bloch”  misdet.  pro  parte,  Diesing,  1850;  “T.  serrata”  misdet.  Roll,  1852;  T. 
echinococcus  Siebold,  (1853) ; T.  nano  Beneden,  1858  [nec  Siebold,  1852]  ; Echinococcifer 
echinococcus  (Siebold)  Weinland,  1858 ; “T.  ecliinococca”  of  Koeberl6,  1861 ; T.  ( Echino- 
coccifer) echinococcus  of  Leuckart,  1863;  T.  ( Arhyncliotaenia ) echinococcus  of  Diesing, 
1864;  T.  (Echinococcus)  echinococcus  of  Railliet,  1886;  T.  “ echinokokkus  ” of  Schneide- 
miihl,  1896. 

Hosts.— Dog,  dingo,  jackal,  wolf,  cougar  (?).  (See  pp.  137-143.) 

Life  history. — Starting  with  the  adult  tapeworm  (fig.  103)  in  the 
small  intestine  of  the  dog  or  wolf,  the  eggs  are  scattered  over  the 
ground  and  are  swallowed  by  the  intermediate  host  with  the  fodder  or 

water.  Upon  arriving  in  the  stomach, 
the  eggshells  are  destroyed  and  the 
six-liooked  embryo,  which  is  thus  freed, 
bores  its  way  through  the  intestinal 
wall  and  wanders,  actively  or  pas- 
sively (that  is,  carried  along  by  the 
blood),  to  various  organs  of  the  body, 
liver,  lungs,  ovaries,  bones,  skull,  etc., 
where  it  develops  first  into  an  acepha- 
locyst , which  may  develop  further  into 
any  of  the  variations  given  below  in 
the  description  of  the  larval  stage. 
The  heads  which  are  formed,  upon  being  devoured  by  a dog  or  wolf, 
then  develop  into  adult  tapeworms. 

The  larval  stage  develops  rather  slowly,  and  may  persist  for  many 
years.  Thus,  cases  are  on  record  where  the  hydatid  has  existed  for  2, 
4,  8,  15,  18,  and  even  30  years  in  man,  very  often,  however,  with  fatal 
results. 

Modifications  of  the  hydatid  cysts. — The  larval  stage  appears  in  several  different 
forms,  whicb  have  been  described  under  various  names  as  representing  different 
species.  It  is  now  admitted,  however,  by  nearly  all  authors,  especially  by  zoologists, 
that  all  these  forms  belong  to  one  species  and  have  been  brought  about  by  different 
modes  of  growth.  Let  us  assume  that  a six-hooked  embryo  has  reached  the  liver, 
lungs,  or  some  other  organ  of  the  secondary  host  (man,  cattle,  sheep,  etc.). 

About  four  weeks  after  the  infection  small  cysts,  scarcely  1 mm.  in  diameter,  are 
noticed  in  the  interlobular  tissue  of  the  liver,  for  instance.  They  consist  of  an  outer 
cyst,  formed  by  the  connective  tissue  of  the  host,  and  an  inner  solid  body,  0.25  to 
0.50  mm.  in  diameter,  which  represents  the  young  parasite.  The  six  hooks  of  the 
embryo  have  been  discarded  and  the  organism  consists  of  an  outer  transparent  cap- 
sule— the  cuticle — 20  to  50  ju  in  thickness,  and  a granular  content  somewhat  con- 
densed on  the  periphery  and  containing  cells  which  are  not  distinctly  separated 
from  one  another.  At  the  end  of  eight  weeks  the  parasite  has  doubled  in  size. 
The  cuticle,  which  is  very  elastic,  grows  thicker  and  its  inner  surface  is  covered 


Fig.  102.— Portion  of  the  intestine  of  a dog 
infested  with  theadult-Hydatid  Tapeworm 
( Taenia  echinococcus ),  natural  size.  (After 
Ostertag,  1895,  p.  430,  fig.  99.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  115 


m 


Fig.  103.— Adult  Hy- 
datid  Tapeworm  ( Tae- 
nia echinococcus ),  en- 
larged. ( After  Leuck- 
art,  1880,  p.  743,  fig. 
316.) 


by  a thin  membrane  (endocyst,  parencbym  layer,  germinal  layer)  which  repre- 
sents the  condensed  granular  content ; this  was  at  first  solid  and  occupied  the 
entire  space  inside  the  cuticle.  The  endocyst  now  incloses  a 
cavity  containing  a clear  watery  fluid.  The  parasite  continues 
to  grow,  the  cuticle  becomes  stratified;  the  germinal  layer 
.shows  a histological  differentiation  into  small  cells  occupying 
the  periphery,  large  cells  on  the  inside,  and  granular  cells 
occupying  the  irregular  spaces  on  the  surface.  At  the  end  of 
nineteen  weeks  the  parasite  has  reached  10  to  12  mm.  in  diame- 
ter; the  liquid  in  the  interior  contains  a number  of  chemical 
compositions,  tlieparenchym  layer  has  grown  slightly,  the  cuti- 
cle is  about  0.2  mm.  thick.  When  the  parasite  is  composed  of 
only  these  portions,  that  is,  cuticle,  endocyst,  and  the  contained 
liquid,  it  represents  the  form  which  some  authors  include  under 
the  term  Aceplialocystis.  If  we  imagine  all  the  portions  of  fig. 

105  absent,  which  are  designated  by  the  letters  a to  z,  the  por- 
tions cu  and  pa  being  left,  we  have  before  us  a simple  acephalo- 
cyst  (headless  echinococcus  hydatid).  Although  the  parasite 
frequently  remains  in  this  condition,  or  rather  is  found  in  this 
condition,  the  acephalocyst  does  not  represent  the  final  larval 
stage.  Referring  to  fig.  105,  a,  we  see  a slight  proliferation 
of  the  parenchyma.  This  protuberance  grows  gradually  into 
the  cavity  of  the  hydatid  and  develops  into  a brood  capsule, 

6,  c,  the  cavity  of  which  is  lined  by  a thin  cuticle.  The  heads 
of  the  succeeding  generation  of  tapeworms  develop  in  these 
brood  capsules,  but  authors  are  not  entirely  agreed  as  to  how 
they  develop.  Thus,  Leuckart  states  that  a diverticulum  is  formed  which  extends 
into  the  cavity  of  the  hydatid  cyst,  that  the  head  is  formed  at  its  base,  and  the 

diverticulum  then  invaginates.  The  suc- 
cessive stages  may  be  seen  in  c,  d,  and  e 
of  fig.  105.  Moniez,  on  the  other  hand, 
states  that  the  head  develops  inside  of 
the  brood  capsules,  passing  through  the 
stages/,  g,  li,  and  i;  he  admits,  however, 
that  there  is  occasionally  a diverticulum 
formed,  at  the  end  of  which  is  developed 
a head,  not  in  the  manner  described  by 
Leuckart,  but  in  the  same  manner  as  if 
the  head  had  formed  inside  the  brood 
capsule  /,  k.  Whatever  may  be  the  mode 
by  which  these  heads  are  formed,  several 
(5,  10,  20,  or  even  34)  may  develop  in  one 
brood  capsule.  As  numerous  brood  cap- 
sules may  develop  in  one  hydatid  cyst, 
it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  many 
thousand  heads  are  sometimes  found  in 
hydatid  cysts.  Occasionally  the  brood 
capsules  will  be  found  ruptured,  so  that 
the  heads  extend  free  into  the  cavity  of 
the  hydatid  (m),  and  heads  are  occa- 
sionally found  floating  free  in  the  liquid 
of  the  cyst  (w).  The  hydatid,  so  far  as 
we  have  traced  it  (with  cu,  pa,  a-n),  is 
a mature  larval  stage  such  as  is  frequently  found  in  animals,  and  if  this  cyst  is 
devoured  by  a dog  the  separate  heads  or  seolices  will  develop  into  adult  tapeworms. 

From  this  point,  or  even  before  it,  several  modes  of  development  are  open  for  the 


Fig.  104. — Hooka  of  adult  Hydatid  Tapeworm : 
a,  from  a hydatid ; 6,  three  weeks  after  feeding 
to  a dog ; c,  from  an  adult;  d,  combined  figuresof 
o-c,  showingthe  gradual  changes  in  form.  X600. 
(After  Leuckart,  1880,  p.  736,  fig.  315.) 


116 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


hydatid:  Thus,  small  centers  of  growth  (o,  p,  q,  u)  may  form  in  the  wall  of  the 
parasite.  As  these  growths  increase  in  size  a cuticle  is  formed  around  them  (p,  q ), 
and  they  burst  through  the  wall  in  which  they  are  growing  and  continue  their 
further  development  in  the  same  manner  as  the  mother  hydatid.  If  these  so-called 
daughter  cysts  fall  into  the  cavity  of  the  mother  cyst,  the  entire  parasitic  cyst 
(mother  hydatid  -f-  daughter  hydatids  v,  x ) presents  to  us  the  form  described  as  the 
endogenous  Echinococcus  ( Acephalocystis  endogena  Kuhn,  Echinococcus  altricipariens 
Kiichenmeister,  and  E.  hydatidosus  Leuckart),  found  particularly  in  man,  hogs,  and 


Fig.  105. — Diagram  of  an  Echinococcus  hydatid:  cu , thick  external  cuticle;  pa,  parenchym  (germinal) 
layer;  c,  d,  e,  development  of  the  heads,  according  to  Leuckart;  /,  g,  h,  i,  k,  development  of  the  heads 
according  to  Moniez;  (,  fully  developed  brood  capsule  with  heads;  m,  the  brood  capsule  has  rup- 
tured, and  the  heads  hang  into  the  lumen  of  the  hydatid;  n,  liberated  head  floating  in  the  hyda- 
tid ; o,p , q,  r,  s,  mode  of  formation  of  secondary  exogenous  daughter  cyst;  t,  daughter  cyst  with  one 
endogenous  and  one  exogenous  granddaughter  cyst;  u,  v,  x,  formation  of  endogenous  cyst,  after 
Kuhn  and  Davaine;  y,  z,  formation  of  endogenous  daughter  cysts,  after  Naunyn  and  Leuckart:  y, 
at  the  expense  of  a head;  z,  from  a brood  capsule ; evag.,  constricted  portion  of  the  mother  cyst. 
(After  It.  Blanchard,  1886,  p.  426,  fig.  257,  slightly  modified.) 

horses.  Th-e  growth  does  not  necessarily  stop  with  the  daughter  cysts,  but  a third 
generation  of  cysts  ( granddaughter  cysts)  may  form  in  the  same  manner  inside  of  the 
daughter  cysts,  as  shown  in  x.  The  brood  capsules  of  the  mother  cyst,  or  even  the 
separate  scoleces,  may,  according  to  certain  authors,  fall  into  the  cavity  and 
develop  into  daughter  cysts.  If  the  daughter  cysts  continue  their  growth  outside 
of  the  mother  cyst,  as  shown  in  q,  r,  s,  t , we  have  the  form  described  as  the  exogenous 
Echinococcus  ( Acephalocystis  exogena  Kuhn,  Echinococcus  scolicipariens  Kiichenmeister, 
E.  simplex , and  E.  granulosus  Leuckart).  It  will  be  at  once  seen  that  it  is  sometimes 
difficult  to  decide  whether  the  parasite  is  an  exogenous  echinococcus  or  whether  the 
cysts  s and  t have  developed  from  six-hooked  embryos. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  117 


In  the  case  of  endogenous  echinococcus  it  would  not  be  at  all  strange  if  we  found  the 
scolices  free  in  the  liquid  n or  a ruptured  brood  capsule  m,  caused  by  contact  of  the 
brood  capsule  with  the  daughter  hydatids. 

Generally,  the  hydatids  are  more  or  less  round,  but  frequently  diverticula  ( evag .) 
are  noticed  in  the  walls;  for  the  cyst  will  naturally  develop  in  the  direction  of  the 
least  pressure,  and  if  this  pressure  is  least  at  one  particular  portion  of  the  cyst  a 
diverticulum  will  naturally  form  at  that  point.  This  growth 
of  diverticula  leads  us  to  the  consideration  of  the  form  of 
hydatid  known  as  Echinococcus  racemosus  and  still  another 
form  not  distinctly  separated  from  E.  racemosus,  that  is,  E. 
multilocularis  (E.  alveolaris,  the  “ tumeur  hydatique  alveolaire” 
of  Carri^re). 

E.  racemosus  Leuckart,  the  grape  Echinococcus  (fig.  106), 
is  composed  of  a number  of  cysts  more  or  less  intimately  con- 
nected with  each  other,  so  as  to  give  the  appearance  of  a . . . T . 

7 ° size.  (Alter  Leuckart, 

bunch  of  grapes  or  of  fish  spawn.  It  is  difficult  to  dis-  1880,  p. 795, fig. 334.) 

tinguish  in  some  cases  whether  the  parasitic  growth  repre- 
sents a heavy  infection  of  small  hydatids,  each  of  which  has  grown  from  a six- 
hooked  embryo,  or  whether  all  the  cysts  have  arisen  by  budding  from  a single  cyst. 
Cases  of  this  kind  have  been  reported  in  cattle  by  Kuhn  and  others. 

E.  multilocularis / as  stated,  is  a form  of  growth  which  is  not  distinctly  separated 
from  E.  racemosus;  in  fact,  the  two  may  easily  be  classed  together,  as  Leuckart 
suggests.  E.  multilocularis  s.  st.  represents  a group  of  small  hydatids  (figs.  107-109) 
lying  close  together,  in  many  cases  connected  in  a common  stroma.  This  variety  is 
found  chiefly  in  Switzerland  and  Germany,  where  about  70  cases  have  been  reported 
in  the  liver  of  man  and  a number  of  cases  in  cattle. 

If  a section  is  made  of  the  parasitic  growth  we  find  numerous  small  caverns  of 
irregular  shape,  containing  a rather  transparent  gelatinous  substance  and  embedded 
in  a common  substance  or  stroma  of  connective  tissue,  in  which  blood  vessels  and 
gall  ducts  are  occasionally  seen.  The  liver  cells,  however,  are  entirely  atrophied. 
For  many  years  the  nature  of  these  parasitic  growths  was  misunderstood  and  they 
were  diagnosed  as  colloid  cancers  until  Virchow  (1856)  discovered  that  they  were 
hydatids. 

Four  other  terms  which  have  been  applied  to  the  hydatids  also  need  a word  of 
explanation.  Rudolphi  made  use  of  the  terms  E.  hominis,  E.  simiae,  and  E.  veterino- 
rum  to  designate  the  echinococcus  of  man,  apes,  and  other  animals,  respectively, 
supposing  that  they  belonged  to  three  separate  species.  Diesing,  however,  main- 
tained that  all  three  forms  represent  the  larval  stage 
of  one  species  and  introduced  the  name  E.  polymor- 
phus  to  designate  the  larval  parasite,  a name  which 
zoologists  now  quite  generally  accept. 

HYDATID  DISEASE  IN  VARIOUS  ANIMALS. 


fig.  107. — Section  through  a multi-  The  disease  caused  by  the  larval  stage  of 
locular  Echinococcus.  x3o.  (After  this  parasite  is  known  as  Hydatid,  or  Echi- 
Leuckart,  1880,  p.  796,  fig.  335 ) nococcus,  disease.  In  general  terms,  the  hy- 

datid may  occur  in  any  organ  of  the  body,  but  is  most  commonly  met 
with  in  the  liver  or  lungs.  The  symptoms  will  of  course  vary  accord- 
ing to  the  location  of  the  parasite. 

1 Several  authors,  more  particularly  Muller  and  Mangold,  consider  that  this  form 
represents  a distinct  species.  The  ordinary  adult  is  said  to  have  plumper  hooks, 
while  the  eggs  are  not  collected  in  “ egg  balls. ” The  adult  of  E.  multilocularis  is 
said  to  have  more  slender  hooks  and  its  eggs  are  described  as  collected  in  “ egg  balls/7 


Fig.  106. — A racemose 
Echinococcus,  natural 


118 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


It  is  not  at  all  rare  that  the  hydatids  are  not  known  to  be  present 
until  discovered  by  post-mortem  examination;  they  may  however 
become  very  dangerous  because  of  their  situation,  their  volume,  and 

the  pressure  they  exert.  When  they  occu- 
py an  important  organ,  when  they  reach  a 
large  size,  and  when  the  walls  of  the  cysts 
become  osseous  or  cartilaginous;  or  when 
numerous,  they  may  cause  serious  trouble 
or  death;  they  are  frequently  fatal  when 
after  bursting  they  are  discharged  through 
an  organ  communicating  with  the  exterior, 
symptoms  persisting  and  increasing,  the 
expelled  matter  having  a gangrenous  odor, 
or  when  they  discharge  into  a serous  ca  vity 
or  into  a large  blood  vessel. 

Hydatid  disease  in  cattle. — Three  cases 
are  known  where  cows  died  suddenly 
which  had  hydatids  in  the  heart;  Fuisen 
is  authority  for  the  statement  that  the  hy- 
datids of  cattle  are  short  lived,  and  show 
a great  tendency  to  degenerate  and  be- 
come calcified.  (See  also  under  “Abattoir  inspection,”  p.  121.) 

Symptoms. — The  parasites  are  generally  found  in  the  liver  and  lungs, 
seldom  in  the  heart.  When  in  the 
heart  symptoms  are  not  generally  ex- 
hibited unless  the  cyst  breaks  through 
the  muscular  wall  and  hangs  into  the 
cavities  of  the  heart,  or  when  the  cyst 
discharges;  in  these  cases  apoplexy  is 
generally  the  result.  It  is  scarcely 
possible  to  diagnose  echinococcus  of 
the  spleen.  In  echinococcus  of  the 
lungs  a slight  cough  is  first  noticed, 
which  increases  according  to  the  de- 
gree of  infection  and  the  size  of  the 
parasites,  occurring  at  times  every  five 
or  ten  minutes.  This  cough  is  absent 
when  the  liver  instead  of  the  lungs  is 
particularly  infected.  Respiration  in- 
creases to  80  or  84  per  minute.  Inspi- 
ration is  broken.  Fever  is  at  first 
absent ; pulse  about  70  to  85 ; milk  se- 
cretion is  lessened,  appetite  normal 
except  toward  the  end  of  the  disease,  when  the  hide  becomes  bound,  hair 
becomes  stiff  and  dry.  Pressure  on  the  right  side  of  the  region  of  the  four 
last  ribs  causes  the  animals  to  show  signs  of  pain,  and  there  is  a dull  per- 


Fig.  109. — A multilocular  Echinococcus 
from  the  pleura  of  a hog,  natural  size. 
(After  Ostertag,  1895,  p.  428,  fig.  97.) 


Fig.  108. — A multilocular  Echinococcus 
from  the  liver  of  a steer,  natural  size. 
(After  Ostertag,  1895,  p.  427,  fig.  94.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  119 


cussion  sound  similar  to,  though  not  so  deep  as  that  in  pleuro -pneumonia, 
covering  small  areas  or  the  entire  breast  and  the  region  of  the  right  lobe 
of  the  liver.  Placing  the  ear  on  the  chest  one  hears  a heavy  harsh  breath- 
ing mixed  with  other  sounds,  whistling,  rattling,  or  at  the  moment  of 
inspiration,  an  exceedingly  characteristic  tone  which  Harms  has  named 
u Guurksen  ” (cloc-cloc  of  Hartenstein),  and  which  one  hears  when  he 
presses  and  shakes  bladders  filled  with  liquid.  In  liver  echinococcus 
the  labored  breathing  is  generally  absent,  but  digestive  troubles  are 
present,  appetite  and  rumination  become  irregular;  intestinal  catarrh, 
indigestion;  a yellowish  color  of  the  eyes  are  noticed.  (Abstracts  from 
Ziirn  (1882,  p.  136)  and  others;  Harm’s  Die  Echinococcus-Krankheit  des 
Bindes,  1870,  is  not  accessible  here.) 

A rectal  exploration  occasionally  shows  an  enormously  enlarged  liver, 
and  thus  directs  suspicion  to  the  disease. 

In  ante-mortem  examinations  hydatid  disease  of  the  lungs  in  cattle 


Fiq.110. — Lymphatics  of  a steer  infested  with  the  so-called  “Tongue  worm”  ( Linguatula  rhinaria. 

(After  Ostertag,  1895,  p.434,  fig.  102.) 

may  be  mistaken  for  pleuro  pneumonia,  but  in  the  latter  disease  the 
sounds  upon  percussion  are  deeper  and  duller  than  in  the  former  dis- 
ease. It  will  be  recalled  that  contagious  pleuro-pneumonia  is  not  found 
in  the  United  States. 

For  differential  diagnosis  in  post-mortem  examinations,  see  page  121. 

Hydatid  disease  in  sheep. — Very  little  is  written  upon  this  subject, 
but  from  the  data  published  the  symptoms  shown  by  sheep  are  as  vague 
and  indefinite  as  those  exhibited  by  cattle. 

Feebleness,  dullness,  and  indifference,  though  these  may  not  be  very  marked, 
except  at  the  last  stages  of  the  malady,  when  the  animal  is  cachectic.  There  are 
frequent  tympanites,  and  pruritus  at  various  points;  the  wool  is  dry  and  brittle  and 
easily  pulled  out,  and,  in  general,  the  symptoms  are  confounded  with  those  of fascio- 
liasis  ( distomatosis ).  (Neumann.) 


120 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


Hydatid  disease  in  swine. — No  particular  symptoms  have  been  de- 
scribed for  hydatid  disease  in  swine. 

Pathology. — The  pathological  lesions  naturally  vary  according  to  the 
organs  in  which  the  parasites  are  situated.  There  may  be  an  enormous 
increase  in  the  size  and  weight  of  the  lungs  or  liver.  The  normal 
weight  of  the  liver  of  an  ox  is  about  5 kilograms  (11  pounds),  but 
hydatid  livers  have  been  recorded  which  weighed  50  kilograms  (110 

pounds),  130  pounds,  145  to 
146  pounds,  and  even  158 
pounds.  A pig’s  liver  weighs 
on  an  average  about  2 kilo- 
grams (4.4  pounds)  when  nor- 
mal, but  hydatid  livers  have 
been  recorded  weighing  50  to 
100  pounds.  A steer’s  lungs, 
normal  weight  6 pounds,  may 
increase  to  40  or  54  pounds. 

The  increase  in  size  of  these 
organs  by  the  growth  of  the 
parasites  naturally  causes  a 
displacement  of  other  organs ; 
the  curvature  of  the  dia- 
phragm is  changed;  the  in- 
testines may  be  compressed 
and  constricted;  adhesions 
may  form;  the  surface  of  the 
organs  containing  the  para- 
sites naturally  assumes  an  ab- 
normal outline,  bulging  out  at 
points  corresponding  to  the 
hydatids. 

The  hydatids  themselves 
cause  an  atrophy  of  the  spe- 
cific tissue  of  the  organ,  the 
connective  tissue  of  which 
proliferates  and  forms  a cap- 
sule immediately  surrounding 

Fig.  111. — Portions  of  an  adult  Flat  Moniezia  ( Moniezia  the  parasite;  the  Surface  of 
pianissimo,).  ( A.ftor  Stilos  & Hassall,  1893,  PI.  1,  tig.  1).  this  CaDSUle  is  Smooth  and 
Seep.  127.  _ 

glistening,  and  entirely  sepa- 
rated from  the  cuticle  of  the  cyst,  so  that  with  care  the  parasite  may 
be  freed  without  injury ; the  capsule  grows  in  thickness  from  1 to  10  mm. 
After  a time  the  cysts  may  undergo  degeneration ; the  entire  body  may 
be  replaced  by  a caseous  or  gelatinous  amorphic  mass  in  which  hooks 
or  remnants  of  the  cuticle  may  be  found.  The  multilocular  echinococ- 
cus presents  an  appearance  differing  from  that  of  the  ordinary  form 
and  resembling  a caulitiower  to  some  extent. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  121 


Differential  diagnosis. — In  post-mortem  examination,  hydatid  disease, 
especially  of  the  lungs,  may  occasionally  be  mistaken  for  tuberculosis, 
more  particularly  when  the  hydatids  are  very  young  and  numerous,  or 
degenerated;  in  tuberculosis,  however,  (1)  the  neighboring1  lymphatics 
will  generally  be  involved,  which  is  not  the  case  in  hydatid  disease, 
while  (2)  in  hydatid  disease  the  parasite  is  generally  easily  separated 
from  its  surrounding  capsule,  (3)  the  elastic  cuticular  membrane  is  1am- 
ellated,  and  (4)  a microscopic  examination  will  in  some  cases  show  the 
hooks  of  the  heads.  See  also  p.  79. 

Treatment. — It  is  useless  to  waste  time  in  trying  to  treat  a domesti- 
cated animal  in  which  echinococcus  is  suspected  unless  the  animal  is  an 
especially  valuable  one,  and  unless  the  parasite  is  located  in  an  organ 
which  can  be  reached  by  surgical  interference. 

A number  of  methods  for  treatment  in  man  have  been  suggested  from  time  to  time, 
but  surgical  interference  is  the  only  one  which  has  been  followed  by  satisfactory 
results.  For  a discussion  of  this  sub- 
ject with  citation  of  cases,  see  Da- 
vain  e (1879,  pp.  592-663). 

Prevention. — Keep  dogs  away 
from  slaughterhouses.  This  will 
prevent  their  becoming  infected 
with  the  tapeworms,  and  thus 

prevent  their  transmitting  the  Fig.  112.— Three  views  of  heads  of  the  Flat  Moniezia 
...  i i (Moniezia  planissima) . X17.  (AfterStiles  &Has- 

parasite  to  man  and  animals.  san, isbs. pi.i, ng..2-2».)  seep. in. 

Stray  dogs  should  be  killed;  all 

other  dogs  should  be  looked  upon  as  suspicious  characters,  and  should 
not  be  accorded  the  privileges  of  human  beings. 

ABATTOIR  INSPECTION. 

Organs  infested  with  echinococcus  are  not  directly  harmful  to  man  as 
food,  since  the  parasite  will  not  come  to  maturity  in  man’s  intestine,  and 
there  is  no  objection  to  placing  these  organs  on  the  market  after  the 
portion  containing  the  parasite  has  been  removed.  Removing  and 
destroying  the  infected  portions  are  precautions  which  should  always 
be  taken  in  order  to  prevent  the  possibility  of  the  further  infection  of 
dogs. 

The  abattoir  is  the  proper  place  to  attack  this  disease,  and  a careful 
and  persistent  destruction  of  the  larval  stage  found  in  meat  inspection 
must  finally  result  in  lessening  and  even  exterminating  the  disease. 
Heat  should  be  used  in  destroying  the  parasite. 

Frequency  of  the  hydatid  in  various  animals. — The  frequency  of  hy- 
datid varies  greatly  in  different  countries.  According  to  statistics  thus 
far  published  the  parasite  appears  to  be  most  frequent  in  Iceland,  India, 
Eastern  Siberia,  and  Australia;  it  is  more  common  in  Mecklenburg 

1 An  infection  of  the  lymphatics  (fig.  110)  with  the  so-called  “ Tongue  worm”  ( Lin - 
guatula  rhinaria)  should  not  be  mistaken  for  tuberculosis. 


122 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


than  in  any  other  part  of  continental  Europe.  The  United  States  seems 
to  be  comparatively  free  from  hydatid  infection,  although  the  disease  is 
apparently  on  the  increase. 

United  /States . — I have  seen  cases  of  hydatids  in  this  country  in  cattle, 
hogs,  the  camel,  and  man,  but  as  yet  have  seen  no  cases  in  sheep. 
Wheeler  records  117  cases  of  liver  echinococcus  in  2,000  hogs  examined 
at  New  Orleans;  the  cases  in  domesticated  animals  which  I have 
examined  came  from  the  District  of  Columbia,  Missouri,  and  Nebraska; 
WTelch  records  it  for  Maryland  and  several  of  the  Bureau  inspectors 
report  it  for  various  abattoirs.  (For  the  cases  in  man,  see  p.  124.) 

Iceland. — The  statistics  for  Iceland  are  not  altogether  satisfactory, 
but  it  is  alleged  that  in  some  districts  every  sheep  of  three  years  old  is 
infested,  while  it  is  an  exception  to  find  a cow  ten  years  old  which  is 
free  from  this  parasite;  in  some  districts  it  is  estimated  that  about 
one-third  of  the  sheep  are  infested;  one  author  estimates  that  one-fourth 
are  infested. 

India. — Seventy  per  cent  of  the  cattle  are  infested  (Neumann). 

Germany . — The  statistics  for  Germany  are  more  detailed  than  for  any 
other  country;  it  must,  however,  be  borne  in  mind  that  while  some 


Fig.  113. — Dorsal  view  of  sexually  mature  segment  of  the  Flat  Moniezia  (Moniezia  planissima) : cp, 
cirrus  pouch;  dc,  dorsal  canal;  gp,  genital  pores ; ig , interproglottidal  glands;  n,  nerve;  ov,  ovary; 
rs,  receptaculum  seminis;  sg,  shell  gland;  t,  testicles;  v , vagina;  vc,  ventral  canal ; vd , vas  defer- 
ens; vg,  vitellogene  gland.  Enlarged.  (After  Stiles  & Hassall,  1893,  PI.  II,  fig.  4.) 

German  statistics  include  the  whole  number  of  animals  slaughtered 
and  the  entire  number  of  cases  found,  other  statistics  leave  out  the 
calves  and  omit  from  the  list  those  cases  of  light  infection  in  which  the 
portion  containing  the  parasite  could  be  excised  and  the  rest  of  the 
organ  placed  upon  the  market.  The  following  statistics  are  compiled 
from  various  sources: 

Peiper  (1894)  takes  the  statistics  of  52  slaughterhouses  in  various  parts  of  Germany 
and  concludes  that  10.39  per  cent  of  the  cattle,  9.83  per  cent  of  the  sheep,  and  6.47 
per  cent  of  the  hogs  harbor  hydatids;  the  average  for  Greifswald,  Wolgast,  Auklam, 
Demmin,  and  Swinemunde  (Vorpommern)  was:  Cattle,  37.73  per  cent;  sheep,  27.1 
per  cent;  hogs,  12.8  per  cent;  for  Greifswald  alone,  cattle,  64.58  per  cent;  she§p, 
51.02  per  cent;  hogs,  4.93  per  cent. 

Mecklenburg. — About  half  of  the  animals  are  infested  (Sahlmann).  Cows  infested 
to  25  per  cent,  sheep  15  per  cent,  hogs  5 per  cent  (Metelmann). 

Stettin. — Cows  (293:1425),  7.1  per  cent;  hogs  (1238:16829),  7.3  per  cent;  sheep 
(3807:14717),  25.8  per  cent  (Olt). 

Leipzig  (one  year). — Sheep  (591:4515),  13.09  per  cent;  native  hogs  (196:5166),  3.79 
per  cent;  Hungarian  hogs  (181:843),  27.47  per  cent.  In  native  hogs  the  liver  (3.81 
per  cent)  was  more  frequently  infected  than  the  lungs  (0.26  per  cent)  ; in  Hungarian 
hogs  liver,  12.03  per  cent^  lungs,  14.79  per  cent;  in  sheep  the  lungs  (12.71  per  cent) 
were  more  frequently  infested  than  the  liver  (3.73  per  cent).  (Mejer.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  123 


The  Berlin  statistics  (quoted  from  Braun,  1893,  who  takes  them  from 
the  Berichte  liber  die  stadtische  Fleischbeschau  in  Berlin)  are  espe- 
cially instructive;  they  are  here  reduced  to  percentages  in  order  to 
bring  out  the  results  more  prominently : 


X umber  of  organs  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs  condemned  for  hydatids  from  1888  to  1893. 
CATTLE  (CALVES  EOT  INCLUDED). 


Tear. 


Number 

examined. 


Number. 

Per  cent. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

1888-89  

141,  814 

6,  578 
7,266 
5,792 
4,497 
2,  563 

4.6 

2,  668 
2,  418 

1.  8 

1889  90  

154,  218 

4.  7 

1.  5 

1890-91  

124,  593 
136, 368 

4.  6 

1.938 

1.  5 

1891  92  

3.2 

1,  721 
739 

1.  2 

1892  93  

142,  874 

1.7 

. 5 

Condemned  for  hydatids. 


Lungs. 


Livers. 


SHEEP. 


1888-89  

338, 798 
430,  362 
371,  943 
367,  933 
355,  949 

5,  041 

1.4 

3,  363 
2,  742 

1889-90  

5,  479 

1.  2 

1890-91  

4,  595 
4,  435 
3,331 

1.  2 

2,059 
1,669 
1, 161 

1891-92  

1.2 

1892-93  

.9 

HOGS. 


1888-89  

479, 124 

5,  910 

1.2 

5,  285 

1.  1 

1889-90  

442, 115 

6,  523 

1.4 

5,  078 

1.1 

1890-91  

472,  859 

5.  083 

1.07 

3,  735 

.07 

1891-92 

530.  551 

6,037 

1.1 

4,374 

.08 

1892-93  

518, 073 

6,  785 

1.3 

4,  312 

.08 

1893-94  in  all  13,424  lungs  and  6,283  livers.  (Berichte  ii.  d.  stadtische  Vieh-  u. 
Schlachthf.) 


These  statistics  show  that  from  1888-89  to  1892-93  there  has  been 
a reduction  in  the  number  of  organs  condemned  for  hydatids  both  in 
cattle  and  sheep,  which  must  be  attributed  to  the  system  of  abat- 
toir inspection,  and  which  must  necessarily  result  in  a corresponding 
decrease  in  hydatid  disease  in  man.  This  reduction  is  not  so  apparent 
among  hogs,  but  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  Berlin  slaughters  large 
numbers  of  hogs  imported  from  districts  in  which  the  slaughterhouse 
inspection  is  exceedingly  superficial.  We  saw  above  that  some  Ger- 
man importations  of  hogs  from  Russian  Poland,  Bohemia,  etc.,  were 
infected  with  Gi/sticercus  cellulosae  to  50  per  cent,  and  hogs  which  are 
kept  in  such  a manner  as  to  allow  this  infection  will  certainly  also  bring 
up  the  German  statistics  of  hydatids.  I am  strongly  inclined  to  give 
much  greater  importance  to  the  Berlin  statistics  than  appears  from  the 
percentages  of  infection  among  the  hogs. 

THE  ADULT  TAPEWORM  IN  DOGS. 

(See  p.  101.)  It  seems  to  me  entirely  impracticable  to  attempt  to 
guard  against  hydatid  disease  by  trying  to  definitely  diagnose  the  pres- 
ence of  the  adult  worms  in  dogs.  If,  however,  the  worm  is  found  in 


124 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


dogs,  the  latter  should  be  killed  and  burned.  The  hydatid  is  altogether 
too  dangerous  a parasite  in  man  to  warrant  a person’s  treating  a dog 
which  harbors  Taenia  echinococcus. 

A decision  of  the  “ Professoren-Kollegium  des  Tierarznei-Instituts  zu  Briissel,” 
though  amusing  to  Americans,  is  of  great  importance  to  any  country  in  which  canine 
flesh  is  used  as  food ; that  is,  that  the  oesophagus,  stomach,  and  intestine  of  all  slaugh- 
tered dogs  are  to  he  excluded  from  the  market. 


HYDATID  DISEASE  IN  MAN. 

It  is  important  to  consider  this  subject  in  this  connection  in  order  to 
insist  upon  the  necessity  of  destroying  hydatids  found  at  abattoirs. 
Hydatid  disease  is  the  most  fatal  zoo-parasitic  disease  which  affects 
man,  “50  per  cent  of  the  cases  dying  within  five  years  after  infection,” 
but  its  occurrence  in  man  is  fortunately  comparatively  rare  in  this  coun- 
try. One  of  the  volunteer  assistants  in  the  Bureau,  Dr.  H.  O.  Sommer 
(1895-96),  has  recently  compiled  100  cases  which  have  been  found  in 
the  United  States.  Many  of  the  cases  were  among  foreigners,  and  some 
of  these  were  certainly  infested  before  coming  to  this  country. 

The  100  cases  in  the  United  States  were  distributed  as  follows: 

BY  NATIONALITY. 


Nationality. 

Cases. 

Nationality. 

Cases. 

Nationality. 

Cases. 

Azorian 

1 

Italian 

5 

W elsh 

1 

“Colored” 

1 

Japanese 

1 

“White”  

4 

English 

5 

Mexican  

1 

TTu  stated  __ 

54 

■ 1 Per  Pii  o-ji  firs  ” 

2 

“Mulatto”  

2 

"French 

2 

Negro 

2 

Total 

100 

German 

15 

Pole 

1 

Trish 

2 

Swede 

1 

By  sex : Males,  47 ; females,  28 ; unstated,  25. 


BY  STATES. 


State. 

Cases. 

State. 

Cases. 

State. 

Cases. 

Alabama 

2 

Louisiana,  

1 (or  2 ?) 

Pennsy  1 vania 

10 

California  

1 

Massachusetts 

5 (or  6?) 

Tennessee 

1 

Connecticut 

1 

Missouri  

7 

Texas 

1 (-1-?) 

District  of  Columbia. . . . 

4 

Michigan 

1 

Vermont 

1 

Illinois 

3 

New  jersey 

1 

Virginia,  

2 

Indiana 

1 

New  York 

33 

Washington 

1 

T\  pint, unity 

Ohio 

7 

Unstated 

15 

Of  981  cases  from  various  parts  of  the  world,  the  greatest  number 
occurred  in  persons  between  21  and  40  years  of  age,  as  shown  by  the 
following  classification  by  ages: 


Years. 

Cases. 

Years. 

Cases. 

0 to  10 

54 

51  to  60 

82 

11  to  20 

152 

61  to  70 

36 

21  to  30 

274 

71  to  80 

18 

31  to  40... 

225 

Over  80 

2 

41  to  50 

138 

FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  125 


In  man  the  organs  most  frequently  infested  are  the  liver,  lungs,  kid- 
neys, and  cranial  cavity.  Thus,  of  1,806  cases  of  organ  infections,  the 
liver  was  infested  in  1,011  cases,  lungs  in  147,  kidneys  in  126,  and  cra- 
nial cavity  in  95. 

Hydatid  disease  is  especially  common  in  Iceland  and  Australia.  For 
Iceland  the  statistics  are  very  contradictory,  some  authors  estimating 
that  2 per  cent,  others  16|  per  cent  (probably  exaggerated),  of  the  inhab- 
itants are  infested.  Three  thousand  cases  are  reported  for  Australia 
between  1861  and  1882. 

In  central  Europe  the  hydatid  is  found  on  an  average  once  in  every 
130  post  mortems.  The  frequency  varies  in  different  localities,  Meck- 
lenburg and  Pomerania  leading  the  list.  Ostertag  gives  the  following 
statistics : 


Locality. 

Cases. 

Post-mor- 

tems. 

Per  cent. 

Rostock 

25 

1, 025 

2.  43 

Breslau 

20 

1,360 

1.47 

Berlin  

3B 

4,  470 

0.  76 

Gottingen 

3 

639 

.46 

Dresden 

7 

2,  002 

.34 

Vienna 

3 

1,229 

.24 

Prague  

3 

1,  287 

.23 

Erlangen 

2 

1,812 

. 11 

Peiper  collected  150  cases  for  Yorpommern  from  1860  to  1890;  in  post- 
mortems at  the  Pathological  Institute  of  Greifswald  the  percentage 
was  1.9. 

Prevention  of  the  disease  in  man. — The  disease  may  be  prevented  in 
three  ways — 

(1)  By  recalling  that  the  dog  is  not  a human  being  and  should  not 
be  treated  as  one.  Too  intimate  association  with  dogs  is  sure  to  breed 
the  disease  in  man. 

(2)  By  preventing  infection  among  dogs.  This  can  be  done  by  keep- 
ing dogs  away  from  slaughterhouses,  and  by  the  destruction  (by  heat) 
of  all  hydatids  found  in  slaughtered  animals.  The  slaughterhouse  is 
the  best  place  to  institute  measures  against  hydatid  disease  in  man. 

(3)  By  killing  all  stray  and  ownerless  dogs. 

Adult  Tapeworms  of  Cattle  and  Sheep  (Subfamily  Anoplocephalinae). 

Adult  tapeworms  are  more  or  less  frequently  found  in  the  intestines 
of  cattle  and  sheep,  more  rarely  in  the  bile  duct  of  sheep.  As  stated 
on  page  68,  they  all  belong  to  the  subfamily  Anoplocephalinae ; they 
are  very  closely  related  to  the  tapeworms  of  horses,  hares,  and  rabbits, 
and  yet  are  entirely  distinct  from  these  forms. 

Owing  to  many  misidentifications  of  tapeworms  which  have  been  published,  and 
to  the  meagre  descriptions  of  some  of  the  species,  it  is  impossible  to  state  exactly 
how  many  different  forms  actually  occur  in  cattle  and  sheep,  but  we  are  now  in  a 
position  to  clearly  define  the  most  common  forms  which  occur,  especially  those  which 
are  found  in  this  country,  and  to  suppress  some  of  the  worms  which  have  been 


126 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


described  as  distinct  species  of  parasites  in  these  animals,  but  which  in  reality  are 
identical  with  forms  previously  described  under  other  names,  or  are  parasites  erro- 
neously attributed  to  these  hosts. 

Cattle. — Eight  different  species  of  tapeworm  have 
been  reported  from  cattle,  but  in  all  probability  only 
four  of  them  are  found  in  this  host;  these  four  spe 
cies  all  belong  to  the  genus  Moniezia , and  two  of 
them,  namely,  Moniezia  plants sima  and  M.  expansa , 
are  found  in  this  country. 

This  Bureau  has  knowledge  of  only  two  adult  tapeworms 
in  American  cattle,  but  I have  examined  specimens  of  three 
other  species,  namely,  Moniezia  alba,  M.  Benedeni,  and  M.  den- 
ticulata, preserved  in  various  European  collections  and  bear- 
ing the  label  that  they  were  taken  from  cattle.  Of  these 
three  forms,  M.  denticulata  (=■ Cittotaenia  denticulata ) is  un- 
questionably a parasite  of  rabbits  instead  of  cattle  (Stiles  & 
Hassall,  1896),  and  an  error  must  have  been  made  in  the 
original  label ; M.  alba  and  M.  Benedeni  are  evidently  legiti- 
mate cattle  parasites.  Rivolta  ( 1878)  states  that  he  examined 
a tapeworm  collected  by  Perroncito  from  the  ox  which  he 
(Rivolta)  considered  identical  with  a worm  he  at  first  labeled 
“Taenia  denticulata  (?)”  and  which  he  later  described  as 
Taenia  ovilla  ( ^Thysanosoma  Giardi).  Perroncito  has,  how- 
ever, recently  stated  to  Lungewitz  (1895,  p.  6)  that  he  found 
this  worm  only  in  sheep.  Thysanosoma  Giardi  is  accordingly 
not  yet  established  as  a bovine  parasite.  Von  Linstow  ^1889, 
p.  20)  includes  two  other  tapeworms,  namely,  Stilesia  centri- 
punctata  and  S.  globipunctata,  as  parasites  of  cattle,  but  I am 
unable  to  find  the  authority  for  this  statement. 

Sheep. — A large  number  of  tapeworms  have  been 
described  or  recorded  as  parasites  of  sheep,  but  the 
number  of  species  must  be  considerably  reduced, 
for  some  of  the  forms  described  as  distinct  species 
are  identical  with  forms  previously  described  under 
other  names,  while  other  forms 
were  misdetermined.  Four 
species,  namely,  Moniezia  plan- 
issima , M.  expansa , M.  trigo- 
nophora , and  Thysanosoma 
actinioides , are  known  to  occur 
in  American  sheep. 

Several  other  forms,  namely,  Mon- 
iezia alba,  M.  Benedeni,  M.  Neumanni, 

M.  nullicollis,  M.  Vogti,  Thysanosoma 
Giardi,  Stilesia  centripunctata,  and 
S.  globipunctata,  occur  in  sheep  in  other  countries.  Mon- 
iezia denticulata  ( =Cittotaenia  denticulata)  of  the  rabbit 
has  erroneously  been  reported  from  sheep  in  Europe. 

Swine. — No  species  of  adult  tapeworm  is  positively  known  to  be  a 
normal  parasite  in  swine,  but  Cholodkowsky  (1894,  pp.  552-554)  records 


Fig.  114.— Dorsal  view  of 
gravid  segments  of  the 
Flat  Moniezia  (Moniezia 
p lanissima) , showing 
the  uterus,  enlarged. 
(After  Stiles  & Hassall, 
1893,  PI.  II,  fig.  5.) 


Fig.  115. — Egg  of  the  Flat 
Moniezia  ( Moniezia  planis- 
sima),  greatly  enlarged. 
(After  Stiles  <fe  Hassall, 
1893,  PI.  II,  fig.  6.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  127 


specimens  of  Thysanosoma  Giardi  said  to  liave  been  taken  from  bogs  in 
.Russia,  and  Detmers  (1879),  and  Stiles  (1895,  pp. 

220-222)  bave  recorded  three  cases  of  other  forms 
alleged  to  bave  occurred  in  this  country. 

The  three  genera  of  adult  tapeworms  for  us  to 
consider  in  connection  with  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine 
are  Moniezia , Thysanosoma , and  Stilesia. 

For  a technical  discussion  of  these  genera  and  their  species, 
with  bibliographies,  see  Stiles  & Hassall  (1893)  and  Stiles 
(1896).  For  convenience  of  discussion,  all  of  the  forms  will 
be  treated  together.  For  anatomical  characters,  compare 
figs.  111-124  with  the  key,  page  21. 


GENUS  MONIEZIA. 

It  is  often  quite  difficult  to  distinguish  between  the  differ- 
ent forms,  as  the  specific  characters  must  to  a great  extent 
be  taken  from  the  internal  anatomy,  and  it  is  therefore 
necessary  to  make  a microscopic  examination  of  one  or  more 
specimens  which  have  been  artificially  stained.  In  many 
cases,  however,  these  characters  maybe  recognized  if  a fresh 
worm  is  allowed  to  macerate  one  or  two  days  in  water;  then 
by  pressing  some  of  the  segments  between  two  pieces  of  glass 
and  holding  them  to  the  light  some  of  the  internal  anatomy 
can  be  recognized. 

24.  The  White  Moniezia  ( Moniezia  alba ) of  Cattle 
and  Sheep. 

Synonymy. — Taenia  alba  Perroncito,  1879;  Moniezia  alba 
(Perroncito)  R.  Blanchard,  1891;  (?)  M.  alba  Var.  dubia 
Moniez,  1891. 

This  tapeworm  has  been  recorded  for  France,  Italy,  and 
Algeria,  but  not  as  yet  for  this  country.  Poorly  preserved 
specimens  of  M.  planissima  resemble  this  form  in  that  the 
interproglottidal  glands  can  not  be  seen  distinctly.  This 
renders  it  possible  that  M.  alba  is  simply  a poorly  preserved 
M.  planissima — a point  which  can  not,  however,  be  demon- 
strated by  a comparison  of  the  original  types ; on  this  ac- 
count, it  is  necessary  to  retain  both  species. 

25.  Vogt’s  Moniezia  ( Moniezia  Vogti ) of  Sheep. 

Synonymy. — Taenia  Vogti  Moniez,  1879;  Anoplocephala 
Vogti  (Moniez)  Moniez,  1891;  Moniezia  Vogii  (Moniez)  Stiles 
& Hassall,  1896. 

Very  little  is  known  about  this  supposed  species,  which 
may  be  a distinct  form  or  may  be  a dwarfed  specimen  ot 
some  other  species.  It  has  been  found  once  in  France  and 
once  in  England,  but  is  not  yet  recorded  for  America. 

26.  The  Flat  Moniezia  {Moniezia planissima)  of  Cattle 
and  Sheep. 

[Figs.  111-115.] 

Synonymy. — Moniezia  planissima  Stiles  & Hassall,  1892; 

Taenia  {Moniezia)  planissima  (Stiles  & Hassall)  Braun,  1895; 

T.  expansa  pro  parte  of  various  authors. 

This  seems  to  be  the  most  common  adult  tapeworm  in  American  cattle;  it  also 


adult  specimen  of  the 
Broad  Moniezia  ( Moniezia 
expansa ),  natural  size. 
(After  Stiles  & Hassall, 
1893,  PI.  VI,  fig.  1.) 


128 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


occurs  in  American  sheep,  but  is  apparently  not  so  common  in  this  host.  It  is  found 
also  in  France,  Germany,  and  Italy. 

27.  Van  Beneden’s  Moniezia  (Moniezia  Benedeni)  of  Cattle  and  Sheep. 

Synonymy. — Taenia  Benedeni  Moniez,  1879;  Moniezia  Benedeni  (Moniez)  R.  Blanch- 
ard, 1891. 

This  worm  was  recorded  once  for  sheep  in  France  and  once  for  cattle  in  Austria. 

28.  Neumann’s  Moniezia  ( Moniezia  Neumanni ) of  Sheep. 

This  worm  was  described  by  Moniez  in  1891,  and  has  been  recorded  only  once.  It 
was  found  in  France. 

29.  The  Broad  Moniezia  ( Moniezia  expansa ) of  Cattle,  Sheep,  Goats,  etc. 

[Figs.  116-119.] 

Synonymy. — ? Taenia  ovina  Goeze,  1782;  ? dialysis  ovina  (Goeze)  Zeder,  1803;  ? T. 
expansa  Rudolphi,  1805  (nomen  nudum);  T.  expansa  Rildolphi,  1810;  Alyselminthus 
expansus  (Rudolphi)  Blainville,  1828;  Moniezia  expansa  (Rudolphi]  R.  Blanchard, 
1891;  Taenia  ( Moniezia ) expansa  of  Braun,  1895. 

This  worm  is  quite  common  in  America  and  Europe,  both  in  cattle  and  sheep. 

30.  The  Triangle  Moniezia  ( Moniezia  trigonophora ) of  Sheep. 

[Figs.  120-121.] 

Synonymy. — Moniezia  trigonophora  Stiles  & Hassall,  1893;  Taenia  ( Moniezia ) tri- 
gonophora (Stiles  & Hassall)  Braun,  1895.  Also  T.  expansa  and  T.  Benedeni  pro  parte 
of  some  authors. 

This  is  rather  a common  parasite  of  American  sheep,  and  is  also  found  in  France. 
It  takes  its  name  from  the  triangular  arrangement  of  the  testicles.  I have  seen  one 
serious  outbreak  of  disease  in  sheep  due  in  part  to  this  parasite  and  in  part  to  the 
twisted  wireworm  ( Strongylus  contortus ) of  the  stomach. 

Genus  THYSANOSOMA. 

Represented  by  one  species  in  North  America  and  South  America  and  one  species 
in  Europe. 

31.  The  Fringed  Tapeworm  (Thysanosoma  actinioides)  of  Sheep,  Deer,  etc. 

[Figs.  122-124.] 

Synonymy. — Thysanosoma  actinioides  Diesing,  1835;  Taenia  Jimhriat a Diesing,  1850 
[nec  Batsch,  1786];  “ Taenia  expansa”  misdet.  pro  parte,  of  Faville,  1885;  Moniezia 
fimbriata  (Diesing)  Moniez,  1891. 

The  Fringed  Tapeworm  is  found  in  North  America  and  South  America,  and  forms 
at  times  a veritable  scourge  to  the  sheep  industry  of  the  Western  plains. 

Disease. — The  disease  in  sheep  caused  by  the  Fringed  Tapeworm  has 
been  studied  in  detail  by  Curtice  (1890,  pp.  91-109),  who  considers  that 
next  to  scab  it  is  the  most  important  sheep  disease  of  the  Western 
plains.  The  financial  loss  it  causes  is  quite  extensive,  and  results  from 
the  failure  of  the  lambs  to  fatten,  the  lessening  of  the  wool,  and  the 
weakening  of  the  animals  so  that  they  can  not  withstand  the  cold  win- 
ter weather.  The  parasites  develop  slowly,  and  are  present  in  consid- 
erable numbers  before  their  presence  is  suspected.  Toward  September 
the  lambs  fail  to  grow  as  they  should;  in  November  the  symptoms  are 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  129 


Fig.  117. — Three  views  of  the  head  of  the  Broad  Moniezia 
(Moniezia  expansa).  X17.  (After  Stiles,  1893,  PI.  V, 
figs.  1-16.)  See  p.  128. 


quite  marked.  First,  the  worms  produce  a local  irritation  of  the  intes- 
tine, which  finally  develops  into  a chronic  catarrhal  inflammation,* 
their  presence  in  the  gall  ducts  produces  similar  results  and  obstructs 
the  flow  of  bile;  infected  lambs  are  large  headed,  undersized,  and  hide- 
bound; their  gait  is  rheumatic  and  they  appear  more  foolish  than  the 
other  sheep,  standing  of- 
tener  to  stamp  at  the  sheep 
dogs  or  herders,  and  lag- 
ging behind  the  flock  when 
driven;  the  general  symp- 
toms are  those  of  malnutri- 
tion, and  Curtice  considers 
them  nearly  identical  with 
the  symptoms  of  the  loco 
disease;  in  fact,  he  states 
that  it  is  extremely  difficult 
to  distinguish  between  the 
two  diseases,  and  believes 
that  the  fact  that  the  worms 
“may  tend  to  produce  de- 
praved appetites  and  a morbid  craze  for  a particular  food  is  also 
reason  for  suspecting  that  the  loco  disease  may  depend  on  the  tape- 
worm disease.”  General  systematic  disturbances  result  from  malnu- 
trition; the  usual  fat  is  absent;  serous  effusions  are  noticed  in  the 
body  cavities,  serous  infiltration  in  the  connective  tissue. 

Treatment.  — Curtice 
found  that  powdered 
preparations  of  pumpkin 
seed,  pomegranate-root 
bark,  .cusso,  k am  ala, 
male  fern,  and  worm  seed 
were  of  no  avail,  a failure 
due,  he  maintains,  to  the 
anatomical  structure  of 
the  sheep’s  stomach  and 
method  of  administration ; 
no  medicine  could  be  used 
to  dislodge  the  parasites 
from  the  gall  ducts. 
Personally,  I have  never 
treated  sheep  for  the  Fringed  Tapeworm,  but  I would  suggest  the 
advisability  of  trying  the  method  described  on  pp.  133-135. 


Fig.  118.— Sexually  mature  segments  of  the  Broad  Moniezia 
(Moniezia  expansa):  cp , cirrus  pouch;  ig , interproglottidal 
glands;  rs,  receptaculum  seminis;  sg,  shell  gland;  t , testi- 
cles; v,  vagina;  vg,  vitellogene  gland.  Enlarged.  (After 
Stiles,  1893,  PI.  VI,  fig.  4.)  See  p.  128. 


32.  G-iard’s  Thysanosoma  ( Thgsanosoma  Giardi)  of  Cattle (?),  Sheep,  and  Swine(?). 

Synonymy. — Taenia  ovilla  Rivolta,  1878  [nec  Gmelin,  1790] ; T.  Giardi  Moniez, 
1879;  T.  aculeata  Perroncito,  1882;  Moniezia  ovilla  (Rivolta)  Moniez,  1891;  M.  ovilla 
5257 — No.  19 9 


130 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


Var.  macilenta  Moniez,  1891;  Thysanosoma  Giardi  (Moniez)  Stiles,  1893;  Th.  onlla 
(Rivolta)  Railliet,  1893;  Taenia  Brandti  Ckolodkowsky,  1894;  Th.  ovillum  (Rivolta) 
Railliet,  1895. 

Ikis  peculiar  tapeworm  lias  been  found  in  sheep  in  France,  Italy,  Germany,  and 
Russia,  and  has  been  recorded  once  in  hogs;  its  occurrence  as  a normal  parasite  in 
both  hogs  and  cattle  is  doubtful.  (See  pp.  126-127.) 

Genus  STILESIA. 

Two  species  of  this  genus  are  found  in  sheep,  but  neither  form  is  yet  recorded  for 
this  continent. 

33.  TheGlobipunctate  Stilesia  ( Siilesia  globijmnctata)  of  Cattle(?)  and  Sheep. 

Synonymy  —Taenia  globipunctata  Rivolta  (1874);  T.  ovipunctata  Rivolta  (1874); 
Stilesia  globipunctata  (Rivolta)  Railliet,  1893. 

Found  in  sheep  in  Italy  and  India ; its  occurrence  in  cattle  is  doubtful.  (See  p.  126.) 

34.  The  Centripunctate  Stilesia  ( Stilesia  centripunctata)  of  Cattle(?)  and  Sheep. 

Synonymy.— Taenia  centripunctata  Rivolta  (1874) ; Stilesia  centripunctata  (Rivolta) 
Railliet,  1893;  Taenia  ( Stilesia ) centripunctata  of  Braun,  1895. 

.Found  in  sheep  in  Italy  and  Algeria ; its  presence  in  cattle  is  doubtful.  (See  p.  126.) 


Fig.  119. — Gravid  segment  of  tlie  Broad  Moniezia  ( Moniezia-expansa ),  enlarged.  (After  Stiles,  1893, 

PI.  YI,  fig.  6.)  See  p.  128. 


Life  history. — Nothing  is  positively  known  about  the  life  history  of 
any  of  the  adult  tapeworms  of  cattle  or  sheep ; but  from  analogy  we 
may  assume  that  the  life  cycle  is  similar  to  that  of  other  cestodes, 
namely,  that  the  parasite  runs  through  two  stages — the  adult  form,  in 
the  intestine  of  cattle  and  sheep,  and  a larval  state  (a  cysticercus  or  a 
cysticercoid),  which  will  be  found  as  a parasite  in  an  intermediate  host, 
probably  some  invertebrate  animal,  as  an  insect,  snail,  or  worm.  The 
intermediate  host  will  become  infected  from  the  eggs  in  the  faeces  of 
the  cattle  and  sheep,  and  the  latter  will  become  infected  by  accidentally 
swallowing  the  intermediate  host. 

While  this  is  what  seems  to  us  at  present  as  the  probable  life  history 
of  the  bovine  and  ovine  tapeworms,  it  must  be  distinctly  remembered 
that  no  one  has  as  yet  been  able  to  positively  make  out  the  complete 
life  cycle.  In  fact,  some  authors  (Curtice  and  others)  do  not  think  that 
it  is  necessary  for  these  worms  to  pass  through  any  intermediate  host, 
but  they  believe  that  the  embryos  (in  the  eggs)  are  swallowed  by  the 
cattle  and  develop  directly  into  adult  worms.  This  theory,  however,  is 
contrary  to  analogy,  and  although  this  Bureau  has  repeatedly  attempted 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  131 


to  infect  animals  in  tlie  manner  indicated,  none  of  the  experiments  can  be 


looked  upon  as  supporting  Curtice’s 
views,  for  we  were  unable  to  pro- 
duce an  infection. 

One  of  the  following  experiments, 
given  as  illustrations,  might  at  first 
sight  seem  to  support  Curtice’s 
theory,  but  can  equally  well  be  ex- 
plained otherwise: 

(1)  September  2,  1891.— A 6-months-old 
lamb  fed  with  thousands  ( ! !)  of  eggs  of  M. 
expan  sa. 

October  2. — Experiment  animal  showed 
ripe  proglottids  in  droppings.  The  infec- 
tion, however,  was  totally  out  of  propor- 
tion to  the  number  of  embryos  fed,  so  that 
the  lamb  must  have  become  infected  in 
some  other  way. 

(2)  September  10. — Lamb  fed  with  thou- 
sands of  eggs  of  M.  expansa  at  three  differ- 
ent times  within  a week. 

September  SO.  —Lamb  killed  and  four-hour 
post-mortem  held.  Intestinal  villi,  etc., 
examined  microscopically.  Result  totally 
negative. 

(3)  September  10. — Lamb  fed  with  thou- 
sands of  eggs  of  M.  expansa  five  times 
within  a week.  Result  negative. 

Experiments  by  Curtice  and  Eu- 
ropean authors  must  also  be  consid- 
ered as  negative,  for  according  to  the 
published  accounts  of  the  infections 
the  possible  sources  besides  direct 
ingestion  of  eggs  were  not  suffi- 
ciently controlled. 

TAPEWORM  DISEASE  OF  CATTLE 
AND  SHEEP. 

For  disease  caused  by  the  Fringed 
Tapeworm,  see  page  128. 

Source  of  infection. — It  will  be 
impossible  to  make  any  definite 
statements  upon  this  point  until 
the  complete  life  history  of  the  worms 
is  known. 

Occurrence . — Tapeworms  are  found 
in  cattle  and  sheep  of  all  ages  and 
at  all  times  of  the  year,  but  calves, 


Fig.  120.— Portions  of  an  adult  specimen  of  the 
Triangle  Moniezia  ( Moniezia  trigonophora), 
natural  size.  (After  Stiles  & Hassall,  1893, 
PI.  VIII,  fig.  1.)  See  p.  128. 

lambs,  and  yearlings  suffer  more 


132  INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 

from  the  effects  of  the  parasites  than  do  older  animals.  They  are  occa- 
sionally found  in  animals  in  stalls,  but  are  more  frequent  in  animals 
which  are  in  pasture,  and  are  not  so  frequent  in  the  winter  and  early 
spring  as  in  the  summer  and  fall.  Worms  (M.  expansa  or  M.  planissima ) 
from  6 to  15  feet  long  have  been  found  in  lambs  two  to  four  months  old, 
so  that  these  parasites  must  grow  to  maturity  very  rapidly.  Curtice 
computes  the  average  growth  at  about  1 yard  per  month. 

Symptoms. — There  can  be  no  question  that  sheep  and  cattle  may  har- 
bor a small  number  of  tapeworms  with  comparatively  little  or  no  ill 
effects,  for  these  worms  are  found  at  abattoirs  in  sheep  which  are  in 
excellent  condition  at  the  time  of  slaughter.  The  younger  the  animal 
and  the  greater  the  infection  with  worms,  the  more  serious  the  effects 
of  the  disease;  but  if  able  to  pass  through  a certain  period  the  animals 
are  very  apt  to  recover,  for  the  worms  seem  to  shed  their  segments 
quite  suddenly,  leaving  the  hosts  with  but  small  tapeworm  strobila, 
and  by  the  time  the  parasites  again  attain  a greater  length  the  animals 
may  have  gained  in  condition  and  strength  to  withstand  the  disease. 

Tapeworms  affect  their  hosts  in  several  ways.  By  assimilating  the 


Fig.  121.— Sexually  mature  segments  of  the  Triangle  Moniezia  ( Moniezia  trigonophora) : cp,  cirrus 
pouch ; dc,  dorsal  canal ; ig,  interproglottidal  glands ; n,  nerve ; ov,  ovary ; rs,  receptaculum  seminis ; 
sg,  shell  gland;  t,  testicles;  v,  vagina;  vc,  ventral  canal;  vd,  vas  deferens;  vg,  vitellogene  gland. 
Enlarged.  (After  Stiles  & Hassall,  1893,  PL  IX,  fig.  4.)  See  p.  128. 

nourishment  in  the  intestinal  tract  of  their  hosts,  they  rob  the  latter  of 
food;  when  present  in  large  numbers,  they  may  cause  stoppage  of  the 
bowels,  irritate  the  bowels,  leading  to  non  assimilation  of  food  and 
reflexly  to  the  nervous  symptoms.  The  clinical  history  is  not  very 
clearly  defined  from  infection  with  other  intestinal  parasites,  especially 
with  the  twisted  strongyle  (Strongylus  contortus). 

As  the  animals  lose  flesh,  become  poorer,  and  hidebound,  their  gait 
becomes  unsteady,  the  fleece  becomes  dry  and  harsh,  little  yolk  being 
present;  the  appetite  and  thirst  may  increase;  diarrhoea  is  frequent  in 
severe  infections,  and  becomes  more  pronounced  as  the  disease  advances. 
The  animals  may  at  last  become  completely  exhausted  and  die. 

Diagnosis. — Suspicion  of  tapeworm  disease  being  aroused  by  the 
general  poor  condition  of  the  animals,  a positive  diagnosis  may  fre- 
quently be  made  by  finding  the  cast-off  segments  in  the  droppings,  or 
around  the  anus  under  the  tail.  A microscopic  examination  of  the 
faeces  for  eggs  is  practicable  only  for  experts.  In  case  of  death  of  one 
of  the  flock,  it  is  best  to  make  a careful  post-mortem,  examining  the 
fourth  stomach  for  the  twisted  strongyle  and  the  intestines  for  tapeworms. 
This  can  easily  be  done  by  opening  the  intestine  in  a tub  of  warm  water. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  133 


Treatment .] — The  first  thing  to  do  in  treating  sheep  and  cattle  for 
tapeworms  is  to  confine  the  animals  in  a comparatively  small  yard  and 
to  withhold  solid  food  the  night  before  dosing.  The 
animals  should  be  kept  confined  until  the  worms  are 
passed,  then  all  the  faeces  should  be  collected  and 
burned,  or  buried  in  quicklime. 

Schwalenberg  reported  good  results  with  karnala,  dose 
for  a lamb  3.7')  grams  (about  1 dram);  also  with  cusso 
(kousso),  dose  for  a lamb  7.5  grams  (nearly  2 drams); 
still  better  results  with  kosin  (koussin),  dose  for  a lamb 
12  centigrams. 

Picric  acid,  dose  0.6  to  1.25  grams  (10  to  20  grains), 
made  into  pills  with  meal  and  water,  is  recommended 
by  some  authors.  It  should  be  followed  with  a cathar- 
tic (a  Pounce  dose  of  Epsom  salts  or  a 4-ounce  dose  of 
any  of  the  "bland  oils). 

Two-ounce  dose  of  powdered  male  fern  root,  or,  still 
better,  the  ethereal  oil  of  male  fern  in  dram  doses,  is 
recommended  by  some  veterinarians.  It  can  be  given 
in  combination  with  2 to  4 ounces  of  castor  oil. 

Frohner  (1889)  gives  the  following  recipes:  Take  koussin,  3 
grains,  and  of  sugar  10  grains,  mix,  and  give  at  one  dose.  The 
dose  of  tansy  is  from  2 to  6 drams.  It  forms  one  of  the  chief  ingre- 
dients of  Spinola’s  worm  cake,  which  is  fed  to  lambs  as  a pre- 
ventive against  worms.  The  recipe,  sufficient  for  100  sheep,  is  as 
follows : l ake  of  tansy,  calamus  root,  and  tar,  each  2£  pounds ; of 
cooking  salt,  14  pounds;  mix  these  with  water  and  meal,  make 
into  cakes,  and  dry.  This  is  an  old  and  oft-repeated  recipe,  but 
I can  not  vouch  for  its  efficiency.  (Curtice,  1890.) 

Powdered  areca  uut  may  be  given  to  lambs  in  doses 
of  1 to  3 drams.  If  no  passage  occurs,  follow  in  three 
or  four  hours  with  a cathartic. 

In  the  recent  experiments  with  bluestone  by  Hutcheon, 
in  South  Africa,  against  wire  worm  disease  in  sheep,  it  has 
been  found  that  the  same  treatment  expels  tapeworms. 

Caution. — Eepeated  accidents  have  happened  from 
using  too  strong  a solution  or  too  large  doses,  or  in 
giving  it  in  such  a way  that  the  medicine  gains  access 
to  the  lungs.  Dr.  Hutcheon’s  method  of  procedure, 
which  is  here  given  in  detail,  is  safe  in  the  hands  of  the 
average  farmer  if  the  directions  are  followed.  The 
person  who  gives  stronger  doses  than  indicated,  or  who 
is  careless  about  the  measurements,  must  take  the  en- 
tire responsibility  of  the  miscarriage  of  the  treatment. 

It  is  a good  plan  to  make  up  a smaller  quantity  of  the  solution  and 
try  it  upon  a few  sheep  before  attempting  to  dose  the  entire  flock. 


Fig.  122.— Adult 
specimen  of  the 
Fringed  Tape- 
worm ( Thysano- 
soma  actinioides) . 
(After  Stiles,  1893, 
PI.  XI,  fig.  1.)  See 

p.  128. 


1 In  this  connection  consult  Curtice,  1890,  pp.  120-121. 


134 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


(a)  To  prepare  the  mixture. — Hutcheon  has  changed  his  formula 
slightly  from  time  to  time,  the  latest  published  proportions  (February 
21,  1895)  reading  as  follows  (see  footnote,  p.  136): 

Dissolve  1 pound  avoirdupois  (1  pound  = 16  ounces)  of  good,  com- 
mercial, powdered  bluestone  (sulphate  of  copper)  in  2 imperial  quarts 
(=  2-J  quarts  U.  S.)  of  boiling  water;  when  the  bluestone  is  thoroughly 
dissolved  add  6J  imperial  gallons  ( = 26  imperial  quarts  = 7-f  U.  S. 
gallons  = 31-J-  U.  S.  quarts)  of  cold  water,  making  in  all  7 imperial 
gallons  (or  8|  U.  S.  gallons)  of  water.  (See  footnote,  p.  136.) 

Use  only  bluestone  which  is  of  a uniform  blue  color;  avoid  that 
which  is  in  conglomerate  lumps  with  white  patches  and  covered  with 
a white  crust. 

The  equivalents  of  1 pound  avoirdupois  and  of  7 imperial  gallons  in 
other  weights  and  measures  are  as  follows: 


Fig.  123.— Ventral  and  apex  views  of  the  head  of  the 
Fringed  Tapeworm  (Thysanosoma  actinioi&es) . x 17. 
(After  Stiles,  1893,  PI.  XI,  figs.  2 and  2 b.)  See  p.  120. 


One  pound  avoirdupois  = 1 pound  2 ounces  280  grains  of  apothecaries’  or  of  imperial 
troy  weight  = 453.59  grains  of  metric  weight. 

Seven  imperial  gallons  = 8 gallons  3 pints  3 fluid  ounces  3 fluid  drachms  56  minims 

(or  practically  8 gallons  31  pints,  or  8| 
gallons)  of  apothecaries’  or  wine  meas- 
ure, U.  S.  =31.804409  liters  (practi- 
cally 31f  liters)  metric  system. 

The  farmer  is  cautioned 
against  guessing  at  the  weights 
and  measures,  for  this  is  sure  to 
result  in  too  strong  a solution, 
which  will  kill  his  animals,  or 
too  weak  a solution,  which  will 
fail  to  be  effective.  Scales  and 
measures  should  be  tested  before 
they  are  used.  If  reliable  scales  are  not  at  hand,  buy  the  bluestone 
already  weighed  and  have  the  exact  weight  in  avoirdupois,  apothe- 
caries’, or  metric  system  marked  on  the  package. 

If  a smaller  quantity  than  the  above  is  desired,  this  can  be  made  up 
on  the  proportion  of  1 ounce  avoirdupois  of  bluestone  to  4|-U.  S.  pints 
of  water. 

(5)  Preparation  of  the  animals. — Fast  the  sheep  or  cattle  twenty  to 
twenty-four  hours  before  dosing.  If  the  fast  is  thirty  hours  (longer  fasts 
are  dangerous)  an  extra  half  gallon  or  a gallon  of  water  should  be  added 
to  the  solution,  as  animals  are  more  liable  to  suffer  after  a long  fast. 

( c ) Size  of  the  dose. — Hutcheon  has  several  times  changed  the  size 
of  the  doses  he  advises,  in  some  papers  basing  it  on  the  imperial  fluid 
ounce,  in  others  on  the  tablespoon.  The  doses  for  sheep  (in  imperial 
ounces  and  in  tablespoons)  given  below  are  his  most  recent  (January 
10,  1895)  recommendations,  and  though  based  upon  a solution  with  5 
per  cent  less  water  than  the  solution  given  above,  they  may  be  used  for 
the  weaker  mixture. 

We  have  given  several  of  the  metric  doses  to  sheep  on  the  Bureau 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.  135 


Experiment  Station,  and  the  sheep  showed  no  ill  effects;  on  the  con- 
trary they  gained  in  weight.  (See  footnote,  p.  136.) 


Approximate  equivalents. 

Age  of  animals. 

Table- 
spoons. a 

TT-£a£he- 

Metric. 

For  a lamb  3 months  old 

1 

About  | fluid  About  f fluid 
ounce.  1 ounce. 

About  20  cc. 

For  a lamb  6 months  old 

2 

About  1|  fluid  About  l^fluid 
ounces.  ounces. 

About  40  cc. 

For  a sheep  12  months  old 

3 

About2| fluid  About  2 fluid 
ounces.  ounces. 

About  GO  cc. 

For  a sheep  18  months  old 

4 

About  3 fluid  About  2f  fluid 
ounces.  ounces. 

About  80  cc. 

For  a sheep  24  months  old 

H 

About 3^  fluid  About  3 fluid 
ounces.  ounces. 

About  90  cc. 

For  a calf  3 months  old 

4£  to  5 

About3£to3J  About  3 to  3^ 
fluid  ounces.  fluidounces. 

90  to  100  cc. 

For  a calf  6 months  old 

5 to  5£ 

About  3|to  4£  About  3^  to  3§ 
fluidounces.  fluidounces. 

100  to  110  cc. 

a “The  tablespoon  I refer  to  is  the  modern  full-sized  tablespoon  (6  fluid  drachms).  The  medicinal 
tablespoon  contains  exactly  half  an  ounce.” — Hutcheon. 


Be  careful  not  to  give  a two- toothed  young  sheep  as  much  as  a full 
grown  four-toothed  sheep.  Mistakes  may  occur  in  judging  the  age 
unless  the  teeth  are  examined. 

The  doses  should  be  measured  off  in  bottles  and  the  point  of  each 
dose  plainly  marked  with  a hie. 

(d)  Dosing. — In  dosing,  use  long-necked  bottles,  as  castor-oil  bottles^ 
Worcester  sauce  bottles,  or  anchovy  sauce  bottles. 

Let  one  person  set  the  sheep  on  its  haunches  and  take  its  two  fore- 
legs in  his  left  hand,  while  he  steadies  the  head  with  the  right.  Another 
person  inserts  the  neck  of  the  bottle  into  the  mouth.  The  head  of  the 
sheep  should  not  be  raised  too  high,  as  in  that  case  the  solution  may 
enter  the  lungs  and  kill  the  sheep.  A safe  rule  is  to  raise  the  nose  to 
the  height  of  the  animal’s  eyes. 

(e)  Overdose. — If,  after  dosing,  any  of  the  sheep  seem  to  be  suffering 
from  an  overdose,  indicated  by  lying  apart  from  the  flock,  not  feeding, 
manifesting  a painful,  excited  look  and  a spasmodic  movement  in 
its  running,  walking  with  a stiff  gait,  purging,  the  discharge  being  a 
dirty  brownish  color,  take  the  affected  animals  away  from  the  flock  to 
a shady  place  and  dose  with  laudanum  and  milk  as  follows: 

For  a lamb  4 to  6 months  old,  1 teaspoonful  of  laudanum  in  a tumbler 
of  milk. 

For  a sheep  1 year  old,  2 teaspoonfuls  of  laudanum  in  a tumbler  of 
milk.  Repeat  half  the  dose  in  two  to  three  hours  if  necessary. 

(/)  After  treatment. — The  animals  should  not  be  allowed  water  for 
several  hours  after  receiving  their  dose. 

Prevention . — Preventive  measures  against  adult  tapeworm  infection 
in  sheep  and  cattle  can  be  given  only  in  the  most  general  terms,  as 
explicit  directions  can  be  based  only  upon  a knowledge  of  the  exact 
source  of  infection.  The  general  preventive  measures  apjilicable  to 
all  intestinal  parasitic  diseases  would  apply  in  the  case  of  tapeworm 
disease,  namely : since  the  parasites  are  contracted  by  means  of  con- 


136 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


taminated  food  or  drink,  prevent  this  contamination  as  muck  as  possi- 
ble; feed  high  with  pure  food  and  water  preceding  and  during  the  time 
of  greatest  infection ; avoid  overcrowding  of  pastures;  isolate  infected 
stock;  and  when  treating  medicinally  treat  the  entire  flock  if  possible. 

Contamination  of  food  and  drink. — This  generally  takes  place  by 
allowing  manure  piles  to  drain  into  the  water  supply  or  into  pastures 
In  the  case  of  adult  tapeworms  of  cattle  and  sheep  some  other  factors 
probably  come  into  play. 

Feeding  'pure  food  and  ivater. — Grain,  etc.,  should  be  fed  from  platforms 
or  troughs,  which  should  be  kept  clean;  raised  water  troughs  should  be 
supplied,  so  that  the  animals  need  not  be  obliged  to  drink  from  stagnant 
pools.  These  water  troughs  should  be  occasionally  cleaned.  Many 

ranchmen  have 
already  learned 
that  by  feeding 
their  lambs  ex- 
tra grain  dur- 
ing the  fall,  not 
only  have  their 
losses  been  di- 
minished, but  the  lambs  become  larger  and  stronger  as  well  as  fatter. 

Avoid  overcrowding  of  pastures, — Overcrowding  of  pastures  is  one  of 
the  surest  methods  of  keeping  animals  permanently  infested  with  ani- 
mal parasites,  since  the  chances  of  infecting  the  pasture  are  increased 
and,  by  being  compelled  to  graze  too  close,  the  animals  are  more  liable 
to  infection  from  the  germs  of  parasites  found  on  the  ground. . 

Isolation  of  infected  stock. — This  is  always  advisable,  no  matter  what 
particular  disease  is  present. 

1 Treatment  of  the  entire  herd. — This  is  advisable,  since  all  animals 
which  have  been  subject  to  infection  stand  a chance  of  having  con- 
tracted disease,  even  if  only  in  a light  form;  but  light  attacks  of  para- 
sitic diseases  serve  to  reinfect  pastures. 


Fig.  124. — Segments  of  the  Fringed  Tapeworm  ( Thysanosoma  actinioides), 
showing  canals  and  nerves,  and  (/)  fringed  border,  ( t ) testicles,  and  ( ut ) 
uterus.  Enlarged.  (After  Stiles,  1893,  PI.  XI,  fig.  8.)  See  p.  128. 


ABATTOIR  INSPECTION. 


The  abattoir  inspection  for  tapeworms  in  the  intestines  of  cattle  and 
sheep  is  of  no  importance  whatever,  since  none  of  these  parasites  are 
trausmissible  to  man  in  any  stage  of  their  development.  If  the  drain- 
age of  a slaughterhouse  is  not  properly  cared  for,  the  surroundings  form 
a concentrated  area  of  infection. 


1 Addenda  to  Uutcheon’s  Milestone  Treatment. — At  the  moment  of  going  to  presa after 
proof  reading  was  completed,  we  have  received  from  Hutcheon  another  article  on 
this  subject,  dated  1897.  He  adopts  practically  the  same  doses  given  on  p.  135,  but 
changes  the  strength  of  the  solution  (see  p.  134)  to  1 pound  of  bluestone  to  “40 
whiskey  bottlesful  of  water. ” This  is  practically  1 pound  to  7\  imperial  gallons 
(=9  U.  S.  gallons  = about  34  liters  metric)  of  water. 

We  wish  here  to  repeat  and  emphasize  the  advice  given  to  the  farmer  on  p.  133,  to 
make  up  a smaller  quantity  of  the  solution  and  try  it  on  a few  sheep  a few  days 
before  Ihe  entire  flock  is  dosed.  This  will  give  him  an  opportunity  to  judge  whether 
he  lias  made  a mistake  in  weights  and  measures  in  mixing  the  solution. 


II.  COMPENDIUM  OF  THE  PARASITES,  ARRANGED  ACCORDING 

TO  THEIR  HOSTS. 


By  Albert  Hassall. 

In  the  following  compendium  are  included  the  hosts  for  all  of  the 
parasites  discussed  in  this  paper.  The  numbers  of  the  hosts  refer  to 
the  numbers  in  von  Linstow’s  (1878)  Compendium.  In  selecting  the 
scientific  names  of  hosts,  I have  been  guided  by  the  advice  of  Dr.  T.  S. 
Palmer,  of  the  Biological  Survey,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 

m signifies  that  either  Stiles  or  I have  examined  the  parasite  for  the 
host  in  question  in  North  America. 

□ signifies  that  either  Stiles  or  I have  examined  this  parasite  for  the 
host  in  question,  but  the  specimen  was  not  North  American. 

? signifies  that  I doubt  the  validity  of  the  determination  or  the 
validity  of  the  species. 

f signifies  that  I reserve  judgment  upon  the  species. 


MAMMALS  (Mammalia). 

Primates. 

1.  Homo  sapiens.  Man. 

Dicrocoelium  lanceatum,  p.55 Liver. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

? Fasciola  hepatica  angusta,  p.  48 Lungs. 

? Fasciola  gigantica,  p.  49 Lungs. 

0 Schistosoma  haematobium,  p.  58 Veins. 

Bothriocephalus  cordatus,  p.  85 Intestine. 

0 Bothriocephalus  latus,  p.  85 • Intestine. 

Bothriocephalus  Mansoni,  p.  85 Intestine. 

0 Cysticercus  cellulosae,  p.  89 Muscles,  eye,  and  brain. 

? Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Omentum. 

Davainea  madagascariensis,  p.  86 Intestine. 

Dipylidium  caninum,p.  86 Intestine. 

0 Echinococcus  polymorphous,  p.  113 Especially  liver  and  lungs. 

0 Hymenolepis  diminuta  (including  Taenia  flavopunctata) , p.  86 Intestine. 

□ Hymenolepis  murina  (including  Taenia  nana),  p.  86 Intestine. 

Krahhea  grandis Intestine. 

0 1 Taenia  confusa,  p.  85 Intestine. 

0 Taenia  saginata,  p.  71 Intestine. 

0 Taenia  solium,  p.  89 Intestine. 

Simia  faunus. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96. 

14.  Simia  inuus.  (See  Macacus  inuus.) 

9.  Simia  rubra.  (See  Cercopithecus  patas.) 


137 


138 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


19.  Simia  silenus.  ( See  Macacus  silenus.) 

Semnopithecus  entellus.  Hanuman  langur. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96. 

4.  Cercopithecus  cephus. 

Cysticercus  celluloscie,  p.  89 Peritoneum. 

5.  Cercopithecus  cynosurus.  Malbrouck  Guenon. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Liver  and  mesentery. 

6.  Cercopithecus  fuliginosus.  Sooty  Monkey. 

Schistosoma  haematobium  (Cobbold’s  Bilharzia  magna),  p.  58,... Veins. 

7.  Cercopithecus  mona.  Mona  Guenon. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96. 

9.  Cercopithecus  patas.  Patas  Guenon. 

Cysticercus  cellnlosae,  p.  89. 

10.  Cercopithecus  sabaeus.  Grivet  Guenon. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Liver  and  mesentery. 

12.  Macacus  cynomolgus.  Crab-eating  Macaque. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Liver  and  mesentery. 


Echinococcus  poly morphus,  p.  113 Viscera. 

14.  Macacus  inuus.  Barbary  Macaque. 

Cysticercus  cellulosae,  p.  89 Peritoneum. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.96 Peritoneum. 

Echinococcus  polymorphus,  p.  113 Viscera. 

19.  Macacus  silenus.  Lion-tailed  Macaque. 

Echinococcus  polymorphus,  p.  113 Viscera. 


12.  Inuus  cynomolgus.  (Nee  Macacus  cynomolgus.) 

14.  Inuus  ecaudatus.  (Nee  Macacus  inuus.) 

17.  Papio  maimon.  Mandril. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Liver  and  mesentery. 

17.  Cynocephalus  maimon.  (Nee  Papio  maimon.) 

Carnivores  ( Carnivora ). 

191.  Ursus  arctos.  Brown  Bear. 

Cysticercus  cellulosae,  p.  89 

167.  Vulpes  lagopus.  Arctic  Fox. 

Taenia  coenurus,  p.  109 

165.  Canis  familiaris.  Dog. 

Bothriocephalus  cordatus,  p.  101. 

Bothriocephalus  fuscus,  p.  101. .. 

Bothriocephalus  latus,  p.  101 

Bothriocephalus  serratus,  p.  101.  . 

Cysticercus  cellulosae,  p.  89 

0 Dipylidium  caninum,  p.  102 

□ Mesocestoides  lineatus,  p.  102 

Taenia  coenurus,  p.  109 

0 Taenia  echinococcus,  p.  114 

□ Taenia  Krabbei,  p.  102 

0 Taenia  marginata,  p.  96 

0 Taenia  serialis,  p.  102 

0 Taenia  serrata,  p.  102 

146.  Felis  domestica.  Cat. 

? Dicrocoelium  lanceatum,  p.  55 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29. 

'Cysticercus  cellulosae,  p.  89. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96. 

Echinococcus  polymorphus,  p.  113 


Muscles. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Muscles  and  peritoneum. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Gall  bladder. 


COMPENDIUM  OF  THE  PARASITES. 


139 


Rodents  ( Bodentia ). 

Lepus  californicus. 

Coenurus  serialis,  p.  102. 

Lepus  callotis. 

El  Coenurus  serialis,  p.  102. 

137.  Lepus  cuniculus.  European  Wild  Rabbit. 

Dicrocoelium  lanceatum,  p.  55. 

Fasciola  liepatica,  p.  29. 

□ Coenurus  serialis,  p.  102. 

? Coenurus  c-erebralis , p.  109. 

Echinococcus polymorplius,  p.  113. 

137a.  Lepus  cuniculus  domesticus.  Common  domesticated  Rabbit. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

? Coenurus  cerehralis,  p.  109 Muscles. 

Coenurus  serialis,  p.  102 Muscles. 

140.  Lepus  timidus.  Common  European  Hare. 

Dicrocoelium  lanceatum,  p.  55 Gall  bladder. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

? Coenurus  cerehralis,  p.  109 Muscles. 

Coenurus  serialis,  p.  102 Muscles. 

139.  Lepus  variabilis.  Mountain  Hare. 

Dicrocoelium  lanceatum,  p.  55 Liver. 

Coenurus  serialis,  p.  102 Connective  tissue. 

Cavia  cobaya.  Guinea  Pig. 

Fasciola  hepatica  caviae,  p.  48 Liver. 

110.  Mus  rattus.  Black  Rat. 

Cysticercus  cellulosae,  p.  89 Peritoneum. 

98.  Castor  fiber.  European  Beaver. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

87.  Sciurus  cinereus. 

Cysticercus  ienuicollis,  p.  96 Liver  and  mesentery. 

86.  Sciurus  vulgaris.  European  Squirrel. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Liver  and  mesentery. 

Ungulates  ( Ungulata). 

206.  Elephas  indicus.  Indian  Elephant. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

248.  Equus  caballus.  Horse. 

□ Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

Coenurus  cerehralis,  p.  109 Cerebrum. 

□ Echinococcus  polymorphus,  p.  113 Liver. 

246.  Equus  asinus.  Ass. 

Dicrocoelium  lanceatum,  p.  55 Liver. 

□ Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

□ Echinococcus  polymorphus,  p.  113 Liver. 

215.  Bos  bubalis.  Indian  Buffalo. 

Amphistoma  cervi,  p.  64 Rumen. 

□ Fasciola  hepatica  aegyptiaca,  p.  48 Liver. 

□ Gastrothylax  gregarius,  p.  67 Rumen. 

2176.  Bos  frontalis.  Gayal. 

Gastrothylax  Cohholdii,  p.  67 Rumen. 

Gastrothylax  elongatum,  p.67 Rumen. 

Homalogaster  Paloniae,p.61 Caecum. 

Bos  indicus.  Zebu.  (See  also  p.  67). 

Honiezia  expan sa,  p.  128 Intestine. 


140 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


216.  Bos  taurus.  Domesticated  cattle. 

□ Amphistoma  cervi,  p.  64 

Amphistoma  explanation,  p.  67 

Amphistoma  tuberculatum,  p.  67. . . 

□ Dicrocoelium  lanceatum,  p.  55 

Dicrocoelium  pancreaticum,  p.  57  . . 

? Fasciola  gigantica,  p.  49 

E Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 

□ Fasciola  hepatica  angusta,  p.  48 

□ Fasciola  hepatica  aegyptiaca,  p.  48 

0 Fasciola  magna,  p.49 

Gastrothylax  crumenifer,  p.  67 

Ho malog aster  Poirieri,  p.  67 

□ Schistosoma  bovis,  p.  60 

? Schistosoma  haematobium,  p.  58 

Coenurus  cerebralis,  p.  109 

E Cysticercus  bovis,  p.  71 

E Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.96 

E Echinococcus polymorphus,  p.  113.. 

□ Moniezia  alba,  p.  127 

□ Moniezia  Benedeni,  p.  128 

E Moniezia  expansa,  p.  128 

E Moniezia  planissima,  p.  127 

? Stilesia  centripunctata,  p.  130 

? Stilesia  globipunctata,  p.  130 

? Thysanosoma  Giardi,  p.  129 

218.  Ovibos  moschatus.  Musk  Ox. 

Moniezia  expansa,  p.  128 

Ovis  ammon. 

Echinococcus  poly morphus,  p.  113. 

219.  Ovis  argali.  Argali. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 

Echinococcus polymorphus,  p.  113. 

220.  Ovis  aries.  Domesticated  sheep. 

E Amphistoma  cervi,  p.  64 

□ Dicrocoelium  lanceatum,  p.  55 

E Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29. 

Dicrocoelium  pancreaticum,  p.  57. 
Schistosoma  bovis,  p.  60 

□ Coenurus  cerebralis,  p.  109 

E Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 

□ Echinococcus  polymorphus,  p.  113.. 

Moniezia  alba,  p.  127 

□ Moniezia  Benedeni,  p.  128 

E Moniezia  expansa,  p.128 

□ Moniezia  Neumanni,  p.  128 

! □ Moniezia  nullicollis,  p.  26 

E Moniezia  planissima,  p.  127 

E Moniezia  trigonophora,  p.  128 

□ Moniezia  Vogti,  p.  127 

□ Stilesia  centripunctata,  p.  130 

□ Stilesia  globipunctata,  p.  130 

E Thysanosoma  actinioides,  p.  128... 

□ Thysanosoma  Giardi,  p.  129 


Rumen. 

Gallbladder. 

Rumen. 

Liver. 

Pancreas. 

Liver. 

....  Liver  and  lungs. 

: - Liver. 

Liver. 

Liver  and  lungs. 

Rumen. 

Large  intestine. 

Veins. 

Veins. 

Brain. 

Muscle. 

Liver  and  mesentery. 

Liver  and  lungs. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 


Liver. 

. . . Liver  and  mesentery. 
Liver  and  lungs. 

.Rumen. 

Liver. 

Liver. 

Veins. 

. . Brain  and  spinal  cord. 

Mesentery. 

Liver  and  lungs. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

. Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Gall  ducts  and  intestine. 
Intestine* 


COMPENDIUM  OF  THE  PARASITES. 


141 


220. 


221. 


222. 


225. 


224. 


226. 

223. 


227. 


227. 

224. 

226. 


241. 


240. 


232. 


Ovis  laticauda. 

□ Moniezia  expansa , p.  128 

Ovis  musimon.  Mufflon. 

Coenurus  cerebralis,  p.  109 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 

Capra  hircus.  Goat. 

Amphistoma  cervi,  p.  64 

Dicrocoelium  lanceatum,  p.  55 

Fasciola  Tiepatica,  p.  29 

Coenurus  cerebralis,  p.  109 

0 Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 

Echinococcus  polymorphus,  p.  113 

Moniezia  expansa,  p.  128 

! □ Moniezia  caprae 

Capra  pyrenaica.  Spanish  Ibex. 

Moniezia  expansa,  p.  128 

Rupicapra  tragus.  Chamois  or  Gemse. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 

Moniezia  expansa,  p.  128 

Boselaphus  tragocamelus.  Nilgai  or  Blue  Bull. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 

Fasciola  magna,  p.  49 

Hippotragus  equinus.  Roan  Antelope. 

Coenurus  cerebralis,  p.  109. 

Oryx  beisa.  Beisa. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96. 

Oryx  leucoryx.  Leucoryx. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 

Saiga  tartarica.  Saiga. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 

Gazella  dorcas.  Dorcas  Gazelle. 

Amphistoma  cervi,  p.  64 

Dicrocoelium  lanceatum,  p.  55 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 

Moniezia  expansa,  p.  128 

Gazella  euchore.  Springbok. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 

Antilope  euchore.  ( See  Gazella  euchore.) 
Antilope  leucoryx.  ( See  Oryx  leucoryx.) 
Antilope  saiga.  ( See  Saiga  tartarica.) 

Kobus  ellipsiprymus.  Waterbuck. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96. 

Antilocapra  americana. 

0 Cysticercus  bovis,  p.  71 

Giraffa  Camelopardalis.  Giraffe. 

Fasciola  gigantica,  p.  49 

Cysticercus  bovis,  p.  71 

Echinococcus  polymorphus,  p.  113 

Cariacus  americanus.  Virginia  Deer. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 

0 Fasciola  magna,  p.  49 

Cariacus  campestris. 

Amphistoma  cervi,  p.  64 

Moniezia  expansa,  p.  128 


Intestine 

Cerebrum. 

Liver  and  mesentery,. 

Rumen. 

Liver.. 

Liver. 

Brain. 

Mesentery. 

Liver  and  lungs. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Liver  and  mesentery. 
Intestine. 

Liver. 

Liver. 


Liver  and  mesentery. 

Liver  and  mesentery. 

Rumen. 

Liver. 

Liver. 

Mesentery. 

Intestine. 

Liver  and  mesentery. 


Muscles. 

....  Liver. 

Muscles. 
Liver. 

. . . Liver. 
. ..  Liver. 

. Rumen. 
Intestine. 


142 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


237. 


233. 


238. 


238. 


240. 

234. 


230. 


230. 

230. 

239. 


230. 

231. 


235. 


236. 


Cariacus  nambi. 

Amphistoma  cervi,  p.  64 

Moniezia  expansa,  p.  128 

Thysanosoma  actinioides , p.  128 

Cariacus  paludosus. 

Amphistoma  cervi,  p.  64 

Thysanosoma  actinioides,  p.  128 

Cariacus  rufus.  Brocket. 

Amphistoma  cervi,  p.  64 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 

Moniezia  expansa,  p.  128 

Thysanosoma  actinioides,  p.  128 

Mazama  rufus.  ( See  Cariacus  rufus.) 

Cariacus  simplicicornis. 

Amphistoma  cervi,  p.  64 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 

Thysanosoma  actinioides,  p.  128 

Cariacus  virginianus.  (See  Cariacus  americanus.) 
Capreolus  caprea.  Roe  Deer. 

Amphistoma  cervi,  p.  64 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 

Coenurus  cerebralis,  p.  109 

Cysticercus  cellulosae,  p.  89 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96. 

Moniezia  expansa,  p.  128 

Taenia  crucigera 

Alee  alces.  European  Elk. 

Amphistoma  cervi,  p.  64 

Echinococcus  poly morphus,  p.  113. 

Alces  machlis.  ( See  Alee  alces.) 

Alces  palmatus.  ( See  Alee  alces.) 

Tarandus  rangifer.  Reindeer  or  Caribou. 

Coenurus  cerebralis,  p.  109 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 

Cervus  alces.  {See  Alee  alces.) 

Cervus  axis.  Axis  deer. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 

Cervus  canadensis.  Elk  or  Wapiti. 

Fasciola  magna,  p.  49 

Cervus  dama.  Fallow  Deer. 

Amphistoma  cervi,  p.  64 

Dicrocoelium  lanceatum,  p.  55 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 

□ Fasciola  magna,  p.  49 

Cervus  elaphus.  Stag. 

Amphistoma  cervi,  p.  64 

Dicrocoelium  lanceatum,  p.  55 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 

Fasciola  magna,  p.  49 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,]).  96 - 

Cervus  tarandus.  ( See  Tarandus  rangifer.) 

Cervus  unicolor.  Sanbur,  Rusa  Deer. 

Coenurus  cerebralis,  p.  109 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 


Rumen. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Rumen. 

Intestine. 

Rumen. 

Liver  and  mesentery. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 


Rumen. 

Liver  and  mesentery. 
Intestine. 


Rumen. 

Liver. 

Brain. 

Liver  and  mesentery. 

Intestine. 

Intestine. 

Rumen. 


Brain. 

Liver  and  mesentery. 


Liver  and  mesentery. 

Liver. 

Rumen. 

Liver. 

Liver. 

. Liver. 

Rumen. 

Liver. 

Liver. 

Liver. 

Liver  and  mesentery. 


Brain. 

Liver  and  mesentery. 


COMPENDIUM  OF  THE  PARASITES. 


143 


244.  Auchenia  llama.  Llama. 

Dicrocoelium  lanceatum , p.  55 Liver. 

El  Cysticercus  bovis,  p.  71 Muscles. 

243.  Camelus  bactrianus.  Bactrian  Camel. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

El  Echinococcus  polymorphus,  p.  113 Liver  and  viscera. 

243.  Camelus  dromedarius.  Dromedary. 

Coenurus  cerebralis,  p.  109 Braiu. 

Echinococcus  polymorphus,  p.  113 Viscera. 

213.  Phachochoerus  africanus.  Aelian’s  Wart  Hog. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96. 

214.  Phachochoerus  aethiopicus.  Pallas’  Wart  Hog. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Abdomen. 

210.  Potamochoerus  porous.  Red  River  Hog. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Omentum. 

210.  Potamochoerus  penicillatus.  ( See  Potamochoerus  porcus. ) 

208.  Sus  scrofa.  Wild  boar. 

Cysticercus  cellulosae,  p.  89 Muscles. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Omentum. 

209.  Sus  scrofa  domestica.  Domesticated  swine. 

Agamodistomum  suis,  p.  28 Muscles. 

Dicrocoelium  lanceatum,  p.  55 Liver. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

El  Cysticercus  cellulosae,  p.  89 Muscles. 

El  Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Omentum. 

Tliysanosoma  Giardi,  p.  129 Intestine. 

Cetaceans  (Cetacea). 

Orca  gladiator.  Grampus  or  Killer. 

□ Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

Marsupials  ( Marsupialia ). 

283.  Macropus  giganteus.  Gray  Kangaroo. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

Echinococcus  polymorphus,  p.  113. 

Macropus  major. 

Echinococcus  poly morphus,  p.  113. 

MOLLUSKS  (Mollusca). 

Limnaea  oahuensis. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29. 

Limnaea  rubella. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29. 

1872.  Limnaea  truncatula. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29. 

1874&.  Physa  alexandrina. 

Cercaria  pigmentata  (Amphistoma  cervi ),  p.  64. 

1874c.  Physa  micropleura. 

Cercaria  pigmentata  (Amphistoma  cervi),  p.  64„ 


III.  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  THE  MORE  IMPORTANT  WORKS  CITED. 


By  Albert  Hassall. 


Bassi,  R. 

1875. — Sulla  cachessia  itteroverminosa  o marciaia  dei  cervi,  causata  dal  Distomum 
magnum  <11  Medico  Veterinario,  pp.  497-513,  Tav.  i-iii,  Torino. 

Batsch,  A.  J.  G.  C. 

1786. — Naturgeschichte  der  Bandwurmgattung  iiberhauptund  ihrer  Arten  insbe- 
sondere,  nach  den  neuern  Beobacbtungen  in  einem  systematischen 
Auszuge.  298  pp.,  Tabs.  i-v.  Halle. 

Billings,  J.  S. 

1885. — Index-Catalogue  of  the  Library  of  tbe  Surgeon-General’s  Office,  United 
States  Army.  Vol.  VI,  11  + 1051  pp.  Washington. 

Bitting,  A.  W. 

1895. — Liver  Fluke.  Leeches  in  the  Liver  < Bulletin  No.  28,  Florida  Agricul- 
tural Experiment  Station,  pp.  83-85,  Pis.  i-ii,  1 map. 

Blanchard,  R. 

1885.  — Trait6  de  zoologie  m^dicale.  Tom.  I,  fasc.  i,  pp.  1-192.  Paris. 

1886.  — Trait6  de  zoologie  m^dicale.  Tom.  I,  fasc.  n,  pp.  193-480.  Paris. 

1888.  — Traite  de  zoologie  m^dicale.  Tom.  I,  fasc.  in,  pp.  481-808.  Paris. 

1895. — Les  H^matozoaires  de  l’homme  et  des  animaux,  208  pp.,  11  figs.  Paris. 
1895. — Maladies  parasitaires.  Parasites  animaux,  parasites  vegetaux.  A l’exclu- 

sion  des  bact^ries  < Traits  de  pathologie  gen^rale  (Bouchard),  Tom.  II, 
pp.  649-932,  figs.  47-116. 

Braun,  Max. 

1889.  — Vermes  <Bronn’s  Klassen  und  Ordn ungen  des  Thier-Reichs.  Bd.  IV, 

Lief.  9-11,  pp.  305-400,  Taf.  vi-yiii. 

1895. — Die  thierischen  Parasiten  des  Menschen.  283  pp.,  147  figs.  Wurzburg. 
Cholodkowsky,  N. 

1894. — Ueber  eine  neue  species  von  Taenia.  < Cent.  f.  Bakt.  u.  Paras.,  XV, 
pp.  552-554,  2 figs. 

Cobbold,  T.  Spencer. 

1864. — Entozoa : An  introduction  to  the  study  of  Helminthology,  with  reference, 
more  particularly,  to  the  internal  parasites  of  man.  480  pp.  xxi  plates, 
82  figs,  in  text.  London. 

1875. — Further  remarks  on  Parasites  from  the  Horse  and  Elephant,  with  a notice 
of  new  Amphistomes  from  the  Ox  <The  Veterinarian,  Vol.  XLVIII,  pp. 
817-821. 


Creplin,  F.  C.  H. 

1837. — Art.  Distoma  <Ersch  und  Gruber’s  Allg.  Encycl.,  1 sect.,  29.  Th.,  pp. 
309-329. 


1847. — Beschreibung  zweier  neuen  Amphistomen- Arten  aus  dem  Zebuochsen  < 
Arch.  f.  Naturg.,  XIII.  Jhg.,  I.  Bd.,  pp.  30-35,  Taf.  n,  figs.  1-5. 

Curtice,  C. 

1890. — The  Animal  Parasites  of  Sheep.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.,  Bureau  of  Animal 
Industry.  222  pp.,  36  plates.  Washington. 

Davaine,  C. 

1877. — Trait€  des  Entozoaires  et  des  maladies  vermineuses  de  l’homme  et  des 
animaux  domestiques.  2.  6dit.  Pp.  cxxxii,  72  figs.,  pp.  1003,  38  figs. 
Paris. 

5257 — No.  19 10 


145 


146 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


Deffke,  O. 

1891.  — Die  Entozoen  des  Hundes  < Arch.  f.  wise.  u.  prakt.  Thierheilk.  Bd. 

XVII,  pp.  1-60,  253-289,  Taf.  i-ii. 

Dewitz,  J. 

1892.  — Die  Eingeweidewurmer  der  Haussaugethiere.  180  pp.,  141  figs.  Berlin. 
Diesing,  K.  M. 

1850. — Systema  Helminthum,  I.  680  pp.  Vindobonnae. 

1858. — Revision  der  Myzhelminthen.  Abtheilung:  Trematoden  < Sitz.  d.  math.- 
nat.  Cl.  d.  k.  Akad.  d.  Wiss.,  Wien,  Bd.  XXXII,  pp.  307-390,  Taf.  i-ii. 
Dinwiddle,  R.  R. 

1889.  — Veterinarian’s  Report.  Second  Annual  Report  of  the  Arkansas  Agricul- 

tural Experiment  Station.  Pp.  109-119,  1 fig. 

1892. — Some  Parasitic  Affections  of  Cattle  <^Joum.  Comp.  Med.  and  Vet.  Arch., 
XIII  (6),  June,  pp.  342-343. 

Dujardin,  F. 

1845. — Histoire  naturelle  des  Helminthes,  ou  vers  intestinaux.  654  pp.,  Pis.  i-xii. 
Paris. 

Duncker,  H.  C.  F. 

1896. — Die  Muskeldistomeen  <^Berl.  thierarztl.  Wochenschr.,  No.  24,  pp.  279- 
282,  6 figs. 

Francis,  M. 

1891.  — Liver  Flukes  < Texas  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.  Bulletin  No.  18,  9 pp.,  6 figs. 
French,  C. 

1896.  — On  Intestinal  Parasitism  in  the  Dog,  and  its  Treatment  < The  Journ.  Comp. 

Med.  and  Vet.  Arch.,  Vol.  XVII  (6),  June,  pp.  441-452. 

Friis,  St. 

1897.  — Om  Kbdkontrollens  Standpunkt  over  for  tintet  Oksek0d  <Maanedsskrift 

for  Dyrlaeger,  Bd.  IX,  Heft  2-3,  pp.  83-87. 

Giard,  A.,  & Billet,  A. 

1892.  — Sur  quelques  Trematodes  des  bceufs  du  Tonkin  <C.  R.  Soc.  Biol.,  9.  ser., 

IV  (25),  8 juillet,  pp.  613-615. 

Glage. 

1896. — Versuehe  fiber  Totung  von  Finnen  durch  elektrische  Strume  <Zeit.  f. 

Fleisch-u.  Milchhyg.,  VII  Jhg.,  Heft  2,  pp.  21-26. 

18q6. — Versuehe  fiber  die  Lebenszahigkeit  der  Finnen  <Zeit.  f.  Fleisch-u.  Mil- 
chhyg., VI  Jhg.,  Heft  2,  pp.  231-234. 

Gmelin,  J.  F. 

1790. — Systema  Naturae.  Tom.  I,  Pars  vi. 

Goeze,  J.  A.  E. 

1782. — Versuch  einer  Naturgeschichte  der  Eingeweidewurmer  thierischer  Korper 
471  pp.,  35  Taf.  Blankenburg. 

Gouvea,  H. 

(1895). — La  distomatose  pulmonaire  par  la  douve  du  foie.  These  de  Paris, 
No.  104. 

Harley,  J. 

1864. — On  the  Endemic  Haematuria  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  <Med.-Chir.  Trans. 
London,  2.  ser.,  XLVII,  pp.  55-72,  PI.  n,  na. 

Hassall,  A. 

1891. — A New  Species  of  Trematode  infesting  Cattle  (F.  carnosa ) < American 
Vet.  Rev.,  XV,  July,  pp.  208-209,  1 fig. 

1891. — Fasciola  americana  < American  Vet.  Rev.,  XV,  September,  p.  359. 

1894.— (See  Stiles  1894-95.) 

Huber,  J.  Ch. 

1890.  — Zur  Litteraturgeschichte  der  Leberegelkrankheit  -^Deutsche  Zt.  f, 

Thiermed.  u.  vergl.  Path.,  XVII,  pp.  77-79. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


147 


Huber,  J.  Ch. — Continued. 

1891.  — Echinococcus  cysticus  < Bibliographic  der  klinischen  Helminthologie, 

Heft  1,  pp.  1-39,  Miinchen. 

1892.  — Die  Darmcestoden  des  Menschen  <Bibliographie  der  klinischen  Helmin- 

thologie, Heft  3,  No.  4,  pp.  69-150,  Miinchen. 

1894.  — Trematoden  <Bibliographie  der  klinischen  Helminthologie,  Heft  7-8, 

pp.  283-287. 

Janson,  J.  L. 

1893.  — Die  Hausthiere  in  Japan.  IV.  Die  Krankheiten  der  Hausthiere  in  Japan 

<Arch.  f.  wiss.  u.  prakt.  Thierheilkunde,  XIX,  pp.  241-276. 

Krabbe,  H. 

1865. — Helminthologiske  Underspgelser  i Danmark  og  paa  Island,  med  saerligt 
Hensyn  til  Blaereormlidelserne  paa  Island.  64  pp.,  7 plates.  Kj0- 
benhavn. 

Leidy,  J. 

1856. — A Synopsis  of  Entozoa  and  some  of  their  Ecto-congeners  observed  by  the 
Author  <Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  VIII,  pp.  42-58. 

1891.  — Notes  on  Entozoa  <Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  pp.  234-236. 

Leuckart,  R. 

1863. — Die  menschlichen  Parasiten  und  die  von  ihnen  herriihrenden  Krankheiten. 

1.  Bd.,  viii  + 766  pp.,  268  figs.  Leipzig  und  Heidelberg. 

1879. — Die  Parasiten  des  Menschen  und  die  von  ihnen  herriihrenden  Krankheiten. 

2.  Aufl.,  I.  Bd.,  1.  Lief.,  pp.  i-viii+1-336. 

1880  — Die  Parasiten  des  Menschen  und  die  von  ihnen  herriihrenden  Krankheiten. 

2.  Aufl.^I.  Bd.,  2.  Lief.,  pp.  i-xii +337-856. 

1881-1882. — Zur  Entwickelungsgeschichte  des  Leberegels  <Zool.  Anz.,  IV,  pp. 
641-646;  1882,  Y,  pp.  524-528. 

1886. — Die  Parasiten  des  Menschen  und  die  von  ihnen  herriihrenden  Krankheiten. 
2.  Aufl.,  I.  Bd.,  3.  Lief.,  pp.  i-xxxi  + 855-1000 ; 2.  Aufl.,  I.  Bd.,  2.  Abth.,  pp. 
1-96, i-iv. 

1889. — Die  Parasiten  des  Menschen  und  die  von  ihnen  herriihrenden  Krankheiten. 
2.  Aufl.,  I.  Bd.,  2.  Abth.,  4.  Lief.,  pp.  97-440. 

1892.  — Ueber  den  grossen  amerikanischen  Leberegel  <^Centralbl.  fiir  Bakt.  u. 

Paras.,  XI  (25),  16.  Juni,  pp.  797-799. 

1894.  — Die  Parasiten  des  Menschen  und  die  von  ihnen  herriihrenden  Kraukheiten. 

2.  Aufl.,  I.  Bd.,  2.  Abth.,  5.  Lief.,  pp.  i-viii+441-736. 

Linnaeus,  C. 

1758. — Caroli  Linnaei  Svstema  naturae  regnum  animale.  10.  ed. 

Linstow,  O.  von. 

1878. — Compendium  der  Helminthologie.  Hannover. 

1889. — Compendium  der  Helminthologie.  Nachtrag.  Hannover. 

Looss,  A. 

1895.  — Zur  Anatomie  und  Histologie  der  Bilharzia  haematobia  (Cobbold)  <Arch. 

f.  mikroskop.  Anat.,  Bd.  XLVI,  pp.  1-108,  Taf.  i-iii. 

1896.  — Recherches  sur  la  faune  parasitaire  de  l’figypte.  Premiere  partie 

<Mem.  de  PInstitut  ISgyptien,  III,  pp.  1-252,  Pis.  i-xvi,  Cairo. 
Lungwitz,  J.  M. 

1895.  — Taenia  ovilla  Rivolta,  Anatomischer  Bau  und  die  Entwickelung  ihrer 

Geschlechtsorgane  <(Arcli.  f.  wiss.  u.  prakt.  Thierheilk.,  XXI  (2-3),  pp. 
105-159,  Taf.  ii-m. 

Lutz,  A. 

1892.  — Zur  Lebensgeschichte  des  Distoma  hepaticum  <(Centralbl.  f.  Bakt.  u. 

Paras.,  XI  (25),  16.  Juni,  pp.  783-796. 

1893.  — Weiteres  zur  Lebensgeschichte  des  Distoma  hepaticum  <^Centralbl.  f.  Bakt. 

u.  Paras.,  XIII  (10),  13.  Marz,  pp.  320-328. 


148 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


Mehlis,  E. 

1825. — Observations  anatomicae  de  distomate  hepatico  et  lanceolato.  Gotting. 
fol.  1 Tab. 

Naunyn,  B. 

1863. — Ueber  die  zu  Echinococcus  hominis  gehorige  Tanie  <Arch.  f.  Anat.,  Phys. 
u.  wiss.  Med.,  pp.  412-416,  Taf.  x,  B,  figs.  1-4. 

Neisser,  A. 

1877. — Die  Ecbinococcen-Krankheit.  228  pp.  Berlin. 

Neumann,  L.  G. 

1892  A. — Traits  des  maladies  parasitaires  non  microbiennes  des  animaux  domes- 
tiques.  767  pp.,  364  figs.  Paris. 

1892  B. — A Treatise  on  the  Parasites  and  Parasitic  Diseases  of  the  Domesticated 
Animals.  Translated  and  edited  by  George  Fleming  from  2d  French 
edition.  800  pp.,  364  figs.  London. 

Ostertag,  R. 

1895.  — Handbuch  der  Fleischbeschau  fur  Tierarzte,  Arzte  und  Richter.  2.  Aufl. 

xvi-j-733  pp.,  161  figs.  Stuttgart. 

1896.  — Ueber  das  Vorkominen  der  Rinderfinnenunddie  Verwertungdes  Fleisches 

der  finnigen  Rinder  in  den  Grossern  Norddeutschen  Schlachthofen  < 
Zeit.  f.  Fleisch-u.  Milchhyg.,  VI,  Jhg.,  Heft  6,  8, 12.  pp.  103-107,  143- 
149,  227-230. 

1897.  — Beitrag  zur  Frage  der  Entwickelung  der  Rinderfinnen  und  der  Selbst- 

Heilung  der  Rinderfinnenkrankheit  <Zeit.  f.  Fleisch-u.  Milchhyg,  VIII, 
Jhg.,  Heft  1 (Oct.),  pp.  1-4. 

Otto,  R. 

1896. — Beitriige  zur  Anatom  ie  und  Histologie  der  Amphistomeen  <^Deuts.  Zeit.  f. 
Thiermed.,  XXII,  pp.  85-141,  figs.  1-17 ; 275-296,  figs.  18-30. 

Poirier,  J. 

(1883). — Description  des  Helminthes  nouv.  du  Palonia  frontalis  <Bullet.  Soc. 
philomat.,  7.  s6r.,  VII,  pp.  73-80,  PI.  n. 

Railliet,  A. 

1893. — Traitd  de  Zoologie  m^dicale  et  agricole.  Fasc.  1,  pp.  1-736,  figs.  1-497. 

1895.  — Sur  une  forme  particuliere  de  douve  hepatique  provenant  du  Senegal  <C. 

R.  Soc.  Biol.,  10.  ser.,  II  (15),  10  mai,  pp.  338-340. 

1896.  — Sur  quelques  parasites  du  dromadaire  <^C.  R.  Soc.  Biol.,  10.  s&r.,  Ill  (17), 

22  mai,  pp.  489-492. 

1897.  — La  Douve  pancrdatique  <Rec.  d.  M6d.  V6t.,  8 s4r.,  T.  IV,  No.  14,  pp.  371- 

377,  1 fig. 

Rassmussen,  P.  B. 

1897. — Om  okse-og  svinetinten  <.Norsk  Veterinaer-Tidsskrift.,  IX,  n og  m,  pp. 
33-77;  also  <^Maanedsskrift  for  Dyrlaeger,  IX,  ii-m,  pp.  33-83. 

Reissman. 

1897. — Referat  [of  Vollers,  Noack,  Zschokke,  Foth,  Glage]  <Hygienische  Rund- 
schau, VII  (19),  1 Oct.,  pp.  966-973. 

In  this  Review,  which  reached  us  after  our  proof  reading,  Reissman  adds  some 
interesting  observations  of  his  own.  He  maintains  that  four  to  five  days  at  a tem- 
perature of  — 7°  C.  to  — 8C  C.  is  ample  to  insure  the  death  of  pork  measles.  The 
loss  of  weight  in  hams  in  freezing  is  slightly  less  than  2 per  cent. 

Rudolphi,  K.  A. 

1803. — Neue  Beobachtungen  fiber  die  Eingeweidewfirmer  <^Arch.  f.  Zool.  und 
Zoot.,  Ill,  ii,  pp.  1-32. 

1809. — Entozoorum  sive  vermium  intestinalium  historia  naturalis.  Amstelae- 
dami,  II,  ii. 

1819. — Entozoorum  synopsis  cui  accedunt  Mantissa  duplex  et  Indices.  Vindo- 
bonnae. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


149 


SCHAPER,-  A. 

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Schone. 

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Leipzig. 

Schrank,  F.  v P. 

1790. — Fortekning,  pa  nagra  liittils  obeskrifne  Intestinal-Krak  <Kongl.  Veten- 
skaps.  Acad,  nya  Handl.,  XI,  pp.  118-126. 

Sommer,  H.  O. 

1896. — Results  of  an  examination  of  fifty  dogs,  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  for  animal 
parasites  <Vet.  Mag.,  Ill,  p.  483-487. 

Sonsino,  P. 

1876. — Intorno  ad  un  nuovo  parassito  del  bue  ( Bilharzia  bovis ) <Rendic.  Accad. 
Sc.  Fis.  Nat.  Napoli,  XY,  pp.  84-87. 

1890. — Studi  e notizi  elmintologiche  <Proc.  Verb.  d.  Soc.  Tosc.  di  Sci.  Nat.,  4 
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1896. — Variety  di  Fasciola  hepatica  e confronti  tra  le  diverse  specie  del  genere 
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1892.  — Notes  on  Parasites  — 7 : A word  in  regard  to  Dr.  Francis  Distomum  texani- 

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1893.  — (See  Stiles  & Hassall,  1893.) 

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139-147;  213-222,  Pis.  vn-vm;  277-282. 

1895. — Notes  on  Parasites — 32:  On  the  rarity  of  Taenia  solium  in  North  America 

< Vet.  Mag.,  II  (5),  May,  pp.  281-286. 

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& Hassall,  A. 

1893. — A Revision  of  the  Adult  Cestodes  of  Cattle,  Sheep,  and  Allied  Animals 

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1896. — Notes  on  Parasites— 44 : Dicrocoelium  lanceatum  Stiles  & Hassall,  1896. 

< Yet.  Mag.,  Ill  (3),  March,  p.  158. 

Stossich,  M. 

1892. — I distomi  dei  Mammiferi  < Programma  della  civica  scuola  Reale  superiore. 
42  pp.,  Trieste. 

Taschenberg,  O. 

1889. — Bibliotheca  Zoologica,  II,  pp.  VIII,  865-1730.  Leipzig. 

Thomas,  A.  P. 

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150  INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


Thomas,  J.  D. 

1884. — Hydatid  disease,  with  special  reference  to  its  prevalence  in  Australia.  220 
pp.,  5 pp.  Adelaide. 

Ward,  H.  B. 

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1897.  — Animal  Parasites  of  Nebraska  < Report  Nebr.  St.  Bd.  Agric.  for  1896, 

pp.  173-189,  figs.  1-12. 

Weinland,  D.  F. 

1858. — Human  Cestoides.  An  Essay  on  the  Tapeworms  of  Man,  giving  a full 
account  of  their  nature,  organization,  and  embryonic  development;  the 
pathological  symptoms  they  produce,  and  the  remedies  which  have 
proved  successful  in  modern  practice.  To  which  is  added  an  appendix, 
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93  pp.,  12  figs.  Cambridge  (Mass.).  (Actual  date  of  publication,  prior 
to  September  30,  1858. ) 

Wernicke,  R. 

1886. — Die  Parasiten  der  Haustiere  in  Buenos  Ayres  < Deut.  Zeit.  f.  Thiermed.  u. 
vergl.  Pathol.,  XII,  p.  304. 

Zeder,  J.  G.  H. 

1800. — Erster  Nachtrag  zur  Naturgeschichte  der  Eingeweidewiirmer  mit  Zusat- 
zen  und  Anmerk ungen  herausgegeben.  4° . 320  pp.,  Taf.  i-vi.  Leipzig. 
1803. — Anleitung  zur  Naturgeschichte  der  Eingeweidewiirmer.  432  pp.  8°. 
Taf.  i-iv.  Bamberg. 

Zurn,  F.  A. 

1882. — Die  tierischen  Parasiten  auf  und  in  dem  Korper  unserer  Haussiiugetiere. 
316  pp.,  Taf.  i-iv.  Weimar. 


INDEX  TO  TECHNICAL  NAMES. 


[Synonyms  in  italics  ( Acephalocystis  ansa);  the  more  important  references  to  each  name  in  bold 

type  (113).] 


Page. 

Acephalocystis 113,115 

ansa 113 

communis 113 

cystifera 113 

endogena 113, 116 

eremita  sterilis 113 

exogena 113,116 

granosa 113 

granulosa 113 

humana 113 

inter secta 113 

macaci 113 

ovis  tragelaphi 113 

ovoidea 113 

plana 113 

prolifer  a 113 

prolifer  a socialis 113 

racemosa 113 

simplex 113 

suilla 113 

surculigera 113 

Agamodistomum 28 

suis 22,28,29,143 

Akis  spinosa 86 

Alee  alces 142 

Alces  machlis 142 

palmatus 142 

Alyselminthus  expansus 128 

Amabilia 69 


Amphistoma 24,  64 

bothriophorum 24,  67 

cervi 24,  64,  65,  66,  67, 139, 140, 141, 142 

conicum 64 

crumeniferum 67 

explanatum 24,67,140 

tuberculatum 67,  140 

Amphistomidae 22,24,27,64 

Amphistomum  conicum 64 

Anisolabis  annulipes 86 

AnoplocephalaVogti 127 

Anoplocephaliuae 24,  25, 68,  70, 125 

Antilocapra  americana 141 

A ntilope  euchore 141 

leucoryx 141 

saiga , 141 

A sopia  farinalis 86 

A stoma  acephalocystis 113 

Atrypanorhyncha 68 

Auchenia  llama 143 


Page. 

Bilhartzia  crassa 60 

Bilharzia 60 

bovis 60 

capensis 58 

haematobia 58 

crassa 60 

hominis 58 

magna 58 

magna 58,  59,  138 

Bos  bubalis 23,48,139 

frontalis 139 

indicus 139 

taurus 20,  23,  28,  48, 140 

Boselaphus  tragocamelus 141 

Bothriocephalidae 84,  85 

Bothriocephalinae 85 

Bothriocephalus 85, 101, 103, 105 

cordatus 85,137,138 

cristatus 85 

fuscus 138 

latus 84,85,137,138 

Mansoni 85,137 

serratus 138 

tropicus 72 

Camelus  bactrianus 143 

dromedarius 143 

Canis  familiaris 138 

Capra  ernes 112 

hircus 141 

pyrenaica 141 

Capreolus  caprea 142 

Cariacus  americanus 141 

campestris 141 

nambi 142 

paludosus 142 

rufus 142 

simplicicornis 142 

virginianus 142 

Carnivora 138 

Castor  fiber 139 

Caviacobaya 139 

Cercaria  pigmentata 64,65,143 

Cercopithecus  cephus 138 

cvnosurus 138 

fuliginosus 59,  138 

mona 138 

patas 138 

sabaeus 138 

Cervus  alces 142 


151 


152 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES, 


Page 

Cervus  axis 142 

canadensis 142 

dama 142 

elaphus 142 

tarandus 142 

unicolor 142 

Cestoda 21,24,68 

Cetacea 143 

Cittotaenia  denticulata 126 

Cladocoelium  giganteum 49,51 

hepaticum 29 

Coenurus 11,21,25,69,70,85 

cerebralis 25,70,106,108, 

109,110,111,  112,  139,  140,141,142,143 

serialis 110,139 

Coregonus  albula 85 

lavaretus 85 

Cynocephalus  maimon 138 

Cysticercus 21,  24,  25,  69, 70,  73,  74, 85 

acanthotrias 89 

albopunctatus 89 

bothryoides 89 

bovis 11,12,17,25,70, 

71,74,  75, 79, 80,  83, 92, 101, 140, 141, 143 

caprinus 96 

cellulosae 11,  12,  25,  70,  79, 83,  89,90,  92, 

93,  94,  95,  101,  123, 137, 138,139, 142, 143 

cellulosus 89 

clavatus 96 

dicystus 89 

echinococcus 113 

finna 89 

finnus 89 

Fischerianus 89 

inermis 71 

lineatus 96 

melanocephalus 89 

multilocularis 89 

ovis 96 

pyriformis 89 

racemosus 89 

simiae 96 

solium 89 


suis 89 

Taeniae  mediocanellatae 71 

saginatae 71 

tenuicollis 11,25, 


28,  70,  78,  79, 93, 96,  97, 101, 103, 
137,  138,  139, 140, 141, 142, 143 


turbinatus .89 

visceralis  simiae 96 


CysticerJcus  bovis 71 

cellulosae 89 

tenuicollis 96 

Davainea  madagascariensis 86,  137 

Dicotyle 59 

Dicrocoeiium 22,  55 

lanceatum 23, 


55, 56,  137,  138,  139,  140,  141, 142, 143, 


lanceolatum 55 

pancreaticum 23,  55, 56,  57 , 140 

Digenea 27 

Dipylidiinae 68,  85,  86 

Dipylidiura  caninum 84, 

85,  86, 102, 103,  104,  105,  137,  138 


Page. 

Diskostoma  acephalocystis 113 

Distoma  capense 58 

( Cladocoelium ) hepaticum 29 

coelomaticum 57 

( Dicrocoeiium ) coelomaticum 57 

lanceolatum 55 

hepaticum 29,49 

lanceolatum 55 

pancreaticum 57 

Distomum  americanum 51 

( Bilharzia ) haematobium 60 

caviae 48 

crassum 51 

(Fasciola)  hepaticum 29 

giganteum 49 

haematobium 58 

hepaticum 29 

lanceolatum 55 

magnum 49 

musculorum  suis  ... 28 

oculi-humani 48 

ophthalmobium 48 

pancreaticum 57 

texanicum 51 

Echinococcifer 70 

echinococcus 114 

Echinococcus 11, 

12,  21,  25,  69,  70,  79, 85, 101, 113, 118 

altricipariens 113,116 

alveolaris 113,117 

arietis 113 

cerebralis 113 

cerebri 113 

coenuroides 113 

cysticus 113 

endogena 113 

giraffae 113 

granulosus 113, 116 

hepatis 113 

hominis 113,117 

hydatidosus 113, 116 

infusorium 113 

inter  cranialis 113 

lienis 113 

mesenterii 113 

multilocularis 113,  117 

exulcer  ans 113 

hepatis - 113 

multiplex 113 

osteoklastes 113 

pardi 113 

polymorphus 25, 70, 79, 

113,  117, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143 

process,  vermiformis 113 

pulmonum 113 

racemosus 113,117 

retroperitonealis 113 

scolicipariens 113, 116 

simiae 113,117 

simplex 113,116 

subphrenicus 113 

unilocularis 113 

veterinorum 113, 117 

Echinokokkus 113 

Elephas  indicus 139 


INDEX  TO  TECHNICAL  NAMES. 


153 


Page. 

Equus  asinus 139 

caballus 139 

Fasciola 22,  27,  29 

americana 49 

Buchholzii 55 

carnosa 49 

cervi 64 

elaphi 64 

gigantea 49 

gigantica 23, 29,  48,  49, 50,  51, 137, 140, 141 

hepatica 22,29,30,31,32,33,34, 

35,  37,  38,  41,  42,  43,  45,  51,  52,  53,  55, 

56,  57,  137,  138,  139,  140,  141,  142,  143 

aegyptiaca 23,  48, 49,  50, 139, 140 

angusta - 23,  48, 49, 137, 140 

caviae 48, 139 

humana 29 

Jacksoni 29 

lanceolata 55 

magna 22,  27, 


29,  42,  49,  51,  52,  53,  54,55, 140, 141,  142 


Fasciolidae 

Fasciolinae 

FasciolaHa  hepatica 

Felis  domestica 

Festucaria  cervi 

Finna 

Gammarus  Sim  on  i 

Gastrothylax 

Cobboldii 

crumenifer 

crumeniferum 

elongatum 

gregarius 

Gazella  dorcas 

euchore 

Giraffa  Camelopardalis . . 

Qynaecophorus  bovis 

crassus 

haemalobius 

Halysis  marginata 

ovina 

solium 

Hexathrydium  venarum 
Hippotragus  equinus  . . . 

Homalogaster 

paloniae 

Poirieri 

Homo  sapiens 

Hydatides 

Hydatigena  cerebralis  . . . 

globosa  

granulosa 

oblonga 

orbicularis 

Hydatis  animata 

erratica 

. finna 

humana 

piriformis 

Hydatula  solitaria 

Hydra  hydatula 

Hymenolepis 

diminuta 

murina 


22,  27,28 

22,  28 

29 

138 

64 

89 

59 

24 

...  24,67,  69,139 
24,  67,  68,  69, 140 

67 

...  24,  67,  70,139 
...  24,  67,  71,139 

141 

141 

141 

60 

60 

58 

96 

128 

71,72,90 

48 

141 

24 

...  24,  67,72,  139 

24,67,  140 

137 

96 

109 

96 

113 

96 


96 
. 113 

89 
89 
89 
96 
. 96 

86 
86, 137 
86, 137 


Inuus  cynomolgus 

ecaudatus 

Kobus  ellipsiprymus.. 

Krabbea  grandis 

Lepus  californicus 

callotis 

cunicnlus 

domesticus 

timidus 

variabilis 

Limacidae 

Limnaea 

humilis 

oabuensis 

peregra  

rubella 

truncatula 

viator 

Linguatula  rhinaria. . . 

Lota  lota 

Lucius  lucius 

Lumbricus  hydropicus 

latus 

Macacus  cynomolgus  . 

inuus 

silenus . 

Macropus  giganteus . . . 

major 

Malacocotylea 

Mammalia 

Marsupialia 

Mazama  rufus 

Mesocestoides 


Page. 

. 138 

. 138 

. 141 

85, 137 
. 139 

. 139 

. 139 

. 139 

. 139 

139 


55,56 

43 

32,43,i43 

42,43 

32,43,143 

32,42,43,46, 143 

43 

119,121 

85 

85 

96 

72 

138 

138 

138 

143 

143 

27 

138 

143 

142 

102 


lineatus 105,  138 

Mollusca 143 

Moniezia 26,  126, 127 

alba 26,126,127,140 

dubia 127 

Benedeni  26, 126, 128, 140 

caprae 141 

denticulata 126 

expansa 26, 126, 127, 

128,  129, 130, 131, 132, 139, 140, 141, 142 

fimbriata 128 

Neumanni 26, 126, 128, 140 

nullicollis 26, 126,  140 

ovilla 129 

macilenta 129,130 

planissima. . . 26, 120, 121, 122, 126, 127, 132, 140 

trigonopliora * 27, 126, 128, 131, 132, 140 

Yogti 26,126,127,140 

Monostoma  conicum 64 

elaphi 64 

Monostomum  hepaticum  suis 28, 96 

lentis 48 

Multiceps 109 

Mus  rattu  s 139 

Nemathelminthes 21 

Neotaenia 89 


Oncborrhynchus  Perryi 85 

Orca  gladiator 143 

Oryx  beisa 141 

leucoryx 141 

Ovibos  moscbatus 140 

Ovis  ammon 140 


154 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


Page. 

Ovis  argali 140 

aries 20,28,140 

laticauda 141 

musimon 141 

Ovuligera  carpi  113 

Papio  maim  on 138 

Pentastoma  coarctata 72 

Perea  fluviatilis 85 

Phachochoerus  aethiopicus 143 

africanus 143 

Phvsa  alexandrina 65, 143 

micropleura 65, 143 

Planaria  latiuscula 29 

Planorbis 56 

margin  atus 56 

Plathelmintbes 20,  21 

Polycephalus  bovinus 109 

echinococcus 113 

granosus 113 

granulosus 113 

hominis 113 

humanus 113 

ovinus 109 

Potamochoer us  penicillatus 143 

porcus 143 

Pulex  serraticeps 86 

Pulmonata 56 


Rodentia 139 

Rupicapra  tragus 141 

Saiga  tartarica 141 

Salmo  lacustris  85 

salar 85 

trutta 85 

umbla 85 

Scaurus  striatus 86 

Schistosoma 23, 27,  58, 63 

bovis 23,  58,  60,  61,  62, 140 

haematobium 23,  57,  58,  59,  60, 137, 138, 140 

Schistosomum  bovis 60 

haematobium 58 

Schistosominae 22,  23,  58 

Sciurus  cinereus 139 

vulgaris 139 

Semuopithecus  entellus 138 

Simia  faunus 137 

inuus 137 

rubra 137 


silenus 


Solium 

Stilesia 

centripunctata  .. 
globipunctata  ... 

Strigea  cervi 

Strongylus  con  tortus 

Sus  scrofa 

domestica 

Taenia 

abietina 


72 

26,27,127,130 
27,126,  130, 140 
27, 126, 130, 140 

64 

128,  132 

143 

....  20,28,143 

24,  70 

72 


aculeata 129 

alba 127 

albopunctata 89 

hominis 89 

algerien 72 

algeriensis 72 


apri 


96  I . 


Page. 


Benedeni 128 

bovina 96 

Brandti 130 

capensis 72 

caprina 96 

cateniformis 96,  114 

lupi 96 

cellulosae 89 

centripunctata 130 

cerebralis 109 

coenurus 70,  98, 99, 102, 103, 

104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110,  111,  112, 138 

confusa 85, 137 

continua 72,  90 

crucigera 142 

cucumerina 114 

cucurbitina 71,  89 

grandis  saginata 71 

pellucida 89 

plana  pellucida 89 

saginata 71 

( Oysticercus ) acanthotrias 90 

(Cystotaenia)  mediocanellata 72 

solium 90 

degener 90 

de  la  premiere  espbee 72 

seconds  espece 72 

dentata 72,90 

denticulata 126 

echinococca 114 

(Echinococcifer)  echinococcus 114 

echinococcus 70,  85, 

102, 103, 104, 105, 113, 114, 115, 124, 138 

(Echinococcus)  echinococcus 114 

echinokokkus 114 

expansa 127,128 

fenestrata 72,90 

ferarum 96 

fimbriata 128 

finna 89 

jlavopunctata 86, 137 

fusa 72,90 

Oiardi 129 

globipunctata 130 

globosa 96 

granulosa 113 

hamoloculata 90 

humana  armata 90 

hydatigena 96 

anomala 89 

hydatigera 89 

hydatoidea 96 

inermis 72,105 

fenestrata 72 

Krabbei 102,  138 

lata 72 

longissima 72 

lophosoma  72 

lupina 96 

marginata 70,89,96, 

97,  98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 138 

mediocancellata 72 

mediocanellata 72 

hominis 72 


INDEX  TO  TECHNICAL  NAMES. 


155 


Page. 

Taenia  megaloon 72 

(Moniezia)  expansa 128 

planissima 127 

trigonophora 128 

mummificata -- 72 

muscularis 89 

nana 86,  114, 137 

nigra 72 

officinalis 90 

ovilla 96,  126,  129 

ovina 128 

ovipunctata 130 

pseudo-cucumerina 106 

pyriformis 89 

saginata 11, 68,  70,  71,  72, 73,  74, 

75, 76, 77, 81,  83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 94, 137 

sans  6pine 72 

scalariforme ... - 90 

secunda  Plateri 72 

serialis 102, 103, 104, 105, 110, 112, 138 

serrata 98,  99, 102, 103, 104, 105, 138 

serrata 114 

simiae 96 

solitaria 71,90 

solium 11,  68, 70, 


71, 83, 84,  86, 86,  89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 96, 137 


“ solium  of  dogs  ” 96 

solium  abietina 72 

continua 72,  90 

fenestrata 90 

fusa 72,90 

mediocanellata « 72 

minor 72,90 

scalariforme 90 

(Stilesia)  centripunetata 130 

tenella 90 

tropica 72 

turbinata 90 


Page. 

Taonia  vervecina 96 

vesicularis 109 

visceralis  socialis  granulosa 113 

Vogti 127 

vulgaris 72,90 

zittaviensis 72 

Taeniarhynchus  mediocanellata 72 

Taeniidae 68, 84, 85, 101 

Taeniinae 24,68,70,85 

Tarandus  rangifer 142 

Tenia  armata  umana 90 

Tenia  sans  epine 72 

Tetrassichiona 68 

Thecosoma  haematobium 68 

Thymallus  vulgaris 85 

Thysanosoma 127, 128 

actinioides  . . 25, 126, 128, 133, 134, 136, 140, 142 

Giardi 26, 126, 127, 129, 130, 140, 143 

ovilla 130 

ovillum 130 

Tomiosoma 68 

Trachelocampules 89 

Trachelocampylus 89 

Trematoda 21,  22, 27 

Trichodectes  canis 86 

TJrsus  arctos 138 

Vermes  vesiculares 96 

Vermis  cucurbitinus 72 

vesicularis  eremita 96 

socialis 109 

Vesicaria  finna  suilla 89 

granulosa 113 

hygroma  humana 89 

lobata  suilla 89 

orbicularis 96 

socialis 109 

Yulpes  lagopus 138 


INDEX  TO  SUBJECTS. 


Page. 


Abattoir  inspection  for — 

beef  measles 77 

gid  bladder  worm 112 

hydatid  disease 121 

lancet  fluke 57 

large  American  liver  fluke 55 

meat  of  animals  with  flukes 47 

pork  measles 92 

tapeworms  in  intestines  of  sheep  and 

cattle 136 

thin-necked  bladder  worm 101 

Africa,  eating  of  flukes  by  natives 66 

American  liver  fluke — 

egg 52 

large,  disease 52 

notes 49 

pathology 53 

position  in  host 54 

prevalence  and  life  history 51 

relation  to  cattle  industry  . 54 

source  of  infection 55 

Amphistomes — 

discussion  of  family 64-67 

list  of  species 67 

Areoa  nut,  use  in  tapeworm  disease  of  sheep 

and  cattle 133 

Arkansas,  prevalence  of  fluke  disease  in 

cattle 51 

Armed  tapeworm,  danger  to  man  of  infec- 
tion with  larvae 87 

Australia,  death  among  cattle  from  conical 

flukes 66 

Beef  measles — 

adult  stage  of  tapeworm 71 

destruction  by  cold  storage 83 

cooking  meat 81 

salt  solution 17 

discussion,  and  life  history  of  tapeworm.  71 

disease  in  cattle 75 

influence  of  age  and  sex  on  infection  of 

cattle 80 

season 80 

position  of  parasites 78 

prevention  by  process  to  kill  parasites.  78 

in  cattle 77 

suggestions  for  diagnosis 77 

symptoms  in  cattle 76 

Beef,  measly— 

manner  of  disposition 81 

methods  of  preparation  for  food 82 

prices  in  Berlin 82 


Page. 


Beef,  prices  of  diseased  grades  in  Saxony..  20 

Benzine,  use  for  fluke  disease  in  steers 45 

Berlin,  statistics  of  abattoirs  for  cysticercus 

in  cattle 80 

Bibliography  of  the  more  important  works 

cited 145-150 

Bilharziosis — 

disease  in  man  from  fluke 61 

prognosis  and  treatment  in  man 63 

Bladder — 

of  man,  effect  of  bilharziosis 62 

worm,  appearance  of  calcareous  bodies.  74 

cysticercus , characters  . - 71 

destruction  by  salting 82 

ease  of  recognition 78 

gid,  of  sheep  and  calves,  discus- 
sion  108-112 

position  in  disease  of  beef  measles.  78 

salting  as  means  of  destruction 82 

thin-necked,  life  history 97 

prevention  of  disease 101 

Blood  flukes  in  man  and  cattle- 

life  history 58 

probabilities  of  appearance  in  United 

States 64 

Bluestone,  use  in  tapeworm  disease  of  sheep 

and  cattle 133 

Bothriocephalidae,  description 85 

Bovine  blood  fluke,  discovery  in  Egypt 60 

Bread  cakes,  kind  used  for  fluke  disease  in 

sheep 44 

Burial  of  diseased  meats,  grounds  for  oppo- 
sition   16 

Bunk  on  use  of  benzine  for  steers  with  fluke 

disease 45 

Butchers,  value  of  information  regarding 

tapeworms 12 

California,  fluke  disease  among  dairy  cows  . 53 

Calves — 

gid  bladder  worms,  discussion 108-112 

stages  of  disease  with  gid  worm 110 

treatment  and  prevention  of  gid  disease . Ill 

Cattle — 

adult  tapeworms 125 

and  sheep,  infestation  with  tapeworms.  68 

diagram  showing  season  of  danger  from 

flukes 41 

differential  diagnosis  of  parasites 78 

discussion  of  echinococcus  hydatid  . . 113-125 

disease  from  common  liver  fluke 36 

thin -necked  bladder  worm 99 


157 


158 


INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


Cattle — Continued.  Page. 

effects  of  common  liver  fluke 34 

large  American  liver  fluke 54 

forms  of  Moniezia 127 

frequency  of  Gysticercus  bovis 80 

general  precautions  against  fluke  dis- 
ease  47 

hydatid  disease 118 

infection  with  beef  measles 75 

influence  of  age  and  sex  on  beef  mea- 
sles infection 80 

in  disease  from  flukes 40 

season  on  beef  measles 80 

lancet  fluke 55 

lesions  of  bovine  blood  fluke 60 

life  history  of  adult  tapeworm 130 

location  of  beef  measles 78 

manner  of  receiving  infection  with 

tapeworms 72 

means  of  prevention  of  beef  measles  ...  77 

fluke  disease 46 

methods  of  preventing  infection  from 

tapeworm  of  man 83 

pancreatic  fluke,  description 57 

parasitic  worms ^ . 20 

post-mortem  in  beef  measles 76 

preparations  for  treatment  of  fluke  dis- 
ease   44 

prevention  of  tapeworm  disease 135 

snails  as  source  of  infection  with  flukes . 42 

species  of  fl  ukes 28 

suggestions  for  diagnosis  of  beef 

measles 77 

symptoms  of  beef  measles  — 76 

table  showing  number  condemned  for 

hydatids 123 

tapeworm  disease 131-136 

tendency  to  fatten  from  fluke  disease  . . 45 

treatment  for  tapeworm  disease 133 

of  disease  from  flukes 43 

of  verminous  diseases 15 

Cestodes  or  tapeworms — 

discussion 68 

order  of  flat  worms,  discussion 21 

Cochin  China,  disease  from  pancreatic  fluke.  57 

Ooenurus , characters 70 

Cold  storage — 

effect  on  diseased  meats 17 

use  in  rendering  measly  beef  whole- 
some   83 

Compendium  of  parasites  arranged  accord- 
ing to  their  hosts 137-143 

Conical  fluke  of  cattle  and  sheep,  life  his- 
tory   64 

Cooking  as  means  of— 

killing  beef  measles 81 

making  diseased  meats  safe  for  food 17 

Copenhagen,  statistics  for  beef  measles 80 

Curtice,  statement  as  to  treatment  of  adult 

tapeworm  in  sheep 129 

Cysticerci,  methods  of  killing 81 

Gysticercus— 

characters 70 

methods  of  finding  in  meat 79 

time  of  development 73 

Delafond,  formulas  for  fluke  disease 44 


Page. 


Dicrocoeles,  species 55 

Diet,  kind  necessary  for  man  in  treatment 

for  tapeworm i 88 

Dinwiddie  on  fluke  disease  in  Arkansas  ...  51 

post  mortem  examination  for  American 

liver  fluke 53 

Dipylidiinae,  characters 86 

Distomes,  discussion 28 

Dogs — 

adult  tapeworm . 123 

discussion  of  adult  tapeworms 101-108 

echinococcus  tapeworm 113-125 

gid  tapeworm 108-112 

life  history  of  hydatid  tapeworm 114 

management  to  prevent  tapeworm  dis- 
ease in  man 125 

necessity  for  exclusion  from  slaughter- 
houses   15 

number  and  percentage  infected  with 

tapeworms 105 

prevention  of  tapeworm  important  to 
public  hygiene  and  to  farm  profits ...  11 

tapeworm  disease 102 

treatment  for  tapeworms 106-108 

Domesticated  animals,  treatment  and  pre- 
vention of  hydatid  disease 121 

Dose,  size  for  sheep  and  cattle  in  tapeworm 

disease 134 

Echinococcus,  characters 70 

Echinococcus  hydatid  and  tapeworm 113-125 

Egypt,  disease  from  blood  fluke 60 

Egyptian  liver  fluke,  notes 48 

Europe,  benefit  from  inspection  of  meat  for 

“measles” 89 

European  cities  and  towns,  management  of 

slaughterhouse 14 

Eye,  decrease  of  disease  as  result  of  inspec- 
tion   ll 

Fascioles,  forms  in  American  cattle 29 

Feed,  care  for  prevention  of  tapeworm  dis- 
ease   136 

Fern — 

male,  extract,  use  against  tapeworm  in 

man 88 

root,  use  in  tapeworm  disease  of  sheep 

and  cattle 133 

Fertilizer,  use  of  diseased  meats 16 

Flatworms,  two  orders,  discussion 21 

Fluke  disease — 

general  precautions 47 

in  animals,  preventive  measures 46 

lack  of  laws  in  America 48 

preventive  measures 46 

Flukes— 

and  tapeworms  of  cattle,  sheep,  and 

hogs,  key 21 

bovine,  blood,  freedom  of  man  from 

danger  of  infection 64 

common  liver,  diagnosis  of  disease  in 

animals  39 

diagrams  illustrative  of  occurrence.  41 

effects  on  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs 34 

generations 33 

in  man 48 

names  of  disease 34 


INDEX  TO  SUBJECTS. 


159 


Flukes — Continued.  Page, 

common  liver  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs . 29 

time  of  infection  of  cattle 42 

varieties 48 

conical,  distribution 65 

geographical  distribution  and  seasons  . 40 

in  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs,  key 22 

means  for  prevention  of  scattering  eggs 

in  fields 46 

of  cattle,  pancreatic 57 

or  trematodes,  technical  discussion 27 

order  of  flat  worms,  discussion 21 

pathological  effects  upon  domesticated 

animals 86 

position  in  diseased  animals 40 

snails  as  source  of  infection  of  cattle  . . 42 

.source  of  infection  of  man  with  bilhar- 

ziosis 61 

treatment  of  disease  of  cattle 43 

Francis,  report  on  fluke  disease 53, 54 

Freibank,  history  of  German  system  of  sell- 
ing inferior  meats 19 

Fringed  tapeworm — 

cause  of  disease  in  sheep 128 

treatment  of  disease  in  sheep 129 

Germany — 

effect  of  meat  inspection  on  human 

health 11 

frequency  of  hydatid  disease 122 

prices  of  measly  beef 83 

system  of  selling  diseased  meats 18 

Giant  liver  fluke,  notes 49 

Gid  bladder  worm — 

disease,  treatment  and  prevention  for 

calves  and  sheep Ill 

in  sheep  and  calves  108-112 

tapeworm  in  dogs,  discussion 108-112 

Hard-shell  tapeworms,  description  and  clas- 
sification  70 

Hauber’s  lick  for  sheep  with  fluke  disease.  44 
Heat,  temperature  necessary  to  destroy 

bladder  worms 82 

Hertwig,  note  on  destruction  of  beef  mea- 
sles by  heat 82 

Highlands,  freedom  from  flukes 40 

Hogs— 

diagram  showing  season  of  danger  from 

flukes 41 

disease  from  common  liver  fluke 36 

thin-necked  bladder  worm 99 

of  measles  and  position  of  parasites  92 

effects  of  common  liver  fluke 34 

general  precautions  against  fluke  dis- 
ease   47 

guaranty  of  freedom  from  infection  with 

pork  measles 91 

infection  with  tapeworms 68 

lancet  fluke 55 

means  of  prevention  of  fluke  disease 46 

parasite  worms 20 

pathology  of  hydatid  disease 120 

Prussian  statistics  of  frequency  of  Gys- 

ticercus  cellulosae 93 

raising  at  slaughterhouses  . . . 15 

species  of  flukes 28 

treatment  for  verminous  diseases 15 


Human  beings — Page. 

blood  fluke,  life  history 58 

prevention  of  spread  of  tapeworms 11 

Hutcheon,  Dr.,  method  of  treating  tape- 
worm disease 133 

Hydatid- 

cysts,  modifications 114 

disease  in- 

hogs  120 

man 124 

prevention  in  man 125 

sheep 119 

various  animals 117 

frequency  in  various  animals 121 

in  man  and  domesticated  animals,  dis- 
cussion   113-125 

tables  showing  cases  by  nationality, 

age,  and  localities 124, 125 

tapeworm , life  history 114 

Iceland,  frequency  of  hydatid  disease 122 

India,  frequency  of  hydatids  in  domesti- 
cated animals 122 

Inspection — 

method  for  beef  measles 78 

of  abattoirs  for  beef  measies 77 

meat  of  animals  diseased  with  flukes  47 

Inspectors,  meat,  necessity  for  information 

about  tapeworms 11 

Japan,  disease  from  pancreatic  fluke 57 

Jurisprudence  in  regard  to  fluke  disease  ...  48 

Kamala,  use  in  tapeworm  disease  of  sheep 

and  cattle 133 

Kidney  of  man,  bilharziosis - 62 

Lambs — 

effect  of  tapeworm  disease 128 

stages  of  disease  from  gid  worm 110 

Lancet  fluke  in  cattle — 

life  history 56 

sheep,  and  hogs 55 

Laws  regarding  fluke  disease 48 

Leuckart,  chart  for  fluke  disease  in  cattle 

slaughtered  in  Berlin 40 

Lewis,  investigation  of  effects  of  heat  on 

bladder  worms 82 

Liver — 

echinococcus,  symptoms  . 119 

fluke,  common,  effects  on  cattle,  sheep, 

and  hogs 34 

in  man 48 

life  history 30 

narrow,  notes 48 

of  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs 29 

varieties 48 

Man- 

adult  and  larval  tapeworm 94 

common  liver  fluke 48 

danger  from  larvae  of  armed  tapeworm . 87 

diet  in  treatment  for  tapeworm 88 

discussion  of  echinococcus  hydatid  . . 113-125 

tapeworm 82-101 

guaranty  of  freedom  from  infection  with 

pork  measles 91 

hydatid  disease 124 

infection  with  Gysticercus  cellulosae 95 

methods  for  prevention  of  tapeworm. . . 89 

prevention  of  hydatid  disease 125 


160 


INSPECTION  OP  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


Man— Continued.  Page, 

symptoms,  diagnosis,  and  treatment  of 

infection  with  tapeworm 87 

symptoms  of  bilharziosis 61 

ways  of  determining  species  of  tape- 
worm   86 

Marginate  tapeworm — 

discussion 96 

in  dogs 101-108 

life  history 97 

Market,  question  of  sale  of  measly  beef 81 

Marshes,  favorableness  to  disease  from 

flukes 40 

Marshy  ground,  methods  of  prevention  of 

fluke  disease 46 

Measles — 

beef,  appearance  of  feverishness  in 

cattle 75 

life  history  of  tapeworm 72 

Measly  beef- 

manner  of  disposition 81 

rule  of  Ostertag,  for  salting  for  food. . . 83 

Meat  inspectors,  necessity  for  information 

regarding  tapeworms 11 

Meats— 

condemned,  disposal 15 

diseased,  reasons  against  burial  or  burn- 
ing   16 

disposal  when  affected  with  fluke  dis- 
ease   47 

infected,  selling  underdeclaration 18 

infected  with  beef  measles,  question  of 

use 78 

object  of  report  on  flukes  and  tape- 
worms   11 

Mojowski,  treatment  of  sheep  with  naptha- 
line for  fluke  disease 45 

Moniezia , genus  of  tapeworms 127 

Monkey,  sooty,  parasite  found  by  Cobbold.  59 

Muscle  fluke  of  swine 28 

Mutton,  prices  of  diseased  grades  in  Saxony  20 

Naphthaline,  use  for  fluke  disease  in  sheep . 45 

Nomenclature,  scientific,  use  in  report 13 

Ostertag — 

compilation  of  data  concerning  measly 

beef 20 

rule  for  cooking  meat  to  kill  beef 

measles 82 

salting  measly  beef 83 

statement  as  to  common  liver  fluke  in 

European  cattle 36 

Overdose  in  treatment  of  tapeworm  disease, 

management 135 

Parasites — 

general  methods  of  prevention  of  dis- 
eases. . 14 

of  bilharziosis,  pathology 62 

position „ 61 

position  of  flukes  in  diseased  animals..  40 

worms  in  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs 20 

Picric  acid,  use  for  tapeworm  disease  in  cat- 
tle and  sheep 133 

Pillizzari,  investigation  of  bladder  worms . . 82 

Pleuro-pneumonia,  feature  distinguishing 

from  hydatid  disease 119 


Pork—  Page. 

bladder  worm,  life  history 90 

measle  tapeworm,  prevalence  in  man, 

and  characters 89 

measles,  disease  in  hogs,  inspection 91 

measly,  disposition 94 

Preventive  measures  against  fluke  disease . 46 

Prussia,  frequency  of  infection  of  cattle 

with  cysticercus 80 

Pumpkin  seed — 

for  tapeworm  in  sheep 129 

use  against  tapeworm  in  man 88 

Rats,  necessity  for  exclusion  from  slaugh- 
terhouses   15 

Rissling,  method  of  finding  cysticercus  in 

meat 79 

Salting  as— 

means  of  making  diseased  meat  safe  for 

food 17 

method  of  destruction  of  bladder 

worms  in  meats 82 

Sandwich  Islands,  prevalence  of  fasciolia- 

sis 42 

Saxony,  Kingdom,  statistics  of  meat  classi- 
fication  19 

Schmidt-Miilheim,  method  of  finding  cysti- 
cercus in  meat 79 

Sicily,  prevalence  of  fluke  disease  among 

sheep 60 

Sheep — 

adult  tapeworms 125 

danger  to  cattle  from  fluke  disease 45 

diagram  showing  season  of  danger  from 

flukes 41 

discussion  of  echinococcus  hydatid..  113-125 
disease  caused  by  fringed  tapeworm . . . 128 

from  common  liver  fluke 34 

from  thin-necked  bladder  worm 99 

effects  of  common  liver  fluke 34 

forms  of  Moniezia 127 

frequency  of  lancet  fluke 56 

general  precautions  against  fluke  dis- 
ease   47 

gid  bladder  worm,  discussion 108-112 

hydatid  disease 119 

lancet  fluke 55 

lesions  of  bovine  blood  fluke 60 

life  history  of  adult  tapeworm 130 

means  of  prevention  of  fluke  disease. . . 46 

parasitic  worms 20 

prevention  of  tapeworm  disease 135 

species  of  flukes 28 

tendency  to  fatten  from  fluke  disease  . . 45 

treatment  and  prevention  of  gid  dis- 
ease   Ill 

for  tapeworm  disease 133 

of  disease  from  flukes 44 

fringed  tapeworm 129 

verminous  diseases 15 

Slaugh  terhouse— 

care  to  prevent  tapeworm  infection 121, 

125, 136 

disposal  upon  abandonment 15 

raising  of  hogs  in  yards 15 

sanitary  supervision 14 

steps  for  segregation 14 


INDEX  TO  SUBJECTS. 


161 


Snails  as-.  Page. 

enemies  of  stock  raisers 42 

means  of  destroying,  for  prevention  of 

fluke  diseaso 47 

source  of  infection  with  la-rge  America* 

liver  fluke 55 

Stock  raisers — 

snails  as  enemies 42 


value  of  information  regarding  tape- 


worms   12 

Suez,  case  of  bilharziosis 61 

Swine.  ( See  also  Hogs.) 

adult  tapeworms 126 

discussion  of  echinococcus  liydatid  ..  113-125 
Taenia  marginata  in  dogs,  period  of  devel 

opraent 104 

Taeniidae,  description 85 

discussion  of  family  of  tapeworms 68-136 

Tapeworm  disease — 

caution  in  treatment 134 

dogs 102 

in  cattle  and  sheep 131-136 

man,  decrease  as  result  of  inspec- 
tion of  meats 11 

sheep  and  cattle,  prevention 135 

Tapewnrms— 

adult,  in  cattle  and  sheep 125 

and  flukes  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs,  key . 21 

differences  of  cysticercusand  echinococ- 
cus  79 

dogs 123 

fringed,  cause  of  disease  in  sheep 128 

treatment  of  disease  in  sheep 129 

gid,  in  dogs,  discussion 108-112 

hard  shell,  description  and  classifica- 
tion   70 

life  history 69 

in  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs,  key 24 

life  history 130 

man,  adult  and  larval 94 

ways  of  determining  species 86 

marginate,  characters 96 

of  dogs,  key 101 

treatment  of  disease 106-108 


5257 — No.  19 11 


Tapeworms- Continued.  Page. 

methods  for  prevention  in  man 83 

number  and  percentage  of  infection  of 

dogs 105 

of  man,  key 84 

methods  of  preventing  infection  of 

cattle 83 

of  Taeniidae  family,  characters 68 

or  cestodes,  discussion 68-136 

order  of  flat  worms,  discussion 21 

hogs 92 

symptoms,  diagnosis,  and  treatment  of 

infection  in  man 87 

of  pork  measles,  inspection 92 

time  of  development  of  cysticercus....  73 

transmissibility  from  animals  to  man . . 68 

unarmed  distribution 84 

Temperature  necessary  to  destroy  bladder 

worms 82 

Texas— 

outbreak  of  fluke  disease 53 

prevalence  of  fluke  disease  among  cat- 
tle  42 

Thysanosoma,  genus  of  tapeworms 128-130 

Tonkin,  disease  from  pancreatic  fluke 57 

Treraatodes  or  flukes — 

order  of  flat  worms,  discussion 21 

technical  discussion 27 

Trichinous  hogs,  disinterment  and  eating  of 

carcasses  buried  by  sanitary  officials.  16 

Turpentine,  use  against  tapeworm 88 

United  States,  frequency  of  hydatid  dis- 
ease  # 122 

Yirchow  on  proportion  of  cysticercus  in 

man 95 

Water- 

care  for  prevention  of  tapeworm  disease.  136 

danger  in  districts  infected  with  bil- 
harziosis   63 

Wet  years,  effect  on  flukes  in  animals 40 

W ool,  effect  of  tapeworm  disease 128 

Worms,  parasitic,  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs.  20 

Ziindel,  division  of  periods  of  disease  from 

common  liver  fluke 36 


o 


Bulletin  20,  B.  A.  I. 


Plate  I. 


THE 

HE 

I. 

>TART 


mcH 

Y 

\\\\\\\ 


Bulletin  No.  20. 


(Dairy  No.  19.) 


o 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


THE  MILK  SUPPLY  OF  BOSTON 

AND  OTHER  NEW  ENGLAND  CITIES. 

BY 


GEEORGKE  M.  WHITAKER,  M.  A., 

SPECIAL  EXPERT  AGENT,  DAIRY  DIVISION. 


Under  the  direction  of 

Dr.  D.  E.  SALMON, 

Chief*  of*  the  Bureau  of*  Animal  Industry. 


WASHINGTON : 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE, 

18  9 8, 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
Washington , D.  (7.,  January  18 , 1898. 

Sir:  I liave  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith,  for  publication  as  a bul- 
letin of  this  Bureau,  a report  on  the  milk  supply  of  Boston  and  other 
cities  in  the  New  England  States,  prepared  under  the  immediate  super- 
vision of  Maj.  Henry  E.  Alvord,  Chief  of  Dairy  Division,  by  George  M. 
Whitaker,  M.  A.,  special  agent  of  that  division. 

Mr.  Whitaker  is  the  acting  executive  officer  of  the  Massachusetts 
State  Dairy  Bureau,  and  has  been  for  some  years  secretary  of  the  New 
England  Milk  Producers’  Union.  He  has  made  the  subject  of  city  milk 
supply  a special  study,  and  this  report  contains  much  information  of 
general  interest. 

Very  respectfully,  D.  E.  Salmon, 

Chief  of  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 


Hon.  James  Wilson, 

/Secretary  of  Agriculture. 


3 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Population 7 

Milk  supply : Transportation,  distribution,  statistics 9 

Boston — 

Cars 9 

Cans 9 

Historical 10 

Wholesale  methods 11 

The  wholesalers  or  contractors 12 

Statistics 13 

Milk  Producers’  Union 14 

Prices  paid,  several  years 15 

Grading  the  price 16 

Contractors’  surplus 17 

Retailing 19 

Returning  clean  cans 20 

Methods  of  producers  and  shippers 20 

Boston  system  summed  up 21 

Other  milk  supply 22 

Providence 23 

Other  cities 24 

The  cream  trade 25 

Skim  milk 26 

Condensed  milk 27 

Milk  consumption  per  capita 27 

Milk  laws  and  inspection 28 

Legal  standard  and  adulteration 28 

Official  inspection 29 

Sanitary  laws  and  inspection 30 

Health  orders  32 

Quality  of  milk  sold 32 

Need  of  advanced  practices 36 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Plate  I.  Map  showing  the  principal  sources  of  the  milk  supply  of  the  Greater 

Boston Frontispiece. 

II.  Fig.  1.  Milk  train  at  city  terminal,  Boston 10 

2.  Interior  of  milk-receiving  sheds,  city  terminal. 

IH.  Fig.  1.  Milk  depot  of  Boston  contractor 10 

2.  Interior  of  milk-contractor’s  depot,  Boston. 


5 


THE  MILK  SUPPLY  OF  BOSTON  ANT)  OTHER  NEW 
ENGLAND  CITIES. 


POPULATION. 


The  New  England  States,  by  the  census  of  1890,  have  a population 
of  nearly  5,000,000  people,  divided  as  follows: 


Massachusetts 2, 238, 943 

Conuecticut 746,  258 

Maine 661,  086 

New  Hampshire*. 376,  530 

Rhode  Island 345,  506 

V ermont 332,  422 


Total 4,700,745 


Massachusetts,  by  the  State  census  of  1895,  has  a population  of 
2,500,183.  Fifty  per  cent  of  these  people  live  in  the  cities  or  large 
towns — those  of  10,000  population  or  above.  Forty-one  per  cent  of  the 
population  of  New  England  live  in  cities  of  over  20,000  inhabitants. 
Boston  is  the  largest  city  and  the  commercial  center  of  New  England, 
with  a population  of  496,920  (census  of  1895).  This  one  city  therefore 
contains  10  per  cent  of  all  the  population  of  New  England;  more  than 
any  one  of  the  States  of  Rhode  Island,  New  Hampshire,  or  Vermont. 
But  Boston  is  surrounded  by  a group  of  towns  and  cities,  twenty- three 
in  all,  which,  according  to  the  State  census  of  1895,  have  a total  popu- 
lation of  451,000,  as  follows: 


Cambridge 81,  000 

Lynn 62,  000 

Somerville 52, 000 

Chelsea 31,  000 

Newton 27,  000 

Malden 29,  000 

Waltham 20,000 

Quincy 20,000 

Woburn 14,000 

Brookline  16, 000 

Everett 18,  000 


Medford 14,000 

Hyde  Park 11,  000 

Melrose 12,  000 

Stoneham 6,  000 

Arlington 6,  000 

Belmont 3,000 

Saugus 4,000 

Winchester 6,000 

Water  to  w i i 7,  000 

Revere 7,  000 

Milton 5,  000 


The  interests  of  these  towns  are  closely  allied  with  those  of  Boston, 
and  their  business  men  to  a large  extent  do  business  in  Boston.  The 
business  interests  of  this  section  are  identical,  though  it  includes 
twenty-four  separate  municipalities.  Consequently  it  is  frequently 

7 


8 


alluded  to  as  the  u Greater  Boston.”  The  Greater  Boston  has  a popu- 
lation which  exceeds  948,000.  This  is  18  per  cent  of  the  population  of 
New  England — more  than  any  New  England  State  except  Massachu- 
setts, and  more  than  any  two  of  the  three  smaller  States. 

Providence  is  the  second  New  England  city,  with  a population  exceed- 
ing 150,000. 

Aside  from  the  Greater  Boston  and  Providence,  no  New  England  city, 
by  the  census  of  1890,  had  a population  exceeding  100,000.  The  fol- 
lowing five  cities,  with  a total  of  374,000  persons,  each  had  a population 
exceeding  50,000,  but  less  than  100,000: 


Census 
of  1890. 

State 
census  of 
1895. 

New  Haven,  Conn 

86,  000 
84,  000 
77,  000 
74,  000 
53,  000 

Worcester,  Mass 

98,  000 
84, 000 
89,  000 

Lowell,  Mass 

Fall  River,  Mass 

Hartford,  Conn 

The  following  nineteen  cities  (total,  534,000)  had  a population  between 
20,000  and  50,000,  and  thirty-six  others  had  a population  of  from  10,000 
to  20,000  each : 


Census 
of  1890. 

1 State 
census 
of  1895. 

Census 
of  1890. 

State 
census 
of  1895. 

Bridgeport,  Conn 

Manchester,  N.  H 

Lawrence  Mass 

49,  000 
44,  000 
44,  000 

44.000 
41,  000 

! 36,000 
! 35,000 
j 30,000 

28.000 
27,000 

52,  000 
51,  000 
55,  000 

Brockton,  Mass 

Haverhill,  Mass 

Tnimtnn  Mass 

27, 000 

27. 000 

25. 000 
22,  000 
22,  000 
21,  000 
21,  000 

21.000 
20, 000 

38,  000 
30,  000 
27,  000 

Springfield,  Mass. 

Lewiston,  Me  .. 

New  Bedford,  Mass 

Portland,  Me 

Fitchburg,  Mass 

Woonsocket,  R.  I 

Gloucester,  Mass 

Meriden,  Conn 

26,  000 

Holyoke.  Mass 

Salem,  Mass 

40,  000 
34,  000 

28,  000 

Water  bury  Conn 

Tiiricol  n,  "R,.  T _ 

Pawtucket,  R.  I 

A study  of  the  milk  supply  of  these  cities,  therefore,  is  a study  of 
the  milk  supply  of  half  of  the  population  of  New  England.  Further- 
more, a consideration  of  the  milk  supply  of  New  England  must,  to  a 
considerable  extent,  be  devoted  to  the  milk  supply  of  the  Greater  Bos- 
ton, which  has  18  per  cent  of  all  the  population  of  New  England  and 
over  one-third  of  the  city  population  of  that  section,  the  remainder  being 
distributed  among  sixty- four  places. 

It  is  proper  that  Boston  should  receive  almost  a monopoly  of  atten- 
tion for  another  reason  than  that  of  its  relative  size  and  commercial 
importance.  It  is  about  the  only  city  in  New  England  whose  supply 
presents  interesting  and  peculiar  conditions. 

Nearly  all  of  the  milk  supply  of  the  other  cities  and  large  towns 
comes  from  sources  within  a dozen  miles  of  the  point  of  consumption, 
and  is  largely  distributed  by  producers  from  their  own  wagons.  The 
ordinary  milk  peddler  is  such  a familiar  spectacle,  so  similar  to  every 
other  peddler,  as  to  make  a detailed  report  of  his  work  in  the  different 


9 


cities  an  uninteresting  repetition  of  substantially  the  same  methods, 
conditions,  and  circumstances  which  are  already  well,  known.  On  the 
other  hand,  most  of  the  Greater  Boston  supply  coming  from  more 
remote  distances  by  railroads,  presents  conditions  peculiar  to  itself. 

MILK  SUPPLY — TRANSPORTATION,  DISTRIBUTION,  STATISTICS. 

BOSTON. 

Cars.—  Three-fourths  of  the  milk  supply  of  the  Greater  Boston 
reaches  the  city  by  railroad.  The  longest  direct  run  is  140  miles,  and 
some  railroad  milk  comes  only  20  miles.  Most  of  this  milk  is  conveyed 
in  cars  built  for  this  especial  purpose,  with  refrigerator  closets  for  the 
cans  of  milk  and  with  provision  for  steam  heat.  Thus  refrigeration  in 
summer  and  warming  in  winter  are  provided.  Some  of  the  cars  have 
an  office  room  provided  with  chairs,  desk,  and  pigeonholes  for  the  use 
of  the  man  in  charge  of  the  car.  Here  he  has  all  needed  conveniences 
for  keeping  record  of  the  milk  taken  at  the  different  stations,  and 
other  necessary  accounts. 

These  cars  are  leased  from  the  railroads  by  wholesalers.  These 
wholesalers  furnish  the  carmen,  ice,  and  other  supplies;  the  railroad 
hauls  the  cars  on  passenger  trains  or  in  special  milk  trains,  according  to 
convenience  in  individual  cases.  Most  of  the  cars  start  in  the  morning, 
from  4 to  6 o’clock,  and  reach  the  city  between  10  and  11.  In  a few 
instances  the  car  starts  the  afternoon  previous,  and  is  on  the  road  over 
night,  reaching  Boston  during  the  next  forenoon.  The  cars,  in  the 
summer,  frequently  take  the  milk  of  the  same  morning;  some  start  too 
early  for  the  milk  of  that  morning,  especially  in  the  winter,  and  hence 
bring  the  milk  of  the  previous  day.  Milk  is  therefore  eighteen  to  thirty 
hours  old  before  reaching  the  city.  The  number  of  these  milk  cars 
averages  about  35,  although  varying  somewhat  with  the  season. 

Cans. — The  milk  sold  in  Boston  is  shipped  in  8J-quart  cans,  with  a 
handle  on  one  side  and  turned  wooden  stopples.  The  quart  is,  by  stat- 
ute, the  wine  measure  quart.1  No  one  in  the  trade  to-day  can  tell  why 
this  size  and  shape  of  cans  was  originally  adopted.  The  advantages 
claimed  for  them  are:  Convenience  in  handling,  convenience  in  retail- 
ing (as  many  customers  buy  one  or  two  cans),  convenience  to  many 
small  farmers  who  can  fill  only  two  or  three  cans  per  day,  convenience 
in  transportation  (as  the  cans  can  be  stacked  several  tiers  high), 
cleanliness  in  retailing  where  milk  is  poured  from  the  can,  as  it  is 
sooner  emptied  than  a 40-quart  can,  and  hence  the  milk  is  exposed  to 
the  air  and  dirt  a much  less  time.2 

zOno  quart,  wine  measure,  is  57f  cubic  inches,  or  2 pounds  ounces  of  water,  and 
2 pounds  2|  ounces  of  milk. 

2 On  the  other  hand,  there  are  serious  objections  to  the  Boston  can.  Five  small 
cans  cost  more  than  one  large  one  and  are  more  difficult  and  expensive  to  clean. 
The  danger  of  loss  and  damage  is  increased.  But  the  worst  thing  about  it  is  the 
wooden  stopple.  Milk  enters  the  pores  of  the  wood  and  penetrates  so  far  that  no 


10 


For  several  years  in  the  early  history  of  the  business  there  was  in 
use  a can  containing  8£  quarts  beer  measure,* 1 2  equal  to  about  10  quarts 
wine  measure;  but  it  gradually  dropped  out  of  use,  the  smaller  can 
being  more  popular.  The  larger  can  is  yet  in  use  in  Providence,  E.  I., 
but  the  8 quart  can,  wine  measure,  is  generally  used  throughout  New 
England.  The  business  was  formerly  done  by  beer  measure,  and  these 
8 J quart  cans,  wine  measure,  hold  7 quarts,  beer  measure.  The  agita- 
tion for  the  change  was  partly  based  on  the  expectation  that  there 
would  be  more  money  for  farmers  and  middlemen  by  getting  8J  quarts 
into  a can  that  had  formerly  contained  7 quarts.  But  consumers  were 
not  slow  to  discover  that  they  were  getting  a smaller  quart,  and  the 
attempt  failed  to  gain  the  price  of  1£  quarts  per  can  by  the  fiat  that  the 
quart  should  be  smaller. 

A carload  of  milk  is  generally  considered  to  be  900  cans,  but  the 
peculiar  shape,  with  flat-top  wooden  stopples,  allows  of  stacking  them 
in  tiers,  so  that  in  an  emergency  several  hundred  more  cans  can  be  put 
into  a car.  By  filling  passageways  and  other  open  spaces  as  many  as 
1,200  cans  (10,200  quarts),  or  over  10  tons  in  weight,  can  be  got  into  a 
car.  Eailroad  officials  consider  10  tons  a carload.  The  nominal  load, 
however,  is  900  cans  (7,050  quarts). 

The  accompanying  illustrations  (Plates  II,  III)  show  the  general 
shape  of  the  cans  and  illustrate  the  method  of  handling  them.  These 
engravings  present  a familiar  daily  sight  at  the  milk  depots  when  the 
milk  trains  arrive. 

Historical. — Boston  seems  to  have  been  the  pioneer  city  of  the  United 
States  in  the  transportation  of  milk  by  railroad.  The  year  1830  may 
be  taken  as  the  commencement  in  the  United  States  of  the  railroad 
system — the  use  of  steam  applied  to  locomotives.  Soon  after  this  ve 
find  the  Boston  peddlers  reaching  out  into  the  country  for  a milk 
supply.  Jason  Chamberlain  was  the  first  man  to  bring  milk  to  Boston 
by  railroad,  and  the  time  of  his  beginning  was  April,  1838.  He  oper- 
ated on  the  Boston  and  Worcester  Eailroad.  He  sold  milk  at  25  cents 
per  can  of  9^  quarts.  Mr.  Chamberlain  sold  his  business  to  Eufus 
Whiting,  who  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  to  start  an  express  business 
on  the  Boston  and  Worcester  Eailroad.  He  was  an  associate  with, 
and  sold  his  business  to,  Mr.  Harnden,  the  now  famous  express  pro- 
moter. This  milk  came  by  express,  but  in  a baggage  car.  The  first 
milk  car  was  run  soon  after,  by  a company  of  peddlers,  between  West- 
boro  and  Boston.  This  was  followed  by  the  Boston  Milk  Company, 

cleaning  process  is  efficient.  Stopples  split  have  shown  penetration  for  half  an  inch, 
commonly,  and  sometimes  more,  and  from  these  pieces  germ  cultures  have  been  made 
of  an  extremely  objectionable  and  offensive  kind,  although  the  stopples  had  been 
soaked,  scalded,  and  steamed,  and  were  supposed  to  he  clean  and  harmless. 

H.  E.  A. 

1 One  quart,  beer  measure,  is  70£  cubic  inches,  or  2 pounds  8£  ounces  of  water,  and 

2 pounds  10  ounces  of  milk. 


Bulletin  20,  B.  A.  I. 


Plate  II. 


Fig.  1 .—Milk  Train  at  City  Terminal,  Boston. 


Fig.  2.— Interior  of  Milk-receiving  Sheds,  City  Terminal. 


Bulletin  20,  B.  A.  I. 


Plate  III. 


Fig  1.— Milk  Depot  of  Boston  Contractor. 


Fig.  2.— Interior  of  Milk-contractor’s  Depot,  Boston. 


11 


which  ran  a car  to  Cordaville,  and  by  Rowell  & Kelly,  who  took  milk 
from  Northboro  and  Fayville.  In  April,  1843,  the  New  England 
Farmer  said: 

We  have  learned  that  one  man  brings  in  upon  the  Worcester  Railroad  about 
200,000  gallons  annually.  This  is  supposed  to  be  about  one-tentli  of  all  that  is  sold 
in  the  city.  Two  millions  of  gallons  per  year  is  the  estimated  amount  of  consump- 
tion in  Boston.  This,  at  20  cents  per  gallon,  costs  the  citizens  $400,000  per  year,  and, 
supposing  the  population  to  be  100,000,  this  gives  to  each  inhabitant  yearly  20  gal- 
lons, or  a small  fraction  less  than  half  a pint  per  day.  The  dwellers  in  the  city  of 
“notions”  have  a notion  that  they  pay  the  farmers  a good  price  for  milk.  Five  or 
6 cents  per  quart  is  usually  given.  This  pays  the  farmers  of  the  immediate  vicinity 
as  well  as  they  get  paid  for  most  of  their  productions.  But  can  those  farmers  live 
who  sell  milk  at  their  doors  at  10  cents  per  gallon  in  the  summer  and  12  cents 
in  the  winter,  or  at  an  average  of  11  cents?  Many  such  farmers  there  are,  and  some 
sell  at  lower  rates  than  this,  and  yet  the  milk  dealer  gets  no  more  than  a fair  com- 
pensation for  his  labors,  expenses,  and  risks. 

Aii  article  from  the  Albany  Cultivator,  reprinted  in  the  New  England 
Farmer  September  6,  1843,  said: 

A brighter  day  is  dawning  on  the  dwellers  in  cities  so  far  as  milk  is  concerned,  and 
the  venders  of  swill  slop,  cold  water,  and  artificial  milks  are  finding  their  business 
seriously  endangered.  This  is  being  brought  about  by  the  influence  of  railroads, 
which,  spreading  a network  over  the  country  and  centering  in  the  cities,  bring  the 
farmers  and  dairymen  residing  within  50  miles  of  the  city  within  a few  hours,  and 
enable  them  to  offer  their  products  in  the  best  possible  condition  for  competition. 
This  effect  was  first  extensively  felt  in  Boston  in  the  reduction  of  the  price  and  the 
bettering  of  the  quality  of  milk,  though  that  city  had  never  been  forced  to  use 
such  scandalous  stuff'  as  was  sold  in  other  places  for  milk.  At  the  present  time  a 
large  portion  of  the  milk  used  in  that  city  is  received  by  the  railroads  from  country 
^lairymen.  The  same  beneficial  effects  are  beginning  to  be  felt  in  New  York. 

At  one  time  two  cars  were  loaded  daily  at  Westboro,  some  farmers 
driving  15  miles  daily  to  the  railroad  station  with  their  supplies. 
Although  milk  consumption  has  increased  and  the  milk  territory  has 
extended  wonderfully  since  then,  the  shipments  from  this  station  have 
decreased.  The  growth  of  neighboring  towns  has  caused  more  milk  to 
be  used  near  where  it  is  produced. 

The  railroad  business  above  noticed  developed  on  the  Boston  and 
Worcester  Railroad,  entering  the  city  on  the  south  side.  Meanwhile, 
however,  similar  enterprises  had  been  undertaken  on  the  north  side  of 
the  city.  Peddlers  had  gone  out  to  Concord,  Mass.,  and  other  places 
for  milk  and  supplies. 

T.  W.  Wellington,  of  Newton,  was  the  first  to  buy  milk  in  Wilton, 
N.  H.,  for  the  Boston  market.  For  about  a year  Mr.  Wellington  con- 
tinued in  the  business,  taking  less  than  200  gallons  per  day  in  a baggage 
car.  Mr.  Wellington  sold  to  David  L.  Pierce,  a retail  milk  dealer  in 
Bostou,  who  increased  the  business  so  that  a special  milk  car  was  nec- 
essary. After  continuing  in  the  business  for  three  or  four  years  he  sold 
to  David  Whiting,  in  the  spring  of  1857. 

Present  icholesale  methods. — These  early  shipments  of  milk  were  made 


12 


by  peddlers  who  brought  into  the  city  the  milk  which  they  needed  for 
their  retail  trade.  But  as  the  business  increased  there  happened  what 
has  taken  place  in  every  other  industry — specialization.  Handling 
milk  at  wholesale  became  a distinct  business  from  retailing,  and  the 
men  who  brought  in  railroad  milk  came  in  time  to  devote  the  whole  of 
their  energy  and  capital  to  buying  milk  of  the  farmers,  transporting 
it,  and  selling  to  retailers. 

Various  changes  have  taken  place  in  the  personnel  of  these  firms  of 
pioneer  peddlers  and  subsequent  wholesalers,  but  many  of  the  names 
early  identified  with  the  business  are  still  in  use.  Consolidations  have 
also  taken  place,  till  to-day  the  business  of  transporting  milk  to  the  city 
by  railroad  is  done  by  seven  concerns.  Six  of  these  seven  milk  whole- 
saling houses  have  an  association  for  bringing  about  uniformity  in 
methods  of  doing  business  and  for  mutual  self-protection.  To-day  fully 
three-quarters  of  the  milk  supply  of  the  Greater  Boston  passes  through 
the  hands  of  these  large  wholesalers,  locally  known  as  “contractors.” 

These  contractors  furnish  the  cans  for  the  business  and  lease  the  cars 
of  the  railroads.  They  furnish  men  and  supplies  for  the  cars.  In  some 
cases  they  have  loading  platforms  at  shipping  stations.  At  a number 
of  convenient  points  in  the  country  they  have  ice  houses  and  cut  their 
own  supply  of  ice.  In  the  city  they  have  platforms,  storehouses,  refrig- 
erators, offices,  etc.,  near  tbe  railroad  tracks;  and  their  cars  on  reach- 
ing the  city  are  switched  onto  the  side  tracks  at  their  business  depots. 
The  loading  and  unloading  is  done  by  the  contractors. 

All  of  the  contractors  have  cheese  or  butter  factories  in  the  city  or 
country,  or  both,  for  the  manufacture  of  butter  and  cheese. 

The  milk  is  bought  in  the  country  at  a price  for  the  milk  delivered  at 
che  car  at  the  different  country  railroad  stations.  In  some  instances 
each  farmer  carries  his  milk  to  the  railroad  station;  in  others  the  farm- 
ers in  one  neighborhood  or  in  one  locality  cooperate  in  an  arrangement 
with  one  of  their  number  to  do  the  teaming;  in  yet  other  instances  the 
contractors  enqffoy  someone  to  haul  milk  from  the  farmers’  doors  to 
the  railroad  station,  and  deduct  the  expense  from  the  amount  due  tbe 
farmers  for  milk.  Milk  is  frequently  drawn  G miles  to  a railroad  sta- 
tion; and  in  some  cases  as  far  as  10  to  15  miles. 

The  wholesalers  or  contractors. — Tbe  various  companies  and  individ- 
uals above  alluded  to  as  carrying  milk  on  tbe  Boston  and  Worcester 
Bailroad,  on  tbe  south  side  of  the  city,  consolidated  into  the  firm  of  C. 
Brigham  & Go.  to  do  a strictly  wholesale  business.  This  company 
later  became  incorporated  as  The  0.  Brigham  Company,  and  is  yet  in 
the  business. 

Mr.  David  Whiting,  who  bought  the  business  of  Mr.  Wellington,  as 
noticed  above,  was  a large  and  successful  farmer.  Although  driven 
into  the  business  to  protect  his  interests,  the  traits  of  character  which 
brought  success  in  other  enterprises  made  him  successful  as  a milk 
wholesaler.  In  18G5  he  associated  with  him  his  sons,  George  O.  and 


13 


Harvey  A.,  under  the  firm  name  of  D.  Whiting  & Sons.  The  business 
is  continued  to-day  under  the  same  name,  two  of  Mr.  Whiting’s  grand- 
sons being  among  the  executive  officers. 

Mr.  H.  P.  Hood  began  in  the  milk  business  in  Boston,,  as  a peddler,  in 
1846.  For  nine  years  he  bought  milk  of  contractors,  but  in  1855  he 
began  running  a car  on  his  own  account  from  Derry,  FT.  H.,  to  which 
place  he  moved.  He  has  been  in  the  wholesale  milk  business  ever  since, 
and  has  increased  the  business  from  one  to  eight  cars.  His  sons  are 
now  associated  with  him  in  the  management  of  the  business. 

The  Boston  Dairy  Company  is  the  newest  of  the  larger  companies;  it 
is  the  consolidation  of  several  interests,  and  is  a continuation  of  the 
long-established  business  of  Tower  & Whitcomb.  Mr.  W.  A.  Graustein 
is  the  executive  head. 

The  Elm  Farm  Company  was  started  by  a wealthy  far  mer-m  anufacturer , 
Mr.  Ray,  of  Franklin,  Mass.,  as  a means  of  marketing  his  own  milk  inde- 
pendent of  the  regular  contractors;  but  he  soon  commenced  buying 
milk  of  his  farmer  neighbors,  and  the  business  extended  until  the  com- 
pany confined  itself  to  a wholesale  business. 

Mr.  J.  F.  French  brings  one  carload  per  day  into  the  city,  and  has 
done  so  for  several  years. 

These  are  the  component  elements  of  the  contractors’  association. 

In  addition,  one  car  of  milk  per  day  is  brought  into  the  city  by  the 
Deerfoot  Farm  Company  of  Southboro,  Mass.,  much  of  which  is  sold 
direct  by  themselves  to  the  consumers.  The  Deerfoot  Farm  Company 
was  started  by  Hon.  Edward  Burnett  to  furnish  high-grade  Jersey  milk 
to  patrons  able  and  willing  to  pay  a corresponding  price,  but  latterly 
the  business  has  increased  so  as  to  include,  in  addition  to  the  above,  a 
general  wholesale  trade.  Mr.  Robert  Burnett  is  the  executive  manager. 

Mr.  George  O.  Whiting,  the  executive  head  of  D.  Whiting  & Sons, 
owns  a controlling  interest  in  the  C.  Brigham  Company  and  in  the  Elm 
Farm  Company.  He  is  a man  of  much  executive  energy,  and  is  known 
as  “the  milk  king  of  New  England.” 

Statistics. — The  members  of  the  Milk  Contractors’  Association  report 
monthly  to  each  other  their  receipts  and  sales,  and  have  done  so  for 
years,  so  that  much  valuable  information  has  accumulated  in  counec' 
tion  with  the  business.  These  figures  are  not  absolutely  infallible  for 
purposes  of  comparison,  because  the  association  has  occasionally  taken 
in  new  members,  whose  receipts  and  sales  are  then  added  to  those  of 
the  others.  But  those  persons  to  whom  such  statistics  are  serviceable 
can  make  some  allowance  for  this  and  find  much  value  in  the  figures. 


14 


We  give  below  some  recent  tables  on  this  subject,  the  figures  repre- 
senting the  number  of  8^-quart  cans : 


Tear. 

Receipts. 

Sales. 

Surplus. 

1892  

9,  212, 667 
9,  263,  487 
9,  705,  447 
9, 856,  500 

7,  315, 135 
7, 619, 722 
7,657,421 

8,  040,  732 

1893  

1,  643,  765 

2,  048,  026 
1,  815,  768 

1894  

1895  

January 

February . . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September  . 

October 

November. . 
December . . 

Total. 


January. . - 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August ... 
September 
October . . . 
November 
December . 


1896. 


1897. 


Total 


844,  709 
808,  383 
871,  572 
891,  275 
1,  005, 115 
994,  817 
899,  397 
854,  913 
866,  691 
960, 734 
885,  903 
898,  599 

651,  827 
611,  793 
657,  039 
672,  561 
696,  599 
675,  796 
712, 188 
687,  224 
635,  092 
699,  245 
690,  920 
707,  095 

192,  882 
196, 590 
214,  534 
218,  714 
308,  516 
319,021 
187,  209 
167,  689 
231,599 
261,489 
194,  983 
191,504 

10, 782, 108 

8,  097,  379 

2,  684,  730 

923,  852 

705,  324 

218,  528 

835, 115 

639,  952 

195, 163 

960,  084 

719,  814 

240,  270 

976,  996 

733,  298 

243, 698 

1, 105,  325 

759, 875 

345, 450 

1, 115,  234 

752,  038 

363. 196 

1,  013,  552 

789,  849 

223,  703 

966, 058 

720,  374 

245.  684 

956,  445 

732,  795 

223, 650 

1,  037,  764 

751,  944 

285,  820 

962,  552 

708,  459 

254,  093 

945,  254 

724,  850 

220, 364 

11, 798, 231 

8, 738,  572 

3,  059,  619 

Milk  Producers’  Union. — Before  going  on  to  speak  further  about  the 
prices  of  milk  and  some  of  the  detailed  methods  of  handling  it  which 
are  peculiar  to  Boston,  a word  should  be  spoken  about  the  Milk  Pro- 
ducers’ Union.  This  is  an  organization  of  the  farmers  who  sell  milk 
to  the  contractors.  The  farmers  of  the  several  shipping  towns  form  a 
local  organization  and  send  delegates  to  an  annual  meeting  of  the 
central  union,  which  elects  executive  officers  and  transacts  other  neces- 
sary business.  The  organization  has  been  in  existence  in  one  form  or 
another  since  1886.  The  work  of  the  union,  which  has  been  supple- 
mented by  that  of  the  association  of  wholesalers,  who  regulate  the 
business  from  their  end,  has  been  to  promote  uniformity  and  business- 
like methods.  The  tabulation  and  publication  of  the  above  statistics 
were  brought  about  through  the  combined  efforts  of  the  Milk  Producers’ 
Union  and  the  Milk  Contractors’  Association.  The  prices  of  milk  are 
usually  arranged  by  mutual  agreement  between  the  contractors  and 
the  officers  of  the  Milk  Producers’  Union.  Blanks  are  sent  semi- 
annually to  the  producers  belonging  to  the  union,  on  which  they 
express  their  opinion  as  to  the  price  of  milk  and  state  the  number  of 
cans  shipped.  These  replies  are  averaged  on  the  basis  of  cans  rather 


than  individuals;  and  the  negotiations  between  the  contractors  and 
the  union  are  based  upon  this  expression  of  opinion. 

The  union  has  the  machinery  in  its  constitution  for  ordering  a strike, 
so  to  speak,  in  case  of  an  emergency.  Two  or  three  times  in  the  history 
of  the  union  a rupture  of  this  kind  has  seemed  imminent,  but  it  has  been 
averted  for  the  best  interests  of  all,  usually  by  mutual  concessions,  so 
that  the  farmers  have  gained  directly  by  having  an  organization.  They 
also  feel  that  they  have  gained  some  unfought  battles,  and  believe  that 
they  have  generally  been  treated  better  by  the  contractors,  by  reason 
of  having  an  association,  than  they  would  have  been  if  the  contractors 
were  dealing  with  individuals,  or  simply  issued  an  ultimatum  of  what 
they  would  pay  for  milk  without  their  authority  being  questioned.  At 
times  some  farmers  have  been  dissatisfied  with  the  work  of  the  union 
because  it  was  not  more  radical  and  sweeping,  but  in  the  main  the  more 
conservative  farmers  feel  that  it  has  been  of  great  service  to  them.  The 
existence  of  such  an  organization  has  tended  to  promote  uniformity 
in  prices,  and  there  has  been  little  variation  in  prices  for  a number  of 
years. 

Prices  paid. — As  milk  is  shipped  from  stations  of  varying  distances 
from  the  city,  the  following  arrangement  has  been  made  as  a convenient 
method  for  determining  a price  for  each  station.  It  lias  been  agreed 
between  the  contractors  and  the  Milk  Producers7  Union  that  all  nego- 
tiations should  be  for  a theoretical  Boston  price  per  can,  and  that  there 
should  be  the  following  discounts  from  that  price : 

Cents. 


For  stations  between  17  and  23  miles  from  Boston 8 

For  stations  between  23  and  36  miles  from  Boston 9 

For  stations  between  36  and  56  miles  from  Boston 10 

For  stations  between  56  and  76  miles  from  Boston 11 

And  1 cent  more  for  each  additional  20  miles. 


The  price  is  adjusted  twice  a year  for  the  six  months  beginning  April 
1 and  October  1.  The  theoretical  Boston  price  per  can  of  quarts  for 
a number  of  years  has  been  as  follows : 


Tear. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Tear. 

Summer. 

Wiuter. 

1886  

Cents. 

30 
30 
32  , 
32 

32 

33 
33 

Cents. 

36 

36 

38 

38 

36 

37 
37 

1893 

Cents. 

33 

33 

33 

33 

33 

Cents. 

37 

37 

37 

35 

35 

1887  

1894 

1888  

1895  

1889  

1896  . 

1890  

1897  

1891 

Average  (12  years) 

1892  

32i 

3«§ 

In  1874-75  the  winter  price  per  can  was  40  cents,  the  summer  price 
32  cents;  difference,  8 cents.  For  several  of  the  years  included  in  the 
above  table  there  was  a difference  of  6 cents  between  the  summer  and 
the  winter  prices.  In  1890  and  1891  the  summer  price  advanced  and 
the  winter  price  declined,  and  for  four  years  thereafter  there  was  a dif- 
ference of  4 cents  per  can  between  summer  and  winter  milk.  In  Octo- 


16 


ber,  1896,  the  winter  price  was  cut  again,  leaving  the  difference  only  2 
cents.  The  increasing  attention  given  to  winter  dairying  has  brought 
the  supply  of  winter  milk  nearer  to  that  of  summer  milk,  and  made 
advisable,  so  the  contractors  claim,  less  disparity  in  price. 

The  increase  of  winter  dairying  has  been  caused  not  only  by  the 
increased  profit  in  winter  milk,  but  to  a certain  extent,  in  market  gar- 
dening sections,  by  the  desire  of  farmers  who  produce  milk  to  carry 
more  cows  in  the  winter  in  order  to  get  manure  for  their  garden  crops. 

Payments  to  the  farmers  for  milk  sold  to  the  contractors  are  made 
monthly,  as  soon  after  the  1st  of  the  month  as  the  clerical  work  of 
closing  the  accounts  and  drawing  checks  can  be  done. 

According  to  the  agreement  alluded  to,  the  payment  per  can  of  milk 
which  the  farmer  would  receive  at  his  railroad  station  would  be  the 
theoretical  Boston  price  less  8,  9,  10,  or  11  cents,  depending  upon  his 
distance  from  the  city.  The  amount  of  milk  handled  by  the  contractors 
is  so  large  that  these  prices  govern  to  a considerable  extent  the  deal- 
ings of  many  milkmen  in  other  places. 

When  this  arrangement  was  first  considered,  it  was  expected  that  the 
theoretical  Boston  price  would  be  the  figure  at  which  milk  would  be 
sold  to  the  i>eddlers,  and  that  the  discount  would  therefore  represent 
cost  of  transportation,  cost  of  doing  the  business,  losses  from  bad  bills, 
and  profits;  but  competition  of  one  kind  and  another  has  reduced  the 
price  to  the  peddlers  so  that  they  now  pay  3 and  4 cents  less  than  the 
nominal  Boston  price,  and  it  has  become  wholly  a theoretical  figure, 
used  and  useful  only  as  a number  from  which  to  subtract  the  various 
discounts  depending  upon  distance  of  transportation.  The  expenses 
of  doing  the  business  and  the  profits  to  the  contractors  are  therefore 
from  4 to  7 cents  j)er  can. 

Milk  was  sold  by  the  contractors  to  peddlers  during  the  summer  of 
1897  at  30  cents  per  can,  with  rumors  of  cutting  prices  to  29  and  even 
28  cents.  Milk  is  sold  by  the  peddlers  at  varying  prices.  Hotels  and 
large  restaurants  buy  close  and  allow  only  2 or  3 cents  for  handling; 
they  bought  during  1897  at  32  to  35  cents  per  can.  Small  stores,  which 
retail  by  the  quart  the  contents  of  only  a few  cans,  pay  38  to  40  cents 
per  can.  Consumers  of  a can  daily  pay  45  and  50  cents,  and  those 
who  have  a quart  of  milk  delivered  at  their  houses  daily  by  the  milk- 
man pay  7 cents  per  quart.  Sometimes  pint  customers  pay  at  the 
rate  of  8 cents  per  quart.  By  going  to  the  store  for  it,  consumers  fre- 
quently buy  as  low  as  6 cents,  and  in  some  instances  for  5.  Milk  in  a 
few  cases  seems  to  be  selected  by  grocers  and  provision  dealers  as  an 
article  to  sell  at  cost  or  a little  less  as  a bid  for  other  business. 

Grading  the  price. — One  of  the  peculiarities  of  the  way  in  which  the 
Boston  milk  business  is  carried  on  by  the  contractors  is  what  is  called 
u grading  the  price.”  To  illustrate:  The  contractors  agree  to  pay  at 
stations  situated  a certain  distance  from  Boston  24  cents  per  can  for 
the  summer — that  is,  from  April  to  October.  But  they  do  not  pay  24 


17 


cents  for  each  and  every  month  ; instead  of  that,  they  pay  a price  which 
will  average  24  cents.  During  the  flush  months  of  May  and  June  the 
price  may  be  perhaps  22  cents,  and  to  ofl*set  that  cut  the  price  will  be 
increased  to  2G  cents  during  the  sultry  months  of  August  and  Septem- 
ber, when  milk  is  sometimes  scarce.  This  u grading”  has  a tendency 
to  discourage  exceptionally  large  shipments  during  months  when  the 
supply  would  naturally  be  the  largest.  It  also  stimulates  production 
during  the  months  when  the  supply  might  otherwise  be  short.  When 
the  price  has  been  agreed  upon,  the  contractors  send  to  each  station  a 
card  similar  to  the  following : 


(For  railroad  stations  in  the  towns  of  Chelmsford  and  Sudbury,  summer  of  1897.) 


The  graded  price  of  milk  per  can  of  eight  and  one-half  quarts,  delivered  in  good 
order,  with  dairy  number  plainly  marked  on  stopper  with  stickers,  and  up  to  the 
standard  required  by  law,  in  the  car,  for  the  following  six  months,  from  April  1, 
1897,  will  be: 

Cents. 

July 24 

August 26 

September 26 


Cents. 

April 24 

May 22 

June 22 


Average,  24  cents. 


In  case  the  amount  of  milk  received  by  the  contractors  and  not  sold  for  use  as 
milk  shall  exceed  5 per  cent  of  the  entire  sales  of  the  month,  then  for  said  excess 
over  and  above  the  5 per  cent  the  contractors  shall  pay  only  what  said  excess  is 
worth  for  butter,  taking  the  average  price  of  butter  for  the  month ; and  the  value 
of  the  surplus  milk,  manufactured  into  butter,  shall  be  determined  by  a committee  of 
farmers  and  contractors. 


MILK  CANS. 


Milk  cans  are  the  property  of  the  persons  or  company  whose  name  is  stamped 
upon  them.  The  ownership  is  absolute.  The  legislature  has  passed  a law  which 
makes  it  a criminal  offense,  punishable  by  tine  and  imprisonment,  to  retain  or  make 
use  of  a milk  can  for  any  purpose  whatever  without  the  consent  of  the  contractor 
or  owner.  (See  chapter  440,  Acts  of  1893.) 

Contractors’  surplus  milk . — As  stated  above,  the  contractors  and  the 
Producers’  Union  agree  upon  a price  for  six  months  in  advance.  In 
doing  this  the  purchasing  contractors  seem  to  be  taking  some  chances, 
for  they  can  not  foresee  the  demand.  Particularly  is  this  the  case  in  the 
summer,  for  then  the  demand  depends  much  on  the  weather,  as  a hot, 
sultry  “spell”  causes  the  consumption  of  milk  to  increase  rapidly. 
Further  than  this,  the  contractors  appear  to  take  large  chances  in 
another  way.  They  agree  to  take  all  the  milk  that  the  farmers  supply- 
ing them  with  milk  at  the  various  shipping  stations  may  produce. 
This  leads  to  receipts  largely  in  excess  of  the  demand,  as  has  been  seen 
by  the  preceding  tables  of  receipts  and  sales;  the  excess  sometimes 
reaches  one-fourth  of  the  receipts.  The  contractors  save  themselves 
from  loss  by  an  arrangement  by  which  the  stipulated  price  is  paid  for 
only  such  milk  as  is  sold  again  and  for  a small  margin  in  excess  (equal 
to  5 per  cent  of  the  sales;  see  above  card).  All  surplus  beyond  this  is 
made  into  butter  by  the  contractors,  at  their  creameries,  on  the  farmers’ 
14777— No.  20 2 


18 


account,  allowing  each  month,  as  the  value  of  the  butter,  the  average 
of  the  jobbing  price  of  butter  quoted  by  the  chamber  of  commerce  dur- 
ing the  month  and  charging  4 cents  per  pound  for  making.  Thus  the 
farmer  is  sure  of  getting  at  least  butter  value  for  all  the  milk  he  can 
make.  To  protect  the  farmers  from  an  undue  extension  of  this  surplus 
privilege,  the  contractors  agree  not  to  extend  their  routes  or  enlarge 
their  territory.  The  advantages  of  this  surplus  system  are : 

(1)  The  market  is  more  steady  than  it  would  otherwise  be.  The  fig- 
ures above  show  that  the  price  has  been  very  uniform  for  many  years. 
The  surplus,  being  in  the  hands  of  the  large  dealers,  does  not  get  upon 
the  market,  and  the  supply  offered  to  the  retail  trade  by  the  contractors 
is  never  in  excess  of  the  demand. 

(2)  The  contractors  have  a large  reservoir  to  draw  from  when  sultry 
summer  weather  or  other  cause  increases  the  demand;  hence  the  market 
is  never  short  of  milk. 

(3)  The  farmers  find  a market  for  more  milk  than  they  otherwise 
would,  though  the  surplus  portion  is  sold  at  much  less  than  the  other 
part.  The  butter  value  of  the  surplus  milk  for  the  year  1896,  less  the 
cost  of  making,  was  13  cents  per  can,  a fraction  over  71  cents  per  hun- 
dred pounds.  For  1897  the  butter  value  of  a can  of  milk  averaged  13J 
cents,  a little  better  than  for  1896. 

The  disadvantage  of  the  system  is  that  it  is  the  cause  of  much  fric- 
tion between  the  producers  and  the  contractors.  The  surplus  offers  a 
good  opportunity  to  increase  the  farmers7  natural  suspicion  of  the  con- 
tractors. The  application  of  the  system  is  blind  to  many  farmers,  some 
of  whom  even  question  the  honesty  of  the  contractors  in  accounting  for 
the  amount  of  the  surplus.  This  difference  is  further  intensified  by 
the  method  of  settling  with  the  farmers.  The  contractors,  for  their 
convenience,  ascertain  how  much  of  a discount  the  butter  value  of  the 
surplus  would  create  on  the  whole  amount  of  milk  which  a farmer  ships, 
and  in  making  their  payment  they  deduct  this  amount  from  what 
would  be  due  if  all  milk  shipped  had  been  sold  at  the  long  price. 
Hence  the  monthly  bills  are  not  written  for  the  proportionate  amount 
of  sale  milk  at,  for  instance,  20  cents,  plus  the  proportionate  amount  of 
surplus  milk  at,  for  instance,  13  cents;  but,  it  having  been  found  that 
the  amount  of  surplus  milk  and  its  butter  value  is  enough  to  reduce 
the  average  price  of  milk  at  a 20-cent  station  1J  cents,  when  the  farmer 
makes  out  his  bill  for  his  full  shipment  at  20  cents  per  can  the  con- 
tractors discount  the  bill  1J  cents  per  can  and  remit  the  balance. 

The  surplus  for  May,  1897 — the  butter  value  of  milk  being  11  cents 
per  can — amounted  to  an  average  discount  per  can  on  all  shipments  as 
follows : 

Cents. 


Where  price  was  19  cents 2. 26 

Where  price  was  20  cents.  2. 54 

Where  price  was  21  cents 2.  82 

Where  price  was  22  cents 3. 11 

Where  price  was  23  cents 3.  39 


19 


In  this  way  the  contractors’  clerks  can  figure  the  accounts  quite 
rapidly ; but  the  method  increases  the  dissatisfaction  with  the  system, 
because  to  the  mind  of  the  farmer  the  butter  value  of  surplus  milk  cre- 
ates an  actual  discount  or  a “ charge  back”  on  the  whole  of  his  bill. 

This  system  of  buying  all  the  milk  that  is  offered  furnishes  shippers 
a market  for  all  they  can  produce,  but  this  in  turn  tends  to  increase 
the  surplus,  which  reached  unusual  proportions  during  the  years  1S9G 
and  1897.  This,  coupled  with  the  low  price  of  butter,  made  the  dis- 
count for  those  years  more  than  twice  what  it  had  previously  been. 
The  records  of  milk  meetings  and  farmers’  gatherings  show  that  the 
surplus  is  the  great  cause  of  dissatisfaction,  the  burden  of  many  reso- 
lutions and  speeches  being  that  the  contractors  should  buy  u straight.” 
The  contractors  have  sometimes  agreed  to  take  all  chances  of  surplus 
and  pay  a straight  price  if  they  could  buy  for  2 cents  less.  Before  this 
system  was  introduced  there  was  much  complaint  at  the  irregularity 
of  the  amount  sold  to  the  contractors.  If  the  supply  ran  ahead  of  the 
demand,  the  farmers  would  receive  notice  to  keep  back  part  of  their 
supplies;  and  they  were  liable  to  be  obliged  to  make  butter  or  cheese 
in  varying  quantities  every  few  days.  This  was  a great  inconvenience 
and  caused  much  grumbling,  which  was  remedied  by  the  contractors 
adopting  the  present  plan,  taking  all  produced  and  paying  butter  price 
for  the  surplus.  But  that  was  so  many  years  ago  that  the  improvement 
is  not  generally  remembered.  The  feeling  against  the  surplus  was  so 
strong  in  1889  that  the  matter  was  referred  to  the  State  board  of  arbi- 
tration, which  decided  that  the  principle  was  a sound  one. 

It  should  be  slated  here  that  the  different  wholesale  firms  report 
their  receipts,  sales,  and  surplus  to  their  organization  and  to  the  Milk- 
Producers’  Union,  and  the  discount  is  figured  on  the  totals,  being  the 
same  to  all  farmers  at  equal  distances  from  the  city,  regardless  of  the 
contractors  to  whom  they  sell  or  the  amount  of  surplus  which  their 
individual  wholesaler  may  have  had. 

Retailing. — On  the  arrival  of  the  milk  cars  in  Boston  they  are  run 
onto  the  railroad  sidings  of  the  milk  contractors  from  9 to  11  o’clock 
a.  m.,  regardless  of  the  distance  the  cars  have  come.  The  peddlers  by 
this  time  have  finished  their  morning’s  distribution  of  milk  and  their 
wagons  are  backed  to  the  contractors’  platforms  and  sheds  for  the  next 
day’s  supply.  The  cans  are  quickly  transferred  from  the  cars  to  the 
peddlers’  wagons.  In  a few  cases,  where  there  are  customers  for  several 
cans,  a delivery  is  made  at  once,  but  most  of  this  milk  is  carried  to  the 
different  peddlers’  headquarters.  Here  the  milk  is  run  through  a large 
mixer,  so  as  to  insure  uniform  quality.  Then  it  is  drawn  off  into  quart 
and  pint  cans,  of  tin,  and  placed  on  ice.  The  next  morning  about  2 
o’clock  the  peddler  starts  out  to  deliver  this  milk  to  the  customer,  leav- 
ing at  the  door  of  tenement,  flat,  and  dwelling  house  the  can  of  milk, 
usually  before  the  family  is  out  of  bed.  By  this  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
milk  is  in  the  city  about  eighteen  hours  before  reaching  the  consumer. 


20 


It  will  also  be  noticed  that  the  milk  is  delivered  in  individual  cans, 
never  poured  or  dipped  from  the  large  can  to  the  consumer’s  dish. 
According  to  the  milk  inspector  of  the  municipality  of  Boston,  the 
number  of  persons  selling  milk  from  wagons  during  1896  was  598,  and 
the  number  of  shopkeepers  who  sold  milk  was  1,019.  In  Cambridge 
there  were  189  peddlers  and  111  store  milk  dealers.  The  numbers 
remained  practically  the  same  in  1897.  Nearly  all  of  the  peddlers 
use  wagons  of  the  same  style — the  body  like  an  express  wagon,  with  a 
rounded  canopy  top,  open  at  the  front  and  rear. 

Clean  cans. — When  the  retailers  go  to  the  wholesalers’  depots  for 
their  daily  supplies  they  usually  take  with  them  return  cans,  belonging 
to  the  wholesalers,  in  which  they  have  taken  their  supplies  on  a pre- 
vious day.  These  cans  are  immediately  rushed  on  board  the  cars,  so 
that  the  latter  may  be  ready  with  as  little  delay  as  possible  to  be  drawn 
out  and  made  up  in  the  trains  for  returning.  On  account  of  this  pro- 
cedure the  cans  are  returned  to  the  farmers  unwashed,  and  sometimes 
in  a very  filthy  condition,  for  a can  may  have  been  delivered  by  the 
peddler  to  a grocer  where  a portion  of  the  contents  which  was  unsold  has 
soured  and  stuck  to  the  bottom  and  sides  of  the  can  before  the  peddler 
calls  for  it  to  return  to  the  wholesaler;  in  exceptional  cases  the  can 
may  have  been  used  for  other  articles,  possibly  kerosene  oil.  The 
farmers  have  frequently  consulted  together  as  to  the  best  means  of 
bringing  some  pressure  to  bear  on  the  contractors  to  compel  them  to 
return  clean  cans.  This  feeling  has  gone  so  far  as  to  result  in  several 
attempts  to  induce  the  legislature  to  pass  compulsory  laws  on  the 
subject. 

The  contractors  make  two  excuses  for  this  way  of  doing  business. 
The  first  is  the  matter  of  expense;  they  claim  that  to  have  the  cans 
washed  before  returning  would  mean  the  impossibility  of  getting  them 
onto  the  car  that  day,  and  the  necessity  of  having  a large  investment 
of  money  tied  up  in  a triplicate  set  of  cans.  The  second  excuse  is 
that  even  if  they  washed  the  cans,  after  having  been  tightly  bunged  up 
in  the  car  and  on  the  road  for  several  hours,  they  would  be  unfit  for  use 
in  reshipping  milk  without  being  scalded.  The  contractors  claim  that 
if  the  cans  are  sent  into  the  country  clean  many  farmers  will  neglect 
this  precaution,  and  that  the  next  day’s  milk  would  reach  the  city  in 
worse  condition  than  when  the  cans  are  carefully  cleaned,  scalded,  and 
aired  at  the  dairy  before  putting  fresh  milk  into  them. 

Methods  of  producers  and  shippers. — The  methods  pursued  by  the  milk- 
producing  farmers  who  supply  the  contractors  may  be  described  more 
in  detail,  as  follows: 

For  example,  a neighborhood  may  be  taken  in  Windsor  or  Windham 
County,  Yt.,  from  which  the  milk  is  hauled  by  wagon  to  Bellows  Falls 
and  there  put  on  the  milk  car. 

The  process  by  which  the  milk  is  prepared  for  marketing  is  simple, 
though  it  requires  care  and  attention  to  preserve  an  equal  temperature. 


21 


The  morning’s  milk  is  cooled  by  various  methods,  some  employing  ice, 
while  not  a few  suspend  the  cans  in  a well.  When  the  night’s  milk  has 
been  cooled,  a wood  stopper  is  placed  in  the  full  can,  upon  which  is 
pasted  a small  adhesive  stamp  a trifle  smaller  than  a postage  stamp, 
and  on  this  is  printed  the  number  of  the  dairy,  as  well  as  the  number 
of  the  car  conveying  the  milk  from  Bellows  Falls  to  Boston. 

Asa  rule  neighboring  dairymen  have  an  arrangement  by  which  one 
of  their  number  takes  the  daily  product  to  the  main  highway,  where 
the  cans  are  picked  up  every  night  by  the  milk  wagon  and  the  u emp- 
ties” returned  by  the  same  conveyance  in  the  morning.  In  some  cases, 
however,  the  farmer  lives  3 or  4 miles  off  the  route,  and  of  course  is 
obliged  to  bring  his  own  milk. 

One  route  starts  from  Chester,  Windsor  County,  the  distance  from 
the  driver’s  house  to  Bellows  Falls  being  16  miles.  This  driver  receives 
3 cents  per  can  of  8J  quarts  (or  18J  pounds)  for  carting,  and  this  is,  of 
course,  paid  by  the  farmer.  With  a four-horse  covered  wagon,  this 
collector  starts  from  his  home  every  night  in  the  week  at  9 o’clock, 
going  by  the  most  direct  road  to  Fockingham,  thence  to  Bellows  Fails. 
At  present  this  route  furnishes  180  cans,  which  are  picked  up  in  differ- 
ent places  along  the  highway  to  Bartonville.  It  takes  about  six  hours 
to  make  the  trip,  which  could  be  done  in  considerably  less  time  but  for 
the  work  of  picking  up  the  cans.  The  route  is  not  particularly  pleasant 
by  night,  and  especially  is  this  true  in  stormy  weather,  yet  for  the  365 
nights  in  the  year  this  driver  faithfully  performs  his  duty,  whether  in 
storm  or  starlight.  The  trip  is  not  infrequently  attended  with  disa- 
greeable and  even  dangerous  features,  as  was  the  case  during  the  floods 
ol  1897,  when  the  highway  was  washed  out  in  several  places,  necessi- 
tating a roundabout  trip  of  several  miles  through  Saxtons  Fiver.  But 
the  milk  was  delivered  every  morning  at  the  car  before  the  time  of 
leaving  Bellows  Falls  for  Boston. 

On  arriving  at  the  car  the  milk  is  weighed  by  those  in  charge  and 
the  weights  credited  to  the  numbers  representing  the  respective  dairy- 
men. The  milk  car  starts  daily  at  5.30  a.  m.  and  reaches  Boston  about 
four  hours  later,  and  twenty-eight  or  twenty-nine  hours  after  the  morn- 
ing milking  of  the  day  before.  Since  the  establishment  of  this  route, 
in  the  year  1890,  the  business  gradually  increased  until  June,  1897, 
when  the  shipments  amounted  to  nearly  700  cans  a day. 

Boston  system  summed  up. — The  advantage  of  this  system  of  handling 
milk  by  large  wholesalers,  combined  into  an  association,  is  that  the 
business  is  in  the  hands  of  solvent  parties,  who  can  be  relied  upon  to 
pay  the  farmers  promptly  the  money  due  them;  the  business  is  done  in 
a uniform,  methodical  way,  all  producers  being  treated  alike;  there  is 
more  imblicity  to  the  business  than  there  would  be  if  the  milk  were 
sold  to  a great  many  small,  isolated  peddlers.  The  existing  Boston 
system  maintains  a more  steady  market  than  would  otherwise  be  possi- 
ble, by  keeping  off  from  it  an  undue  surplus  which  would  break  the 


22 


price;  consequently  this  arrangement  insures  better  prices  to  farmers 
than  they  would  otherwise  get.  Another  advantage  is  in  the  fact  that 
this  large  combination  of  wholesalers  doing  business  in  a systematic 
way,  with  regular  chemists,  etc.,  is  a powerful  factor  in  elevating  the 
quality  of  milk  on  the  market  and  helping  to  bring  it  up  to  a satisfac- 
tory standard.  With  good  laws  to  start  with,  to  which  reference  will 
be  made  further  on,  and  a strong  financial  interest  working  to  sustain 
these  laws,  a great  deal  is  done  for  the  quality  of  milk. 

There  are  disadvantages  connected  with  the  Boston  system,  some  of 
which  have  been  sufficiently  described.  Another  is  that  it  does  not 
stimulate  any  advance  in  quality  of  milk  beyond  meeting  the  standard 
required  by  law. 

Other  milk  supply. — It  has  already  been  stated  that  the  milk  brought 
into  the  city  by  the  contractors  is  about  three  quarters  of  the  whole  sup- 
ply. A portion  of  the  other  one- fourth  comes  in  by  railroad,  brought 
by  peddlers  who  go  into  the  country  and  buy  direct  from  the  farmers. 
These  peddlers  usually  buy  on  the  basis  of  the  contractors’  prices,  for 
these  prices  set  the  pace  for  about  all  of  the  milk  business,  and,  to  a 
large  extent,  govern  it.  But  these  peddlers  buy  only  what  their  ordi- 
nary trade  will  take.  If  they  occasionally  need  extra  milk  they  can  buy 
it  of  the  contractors.  Though  these  peddlers  pay  no  more  than  the 
regular  price,  the  farmer  gets  the  full  price  for  all  that  he  sells,  because 
the  peddler  whom  he  supplies  never  has  a surplus  for  which  to  pay  a 
lower  price.  On  the  other  hand,  the  more  of  such  business  there  is  the 
more  the  surplus  tends  to  increase  in  the  hands  of  the  contractors. 
Their  burdensome  surplus  is  a convenience  in  a pinch  to  the  outside 
peddler,  who  competes  with  them  for  milk  and  for  customers,  but  who 
carries  none  of  the  inconvenience  of  a surplus. 

Another  portion  of  the  milk  of  the  Greater  Boston  is  produced 
within  its  limits.  This  is  not  much  of  a factor  in  the  city  proper,  but 
the  geographical  and  business  reasons  which  lead  to  the  grouping  of 
several  municipalities  as  the  Greater  Boston  necessarily  include  a few 
places  which  produce  nearly  all  of  their  local  milk  supply.  In  one  or  two 
instances — Milton  especially — the  place  supplies  milk  to  some  of  its 
neighbors.  Over  7,000  cows  are  kept  in  the  Greater  Boston,  located  as 
follows: 


Boston 850 

Chelsea 87 

Revere 168 

Winthrop 83 

Quincy 656 

Milton 804 

Winchester 240 

Wohurn 362 

Watertown 281 

Waltham 882 


Malden 169 

Medford 282 

Melrose 214 

Newton 1,212 

Somerville 314 

Stoneham 311 

Arlington 236 

Belmont 173 

Saugus 544 

Lynn 342 


A third  source  of  supply  of  outside  milk  is  from  territory  contiguous 
to  the  Greater  Boston,  which  can  be  reached  by  a drive  of  10  to  15 


23 


miles.  This  region  is  quite  thickly  settled,  and  consumes  considerable 
milk,  yet  it  also  produces  much  milk  to  sell  in  Boston,  which  is  brought 
in  by  wagons.  The  inspector  of  the  city  of  Boston  reports  5,232  cans 
sold  daily  in  his  jurisdiction,  aside  from  the  railroad  milk.  The  milk 
in  other  cities  and  towns  of  the  Greater  Boston  not  brought  by  rail 
must  be  5,000  cans  more.  Two  of  the  largest  towns  for  milk  shipments 
by  team  are  Dedham  and  Bedford,  from  each  of  which  nearly  1,000 
cans  are  daily  hauled. 

This  nearby  milk,  although  only  about  one- fourth  of  the  city  supply, 
has  shown  a tendency  to  increase  of  late;  its  competition  with  railroad 
milk  was  unusually  severe  during  the  last  few  months  of  1897.  This 
has  been  because  milk  has  been  maintained  at  such  an  even  price, 
because  there  has  been  an  unusual  disparity  between  the  sale-milk 
value  and  the  butter  value  of  the  product,  and  because  prices  of  other 
farm  products  were  so  depressed  that  milk  was  relatively  the  most 
profitable  farm  product,  in  very  many  cases. 

PROVIDENCE. 

Providence,  the  second  in  size  of  the  New  England  cities,  lias  an 
estimated  population  of  150,000.  The  best  estimates  obtainable  place 
the  milk  consumption  at  75,000  quarts  per  day.  This  amounts  to 
27,375,000  quarts  per  year.  This  milk  is  sold  from  407  peddlers7  wagons 
and  900  stores,  restaurants,  bakeries,  etc.  Nearly  all  of  the  milk  is 
produced  within  20  miles  of  the  city.  Most  of  the  milk  that  is  brought 
in  wagons  comes  an  average  distance  of  12  miles,  though  a little  comes 
20  miles  each  day.  The  balance  is  carried  by  railroad.  One  car  brings 
in  9,500  quarts  per  day.  This  car  starts  from  Willimantic,  Conn.,  a 
distance  of  60  miles.  About  4,000  quarts  per  day  are  carried  on  the 
other  railroads  in  express  and  baggage  cars.  The  milk  is  shipped,  for 
the  most  part,  in  cans  similar  in  general  style  to  the  Boston  milk  canr 
but  containing  94  and  10J  quarts. 

The  selling  of  milk  from  stores  is  more  prevalent  than  in  many  other 
cities  of  New  England.  It  is  estimated  that  almost  half  of  the  milk 
consumed  in  this  city  is  sold  from  stores  instead  of  being  delivered 
from  house  to  house  by  peddlers.  Most  of  the  railroad  milk  goes 
directly  to  stores. 

The  price  of  milk  for  the  last  few  years  has  been  quite  uniform,  con- 
sumers paying  usually  a cent  less  in  the  summer  than  in  the  winter. 
The  retail  summer  price  ranges  from  5 to  7 cents  and  the  winter  price 
from  6 to  8 cents.  The  wholesale  price  per  can  in  the  summer  is  at  the 
rate  of  15  or  16  cents  per  gallon,  and  19  or  20  cents  per  gallon  in  the 
winter.  About  one-third  of  the  nearby  milk  is  sold  by  the  producers 
themselves,  who  drive  into  the  city  every  morning  with  their  supplies, 
retailing  from  house  to  house.  About  two  thirds  of  the  nearby  milk  is 
sold  by  peddlers  who  buy  milk  from  the  farmers.  Some  of  them  buy 
from  middlemen,  who  pick  up  milk  from  the  farmers  and  haul  it  to  the 
city.  In  these  cases  the  peddlers  do  not  see  or  know  the  men  who 


24 


produce  tlie  milk  for  them.  These  middlemen,  however,  differ  from 
those  in  Boston  in  that  they  occupy  a much  less  conspicuous  place  in 
the  business  than  the  Boston  contractors  and  are  hardly  more  than 
agents  and  teamsters  for  the  city  peddlers. 

The  producers  receive  11  to  12  cents  per  gallon  for  milk  in  the  sum- 
mer, and  15  or  16  cents  in  the  winter. 

The  population  of  Providence  has  increased  from  120,000,  in  1886,  to 
150,000  in  1896,  or  25  per  cent;  but  the  consumption  of  milk  appears  to 
have  increased  about  122  per  cent,  only  33,700  quarts  per  day  being 
reported  in  1886.  These  figures  show  that  there  has  been  greatly 
increased  consumption  of  milk  per  capita  during  the  last  few  years. 

Milk  is  from  twelve  to  forty-eight  hours  old  when  it  reaches  the 
consumers  in  Providence. 


OTHER  CITIES. 

The  reports  from  the  other  New  England  cities  are,  for  the  most  part, 
without  novel  features.  To  go  into  the  details  about  each  city  would  be 
mere  repetition,  to  a large  extent.  The  milk  generally  is  brought  into 
the  city  early  in  the  morning  by  retailers  who  are,  for  the  most  part,  pro- 
ducers. In  some  instances  peddlers  buy  the  supplies  of  farmers  and  act 
only  as  middlemen.  In  other  cases  the  farmer  supplements  his  own 
supply  by  buying  from  his  neighbors.  The  milk  is  mostly  produced 
within  a dozen  or  fifteen  miles  of  the  city  where  it  is  consumed.  The 
night’s  milk  is  not  over  12  hours  old  when  it  reaches  the  consumers; 
the  morning’s  milk  not  over  6.  Consequently  less  pains  are  taken  in 
cooling  and  caring  for  the  milk  than  when  it  becomes  48  to  72  hours  old 
before  reaching  the  consumer.  Six  cents  per  quart  is  the  average  price 
to  consumers.  In  some  cities  the  price  drops  to  5 cents  in  the  summer, 
and  in  a few  instances  7 cents  is  reached  in  the  winter. 

The  usual  method  of  distributing  milk  is  by  pouring  from  the  8i-quart 
cans  into  the  individual  cans,  pitchers,  or  bowls  of  customers  at  their 
doors,  although  some  peddlers  carry  individual  cans.  The  use  of  glass 
bottles  is  comparatively  rare,  though  increasing.  In  many  cities 
the  old-fashioned  wagons  are  giving  way  to  vehicles  built  low-down 
expressly  for  the  milk  business.  In  many  cases  farmers  who  sell  milk 
pay  some  attention  to  vegetables  and  small  fruits,  which  utilizes  help, 
insures  an  advantageous  rotation  of  tillage,  helps  out  the  supply  of 
manure,  and  assures  a retail  market  for  eggs,  fruit,  or  vegetables. 

Worcester,  Mass.,  has  a population  of  110,000  at  present,  and  annu- 
ally consumes  2,076,000  cans,  which  is  sold  from  650  wagons  and  stores. 
It  is  retailed  for  the  most  part  at  6 cents  per  quart,  summer  and  winter. 
In  the  city  and  suburbs  are  a number  of  superior  Jersey  and  Guernsey 
herds,  for  whose  milk  better  prices  are  obtained.  Worcester  has  a very 
efficient  milk  dealers  and  producers’  association,  which  does  much  to 
promote  uniformity  in  price  and  to  keep  up  the  quality.  Many  of  the 
Worcester  milkmen  are  market  gardeners,  who  combine  the  two  kinds 
of  farming  to  advantage. 


25 


Most  of  tlie  Lowell,  Mass.,  daily  supply  of  3,511  cans  comes  directly 
from  the  farmers  within  a few  miles  of  the  city.  But  a Boston  milk 
train  passes  through  the  city,  and  at  times  a little  railroad  milk  is  left. 
Milk  retails  for  the  most  part  for  5 cents  per  quart  in  the  summer  and 
6 cents  in  tbe  winter.  One  hundred  and  seventy-six  milk  dealers’ 
licenses  are  issued  in  this  city.  The  population  is  84,000. 

Burlington,  Yt.,  uses  about  365,000  gallons  annually,  which  is  sold  by 
about  140  peddlers,  many  of  whom  are  xiroducers.  The  population  in 
1890  was  15,000,  but  it  is  estimated  now  at  about  20,000.  The  per  cap- 
ita consumption  of  milk  has  increased  materially  during  the  past  ten 
years.  The  trade  has  nearly  doubled,  while  the  increase  in  population 
is  about  one-third.  Prices  at  retail  range  from  4 to  6 cents  in  the  sum- 
mer, and  from  5 to  7 cents  in  the  winter. 

Augusta,  Me.,  with  a population  of  12,000,  uses  1,600  to  2,000  quarts 
of  milk  daily,  mostly  retailed  at  a uniform  price  of  6 cents  the  year 
around.  The  farmers  who  produce  the  milk  for  the  most  part  retail  it. 

Portland,  Me.,  uses  the  milk  of  about  4,000  cows,  which  amounts  to 
about  2,250,000  gallons  a year.  Some  of  this  milk  is  sent  in  by  railroad 
in  baggage  and  express  cars.  This  is  retailed  by  peddlers,  who  are 
mostly  middlemen.  The  milkmen  supplying  the  Portland  market  have 
an  organization. 

New  Bedford,  Mass.,  has  151  licensed  dealers  retailing  24,000  or 

25.000  quarts  per  day ; the  retail  prices  are  mostly  6 and  7 cents.  Pro- 
ducers largely  retail  their  own  supplies. 

Taunton,  Mass.,  has  24  licensed  dealers  and  uses  about  12,000  quarts 
per  day.  The  retail  price  is  6 cents  summer  and  winter. 

Hartford,  Conn.,  licenses  152  regular  retail  dealers.  An  average  of 

26.000  quarts  is  sold  daily.  All  is  produced  within  10  miles  of  the  city. 

THE  CREAM  TRADE. 

The  cream  trade  has  increased  rapidly  in  Boston,  Providence,  and 
other  cities  during  the  past  few  years.  Formerly  there  was  a small 
supply  and  limited  demand.  The  business  was  not  pushed.  A person 
who  wanted  cream  could  in  most  cases  be  sup \ Tied  by  his  milkman,  and 
the  large  Boston  contractors  did  quite  a cream  trade.  Still,  cream  was 
generally  looked  upon  as  a special  luxury.  The  increasing  use  of  the 
separator  helped  to  develop  the  business,  making  it  more  easy  than 
ever  before  to  secure  sweet  cream  of  good  keeping  qualities. 

The  great  increase  in  the  cream  business,  however,  lias  been  due  to 
the  systematic  business-like  push  and  enterprise  of  a few  Maine  cream- 
eries. This  business  began  in  the  latter  part  of  the  eighties.  The  cream 
is  sent  in  6-gallon  cans,  packed  in  ice,  by  express  on  fast  trains,  reach- 
ing Boston  about  6 o’clock  in  the  morning.  It  is  there  received  by 
agents  of  the  proprietors,  put  into  half  pint,  pint,  and  quart  glass  jars, 
and  delivered  at  once.  It  is  not  only  delivered  direct  to  families,  but 
is  a common  and  staple  article  of  merchandise  in  the  grocery  stores  in 


26 


Boston,  Providence,  and  other  portions  of  southeastern  New  England. 
Many  stores  which  took  experimentally  only  one  or  two  cans  to  begin 
with,  found  their  trade  rapidly  increased,  as  the  public  quickly  “caught 
on  ” to  the  possibility  of  getting  cream  of  reliable  quality  and  good  con- 
dition for  keeping. 

This  cream  is  of  uniform  quality,  heavy  and  rich,  being  about  45  per 
cent  butter  fat,  is  put  up  in  attractive  and  convenient  form,  and  keeps 
well.  This  has  stimulated  a growing  demand. 

Such  signs  as  “Bangor  cream,’7  “Hampden  cream,”  “Wallingford 
cream,”  are  now  a frequent  and  familiar  sight  in  a majority  of  grocery 
and  provision  stores.  The  cream  is  retailed  in  Boston  at  CO  cents  per 
quart. 

One  establishment  shipping  cream  from  Maine  makes  the  following- 
report  of  its  business  for  the  last  three  years,  showing  the  increase  in 
the  use  of  cream.  The  figures  are  for  gallons: 

Thick  cream,  47  per  cent  butter  fat. 


1894. 

1895. 

1896. 

First 

six 

months 
of  1897. 

Boston  and  vicinity 

33, 466 
8,  033 
1,531 

40,141 

8,811 

1,476 

43,542 
9,  432 
1,  502 

28,  034 
4,333 
1,564 

Beverly,  Lynn,  and  Salem 

Places  outside  of  Massachusetts 

Total 

43,030  50,428 

1 

54,476 

33, 931 

Thin  cream , IS  per  cent  butter  fat. 


1894. 

1895. 

1896. 

First 

six 

months 
of  1897. 

Boston  and  vicinity 

667 

6,  645 
702 

12, 618 
1,  969 

4,  925 
914 

Lynn,  Salem,  and  Beverly  

Total 

667 

7,  347 

14,  587 

5,839 

Other  Maine  creameries  are  also  making  large  shipments.  Faster 
railroad  trains  are  said  to  be  necessary  to  still  further  develop  this 
cream  trade.  The  creameries  are  mostly  proprietary,  buying  milk  of 
the  farmers.  As  a rule  there  are  no  particular  feeding  materials  to 
which  objections  are  raised  to  the  farmers  using,  but  much  pains  are 
taken  to  imiiress  the  great  importance  of  cleanliness  in  every  detail  of 
the  business. 

SKIM  MILK. 

The  skim  milk  problem  is  of  considerable  importance  in  the  city  of 
Boston.  As  we  have  shown  above,  a great  deal  of  the  surplus  milk 
is  made  into  butter  after  it  reaches  the  city.  Consequently,  there  is  a 
supply  of  skim  milk  more  than  usual  in  such  a center.  A great  deal  of 
this  is  allowed  to  run  into  the  sewers,  as  there  is  no  market  for  it;  some 
is  sold,  and  some  is  returned  to  the  farmers,  but  the  greater  part  is 


27 


thrown  away.  This  is  a great  loss  of  food  material,  and  if  the  people 
of  tbe  city  could  realize  the  food  value  of  skim  milk,  and  could  buy  it 
at  a reasouable  price,  much  good  would  result.  But  as  ordinarily  sold, 
a quart  of  skim  milk  too  often  replaces  a quart  of  whole  milk,  and 
thus  to  that  extent  injures  the  sale  of  whole  milk.  Further  than  that, 
skim  milk  is  to  quite  an  extent  used  to  adulterate  whole  milk;  just 
how  much  no  one  can  say.  When  milk  is  adulterated  with  water,  the 
amount  of  solids  not  fat  is  reduced  in  the  same  proportion  as  the  fat, 
and  the  abnormally  low  amount  of  solids  not  fat  is  evidence  of  the 
work  of  adulteration.  But  when  the  adulterant  used  is  skim  milk,  the 
solids  not  fat  remain  the  normal  amount;  consequently,  the  adultera- 
tion is  more  difficult  to  detect;  hence,  more  dangerous. 

In  the  other  cities  there  is  something  of  a sale  of  skim  milk,  but  it  is 
much  less,  that  in  Lowell,  for  instance,  amounting  to  2,227  quarts  per 
day.  The  most  of  this  skim  milk  sold  out  of  Boston  is  sold  honestly  as 
a valuable  food  product. 

The  use  of  buttermilk  is  not  so  extensive  as  it  ought  to  be,  and  yet 
in  some  cities  considerable  goes  into  consumption.  In  Lowell  some- 
thing like  850  quarts  per  day  are  sold.  In  Worcester  the  product  of 
one  or  two  creameries  is  retailed  each  day.  But  speaking  in  a general 
way,  the  sale  of  buttermilk  is  quite  small. 

CONDENSED  MILK. 

The  use  of  condensed  milk  is  increasing,  especially  in  Boston.  A 
large  city  collects  many  people  who  are  compelled  to  keep  house  in 
restricted  quarters;  in  not  a few  instances  shop  and  office  girls  practice 
light  housekeeping  in  a single  room.  In  these  and  other  cases  the  can 
of  condensed  milk  is  a convenient  article.  New  England  has  six  con- 
densed-milk factories,  and  the  product  from  the  West  and  even  from 
abroad  is  also  sold  in  the  grocery  and  provision  stores. 


MILK  CONSUMPTION  PER  CAPITA. 


The  consumption  of  milk  per  capita  is  a very  difficult  thing  to  get  at, 
and  statistics  on  this  point  must  necessarily  be  more  or  less  faulty.  An 
effort  has  been  made  to  gain  information  on  this  subject  and  a careful 
investigation  of  the  quantity  of  milk  sold  in  a number  of  cities  has 
been  made,  and  the  amount  ascertained  has  been  divided  by  the  popu- 
lation. The  result  is  remarkably  uniform,  as  follows  (the  figures  indi- 
cate hundredths  of  a quart  used  daily  per  capita  of  population): 


Boston 48 

Lowell 33 

Hartford 47 

Nashua 42 


Haverhill 45 

Burlington 50 

Worcester 44 


Nashua 41 

Lawrence 40 

Pittsfield 30 


In  all  of  these  cases  it  must  be  remembered  that  an  element  of  uncer- 
tainty exists  in  the  degree  of  accuracy  in  the  reports  cf  the  amount  of 
milk  sold  with  which  we  have  been  furnished,  but  the  results  are  so 


28 


uniform  that  it  is  hardly  fair  to  suppose  that  an  equal  error  could  have 
been  made  in  every  case.  Therefore  it  seems  reasonable  to  assume,  in 
a general  way,  that  the  consumption  of  milk  in  Massachusetts  cities  is 
a little  less  than  a pint  per  person  per  day — a little  over  four-tenths  of  a 
quart.  In  no  case  does  this  include  the  sales  of  skim  milk,  condensed 
milk,  or  cream. 

MILK  LAWS  AND  INSPECTION. 

LEGAL  STANDARD  AND  ADULTERATION. 

All  of  the  New  England  States  have  laws  prohibiting  the  sale  of 
adulterated  or  watered  milk,  or  milk  from  which  a portion  of  the  cream 
has  been  removed.  All  of  the  States  except  Connecticut  have  a statute 
standard  for  milk. 

Massachusetts  prohibits  the  sale  of  milk  “ not  of  standard  quality,” 
as  well  as  of  adulterated  milk,  and  the  following  statute  defines  standard 
milk : 

If  the  milk  is  shown  upon  analysis  to  contain  less  than  thirteen  per  cent  of  milk 
solids,  or  to  contain  less  than  nine  and  three-tentlis  per  cent  of  milk  solids  exclusive 
of  fat,  it  shall  he  deemed  for  the  purposes  of  this  act  to  he  not  of  good  standard 
quality,  except  during  the  months  of  April,  May,  June,  July,  and  August,  when  milk 
containing  less  than  twelve  per  cent  of  milk  solids,  or  less  than  nine  per  cent  of  milk 
solids  exclusive  of  fat,  or  less  than  three  per  cent  of  fat,  shall  he  deemed  to  he  not 
of  good  standard  quality. 

Nearly  all  of  the  cases  entered  in  court  for  the  violation  of  these  milk 
laws  complain  of  the  offender  for  selling,  or  having  in  his  possession  or 
custody  with  intent  to  sell,  “milk  not  of  standard  quality,”  instead  of 
“adulterated  or  watered  milk.” 

The  Rhode  Island  law  provides  that — 

If  the  milk  shall  he  shown  upon  analysis  to  contain  more  than  eighty-eight  per 
centum  of  watery  fluids,  or  to  contain  less  than  twelve  per  centum  of  milk  solids, 
or  less  than  two  and  oue-lialf  per  centum  of  milk  fats,  it  shall  he  deemed  for  the 
purpose  of  said  sections  to  he  adulterated. 

The  New  Hampshire  law  says  that  if  milk  has  less  that  13  per  cent 
of  milk  solids  said  fact  “ shall  be  prima  facie  evidence  ” that  the  milk 
is  adulterated.  But  evidence  that  milk  has  less  than  13  per  cent  solids 
is  frequently  rebutted  by  producing  or  offering  to  produce  some  cow 
which  gives  milk  of  less  than  13  per  cent  solids,  and  therefore  the 
whole  law  is  nullified. 

In  Maine,  “when  milk  shall  be  found  to  contain  over  88  per  cent  of 
water  it  shall  be  deemed  prima  facie  evidence  that  .said  milk  has  been 
watered,  and  when  milk  by  the  analysis  aforesaid  shall  be  found  to 
contain  less  than  12  per  cent  of  solids  and  less  than  3 per  cent  of  fat  it 
shall  be  deemed,  prima  facie,  milk  from  which  cream  has  been  taken.” 
This  is  similar  to  the  New  Hampshire  law,  but  we  have  heard  no  com- 
plaints from  Maine  over  the  words  “ prima  facie.” 

Vermont, like  Massachusetts, prohibits  the  saleof  milk  “not of  good 
standard  quality,”  as  well  as  adulterated  milk,  milk  from  which  a por- 


29 

tion  of  the  cream  has  been  removed,  etc.  The  Vermont  statute  defines 
standard  milk  as  follows : 

Standard  milk  shall  contain  not  less  than  twelve  and  one-half  per  cent  of  solids, 
or  not  'less  than  nine  and  one-fourth  of  total  solids  exclusive  of  fat,  except  in  the 
months  of  May  and  June,  when  it  shall  contain  not  less  than  twelve  per  cent  of 
total  solids. 

The  laws  of  the  several  States  also  have  regulations  for  promoting 
honesty  in  sales  of  skim  milk,  such  as  labeling  cans,  etc. 

Wine  measure  is  by  law  the  standard  measure. 

OFFICIAL  INSPECTION. 

All  of  the  States  except  Vermont  and  Connecticut  have  special  laws 
providing  for  the  enforcement  of  these  milk  regulations. 

In  Massachusetts,  cities  are  required  and  towns  are  allowed  to 
appoint  milk  inspectors.  In  Boston  the  present  milk  inspector  is  a 
man  of  ability  and  energy.  He  has  a respectable  salary  and  sufficient 
appropriation  for  collectors  of  samples,  laboratory,  etc.  Hence  the  work 
of  milk  inspection  in  that  city  is  very  efficiently  performed.  The  follow- 
ing statistics  of  his  work  show  how  thorough  it  is,  and  also,  inferen- 
tially,  something  of  the  quality  of  the  Boston  supply,  the  ratio  of 
samples  taken  to  court  cases  being  very  small. 


Year. 

Samples 

taken. 

Cases  in 
court. 

Year. 

Samples 

taken. 

Cases  in 
court. 

1886  

8,  701 
9, 484 
13, 853 

88 

1893  

13,  623 
12,  587 

293 

1888  

67 

1895  

316 

1890  

220 

1897  

12,  295 

129 

In  a number  of  other  Massachusetts  cities — Lowell,  for  instance — good 
work  is  also  done;  but  in  most  cases  the  salary  is  nominal  and  the  work 
corresponds,  though  most  of  the  inspectors  earn  more  than  they  get. 
Very  few  of  the  towns  avail  themselves  of  the  permission  to  appoint 
inspectors.  To  cover  the  field  where  local  inspection  is  weak,  the  State 
board  of  health  and  the  State  dairy  bureau  are  also  given  authority 
to  enforce  the  dairy  laws.  The  following  statistics  show  the  work  of 
the  board  of  health,  scattered  over  the  State: 


Year. 

Samples 

taken. 

Court 

cases. 

Year. 

Samples 
taken,  j 

1890  

3,  236 
2,  726 

24 

1893  

3,  073 
3,  551 

1891 

49 

1894  

1892  

3,  271 

72 

1897  

6,  104 

Convictions  followed  in  about  90  per  cent  of  the  cases. 

Rhode  Island  has  a law  similar  to  Massachusetts  as  regards  local 
milk  inspectors.  New  Hampshire  law  permits  the  appointment  of  such 
officers.  In  Maine,  cities  and  towns  of  not  less  than  3,000  inhabitants 
must  appoint  milk  inspectors.  In  most  cases,  however,  in  all  of  these 


30 


States  there  is  little  inspection  and  in  many  cases  no  inspector.  Par- 
ticular mention  should  be  made  of  the  good  work  in  Providence,  R.  I., 
Nashua,  N.  H.,  and  Hartford,  Conn.  The  inspector  of  the  latter  city 
is  appointed  under  the  provisions  of  a city  ordinance. 

The  regulations  in  the  different  States  as  to  the  duties  and  authorities 
of  milk  inspectors  are  similar.  The  inspectors  and  collectors  of  sam- 
ples employed  by  them  are  authorized  to  enter  all  places  where  milk  is 
stored  or  kept  for  sale  and  all  carriages  used  for  the  conveyance  of 
milk  and  take  samples  for  analysis  from  all  such  places  or  carriages. 

The  laws  of  the  different  States  where  there  are  milk  inspectors  pro- 
vide for  registering  and  licensing  milk  dealers  for  a nominal  fee.  This 
is  done  for  the  purpose  of  securing  proper  identification  of  the  dealer. 

The  legal  supervision  hitherto  noticed  has  related  almost  entirely  to 
the  commercial  fraud  of  selling  less  food  than  the  purchaser  supposes 
he  is  receiving  for  his  money — i,  e .,  milk  watered,  skimmed,  or  naturally 
of  less  than  average  quality. 

SANITARY  LAWS  AND  INSPECTION. 

All  of  the  States  have  laws  relative  to  the  healthfulness  of  the  milk 
supply.  Massachusetts,  Maine,  Rhode  Island,  and  New  Hampshire 
prohibit  the  sale  of  milk  from  sick  or  diseased  cows  or  cows  fed  upon 
the  refuse  of  breweries  or  distilleries  . or  upon  any  substance  deleterious 
to  its  quality.  Connecticut  prohibits  the  sale  of  u impure  milk”  and 
milk  from  cows  which  shall  have  been  adjudged  by  the  commission 
upon  diseases  of  domestic  animals  to  be  affected  with  tuberculosis  or 
other  blood  disease.  A Massachusetts  law  imposes  a fine  upon  u who- 
ever knowingly  feeds  or  has  in  his  possession  with  intent  to  feed  to 
any  milch  cow  any  garbage,  refuse,  or  offal  collected  by  any  city  or 
town.” 

There  is,  however,  no  especial  sanitary  inspection  of  milk  and  its 
sources  in  any  New  England  town  or  city,  and  cases  are  rarely  brought 
in  court  for  violation  of  any  of  the  above  sanitary  laws.  The  milk 
inspection  nowin  vogue  relates  almost  exclusively  to  commercial  frauds 
rather  than  to  health  matters.  The  Massachusetts  state  board  of 
health  has  done  some  good  work  in  investigating  several  typhoid-fever 
epidemics,  which  in  a number  of  cases  have  been  traced  to  the  milk 
supply.  Local  boards  of  health,  however,  have  considerable  authority, 
and  in  several  cases  they  have  issued  orders  or  made  regulations  in 
advance  of  the  average  practice  of  the  State.  Hartford,  Conn.,  Port- 
land, Me.,  and  Lynn,  Mass.,  are  instances.  The  contagious-cattle 
disease  law  of  Massachusetts  provides  for  a cattle  inspector  in  each 
town,  who  makes  a semiannual  inspection  of  neat  stock,  quarantining 
suspected  auimals,  which  are  subsequently  tuberculin-tested,  and  it' 
found  to  be  diseased  are  destroyed.  In  a few  instances — Pittsfield,  for 
example — the  milk  inspector  and  cattle  inspector  are  one  and  the  same 
person,  which  is  a decided  advantage. 


31 


The  milk  inspector  of  Nashua,  N.  H.,  has  a unique  and  commendable 
system  of  sanitary  inspection  of  the  milk  supply  of  that  city,  which  is 
said  to  work  well.  Although  his  official  powers  are  confined  to  the 
city  limits  and  to  the  commercial  fraud  of  selling  adulterated  or  low- 
grade  milk,  all  peddlers — mostly  producers — are  required  to  answer  the 
following  questions  when  they  register: 

1.  Name  of  owner?  2.  Number  of  cows?  3.  Number  of  each  breed?  4.  Food  of 
cows?  5.  How  is  manure  stored?  6.  Quantity  of  milk  produced  per  day?  7.  Where 
is  milk  stored?  8.  How  is  milk  cooled?  9.  Temperature  of  milk  when  sold? 
10.  Source  of  water  supply  for  stock  and  for  washing  cans?  11.  Distance  of  water 
supply  from  barnyard;  from  privy  vault;  from  cesspool?  12.  Are  any  cows  sick 
upon  your  premises;  if  so,  how  many,  and  with  .what  disease?  13.  Are  any 
persons  engaged  in  handling  milk  sick? 

The  inspector  also  calls  from  time  to  time  on  the  farmers  who  pro- 
duce milk  for  the  city,  even  when  they  reside  out  of  his  official  juris- 
diction. He  makes  such  investigation  of  the  premises  as  he  is  permitted, 
and  reports  to  the  board  of  aldermen  the  condition  of  affairs.  The 
board  then  orders  the  report  published  in  the  local  papers.  To  most 
milk  producers  the  publicity  of  an  unfavorable  milk  report  is  more  of 
a punishment  than  a court  fine,  while  a favorable  report  is  a valuable 
advertisement.  Hence,  as  much  is  accomplished  as  if  there  were  more 
stringent  laws,  and  there  is  none  of  the  friction  that  might  arise  from 
over-officiousness  or  unpopular  official  prying.  He  also  issues  the 
following: 

[Circular.] 

City  of  Nashua,  N.  H., 
Department  of  Milk  Inspection. 

The  importance  of  education  in  the  better  care  of  milk  is  so  great  that  I feel  it  a 
duty  to  call  attention  to  certain  precautions  necessary  to  a good  product.  The 
average  farmer  has  so  many  cares  that  he  sometimes  fails  to  give  this  important  sub- 
ject proper  attention. 

Milk  in  the  udder  of  the  healthy  cow  contains  none  of  the  microorganisms  of 
fermentation  or  decay,  and  could  it  be  drawn  thence  into  an  hermetically  sealed 
receptacle,  without  coming  in  contact  with  the  air,  it  would  keep  without  change  for 
an  indefinite  time.  Of  course  this  is  not  practicable  in  an  ordinary  dairy,  but  care 
can  certainly  be  exercised  that  the  surrounding  atmosphere  with  which  it  does 
come  in  contact  is  as  free  as  possible  from  germs,  odors,  or  taints,  for  these  the  milk 
absorbs  with  great  rapidity. 

Milk  which  has  stood  for  ten  minutes  in  an  open  vessel  in  a tainted  atmosphere 
will  be  found  to  contain  from  10,000  to  100,000  germs  per  cubic  centimeter  (a  cubic 
centimeter  represents  about  one-third  of  a cubic  inch),  while  in  two  hours  from 
2,000,000  to  5,000,000  germs  will  be  found  per  cubic  centimeter.  This  prodigious 
iu crease  can  be  stopped  by  removing  the  milk  to  a proper  cooler.  I have  explained 
the  necessity  of  pure  water  and  wholesome  food  for  cows  so  often  before  that  I 
will  not  repeat  it.  But  I wish  to  call  attention  to  the  following  precautions  in  the 
handling  of  milk: 

All  stables  should  be  ventilated. 

They  should  be  as  clean  as  possible. 

Cows  should  be  carefully  groomed. 

The  milk  should  be  drawn  from  the  cow  as  rapidly  as  possible. 

The  milk  should  not  be  left  standing  in  the  stable  a moment  longer  than 
necessary. 


32 


The  cooler  should  he  so  remote  from  the  stable  that  no  odors  can  reach  it. 

Its  temperature  should  be  at  from  45°  to  50°  F.,  and 
The  milk  should  be  aerated  to  remove  animal  odors. 

Under  these  improved  conditions  cows  not  only  yield  better  milk  but  more  of  it, 
and  amply  repay  the  labor  and  trouble  expended  upon  them. 

There  are  in  this  vicinity  dairies  infamous  alike  in  their  cruelty  to  animals,  in 
their  brutalizing  influence  upon  men,  and  in  their  disease-spreading  effects  upon 
infants  and  the  general  community  ; but  I believe  that  a vast  majority  of  our  farmers 
desire  to  do  right  if  but  the  means  and  knowledge  were  presented  to  them. 

I.  F.  Graves,  Inspector  of  Milk. 

Health  orders. — The  board  of  health  of  the  city  of  Boston  has  the 
following  regulation: 

Whereas  cows’  milk  is  one  of  the  most  common  and  necessary  articles  of  food,  and 
is  oftentimes  seriously  impaired  in  usefulness  and  rendered  dangerous  to  health  by 
the  want  of  proper  care  in  its  production  or  subsequent  treatment  and  handling;  it 
is,  therefore,  ordered  that  the  following  regulation  be  and  is  hereby  adopted : 

Section  1.  No  person  shall  use  any  building  as  a stable  for  cows  unless  it  con- 
tains at  least  1,000  cubic  feet  of  space  for  each  animal,  is  well  lighted  and  ventilated, 
has  tight  roof  and  floors,  good  drainage,  a supply  of  pure  water,  and  all  other  nec- 
essary means  for  maintaining  the  health  and  good  condition  of  the  cows,  and  has 
been  approved  by  the  board  of  health. 

Sec.  2.  Every  person  using  any  such  building  shall  keep  the  same  and  the  prem- 
ises connected  therewith,  and  all  land  used  for  pasturage  of  the  cows,  clean  and  free 
from  filth. 

Sec.  3.  Every  person  keeping  a milch  cow  shall  permit  it  to  be  examined  from 
time  to  time,  as  to  its  freedom  from  disease,  by  a veterinarian  designated  by  the 
board  of  health. 

Sec.  4.  No  person  having  an  infectious  disease,  or  having  recently  been  in  contact 
with  any  such  person,  shall  milk  cows  or  handle  cans,  measures,  or  other  vessels 
used  for  milk  intended  for  sale,  or  in  any  way  take  part  or  assist  in  handling  niilk 
intended  for  sale,  until  all  danger  of  communicating  such  disease  to  other  persons 
shall  have  passed. 

Sec.  5.  No  person  shall  sell  or  use  for  human  food  the  milk  of  a diseased  cow,  or 
permit  such  milk  to  be  mixed  with  other  milk,  nor  until  it  has  been  boiled  shall  use 
such  milk,  or  any  mixture  of  such  milk,  for  food  of  swine  or  other  animals. 

QUALITY  OF  MILK  SOLD. 

The  word  quality  when  applied  to  milk  may  mean  the  amount  of  milk 
solids  (which  is  the  best  acceptation)  or  it  may  have  reference  to  flavor, 
disease  germs,  bacteria  of  decay,  etc.  From  what  has  been  said  above 
It  will  be  seen  that  in  whatever  sense  we  use  the  word  the  quality  of 
milk  receives  considerable  attention,  especially  as  to  its  composition. 

In  Massachusetts  the  law  creating  a legal  standard  of  12  and  13  per 
cent  is  well  enforced,  and  milk  in  the  market  usually  averages  even 
above  the  standard.  All  of  the  large  Boston  wholesalers  employ 
chemists,  who  devote  all  of  their  time  to  testing  the  supplies  which  they 
receive.  If  the  milk  of  any  dairy  is  below  the  statute  standard,  warn- 
ing is  sent  to  the  producer,  and  if  the  warning  does  not  result  in  an 
improved  quality  of  milk  the  supply  from  that  dairy  is  dropped.  In 
some  instances  where  there  is  unmistakable  evidence  of  watering  the 


33 


case  is  turned  over  to  State  officials  for  prosecution.  This  unofficial 
inspection  weeds  out  a lot  of  milk  that  might  be  below  the  standard 
before  it  is  put  on  the  market,  and  insures  to  peddlers  the  purchase  of 
milk  that  will  not  get  them  into  trouble. 

In  Providence  a lower  standard  exists  than  in  Massachusetts,  which 
causes  the  milk  inspector  some  trouble.  Most  natural  milk  has  over  12 
per  cent  of  solids.  A small  amount  of  water  can  be  added  to  13  or  14 
per  cent  milk  without  changing  the  proportion  of  fat  and  solids  not  fat 
sufficiently  to  warrant  a verdict  against  the  adulterator.  Most  judges 
will  convict  only  when  the  milk  is  below  the  statute  standard,  and  do 
not  feel  convinced  of  the  guilt  of  the  defendant  on  the  simple  assertion  of 
a chemist  that  the  relation  of  fat  and  solids  not  fat  is  such  as  to  create 
a certainty  that  the  milk  is  adulterated. 

In  the  smaller  cities  and  towns  statistics  from  samples  of  milk  taken 
by  various  officials  show,  usually,  a higher  quality  than  samples  from 
milk  sold  in  Boston  or  Providence,  although  the  milk  in  those  places  is 
up  to  the  statutory  standard,  for  the  closer  the  contact  between  the 
producer  and  consumer  the  better  the  quality  of  the  milk.  The  occa- 
sional meeting  of  producer  and  consumer,  face  to  face,  has  a tonic  and 
stimulating  effect  on  the  former,  which  tends  to  keep  up  the  quality  of 
the  milk  supply.  One  of  the  disadvantages  of  shipping  milk  by  rail- 
road is  that  the  producer  never  sees  the  consumer,  oftentimes  not  even 
the  peddler,  and  has  no  interest  in  his  supply  further  than  to  avoid  a 
word  of  warning  from  the  contractor’s  chemist. 

Milk  substantially  above  the  statutory  standard  is  more  frequently 
found  among  farmers  retailing  their  own  milk  supply  direct  to  con- 
sumers than  elsewhere. 

The  following  is  the  result  of  analyses  of  milk  taken  from  milkmen 
by  officers  of  the  Massachusetts  Dairy  Bureau  in  the  regular  discharge 
of  their  routine  duties,  and  throws  an  accurate  sidelight  on  the  per 
cent  of  solids  sold.  These  samples  were  taken  in  May  and  June,  when 
the  legal  standard  is  12  per  cent. 

Worcester:  Samples  from  28  milkmen  ranged  from  12  to  11.31  per 
cent  total  solids  and  averaged  13.06  per  cent. 

Taunton:  Five  samples  ranged  from  12,51  to  11.28  and  averaged 
13.50  per  cent. 

New  Bedford:  Thirty  samples  ranged  from  11.84  to  15.02  and  aver- 
aged 13.30  per  cent;  11  of  them  were  above  this  average. 

The  following  are  the  figures  of  four  days’  routine  work  of  the  Boston 
milk  inspector.  The  standard  for  July  is  12  per  cent. 

11777— No.  20 3 


34 


Inspections  for  four  days  in  July. 


26th. 

27th. 

1 28th. 

29th. 

Samples  from  shops 

Number. . 

20 

9 

19 

0 

Samples  from  wagons 

Above  the  standard : 

do... 

30 

50 

21 

30 

31 

50 

30 

30 

From  shops 

19 

9 

18 

0 

From  wagons 

Below  the  standard : 

30 

49 

20 

29 

31. 

49 

27 

27 

From  shops 

1 

0 

1 

0 

From  wagons 

0 

1 

1 

0 

3 

3 

Poorest  sample  above  standard 

12.  12 

12. 06 

12.06 

12.  25 

Poorest  sample  found 

11.92 

11.96 

11.  20 

11.40 

The  Providence  milk  inspector  reported  that  he  examined  24  samples 
of  milk  on  the  24tli  of  July  and  47  samples  on  the  26th,  and  found  the 
results  as  follows : 


Number  of 
samples. 

Total  solids  (per  cent). 

Fat  (per  cent). 

Solids  not  fat  (per  cent). 

High- 

est. 

Low- 

est. 

Aver- 

age. 

High- 

est. 

Low- 

est. 

Aver- 

age. 

High-  1 
est. 

Low- 

est. 

Aver- 

age. 

24 

47 

13.  75 
* 14. 35 

11.10 
t 9.  65 

12.  60 
12.  21 

5.00 
*6.  00 

3.00 

2.20 

3.81 
3.  59 

9.40 

9.39 

7.50 

17.25 

8.80 
8.63  | 

* Same  sample.  t Same  sample. 


This  inspector  remarks : “ This  does  not  represent  the  average  quality 
of  the  milk  sold  in  Providence,  neither  would  the  figures  obtainable  for 
any  other  two  days,  unless  by  chance.” 

The  following  figures  are  from  the  inspector  of  milk  at  Lowell: 


Per  cent. 

Number 

of 

samples. 

Average  solids  for  February,  1897  

13.  42 

197 

Average  solids  for  June  5 1897  

12  96 

237 

Average  solids  for  June  21, 1897  

Average  solids  for  July  19. 1897 

13.  06 
12.82 

23 

24 

The  above  figures  will  give  some  idea  of  the  amount  of  solid  matter 
in  milk  as  sold  in  New  England  cities. 

Regarding  milk  in  the  second  sense  of  the  word  “quality,”  we  are 
confronted  by  two  positive  opinions,  and  those  apparently  very  contra- 
dictory. In  spite  of  the  healthfulness  of  the  Boston  milk  supply,  Pro- 
fessor Sedgwick,  of  the  Institute  of  Technology,  a bacteriologist  of  note, 
embraces  every  opportunity  to  criticise  Boston  milk. 

On  the  other  hand,  Dr.  Conn,  of  Wesleyan  University,  a well-known 
bacteriologist  who  has  made  dairy  products  a special  study,  says  what 
might  be  construed  as  a flat  contradiction — that  Boston  has  probably  a 
better  milk  supply  than  any  other  city  in  the  world.  There  is  doubtless 
truth  in  both  statements,  their  seeming  inconsistency  being  explained 
by  the  different  standpoint  of  the  two  students.  One  speaks  from  the 


35 


standpoint  of  the  idealist,  and  linds  much  that  needs  condemnation; 
the  other  speaks  of  things  comparatively,  as  lie  finds  them  in  mauy 
places. 

Much  of  the  milk  supply  of  Boston  comes  from  such  distances  that 
the  selfish  interests  of  the  producers  compel  precautions  that  otherwise 
would  be  unnecessary.  Filthy  milk,  drawn  under  indifferent  condi- 
tions, will  not  be  sweet  and  wholesome  when  from  40  to  70  hours  old. 
Consequently,  the  railroad  milk  must  be,  even  without  legal  require- 
ment, more  or  less  carefully  attended  to.  Many  of  the  farmers  who 
ship  milk  to  Boston  have  ice  or  running  spring  water  for  the  quick  and 
immediate  cooling  of  milk,  and  if  their  methods  get  too  slovenly  the 
fact  is  recorded  in  the  poorer  keeping  qualities  of  the  milk,  and  some- 
times in  its  return  as  sour.  It  is  often  the  fact  that  the  precautions 
necessary  to  care  for  this  milk  shipped  from  a distance  are  such  that 
after  arriving  in  the  city  it  will  keep  longer  than  milk  from  nearby,  the 
producer  of  the  latter  not  taking  so  much  pains  because  the  milk  was 
to  be  delivered  at  once. 

The  general  dissemination  of  information  as  to  the  bacteriological 
cause  of  milk’s  souring — the  work  of  colleges,  experiment  stations,  and 
newspapers — is  leading  farmers  to  become  more  and  more  particular  in 
regard  to  cooling  it  as  soon  as  possible  after  milking,  and  taking  the 
other  necessary  precautions  for  the  purpose  of  insuring  its  keeping. 
Another  influence,  however,  is  pulling  the  other  way.  Quite  a change 
in  the  nationality  of  the  formers  is  going  on.  Farms  are  passing  from 
the  native  New  England  stock  into  the  hands  of  those  more  recently 
descended  from  other  countries,  thrifty,  industrious  people,  and  good 
citizens,  but  for  the  time  being  in  some  instances  they  are  not  as  well 
informed  in  the  latest  and  best  agricultural  methods.  They  are  not 
book  farmers,  and  frequently  a change  of  farm  owners  means  a tempo- 
rary deterioration  in  the  milk  supply  from  that  farm. 

The  methods  of  some  city  peddlers  are  open  to  criticism;  their  milk 
headquarters  and  their  stables  are  often  one  and  the  same  building,  and 
sometimes  the  mixing  and  canning  is  not  done  under  perfectly  clean 
conditions. 

Outside  of  Boston  the  milk  supply  is  reasonably  good,  as  the  times 
go.  A general  improvement  in  the  supply  of  the  different  cities  is 
reported  by  correspondents.  They  say  that  the  farmers  producing  milk 
are  generally  reliable  and  honest;  that  it  is  for  the  most  part  cooled  in 
running  water  or  ice  tanks,  and  fhat  great  improvement  has  been  made 
during  the  last  few  years.  Nearly  all,  however,  urge  further  advances 
along  this  line;  and  while  most  of  the  correspondents  not  only  note 
improvement  but  claim  that  their  town  or  city  compares  well  with 
others,  they  recognize  room  for  further  improvement,  and  call  especial 
attention  to  the  need  of  more  cleanliness  in  every  department^-in 
vehicles,  cans,  and  the  milkmen  themselves.  Some  emphasize  the 
importance  of  more  care  in  cooling  and  aeration. 


36 


The  general  attention  which  has  been  given  to  tuberculosis  during 
the  past  few  years  has  resulted  in  the  destruction  of  many  tuberculous 
herds,  and  this  has  doubtless  had  a beneficial  effect  on  the  milk  supply. 
All  of  the  New  England  States,  except  possibly  Rhode  Island,  have 
had  popular  agitations  of  this  subject,  and  sharp  dissension  has  arisen. 
The  point  in  dispute  has  been  whether  the  degree  of  danger  from  tuber- 
culous milk  was  sufficient  to  warrant  the  public  expense  and  losses  to 
cow  owners  incident  to  radical  measures  in  combating  the  disease. 
Whatever  may  be  the  views  of  different  persons  on  this  subject,  all 
must  admit  that  many  tuberculous  herds  have  been  exterminated,  and 
that  this,  at  least,  can  not  have  injured  the  milk  supply.  As  a result 
of  this  agitation,  every  town  in  Massachusetts  has  a cattle  inspector, 
who  makes  a semiannual  examination  of  the  cows  in  his  town.  His 
official  authority  is  confined  to  quarantining  suspected  animals,  but 
the  system  has  done  much  good  in  a suggestive  way,  in  improving  ven- 
tilation, increasing  the  amount  of  light,  and  reducing  the  uncleanliness 
of  stables. 

On  the  whole,  the  milk  supply  of  New  England  cities  seems  reason- 
ably up  to  the  best  average  practice  of  the  present  times. 

NEED  OF  ADVANCED  PRACTICES. 

As  to  more  advanced  practices,  however,  it  seems  that  very  little  is 
being  done.  The  ideal  way  of  selling  milk  is  not  on  a dead  level  at  one 
price,  but  on  its  merits  and  at  a price  proportionate  to  quality.  A little 
is  already  being  done  in  this  direction,  and  a number  of  dairymen  with 
Jersey  or  Guernsey  herds  sell  milk  above  the  going  price.  But  we 
know  of  no  milk  sold  on  a guarantee  of  its  content  of  solids.  It  com- 
mands an  extra  price  because  people  know  that  the  milk  of  such  cows 
is  richer  than  the  milk  of  other  cows,  and  also  because  it  has  an  improved 
quality  in  other  directions. 

A large  dairy  farm  in  Worcester  County  has  for  years  run  to  Boston 
a car  of  milk  from  superior  Jersey  herds,  which  has  been  sold  above 
the  current  price  for  milk,  for  the  most  part  at  10  cents  per  quart.  No 
specific  amount  of  total  solids  has  been  guaranteed,  but  the  milk  has 
been  better  than  13  per  cent — nearer  15.  When  individual  glass  bottles 
first  came  in  vogue  this  company  was  a pioneer  in  their  use,  and  later 
when  tuberculin  was  discovered  it  was  the  first  to  advertise  milk  from 
tuberculin -tested  cows.  Indeed,  it  still  produces  the  ouly  milk  so 
advertised  and  sold  in  Boston.  Great  pains  is  taken  with  the  milk  on 
the  farm  and  it  is  always  in  good  condition. 

A resident  of  the  city  of  Newton,  a residential  suburb  of  Boston, 
has  developed  a milk  business  calling  for  the  product  of  about  150 
cows.  The  milk  is  sold  within  a narrow  radius  to  people  who  might 
be  called  his  neighbors,  who  have  seen  or  heard  of  his  methods,  and 
who  desire  the  milk.  II is  cows  are  Jerseys,  tuberculin-tested,  kept  in 
one-story  barns,  with  no  manure  cellar  underneath  and  no  hay  lofts 


37 


overhead.  Light  and  ventilation  are  ample.  Scrupulous  cleanliness 
prevails.  Great  pains  is  taken  to  promote  the  comfort  of  the  animals. 
The  newest  barn  has  no  stanchions,  but  provides  a box  stall  7 by  9 
feet  for  each  cow.  The  milk  is  run  through  a cooler  as  soon  as  drawn, 
and  kept  cool  by  artificial  refrigeration — ammonia  process.  It  is  then 
bottled  in  glass  jars,  being  at  a temperature  of  38  to  40  degrees,  and 
delivered  at  once  to  customers.  There  are  two  deliveries  a day,  and 
the  milk  is  not  over  two  hours  old  when  in  the  hands  of  consumers. 

The  use  of  glass  jars  for  the  delivery  of  milk  is  growing  and  is  some- 
what common,  though  used  as  yet  by  a small  minority  of  milkmen. 
Pasteurizing  milk  is  done  only  to  a limited  extent.  Here  and  there 
some  pioneer  has  entered  into  this  field.  The  Massachusetts  Agricul- 
tural College  and  one  or  two  enterprising  dairy  farmers  within  reach  of 
Boston  have  recently  added  j)asteurizing  apparatus  to  their  dairy  equip- 
ment, and  are  selling  sterilized  milk  and  cream.  The  number  who  sell 
pasteurized  milk,  in  proportion  to  the  whole,  is  extremely  small;  still 
there  has  been  a satisfactory  beginning,  and  frequently  additions  are 
made  to  the  number  of  those  who  are  advancing  in  this  direction. 

The  pasteurizing  of  cream  is  more  common.  • Some  of  the  concerns 
who  supply  cream  in  a wholesale  way  pasteurize  all  of  their  output  to 
enhance  its  keeping  qualities. 

A company  started  in  Boston  several  years  ago  the  sale  of  u modified” 
milk.  By  patent  processes  this  u laboratory ” prepares  from  cream, 
skim  milk,  and  sugar  of  milk  a compounded  milk  of  any  desired  com- 
position, for  infants  and  invalids.  The  company  has  its  own  herd  of 
cows,  well  cared  for,  to  supply  the  milk. 

Some  of  the  large  milk  dealers  of  the  city  are  experimenting  with 
filtered  milk,  and  introducing  it  on  a limited  scale.  The  process 
enhances  its  keeping  qualities,  and  the  milk  so  treated  has  been  shown 
by  microscopical  examination  to  be  almost  as  free  from  bacteria  as 
pasteurized  milk. 

O 


Bulletin  No.  21 . 


(B.  A.  I.  116.) 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


SHEEP  SCAB: 


ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT. 


BY 


1 X IE.  SALMON,  I X V.  NT., 

Chief  of  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry , 


AND 


Cl  I.  WARDELL  3TE ILES,  Uli.  IT., 

Zoologist  of  the  Bureau. 


WASHINGTON  : 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 

1898. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
Washington , I).  C.,  March  15,  1898. 

Sir:  I liave  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith,  for  publication  as  a 
bulletin  of  this  Bureau,  a discussion  of  u Sheep  Scab:  Its  Nature  and 
Treatment.”  The  disease  known  as  scab  is  one  of  the  most  serious 
drawbacks  to  the  sheep  industry  and  results  in  enormous  financial 
losses.  Yet,  despite  its  insidious  nature,  its  ease  of  transmission,  its 
severe  effects,  and  its  prevalence  in  certain  localities,  it  is  a disease 
which  yields  readily  to  proper  treatment.  If  all  of  the  sheep  owners 
of  the  country  would  dip  regularly  and  thoroughly,  there  is  no  reason 
why  this  scourge  should  not  be  totally  eradicated  from  the  United 
States.  There  should  be  stringent  scab  laws  in  every  State,  with  State 
inspectors  to  see  that  those  laws  are  carried  out. 

The  sheep  raisers  of  this  country  are  intelligent  and  progressive  men, 
and  most  of  them  fully  recognize  the  necessity  of  combining  to  eradi- 
cate this  disease.  In  many  cases,  however,  more  particularly  among 
owners  of  small  flocks,  there  are  many  erroneous  ideas  prevalent 
regarding  the  exact  nature  of  the  disease  and  the  methods  by  which 
it  may  be  eradicated.  It  is  to  meet  the  demand  for  exact  information 
on  this  subject  that  this  bulletin  has  been  prepared.  In  it  will  be 
found  a description  of  the  various  kinds  of  scab,  references  to  condi- 
tions which  may  be  mistaken  for  scab,  a description  of  various  kinds  of 
dipping  plants  suitable  for  use  on  small  and  on  large  farms,  directions 
for  preparing  certain  homemade  dips,  and  directions  for  dipping.  The 
investigation  of  various  kinds  of  dips  will  be  continued  by  this  Bureau, 
and  supplementary  circulars  will  be  published  if  necessary. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  bulletin  the  writers  have  received  valuable 
assistance  from  Dr.  Scliroeder,  Director  of  our  Experiment  Station. 

Bespectfully, 


D.  E.  Salmon, 

Chief  of  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 


Hon.  James  Wilson, 

Secretary. 


3 


CONTENTS. 


Historical  introduction 

Losses  caused  by  scab 

Losses  in  home  industry 

Losses  in  export  trade 

Cause  of  scab 

Common  sort 

Other  forms. 

Description  of  sheep  scab 

Common  scab,  body  scab,  or  psoroptic  scab 

Head  scab,  black  muzzle,  or  sarcoptic  scab 

Foot  scab,  or  cliorioptic  scab 

Follicular  scab,  or  demodectic  scab 

Conditions  which  may  be  mistaken  for  scab 

Treatment  of  scab 

Hand  applications 

Dipping 

Choice  of  a preparation  for  dipping 

Kinds  of  dips 

Tobacco-and-sulphur  dip 

Lime-and-sulphur  dips 

Potassium  sulphide  dip 

Tobacco  dips 

Arsenical  dips 

Carbolic  dips 

Setback  to  the  sheep  from  dipping 

Dipping  plants 

Small  portable  vats  for  small  flocks 

More  permanent  plants  for  larger  flocks 

Receiving  and  forcing  yards 

Chutes,  or  slides 

The  dipping  vat 

The  incline  to  the  dripping  pens 

The  dripping  pens 

Shelter  for  the  dipping  plant 

Arrangements  for  cleaning 

Boiling,  infusing,  and  settling  tanks 

Measures 

Pumps 

Federal  laws  and  regulations  relative  to  sheep  scab 

Notice  of  enforcement  of  the  law 

Effect  of  meat  inspection  regulations 


Page 

7 

8 
8 
9 
9 
9 

10 

1L 

11 

15 

17 

17 

17 

18 
18 

19 

20 
23 

23 

24 
30 
30 

32 

33 

35 

36 

38 

39 
39 

44 

45 

52 

53 

54 
54 
54 
56 
56 
58 
60 
61 


o 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Plates. 

Page. 

Plate  1 10 

II ...  10 

III  - 10 

IV  10 

V 10 

VI 10 

Figures. 

Fig.  1.  A comparatively  early  case  of  common  scab,  showing  a bare  spot  and 

a tagging  of  the  wool 10 

2.  Adult  sheep  tick  (Melophagus  ovinus) 11 

3.  Sheep  louse  (Trichocephalus  splice, roceplialus)  . . 15 

4.  Sheep-foot  louse  (Hwmatopinus  pedalis) 16 

5.  A simple  caldron  which  may  be  used  for  boiliug  dip 36 

6.  A caldron  with  stove 37 

7.  A floating  dairy  thermometer „ 38 

8.  A crutch  or  dipping  fork 39 

9.  Another  style  of  crutch  or  dipping  fork 39 

10.  Dipping  sheep  in  a tub 39 

11.  Trough  for  dipping  lambs 40 

12.  A small  portable  dipping  vat  for  small  flocks 40 

13.  A small  portable  dipping  vat,  with  attached  dripping  platform 41 

14.  Detachable  skeleton  box,  with  gate,  to  fit  over  the  dripping  platform.  41 

15.  A small  patented  portable  vat  arranged  as  a cart 42 

16.  A small  patented  portable  vat  arranged  as  a cart,  unfolded  and  in  use.  42 

17.  A small  dipping  plant 43 

18.  Receiving  and  forcing  yards,  with  attached  stage,  decoy  pen,  vat, 

draining  yards,  etc 43 

19.  Australian  circular  receiving  and  forcing  yards,  with  straight  race  or 

drive,  the  incline  chute,  straight  vat,  incline,  two  draining  pens, 
etc 43 

20.  Argentine  semicircular  receiving  and  forcing  yards,  with  a straight 

vat,  draining  pens,  etc 44 

21.  Dipping  plant  provided  with  an  endless  chain  or  treadmill  chute 45 

22.  Dipping  plant 45 

23.  Dipping  plant 46 

24.  A straight  vat  known  as  the  Australian  sheep-dipping  tank 46 

25.  A straight  swim  somewhat  similar  to  fig.  24 47 

26.  A dipping  plant .. 47 

27.  A dipping  plant  in  use  in  Millard  County,  Utah 48 

28.  A triple  vat 48 

29.  A circular  dipping  tank 49 

30.  A circular  dipping  tank,  with  drive  and  slide 50 

31.  View  of  a double  oblong  swim 51 

32.  A double  oblong  swim 52 

33.  Ground  plan  of  yards  and  vat 53 

34.  Ground  plan  of  yards  and  vat  54 

35.  View  of  the  dipping  plant  at  the  Stock  Yards,  South  Omaha,  Nebr — 55 

36.  View  of  the  dipping  plant  at  the  Union  Stock  Yards,  Chicago,  111 57 

6 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE -AND  TREATMENT. 


HISTORICAL  INTRODUCTION. 

The  disease  commonly  called  sheep  scab  is  the  mange,  or  scabies, 
of  the  sheep.  It  is  a contagious  skin  disease  caused  by  a parasitic 
mite.  This  disease  is  one  of  the  oldest  known,  most  prevalent,  and 
most  injurious  maladies  which  affects  this  species  of  animals.  It  has 
been  well  known  for  many  centuries,  and  references  to  it  are  found  in 
the  earlier  writings,  including  the  Bible,  where  we  find,  in  Leviticus, 
xxii:  22,  the  use  of  scabbed  sheep  forbidden  in  sacrifices.  Some  think 
that  the  mite  which  causes  the  disease  was  known  to  Aristotle,  322 
B.  C.;  but  it  appears  that  Wichmann,  writing  in  1786,  was  one  of  the 
first  authors  of  modern  times  to  suspect  that  sheep  scab  was  of  the  same 
nature  as  the  scabies  of  man.  Wichmann  held  the  erroneous  view, 
however,  that  both  diseases  were  produced  by  the  same  parasite. 

The  prevailing  opinion  concerning  scab  prior  to  and  during  the  first 
years  of  the  present  century  was  that  it  was  caused  by  some  special 
condition  of  the  sheep’s  system,  a “ humor  of  the  blood,”  which  led  to 
a skin  eruption.  The  parasites  were  in  some  cases  known  and  recog- 
nized, but  they  were  supposed  to  be  either  an  accidental  occurrence  or 
to  have  arisen  by  spontaneous  generation  as  a result  of  the  disease, 
and  because  the  affected  skin  offered  conditions  favorable  to  their  devel- 
opment and  existence. 

As  a result  of  diligent  research,  certain  investigators  reached  the  con- 
clusion that  the  malady  was  due  directly  to  the  mites  which  were  found 
inhabiting  the  diseased  parts  of  the  skin.  Their  opinion  was  not  at 
once  adopted,  however,  but,  on  the  contrary,  met  with  strong  opposi 
tion  from  those  who  held  that  scab  was  due  to  a diseased  condition  of 
the  blood  and  from  others  who  held  a modified  view  to  the  effect  that 
the  mites  carried  poisonous  or  diseased  material  from  one  animal  to 
another  and  in  that  manner  communicated  the  disease.  The  errors  and 
uncertainties  which  came  down  to  us  through  centuries  of  controversy 
were  finally  and  for  all  time  dispelled  by  conclusive  experiments  upon 
animals  made  during  the  first  half  of  this  century.  It  was  shown  that 
scab  does  not  develop  and  can  not  be  produced  without  the  parasites. 
The  complete  life  cycle  of  the  mites  was  studied  and  demonstrated  from 
the  eggs  to  the  adult  parasites.  It  was  shown  that  mites  are  always 
the  offspring  of  ancestors,  the  same  as  are  the  larger  animals,  and  it 
has  in  later  years  come  to  be  admitted  that  there  is  no  such  thing  known 

7 


8 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


as  spontaneous  generation  of  any  living  thing  under  any  circumstances. 
The  demonstration  was  repeatedly  made  that  the  disease  always  devel- 
oped if  mites  were  taken  from  diseased  sheep  and  placed  upon  healthy 
ones,  and  that  diseases  of  the  skin  resembling  scab  are  not  contagious 
unless  the  mite  is  present. 

Questions  are  still  frequently  asked,  by  persons  not  conversant  with 
the  investigations  of  the  subject,  as  to  whether  the  scab  is  the  cause  of 
the  mite  or  the  mite  is  the  cause  of  the  scab,  and  also  whether  the  dis- 
ease can  develop  without  the  presence  of  the  scab  mite.  The  investiga- 
tions which  have  been  referred  to  answer  these  questions  and  also  show 
that  the  treatment  must  consist  in  external  applications  for  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  parasites  and  not  internal  remedies  to  “ purify  the  blood.” 

Is  scab  hereditary i — An  impression  has  arisen  among  some  sheep 
raisers  that  scab  is  hereditary.  This  impression  is,  however,  erroneous. 
Scab  is  no  more  hereditary  than  are  sheep  ticks  or  sheep  lice,  for  the  para- 
sites which  cause  it  live  on  the  external  surface  of  the  body  and  do  not 
reach  the  womb.  It  is  possible,  however,  for  a lamb  to  become  infected 
from  a scabby  mother  at  the  moment  of  birth  or  immediately  after. 
Lambs  are  occasionally  born  with  white  spots  on  their  skin,  and  this 
possibly  has  given  rise  to  the  idea  that  scab  is  hereditary. 

LOSSES  CAUSED  BY  SCAB. 

Losses  in  home  industry. — The  losses  from  sheep  scab  have  been  and 
are  still  very  severe  in  most  sheep  raising  countries.  They  are  due  to 
the  shedding  of  the  wool,  the  loss  of  condition,  and  the  death  of  the 
sheep. 

Although  laws  were  made  for  the  control  of  the  disease  as  early  as 
the  beginning  of  the  eleventh  century,  general  ignorance  in  regard  to 
its  nature  and  proper  treatment  has  prevented  the  successful  adminis- 
tration of  such  laws  even  to  the  present  day.  The  disease  exists  in 
most  of  the  countries  of  Europe,  and  also  in  Asia  and  Africa,  and  until 
recently  in  Australia.  Most  civilized  countries  now  control  the  disease 
to  a certain  extent,  and  limit  the  losses  by  the  enforcement  of  stringent 
sanitary  regulations;  but  the  extent  of  its  prevalence  is  nevertheless 
surprising.  It  is  a disease  not  difficult  to  cure  and  eradicate,  and  an 
accurate  knowledge  of  its  characteristics  with  attention  to  details  are 
all  that  is  needed  to  secure  this  result. 

In  the  United  States  some  sections  have  been  overrun  with  sheep 
scab,  and  many  persons  engaged  in  the  sheep  industry  have  been  forced 
to  forsake  it  because  of  their  losses  from  this  disease.  It  is  probable 
that  in  its  destruction  of  invested  capital  sheep  scab  is  second  only  to 
hog  cholera  among  our  animal  diseases.  The  large  flocks  of  the  Plains 
and  Kocky  Mountain  region  and  the  feeding  stations  farther  east  have 
suffered  severely  and  are  constantly  sending  diseased  animals  to  the 
great  stock  yards  of  this  country.  As  a consequence  of  this  market- 
ing of  affected  sheep,  the  stock  yards  are  continually  infected,  and  any 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT. 


9 


sneep  purchased  in  these  markets  are,  unless  properly  dipped,  likely 
to  develop  the  disease  after  they  are  taken  to  the  country  for  feeding 
or  breeding.  There  is  in  this  way  a constant  distribution  of  the  con- 
tagion, and  thousands  of  persons  who  know  little  of  its  nature  or  the 
proper  methods  of  curing  it  find  that  they  have  introduced  it  upon 
their  premises. 

Losses  in  export  trade. — In  addition  to  the  direct  losses  in  wool,  in 
flesh,  and  in  the  lives  of  our  sheep,  we  have  suffered  immensely  in  our 
foreign  trade  because  of  the  prevalence  of  this  disease.  Great  Britain 
appears  to  have  been  the  first  country  to  prohibit  live  sheep  coming 
from  the  United  States,  by  an  order  issued  in  1879.  Upon  representa- 
tions that  there  was  no  foot-and-mouth  disease  in  the  United  States 
this  order  was  rescinded  in  1892,  but  only  to  be  again  enforced  in  1896 
on  account  of  the  many  scabby  sheep  sent  abroad  by  our  exporters. 
Our  sheep  are  consequently  slaughtered  on  the  docks  where  landed, 
the  market  being  restricted  and  the  prices  much  less  favorable  than 
would  otherwise  be  obtained.  The  markets  of  Continental  Europe 
have  been  entirely  closed  to  American  sheep,  as  even  the  privilege  of 
slaughtering  at  the  landing  places  is  denied.  For  a long  time  it  was 
impossible  to  send  our  pure-bred  sheep  to  Australia,  where  there  is  a 
demand  for  them  for  breeding  purposes,  because  the  Australian  law 
required  them  to  be  transshipped  and  quarantined  in  British  ports, 
and  the  British  authorities  declined  to  grant  this  privilege.  Arrange- 
ments have  since  been  made  for  the  direct  shipment  of  sheep  to  Aus- 
tralia, if  accompanied  by  the  certificate  of  a veterinarian  appointed  by 
the  Australian  authorities. 

On  the  whole,  it  is  seen  that  the  existence  of  this  disease  in  our 
flocks  has  prevented  the  development  of  our  export  trade  in  many 
directions,  and  has  caused  no  end  of  trouble  and  loss  to  our  exporters. 

CAUSE  OF  SCAB. 

Sheep  scab  is  a strictly  contagious  disease. 

Common  sort. — Common  sheep  scab  is  caused  by  that  species  of  mites 
technically  known  as  Psoroptes  communis. 1 Parasites  of  this  species 
cause  scab  in  horses,  cattle,  sheep,  goats,  and  rabbits;  but  for  each 
of  these  species  of  animals  there  appears  to  be  a distinct  variety  of 
this  parasite.  Although  it  is  more  or  less  difficult  to  distinguish 
between  these  varieties,  they  differ  somewhat  in  size,  and  it  is  found 
that  the  Psoroptes  communis  of  the  sheep  does  not  cause  scab  of  the 
horse,  ox,  or  rabbit;  nor,  on  the  other  hand,  does  the  Psoroptes  com- 
munis of  the  horse,  ox,  or  rabbit  cause  scab  of  the  sheep.  Natural- 

1 The  technical  term  Psoroptes  is  derived  from  the  Greek,  and  means  that  the  mites 
hide  under  the  crusts.  The  parasite  is  sometimes  called  Dermatocoptes , which  means 
that  the  mites  wound  the  skin.  A third  name,  Dermatodectes , indicates  that  the 
mites  bite  the  skin. 


10 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


ists,  therefore,  distinguish  the  parasite  of  sheep  scab  by  the  name 
Psoroptcs  communis  var.  ovis ,l 

The  parasite  of  this  disease  is  one  of  the  larger  mites,  and  is  quite 
easily  seen  with  the  naked  eye.  The  adult  female  is  about  one-fortieth 
inch  long  and  one-sixtieth  inch  broad  5 the  male  is  one-fiftieth  inch  long 
and  one-eightieth  inch  broad.  These  mites  are  discovered  more  readily 
and  more  clearly  on  a dark  than  on  a light  background,  and  for  that 
reason  the  crusts  from  the  affected  skin  are  often  placed  upon  black 
paper  and  kept  in  the  sunshine  for  a few  minutes  in  order  to  reveal  the 
parasites  crawling  about. 


Fig.  1. — A comparatively  early  case  of  common  scab,  showing  a bare  spot  and  a tagging  of  the  woi  1. 


The  psoropt  inhabits  the  regions  on  the  surface  of  the  body  which 
are  most  thickly  covered  with  wool;  that  is,  the  back,  the  sides,  the 
rump,  and  the  shoulders.  It  is  the  most  serious  in  its  effects  upon 
sheep  of  any  of  the  parasitic  mites,  and  it  is  the  cause  of  the  true  body 
scab. 

Other  forms. — Sheep  are  also  affected  with  three  other  forms  of 
scab,  likewise  caused  by  parasitic  mites.  One  of  these  is  the  sar- 
coptic  scab  (head  scab,  or  black  muzzle),  which  is  limited  almost 
entirely  to  the  head,  and  is  caused  by  the  mite  known  as  the  Sarcoptes 


1 Var.  is  the  abbreviation  of  the  Latin  word,  varietas , meaning  variety. 


BULLETIN  NO.  21  , B.  A. 


PLATE 


FIG.  I.  A SLIGHTLY  ADVANCED  CASE  OF  COMMON  SCAB. 


FIG.  2.  A MORE  ADVANCED  CASE  OF  COMMON  SCAB. 


A.Hoen&Cc 


BULLETIN  NO.  21  , B.  A.  I. 


PLATE  II. 


FIG.  4. 


A.Hoen  &•  Co. 


BULLETIN  NO.  21  , 


ADULT  MALE  PARASITE  OF  COMMON  SHEEP  SCAB,  DORSAL  VIEW.  FlQ.  € 
OF  FEMALE.  6 B.  LEG  OF  FEMALE.  ALL  GREATLY  ENLARGED. 


BULLETIN  NO.  21, 


ADULT  FEMALE  PARASITE  OF  COMMON  SHEEP  SCAB,  DORSAL  VIEW. 


BULLETIN  NO.  21  , B.  A.  I. 


PLATE  V. 


FIG.  9. 


EGG  OF  MITE  WHICH  CAUSES  COMMON  SHEEP  SCAB.  FIG.  10.  SIX-LEGGED  STAGE  OF  SHEEP  SCAB  MITE.  FIG.  II.  YOUNG 
FEMALE  BEFORE  MOULTING  FOR  THE  LAST  TIME,  DORSAL  VIEW.  FIG.  12.  ADULT  MALE  PARASITE  OF  SARCOPTIC  SCABIES 
OF  MAN  (TH£  CORRESPONDING  PARASITE  OF  SHEEP  IS  VERY  SIMILAR),  VENTRAL  VIEW,  X 250  (aFTER  BLANCHARD). 
FIG.  13  ADULT  FEMALE  PARASITE  OFSARCOPTIC  SCABIES,  DORSALVIEW,  X 250  (aFTER  BLANCHARD).  FIG.  14.  SAME, 
VENTRAL  VIEW  (aFTER  BLANCHARd)  ALL  GREATLY  ENLARGED. 


A.Hoen&Co. 


BULLETIN  NO.  21, 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT. 


11 


scabiei  var.  ovis.1  The  second  is  the  symbiotic  scab  (foot  scab),  which 
affects  the  limbs,  scrotum,  aud  udder,  and  is  caused  by  the  Cliorioptes 
communis  var.  ovis.2  Lastly  may  be  mentioned  an  extremely  rare  affec 
tion,  the  so-called  follicular,  or  demodectic,  scab,  affecting  the  eyelids, 
caused  by  a mite  known  as  Dcmodex  folliculorum  var.  ovis.3 

The  sarcoptic,  symbiotic,  and  demodectic  forms  of  scab  are  with 
sheep  mild  diseases  compared  with  common  scab,  and  appear  to  be 
rather  rare. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  SHEEP  SCAB. 

(1)  COMMON  SCAB,  BODY  SCAB,  OR  PSOROPTIC  SCAB. 

Although  the  symptoms  of  common  scab  are  familiar  to  most  farm- 
ers, they  will  here  be  briefly  reviewed. 

The  mites  of  common,  or  body,  scab — that  is,  the  Psoroptes — prick 
the  skin  of  the  animal  to  obtain  their  food,  and  probably  insert  a poi- 
sonous saliva  in  the  wound.  Their  bites  are  followed  by  intense  itch 
ing,  with  irritation,  formation  of  papules,  inflammation,  exudation  of 
serum,  and  the  formation  of 
crusts,  or  scabs,  under  and  near 
the  edge  of  which  the  parasites 
live.  As  the  parasites  multi- 
ply they  seek  the  more  healthy 
parts,  spreading  from  the  edges 
of  the  scab  already  formed, 
thus  extending  the  disease. 

The  sheep  are  restless;  they 
scratch  and  bite  themselves, 
and  rub  against  posts,  fences, 
stones,  or  against  other  mem- 
bers of  the  flock.  This  irrita- 
tion is  particularly  noticeable 
after  the  animals  have  been 
driven,  for  the  itching  is  more 
intense  when  the  sheep  become 
heated.  The  changes  in  the  skin  naturally  result  in  a falling  of  the 
wool;  at  first  slender  “tags”  are  noticed;  the  fleece  assumes  the  condi- 
tion known  as  “flowering;”  it  looks  tufty  or  matted,  and  the  sheep 
pulls  out  portions  with  its  mouth,  or  leaves  tags  on  the  objects  against 
which  it  rubs.  Scabs  fall  and  are  replaced  by  thicker  and  more  adher- 
ent crusts.  The  skin  finally  becomes  more  or  less  bare,  parchment- 
like, greatly  thickened,  furrowed,  and  bleeding  in  the  cracks.  With 
shorn  sheep  especially  a thick,  dry,  parchment-like  crust  covers  the 
greatly  tumified  skin.  Ewes  may  abort  or  bear  weak  lambs. 

1 Sar copies,  from  the  Greek,  means  that  the  mites  wound  the  flesh. 

2 Chorioptes  signifies  that  the  mites  hide  in  the  skin.  Another  name,  Symbiotes, 
signifies  that  a number  of  the  mites  live  together;  and  a third  name,  Dermatopliagus , 
means  that  the  mites  eat  the  skin. 

3 Demodex  signifies  that  the  mites  have  a worm-like  body. 


Fig.  2.— Adult  sheep  tick  (a)  and  puparium  (b)  (Me- 
lophagus  ovinus) . Enlarged.  (After  Osborn,  1896; 
Bui.  No.  5,  Div.  Entomology,  Dept.  Agr.) 


12 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Parts  of  body  affected. — When  sheep  are  kept  in  large  numbers  the 
chances  for  infection  are  naturally  greater,  and  the  disease  may  begin 
on  almost  any  part  of  the  body.  Generally,  however,  it  affects  the 
parts  which  are  covered  with  wool.  When  the  sheep  are  fat  and  the 
wool  has  a large  amount  of  yolk,  the  progress  of  the  disease  may  be  slow ; 
usually  beginning  on  the  upper  part  of  the  body,  withers,  and  back,  it 
extends  slowly,  but  none  the  less  surely  and  in  ever-increasing  areas, 
to  the  neck,  sides,  Hanks,  rump,  etc.  In  two  or  three  months  the  entire 
body  may  be  affected. 

Contagion. — Common  scab  is  exceedingly  contagious  from  one  sheep 
to  another,  and  may  in  some  cases  show  itself  within  about  a week 
after  healthy  sheep  have  been  exposed  to  infection.  The  contagion 
may  be  direct,  by  contact  of  one  sheep  with  another;  or  indirect,  from 
tags  of  wool,  or  from  fences,  posts,  etc.,  against  which  scabby  sheep 
have  rubbed,  or  from  the  places  where  the  sheep  have  been  u bedded 
down.”  One  attack  of  scab  does  not  protect  sheep  from  later  attacks. 
Transmitted  to  man,  sheep  scab  may  produce  a slight  spot  on  the  skin, 
a point  which  is  sometimes  taken  advantage  of  for  the  purpose  of 
diagnosis.  In  case  of  suspected  scab,  one  of  the  crusts  is  bound  lightly 
on  the  arm.  After  a short  time  an  itching  sensation  is  felt  and  the  mites 
are  found  on  the  skin.  Transmitted  to  horses,  cattle,  or  goats,  common 
sheep  scab  fails  to  develop. 

Chances  for  recovery. — Oases  of  apparent  spontaneous  recovery  are 
rare.  Usually  when  proper  methods  of  treatment  are  not  adopted  the 
disease  increases,  leads  to  anaemia,  emaciation,  exhaustion,  and  death, 
and  may  result  in  a loss  of  from  10  to  80  per  cent  of  the  flock.  Scab  is 
favored  by  seasons  when  the  wool  is  lougest,  and  by  huddling  or  over- 
crowding the  animals;  also  race,  energy,  temperament,  age,  state  of 
health,  length,  fineness,  and  abundance  of  wool,  and  the  hygienic  con- 
ditions of  the  surroundings  influence  the  course  and  termination  of  the 
disease.  Young,  weak,  closely  inbred  animals,  and  those  with  long, 
coarse  wool  will  most  quickly  succumb.  Unhealthy  localities,  damp 
climate,  and  poorly  ventilated  sheds  favor  the  disease.  Pure  or  mixed 
Merino  sheep  succumb  sooner  than  certain  other  breeds.  The  mortality 
varies  according  to  conditions,  but  is  highest  in  autumn  and  winter. 
When  owners  are  careless  the  death  rate  may  be  very  high;  if  untreated 
the  sheep  may  die  in  two  to  three  months.  Hygienic  conditions,  good 
food,  and  cool  dry  atmosphere  tend  to  check  the  disease.  Sheep  sheds 
should  accordingly  be  well  ventilated  and  open  to  light  and  sunshine. 
With  proper  attention  to  hygienic  conditions  and  thorough  dipping, 
a positive  cure  can  be  guaranteed. 

Vitality  of  the  parasite. — Taken  from  the  sheep,  the  mites  possess  a 
remarkable  vitality.  It  is  generally  stated  that,  kept  at  a moderate 
temperature  on  portions  of  scab,  the  adults  may  live  from  four  to 
twenty  days,  but  they  will  occasionally  live  much  longer;  cases  are  on 
record  Where  they  have  lived  three,  four,  or  even  six  weeks  when  sepa- 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT. 


13 


rated  from  sheep;  if  the  atmosphere  is  dry  they  will  generally  die  in 
about  fifteen  days;  but  death  is  often  only  apparent,  for  the  mites  may 
sometimes  be  revived  by  warmth  and  moisture  even  after  six  or  eight 
weeks;  the  fecundated  females  are  especially  tenacious  of  life.  Vari- 
ous rather  contradictory  statements  may  be  found  regarding  their 
resistance  to  cold : Krogmann  states  that  they  may  live  at  a tempera- 
ture Of  minus  10°  0.  ( + 14°  F.)  for  twenty-eight  days;  other  authors 
claim  that  the  mites  die  in  two  hours  at  47°  F. ; still  other  authors,  that 
they  die  at  50°  0.  (122°  F.).  They  are  said  to  have  been  kept  alive  in 
cold  water  for  six  days  and  in  warm  water  for  ten  days.  Several 
authors  admit,  however,  that  the  parasites  are  usually  killed  by  a soak- 
ing rain;  though  it  is  claimed  that  in  damp,  dark  stables  they  “may 
live  for  months.’7 

Experience  has  shown  that  in  some  cases  apparently  healthy  sheep 
have  become  infected  in  places  where  no  sheep  have  been  kept  for  four, 
eight,  twelve,  or  even  twenty-four  mouths.  The  conditions  underlying 
this  infection  are  not  thoroughly  understood.  Possibly  some  of  the 
eggs  have  retained  their  vitality  a long  time  and  then  hatched  out; 
possibly  the  vitality  of  the  fecundated  female  has  also  played  a role; 
while  it  is  not  at  all  improbable  that  an  entirely  new  infection  has 
accidentally  been  introduced  by  birds  or  other  animals.  Certain 
authors  of  high  standing  scout  the  idea  that  birds  can  introduce  an 
infection  of  scab,  but  there  is  no  reason  why  birds  should  not  do  this, 
and  there  are  some  reasons  for  believing  that  they  do.  It  has  been 
noticed  on  the  Experiment  Station  of  the  Bureau,  for  instance,  that 
crows  delight  in  perching  on  the  backs  of  scabby  sheep  and  picking  at 
the  scab;  while  so  doing  it  is  only  natural  that  small  tags  of  wool  would 
adhere  to  their  feet,  and  thus  scatter  scab.  The  fact  that  snails  cling 
to  birds’  feet  and  are  carried  long  distances  is  too  well  established  to 
need  discussiou,  and  it  is  very  probable  that  many  of  the  cases  where 
sheep  are  supposed  to  have  become  infected  with  scab  on  pastures 
which  have  not  been  occupied  for  one  or  two  years  are  in  reality  cases 
of  fresh  infection  by  means  of  birds.  From  the  data  at  hand,  while  it 
may  be  admitted  that  in  some  cases,  under  favorable  conditions,  the 
mites  may  live  from  spring  to  fall,  it  is  scarcely  within  the  limits  of 
probability  that  either  the  scab  mites  or  their  eggs  will  live  through  a 
winter  when  separated  from  the  sheep  and  exposed  to  the  elements. 

All  matters  connected  with  the  vitality  of  the  scab  mite  have  an 
important  bearing  in  explaining  cases  of  indirect  infection  on  roads 
over  which  scabby  sheep  have  been  driven,  or  in  fields  and  sheds  where 
they  have  been  kept.  From  the  facts  now  at  our  disposal  we  can  lay 
down  the  following  important  rules : 

(1)  Scabby  sheep  should  never  be  driven  upon  a public  road;  (2) 
sheds  in  which  scabby  sheep  have  been  kept  should  be  thoroughly 
cleaned,  disinfected,  and  aired,  and  should  be  left  unused  for  at  least 
four  weeks  f better  two  months)  before  clean  sheep  are  placed  in  them; 


14 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


(3)  fields  in  which  scabby  sheep  have  been  kept  should  stand  vacant 
at  least  four  weeks  (better  six  or  eight)  before  being  used  for  clean 
sheep;  (4)  a drenching  rain  will  frequently  serve  to  disinfect  a pasture, 
but  it  is  well  to  whitewash  the  posts  against  which  scabby  sheep  have 
rubbed.  Even  after  observing  the  precautions  here  given  it  is  not  pos- 
sible to  absolutely  guarantee  that  there  will  be  no  reinfection,  but  the 
probabilities  are  against  it. 

Life  history  of  the  parasite . — A study  of  the  life  history  of  the  scab 
parasite  is  necessary  in  order  to  determine  several  important  points  of 
practical  value,  such  as  the  proper  time  for  the  second  dipping,  etc. 

The  female  mite  lays  about  15  to  24  eggs  .on  the  skin,  or  fastened  to 
the  wool  near  the  skin;  a six-legged  larva  is  hatched;  these  larvie 
cast  their  skin  and  become  mature;  the  mites  pair  and  the  females  lay 
their  eggs,  after  which  they  die.  The  exact  number  of  days  required 
for  each  stage  varies  somewhat,  according  to  the  writings  of  different 
authors,  a fact  which  is  probably  to  be  explained  by  individual  varia- 
tion, and  by  the  conditions  under  which  the  observations  and  experiments 
were  made.  Thus  Gerlach,  in  his  well-known  work  (1857),  estimates 
about  fourteen  to  fifteen  days  as  the  period  required  for  a generation  of 
mites  from  the  time  of  pairing  to  the  maturity  of  the  next  generation. 
He  divides  this  time  as  follows:  U rider  ordinary  conditions  the  eggs 
hatch  in  three  to  four  days,  although  two  authors  allow  ten  to  eleven 
days  for  the  egg  stage;  three  or  four  days  after  birth  the  six-legged 
larva)  moult  and  the  fourth  pair  of  legs  appears;  this  fourth  pair  is 
always  present  when  the  mites  are  two-thirds  the  size  of  the  adults; 
when  7 to  8 days  old  the  mites  are  mature  and  ready  to  pair;  several 
(three  or  four)  days  are  allowed  for  pairing;  another  generation  of  eggs 
may  belaid  fourteen  to  fifteen  days  after  the  laying  of  the  first  genera- 
tion of  eggs.  Without  going  into  all  of  the  other  observations  on  these 
points,  it  may  be  remarked  that  the  eggs  may  not  hatch  for  six  or  seven 
days;  the  six-legged  larvae  may  moult  when  three  to  four  days  old,  and 
become  mature;  after  pairing  a second  moult  takes  places,  lasting  four 
to  five  days;  a third  moult  follows  immediately,  then  eggs  are  laid  and 
the  adults  die;  in  some  cases  there  is  a fourth  moult,  but  apparently 
without  any  further  production  of  eggs.  Accepting  Gerlach’s  estimate 
of  fifteen  days  as  an  average  for  each  generation  of  10  females  and  5 
males,  in  three  months7  time  the  sixth  generation  would  appear  and 
consist  of  about  1,000,000  females  and  500,000  males. 

Several  practical  lessons  are  to  be  drawn  from  these  figures:  First, 
it  is  seen  that  the  parasites  increase  very  rapidly,  so  that  if  scab  is  dis- 
covered in  a flock,  the  diseased  sheep  should  immediately  be  isolated; 
second,  if  new  sheep  are  placed  in  a flock,  they  should  either  first  be 
dipped,  as  a precautionary  measure,  or  they  should  at  least  be  kept 
separate  for  several  weeks  to  see  whether  scab  develops;  third,  since 
the  chances  for  infection  are  very  great,  the  entire  flock  should  be 
treated,  even  in  case  scab  is  found  only  in  one  or  two  animals;  fourth, 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT. 


15 


as  dipping  is  not  certain  to  kill  the  eggs,  the  slieep  should  be  dipped  a 
second  time,  the  time  being  selected  between  the  moment  of  the  hatch- 
ing of  eggs  and  the  moment  the  next  generation  of  eggs  is  laid.  As 
eggs  may  hatch  between  three  and  seven,  possibly  ten  or  eleven,  days, 
and  as  fourteen  to  fifteen  days  are  required  for  the  entire  cycle,  the 
second  dipping  should  take  place  after  the  seventh  day,  but  before  the 
fourteenth  day;  allowing  for  individual  variation  and  variation  of  con- 
ditions, the  tenth,  eleventh,  or  twelfth  day  will  be  the  best  time  to 
repeat  the  dipping. 

(2)  HEAD  SCAB,  BLACK  MUZZLE,  OR  SARCOPTIC  SCAB. 

Head  scab  is  less  frequent  and  less  important  than  body  scab.  No 
case  of  it  has  ever  been  reported  by  the  inspectors  of  this  Bureau,  and 
many  extensive  sheep  breeders  and  professional  sheep  dippers  state 
that  they  have  never  heard  of  a case. 


Eig.V— Sheep  louse  ( Trichocephalus  sphcerocephalus ) : a , female ; ft,  antenna ; c,  d,  dorsal  and  side  Anew 
of  leg.  Enlarged.  (After  Osborn,  1896;  Bui.  No.  5,  Div.  Entomology,  Dept.  Agr.) 

In  this  disease  the  parasites  are  much  smaller  than  the  psoropt  of 
body  scab.  They  are  almost  invisible  to  the  naked  eye,  but  may  be 
seen  with  a magnifying  glass.  They  are  found  on  the  moist  under- 
surface of  the  crusts,  and  live  on  the  fluids  of  the  sheep.  They  give 
rise  to  a violent  itching,  causing  the  sheep  to  rub  and  scratch  their 
heads  and  lick  their  lips;  in  advanced  stages  the  eyes  may  be  partly 
closed,  and  consequently  the  sight  impaired;  breathing  and  even  eat- 


16 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


ing  may  become  difficult  because  of  the  formation  of  crusts  around  the 
mouth  and  nostrils.  Small  papules  form,  with  soft  centers;  usually 
the  rubbing  causes  them  to  break,  and  they  exude  a fluid  which 
hardens  and  forms  a scab;  the  scabs,  increasing  in  number,  may  run 
together;  they  become  thicker  and  harder,  until  almost  the  entire  head 
is  merged  into  one  crust.  Rubbing  causes  the  crusts  to  break;  the 
wounds  heal  and  form  scars;  the  skin  thickens  and  is  raised  in  folds, 
in  which  cracks  appear  and  from  which  there  may  be  bleeding.  When 
affecting  lambs  the  disease  may  assume  an  ulcerative  character. 

Parts  of  body  affected.— This  form  of  scab  appears  on  parts  of  the 
body  where  the  wool  is  scarce;  usually  beginning  about  the  nostrils 


Fig. 4. — Sheep  foot  louse  ( Hoematopinus  ijedalin):  a , adult  female;  b , ventral  view  of  terminal  seg- 
ment of  same,  showing  brushes;  c,  terminal  segments  of  male;  d,  egg.  Enlarged.  (After  Osborn, 
1896 ; Bui.  No.  5,  Div.  Entomology,  Dept.  Agr.) 

and  on  the  upper  lip,  more  rarely  about  the  eyes  and  ears,  it  spreads 
to  the  cheeks,  eyes,  forehead,  and  under  the  jaws;  in  severe  cases  it 
may  extend  to  the  belly,  front  legs,  knees,  hocks,  and  pasterns.  Coarse 
dry  wool  favors  it  more  than  fine  oily  wool.  The  line  between  the~dis- 
eased  and  the  healthy  skin  is  quite  sharply  defined. 

Contagion. — Head  scab  is  contagious  from  sheep  to  sheep,  from  sheep 
to  goats,  and  rarely  from  sheep  to  man ; when  transmitted  from  sheep 
to  horses,  cattle,  and  dogs  the  disease  remains  local  and  does  not  spread. 
Head  scab  is  also  contagious  from  goats  to  sheep.  Yiborg  states  that 
the  sarcoptic  scab  of  pigs  is  contagious  to  sheep,  but  this  is  denied 
by  Am-Pach.  Chabert  maintained  that  sarcoptic  scab  of  dogs  is  trans- 
missible to  sheep,  but  this  is  doubtful. 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT. 


17 


Chances  for  recovery. — Head  scab  can  be  easily  treated  if  taken  in 
time,  but  if  neglected  it  will  cause  inflammation  of  the  eyes  and  exten- 
sive alterations  in  the  skin,  and  will  prevent  the  sheep  from  fattening. 

(3)  FOOT  SCAB,  OK  CHOKIOPTIC  SCAB. 

Foot  scab  is  rare,  if  present  at  all,  in  this  country,  but  a number  of 
cases  have  recently  been  reported  from  England.  It  is  not  impossible 
that  some  of  the  cases  supposed  to  be  foot  rot  are  in  reality  foot  scab. 

The  minute  parasitts,  which  are  much  smaller  than  those  of  common 
scab,  cause  an  intense  itching,  which  leads  the  sheep  to  stamp  their  feet 
and  scratch  and  bite  the  infected  parts.  There  is  a reddening  of  the 
skin,  followed  by  scaling,  and  later  by  the  formation  of  yellowish  white 
crusts;  the  crusts  thicken,  cracks  may  form  in  the  folds  of  the  pas- 
terns, and  the  legs  may  become  quite  unsightly. 

Parts  of  the  body  affected. — The  disease  appears  on  the  feet  and  legs, 
spreading  slowly  to  the  upper  parts  of  the  legs  and  the  adjoining  parts 
of  the  body,  scrotum,  or  udder. 

Contagion. — This  disease  is  contagious  from  sheep  to  sheep,  but  not 
so  actively  as  common  scab. 

(4)  FOLLICULAR  SCAR,  OR  DEMODECTIC  SCAB. 

The  glands  of  a sheep’s  eyelids  are  occasionally  infected  with  a fourth 
kind  of  microscopic  mite,  which  is  elongate  and  much  like  a worm.  It 
has  been  recorded  but  a few  times,  and  for  the  present,  at  least,  is  of 
no  importance  to  the  American  sheep  raiser. 

CONDITIONS  WHICH  MAY  BE  MISTAKEN  FOR  SCAB. 

Any  parasite  or  condition  which  causes  an  itching,  and  thus  leads 
the  sheep  to  scratch  themselves,  or  any  abnormal  condition  of  the  skin, 
may  be  temporarily  mistaken  for  scab;  but  if  the  rule  is  held  in  mind 
that  no  scab  is  possible  without  the  presence  of  the  specific  parasites, 
it  will  be  easily  determined  whether  scab  is  present  or  not.  The  fol- 
lowing are  the  more  important  cases  to  be  considered: 

(1)  Itching  due  to  other  parasites,  such  as  the  common  u sheep  tick,” 
true  ticks,  and  lice,  may  be  distinguished  from  scab  by  finding  the 
parasites.  The  dipping  used  for  treating  scab  will  also  kill  sheep  ticks 
and  lice. 

(2)  Inflammation  of  the  sebaceous  glands. — This  may  be  mistaken  for 
common  scab.  It  appears  most  frequently  in  autumn.  There  is  a 
severe  itching,  the  skin  is  red  and  sensitive,  and  is  covered  with  a 
strong-smelling,  yellowish,  viscid  yolk;  tufts  of  wool  may  be  shed.  It 
may  be  cured,  after  shearing,  with  any  starchy  lotion. 

(3)  Pain  rot. — In  rainy  weather  an  eruption  may  appear  on  the  skin 
which  might  be  mistaken  for  scab.  There  is,  however,  no  parasite 
present;  itching  is  absent,  and  the  trouble  disappears  when  dry 
weather  comes. 

3227— No.  21 2 


18 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


THE  TREATMENT  OF  SCAB. 

In  tlie  foregoing  discussion  attention  lias  been  called  to  tlie  necessity 
of  keeping  sheep  under  proper  hygienic  conditions.  That  alone,  though 
of  importance  in  connection  with  the  subject  of  treatment,  can  not  be 
relied  upon  to  cure  scab.  The  only  rational  treatment  consists  in  using 
some  external  application  which  will  kill  the  parasites.  Formerly  med- 
icines were  given  internally,  and  even  within  a few  years  past  it  lias 
been  claimed  that  feeding  sulphur  to  sheep  will  cure  the  disease.  The 
statements  regarding  sulphur  were  such  as  to  lead  us  to  try  the  exper- 
iment, which,  however,  was  soon  abandoned  as  unsuccessful.  The 
external  application  of  scab  cures  is  in  various  ways  made  known  as 
hand  dressing,  hand  curing,  spotting,  pouring,  smearing,  and  dipping. 
Of  these  methods,  dipping  is  by  far  the  most  satisfactory. 

Hand  Applications. 

In  case  of  head  scab,  or  in  light  cases  of  foot  scab,  hand  applications 
may  be  resorted  to,  and  will  frequently  suffice.  A nonpoisonous  oint- 
ment may  be  made  by  taking  4 ounces  of  oil  of  turpentine,  G ounces  of 
flowers  of  sulphur,  and  1 pound  of  lard.  Mix  the  ingredients  at  a 
gentle  heat,  and  rub  in  well  with  the  hands  or  with  a brush,  at  the 
same  time  breaking  the  crusts.  The  simple  sulphur  ointment  may  be 
made  of  1 part  of  sulphur  and  4 parts  of  lard;  one-fourtli  part  of 
mercurial  ointment  may  be  added.  Few  remedies  are  so  useful  in 
mange  in  dogs,  ringworm,  and  other  itching  complaints  as  sulphur 
iodide,  and  it  may  well  be  given  a trial  on  head  scab.  It  is  prepared 
as  follows:  Mix  in  a nonmetallic  vessel,  as  a porcelain  mortar,  4 ounces 
of  iodine  with  1 ounce  of  sublimed  sulphur,  gently  heating  the  mixture 
until  it  liquefies;  the  red-brown  liquid  upon  cooling  becomes  a gray- 
black  crystalline  mass,  insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble  in  glycerine  and 
fats,  with  8 or  10  parts  of  which  it  is  mixed  for  ointments  or  liniments. 
An  ointment  of  flowers  of  sulphur  and  carbolated  vaseline  would  also 
probably  give  good  results.  One  author  advises  for  head  scab  and  foot 
scab  a mixture  consisting  of  1 part  of  mercurial  ointment  and  11  parts 
of  sulphur  ointment.  Foot  scab  and  head  scab  would  also  probably 
respond  to  treatment  with  the  various  dips  used  for  common  scab. 

Hand  dressing  is  not  recommended  for  common  scab;  in  fact,  it  must 
be  looked  upon  as  directly  responsible  for  a considerable  amount  of  the 
disease,  since  it  is  too  often  relied  upon  to  cure  the  disease,  while  in 
reality  it  is  only  a palliative.  The  only  condition  under  which  hand 
dressings  can  be  advised  is  in  case  scab  is  discovered  in  one  or  two 
sheep  of  a flock  during  severe  winter  weather,  when  dipping  would  be 
impracticable.  In  that  event,  the  infected  sheep  should  be  immediately 
isolated  from  the  flock;  and  they  might  be  hand  dressed,  if  desired,  in 
order  to  hold  the  disease  in  check.  It  can  not  be  too  strongly  insisted 
upon  that  “pouring,”  “ spotting,7’  etc.,  are  only  expensive  and  temporiz- 
ing methods  of  dealing  with  scab. 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT. 


19 


u Pouring”  is  clone  as  follows:  Part  the  wool  on  the  back  by  mak- 
ing a furrow  with  the  huger  from  the  head  to  the  tail ; furrows  are  also 
made  along  the  shoulders  and  thighs  to  the  legs,  and  on  the  sides;  pour 
the  ointment  or  dip  in  these  furrows.  A still  better  plan  is  to  pour  the 
warm  dip  from  a coffeepot  or  teapot  directly  on  the  affected  parts, 
rubbing  it  well  in  with  the  hand,  a brush,  or  a corncob.  It  must  be 
repeated  for  emphasis,  however,  that  such  treatment  can  not  be  relied 
upon,  and  should  be  used  only  in  emergency  cases  when  dipping  is 
impracticable. 

A mercurial  ointment  may  be  made  as  follows:  (A)  dissolve  1 pound 
of  resin  in  one-half  pint  of  oil  of  turpentine;  (B)  mix  1 pound  of  mer- 
curial ointment  with  6 pounds  of  lard,  with  gentle  heat,  and  (0)  when 
cool  mix  the  two  compounds,  A and  B.  It  should  be  remembered  that 
mercurial  ointments  are  not  unattended  with  danger,  and  on  this 
account  it  is  better  to  prepare  a small  amount  of  dip  and  pour  it  on  the 
affected  part  as  described  above. 

DipriNG. 

By  far  the  most  rational  and  satisfactory,  and  the  cheapest  method 
of  curing  scab  is  by  dipping  the  sheep  in  some  liquid  which  will  kill 
the  parasites.  The  dipping  process  is  as  follows : 

(1)  Select  a dip  containing  sulphur.  If  a prepared  “dip”  is  used 
which  does  not  contain  sulphur,  it  is  always  safer  to  add  about  1GJ 
pounds  of  sifted  flowers  of  sulphur  to  every  100  gallons  of  water, 
especially  if,  after  dipping,  the  sheep  have  to  be  returned  to  the  old 
pastures. 

(2)  Shear  all  the  sheep  at  one  time,  and  immediately  after  shearing 
confine  them  to  one-half  the  farm  for  two  to  four  weeks.  Many  persons 
prefer  to  dip  immediately  after  shearing. 

(3)  At  the  end  of  this  time  dip  every  sheep  (and  every  goat  also,  if 
there  are  any  on  the  farm). 

(4)  Ten  days  later  dip  the  entire  flock  a second  time. 

(5)  After  the  second  dipping,  place  the  flock  on  the  portion  of  the 
farm  from  which  they  have  been  excluded  during  the  previous  four  or 
five  weeks. 

(G)  Use  the  dip  at  a temperature  of  100°  to  110°  F. 

(7)  Keep  each  sheep  in  the  dip  for  two  minutes  by  the  watch — do  not 
guess  at  the  time — and  duck  its  head  at  least  once. 

(8)  Be  careful  in  dipping  rams,  as  they  are  more  likely  to  be  over- 
come in  the  dip  than  are  the  ewes. 

(9)  Injury  may,  however,  result  to  pregnant  ewes,  which  must,  on  this 
account,  be  carefully  handled.  Some  farmers  arrange  a stage,  with 
sides,  to  hold  the  pregnant  ewes,  which  is  lowered  carefully  into  the 
vat,  and  raised  after  the  proper  time. 

(10)  In  case  a patent  or  proprietary  dip,  especially  an  arsenical  dip 
is  used,  the  directions  given  on  the  package  should  be  carried  out  to 
the  letter. 


20 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Choice  of  a Preparation  for  Dipping. 

Numerous  different  sheep  dips  are  recommended  by  various  parties, 
and  undoubtedly  many  of  them  are  efficacious ; few  dips  can  be  named 
which  some  persons  do  not  consider  far  superior,  and  other  persons 
consider  far  inferior  to  all  other  dips  known;  few  dips  can  be  found 
which  have  not  cured  cases  of  scab,  and  probably  no  dip  can  be  named 
with  which  failures  have  not  been  reported.  Under  these  circum- 
stances the  farmer  should  not  be  deceived  by  exaggerated  statements 
in  either  extreme;  he  should  recall  that  it  lies  in  the  business  interest 
of  the  manufacturers  of  every  proprietary,  or  patent,  dip  to  advertise 
their  own  particular  dip  in  every  way  possible,  but  that  too  often  these 
merchants  pursue  the  method  of  deprecating  the  use  of  homemade 
dips  as  “ dangerous,”  “ineffective,”  “liable  to  produce  blood  poisoning,” 
etc.,  and  of  citing  the  accidents,  failures,  and  dangers  of  other  propri- 
etary dips  rather  than  of  giving  exact  and  reliable  statements  regard- 
ing the  successes  of  their  own  compounds. 

proprietary  articles. 

The  Department  can  not  properly  advertise  or  recommend  the  use  of 
any  dip  which  is  made  from  a secret  formula.  It  can  not  be  said  that 
no  such  dip  has  any  value  as  a scab  cure,  or  that  such  dips  have  never 
met  with  any  success,  for  that  would  be  a misrepresentation  of  facts. 
The  farmer  should,  however,  know  the  composition  of  the  material  he 
is  using.  If  he  desires  to  use  a ready-made  dip,  let  him  inform  him- 
self of  the  exact  nature  of  that  dip  in  order  to  prevent  impositions 
and  guard  against  dangers.  He  would  do  well  to  refuse  to  pur- 
chase any  prepared  dip  which  does  not  bear  on  each  package  a printed 
statement  of  the  ingredients  and  their  proportions,  which  the  manu- 
facturer guarantees  are  to  be  found  in  that  package;  he  would  also  do 
well  to  avoid  any  dip  which  irresponsible  parties  advertise  as  “the 
only  sure  cure  for  scab,”  etc.  Proprietors  thus  advertising  are  either 
showing  gross  ignorance  of  the  history  and  nature  of  scab,  and  hence 
are  not  to  be  taken  as  advisers,  or  they  are  intentionally  misrepresent- 
ing established  facts. 

In  case  of  more  than  one  proprietary  dip,  it  seems  quite  clear  from 
the  circulars  and  advertisements  distributed  by  the  manufacturers  that 
the  firms  have  had  little  or  no  practical  experience  with  scab,  and  that 
the  extravagant  claims  set  forth  by  them  for  their  mixtures  are  little 
less  than  artful  methods  of  advertising,  rather  than  statements  based 
upon  any  tests  or  experiments.  Good  examples  of  worthless  or  almost 
worthless  dips  are  cited  by  Bruce,  who  quotes  the  treatment  of  80,021 
cases  of  scab  with  Allen's  {Specific,  with  not  a single  case  of  cure! 
Hayes’s  Specific  cured  6,255  cases  and  failed  in  80,931  cases ! 

SUCCESS  WITH  HOMEMADE  DIPS. 

While  a dip  should  not  be  condemned  simply  because  it  is  prepared 
ready  for  use — for  it  may  be  frankly  admitted  that  there  are  some  excel- 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT. 


21 


lent  proprietary  dips — tlie  value  of  homemade  dips  must  be  insisted 
upon,  and  attention  is  called  to  the  fact  that  it  was  almost  entirely 
through  homemade  dips  that  scab  was  eradicated  from  certain  of  the 
Australian  colonies,  and  that  year  after  year,  in  the  reports  of  the  scab 
inspectors  of  Capetown  Colony,  the  first  and  third  places  are  accorded 
to  homemade  dips,  while  second  place  is  accorded  (with  some  qualifi- 
cation) to  a secret  dip.  In  this  connection  the  following  significant 
remarks,  made  in  189U  by  the  chief  inspector  of  stock  in  Queensland, 
will  be  of  interest : 

Our  Australian  experience  of  tobacco  and  sulphur  and  of  lime  and  sulphur  as  the 
only  effectual  means  of  curing  scab  is  such  that  at  the  stock  conference  held  in 
Sydney  in  1886,  and  again  in  Melbourne  in  1889,  attended  by  the  chief  and  Govern- 
ment veterinarians  of  all  the  colonies,  it  was  on  both  occasions  decided  that  none 
but  these  two  (lips  be  recognized  in  the  colonies,  and  this  has  now  been  embodied  in 
regulations  under  the  u Stock  disease  acts”  of  all  the  colonies. 

The  stamping  out  of  scab  in  these  colonies  has  been  more  retarded  by  venders  of 
patent  dips  than  by  any  other  cause;  hence  the  determination  of  the  governments 
of  all  the  colonies  to  forbid  the  use  of  any  specific  except  tobacco  and  sulphur  or 
lime  and  sulphur  for  scab  or  for  the  (precautionary)  dressing  of  imported  sheep 
while  in  quarantine. 

In  view  of  the  more  or  less  frequent  statements  that  scab  was  eradi- 
cated from  the  English  colonies  by  killing  the  scabby  sheep  or  by  the 
use  of  prepared  dips  it  may  be  well  to  say  that  these  statements  are 
erroneous.  “It  is  true  an  act  was  passed  in  New  South  Wales  about 
1851  compelling  the  slaughter  of  scabbed  sheep,  and  a few  remaining 
straggling  flocks  were  destroyed  under  that  act,  but  later,  on  the  reap- 
pearance of  scab  in  that  colony  in  1863  by  infection  from  Victoria,  the 
act  was  repealed,  and  the  whole  of  the  scabbed  sheep,  about  400,000, 
were  completely  cured  by  means  of  tobacco  and  sulphur.”  1 

IMPORTANCE  OF  PROPER  USE  OF  DIP. 

Whatever  dip  is  selected,  the  farmer  should  not  forget  that  there 
are  two  ways  to  use  that  dip.  One  way  is  to  prepare  and  use  it  in 
accordance  with  the  directions  given;  the  other  way  is  to  attempt  to 
economize  time,  labor,  or  money  by  using  the  dip  in  weaker  proportion 
than  advised,  by  hurrying  the  sheep  through  the  swim,  or  by  later 
placing  the  dipped  sheep  under  unfavorable  conditions.  If  the  former 
method  is  adopted  with  any  of  the  established  dips,  the  treatment 
ought  to  be  followed  with  favorable  results;  if  the  latter  method  is 
adopted,  the  farmer  himself  must  assume  the  responsibility  of  failure, 
no  matter  which  dip  he  decides  to  use.  Every  farmer  should  therefore 
remember  that  when  he  has  decided  upon  the  dip  he  is  to  use  his  work 
has  only  begun;  to  use  the  dip  properly  is  fully  as  important  as  to  use 
a dip  at  all. 


Statement  made  by  P.  A.  Gordon,  chief  inspector  of  stock,  Queensland. 


22 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


PRELIMINARY  QUESTIONS  IN  CHOOSING  A DIP. 

The  homemade  dips  which  are  most  commonly  used  have  either 
tobacco  or  sulphur  as  their  basis,  while  the  prepared  dips  contain 
tobacco,  sulphur,  arsenic,  carbolic  acid,  etc.,,  as  curative  agents. 

In  selecting  a dip  several  points  should  be  considered:  First  of  all, 
the  question  of  expense  will  naturally  arise;  next,  the  question  as  to 
whether  or  not  scab  actually  exists  in  the  flock  to  be  dipped,  or  whether 
or  not  the  dipping  is  more  of  a precautionary  matter,  or  for  the  sake 
of  cleansing  the  animal’s  skin.  The  facilities  at  hand,  the  setback  to 
the  sheep,  and  the  length  of  the  wool  are  also  matters  for  consideration, 
as  well  as  the  pastures  into  which  the  dipped  sheep  are  to  be  placed. 
Notwithstanding  statements  to  the  effect  that  a given  dip  can  be  used 
under  all  conditions,  the  above  questions  are  evidently  important. 

Expense. — In  estimating  the  expense  one  should  consider  not  only 
the  actual  outlay  for  the  ingredients  of  the  ooze,  but  the  cost  of  fuel 
and  labor,  the  injury,  if  any,  to  the  sheep,  and  the  liability  of  not  curing 
the  disease.  It  is  much  more  economical  to  use  an  expensive  dip  and 
cure  scab  than  it  is  to  use  a cheap  dip  and  fail  to  cure  it.  To  illustrate 
with  a well-known  homemade  dip:  A lime-and-sulphur  dip  may  be 
made  in  ten  to  thirty  minutes,  with  but  little  fuel  and  little  labor,  which 
may  or  may  not  cure  the  disease,  and  which  will  surely  do  great  injury 
to  the  wool;  or  a lime-and-sulphur  dip  may  be  made  in  several  hours’ 
time,  at  the  expense  of  considerable  fuel,  labor,  and  patience,  which  can 
be  relied  upon  to  cure  scab,  and  which  will  do  little  or  no  injury  to  the 
wool.  The  first  dip  is  cheap,  but  not  economical;  the  second  dip  is 
more  expensive,  but  more  economical. 

Does  scab  exist  in  the  flock? — Every  farmer  should  ask  himself  this 
question  before  he  selects  his  dip.  If  scab  does  not  actually  exist  and 
the  wool  is  long,  the  dipping  in  this  case  simply  being  a matter  of  pre- 
caution, it  is  best  not  to  select  a dip  containing  lime.  The  use  of  the 
lime-and-sulphur  dips  is  therefore  not  advised  simply  as  precautionary 
dressing  for  healthy  long-wooled  sheep.  On  the  contrary,  the  use  of 
any  dip  containing  lime,  as  a precautionary  measure,  should  be  avoided. 

The  facilities  at  hand  for  preparing  dip. — If  fuel  is  very  scarce,  so  that 
it  is  impracticable  to  boil  the  mixture  for  at  least  two  hours,  the  lime- 
and-sulphur  dips  should  not  be  selected.  A tobacco-and-sulpliur  dip, 
as  well  as  many  of  the  better  proprietary  dips,  can  be  made  without 
the  necessity  of  lengthy  boiling,  and  should  be  given  preference  when- 
ever facilities  for  boiling  are  not  at  hand. 

The  length  of  the  wool. — See  remarks  upon  this  subject  in  discussion 
of  lime  and  sulphur,  page  26. 

The  pastures. — In  case  it  is  necessary  to  place  the  dipped  sheep  on 
the  same  pastures  they  occupied  before  being  dipped,  it  is  always  best 
to  use  a dip  containing  sulphur.  If  a proprietary  dip  is  selected  under 
those  circumstances,  it  is  suggested  that  sulphur  be  added,  about  1 
pound  of  flowers  of  sulphur  to  every  6 gallons  of  dip.  In  case  it  is 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT. 


23 


possible  to  utilize  fresh  pastures  after  dipping,  the  use  of  sulphur  is  not 
so  ueeessary,  but  is  always  advisable.  The  object  in  using  sulphur  is 
to  place  in  the  wool  a material  which  will  not  evaporate  quickly,  but 
will  remain  there  for  a longer  period  of  time  than  the  scab  parasites 
ordinarily  remain  alive  away  from  their  hosts.  By  doing  this  the  sheep 
are  protected  against  reinfection. 

Kinds  of  Dips. 

Sulphur  is  one  of  the  oldest  kuown  remedies  for  scab,  its  use  dating- 
back  to  Columella  in  the  early  part  of  the  Christian  era.  As  a scab 
eradicator.  it  must  be  placed  among  the  best  substances  at  our  disposal. 
It  is  one  of  the  constituents  of  certain  proprietary  dips,  but  its  use  to 
the  farmer  is  best  known  in  the  tobacco-and-sulphur  dip  and  in  the  lirne- 
and-sulpliur  dip.  These  homemade  mixtures  are  the  two  dips  which 
have  played  the  most  important  roles  in  the  eradication  of  scab  from 
certain  English  colonies,  and  their  use,  especially  the  use  as  ivell  as  the 
abuse  of  lime  and  sulphur,  is  quite  extensive  in  this  country. 

THE  TOBACCO-AND-SULPHUR  DIP. 

The  formula,  as  given  here  and  as  adopted  by  the  New  South  Wales 
sanitary  authorities,  appears  to  have  first  been  proposed  in  1854  by 
Mr.  John  Rutherford.  Regarding  its  success  in  Australia,  Dr.  Bruce, 
chief  inspector  of  sheep  for  New  South  Wales,  makes  the  following- 
statements  : 

On  the  Hopkins  Hill  Station  Mr.  Rutherford,  with  two  dressings  of  these  ingredi- 
ents, then  cured  over  52,000 sheep  which  had  been  infected  for  eighteen  months;  and 
he  also  subsequently  cured  with  two  dippings  the  sheep  on  Mount  Fyans  Station, 
where  they  were  in  a most  wretched  state,  and  had  been  scabby  for  more  than  three 
years,  and  that,  too,  in  both  cases,  without  destroying  a single  hurdle  or  yard  or 
removing  any  of  the  sheep  from  their  old  runs. 

Since  then  millions  of  scabby  sheep  have  been  permanently  cured  in  Victoria  in 
the  same  way,  and  in  South  Australia  and  New  South  Wales  hundreds  of  thousands 
of  scabby  sheep  have  also  been  cleansed  with  tobacco  and  sulphur.  In  fact,  this 
dressing  has  the  credit  of  having  eradicated,  scab  from  the  flocks  of  both  the  latter 
colonies,  and  there  are  good  grounds  for  asserting  that  had  this  remedy  not  been 
known  and  used  neither  colony  would  be,  as  they  both  are  now,  almost  entirely  free 
from  the  scourge.  Judging  therefore  from  the  experience  of  the  three  colonies, 
there  is  no  medicament  or  specific  yet  known  [1884]  that  can  be  compared  with 
tobacco  and  sulphur  as  a thorough  and  lasting  cure  for  scab  in  sheep. 

The  proportions  adopted  by  Rutherford,  and  afterwards  made  official 
by  the  scab  sanitary  authorities,  are: 


Tobacco  leaves pound . . 1 

Flowers  of  sulphur do 1 

Water gallons..  '6 


The  advantage  of  this  dip  lies  in  the  fact  that  two  of  the  best  scab 
remedies,  namely,  tobacco  (nicotine)  and  sulphur,  are  used  together, 

1 The  original  formula  reads  5 gallons  (imperial)  which  are  equivalent  to  6 United 
States  gallons. 


24 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


both  of  which  kill  the  parasites,  while  the  sulphur  remains  in  the  wool 
and  protects  for  sometime  against  reinfection.  As  no  caustic  is  used 
to  soften  the  scab,  heat  must  be  relied  on  to  penetrate  the  crusts. 

Directions  for  preparing  the  dip. — A.  Infusing  the  tobacco:  Place  1 
pound  of  good  leaf  or  manufactured  tobacco  for  every  6 gallons  of  dip 
desired  in  a covered  boiler  of  cold  or  lukewarm  water  and  allow  to 
stand  for  about  twenty- four  hours;  on  the  evening  before  dipping  bring 
the  water  to  near  the  boiling  point  (212°  F.)  for  an  instant,  then  remove 
the  fire  and  allow  the  infusion  to  stand  over  night. 

B.  Thoroughly  mix  the  sulphur  (1  pound  to  every  0 gallons  of  dip 
desired)  with  the  hand  in  a bucket  of  water  to  the  consistency  of 
gruel. 

0.  When  ready  to  dip,  thoroughly  strain  the  tobacco  infusion  (A) 
from  the  leaves  by  presure,  mix  the  liquid  with  the  sulphur  gruel  (B), 
add  enough  water  to  make  the  required  amount  of  dip  and  thoroughly 
stir  the  entire  mixture. 

All  things  considered,  the  tobacco-and-sulphur  is  as  good  a dip  as  is 
known  at  the  present  time. 

See  also  the  discussion  of  the  tobacco  dip  on  page  30. 


LIME-AND-SULPHUli  DIPS. 


Under  the  term  “lime-and-sulphur  dips”  is  included  a large  num 
ber  of  different  formulae  requiring  lime  and  sulphur  in  different  pro- 
portions. In  general  practice  all  of  these  dips  are  spoken  of  as  “the 
lime-and-sulphur  dip,”  but  in  reality  each  separate  formula  represents 
a separate  dip. 

To  give  an  idea  of  the  variety  of  the  lime-and-sulphur  dips,  the  fol- 
lowing list  is  quoted,  the  ingredients  being  reduced  in  all  cases  to 
avoirdupois  pounds  and  United  States  gallons: 

1.  The  original  “Victorian  lime-and-sulphur  dip”  proposed  by  Dr. 
Rowe,  adopted  as  official  in  Australia: 

Flowers  of  sulphur pounds..  20f 

Fresh  slaked  lime do 10-A 

Water gallons. . 100 


2.  South  African  (Cape  Town)  official  lime-and-sulphur  dip: 


Flowers  of  sulphur  (minimum) pounds..  15 

Unslaked  lime do 15 

W ater gallons . . 100 


3.  South  African  (Cape  Town) official  lime-and-sulphur  dip,  February 
4,  1897: 


Flowers  of  sulphur pounds..  20| 

Unslaked  lime do 16£ 

Water gallons . . 100 


4.  Nevada  lime-and-sulphur  dip: 

Flowers  of  sulphur pounds . . 161- 

Lime 1 do 33£ 

W ater gallons . . 100 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT. 


25 


5.  Fort  Collins  lime-and-sulphur  dip: 

Flowers  of  sulphur pounds..  33 

Unslaked  lime do 11 

Water gallons..  100 

G.  A.  mixture  which,  used  to  some  extent  by  this  Bureau,  contains 
the  same  proportions  of  lime  and  sulphur  (namely,  1 to  3)  as  the  Fort 
Collins  dip,  but  the  quantities  are  reduced  to: 

Flowers  of  sulphur pounds..  24 

Unslaked  lime do 8 

Water gallons..  100 

Dangerous  formula}. 

7.  California  liine-and-sulphur  dip: 

Flowers  of  sulphur pounds..  100 

Lime do....  25 

Water gallons..  100 

8.  A very  dangerous  misprinted  formula  to  be  found  in  several  books 
and  journals,  probably  due  to  a typographical  error: 

Flowers  of  sulphur pounds..  100 

Lime do 150 

Water gallons..  100 

In  case  of  fresh  scab  formula  No.  6 will  act  as  efficaciously  as  the 
dips  with  a greater  amount  of  lime,  but  in  cases  of  very  hard  scab  a 
stronger  dip,  as  the  Fort  Collins  dip,  should  be  preferred,  or,  in  unusu- 
ally severe  cases,  an  ooze  with  more  lime  in  proportion  to  the  amount 
of  sulphur,  such  as  the  Victorian  (No.  1),  the  Nevada  (No.  4),  or  the 
South  African  (No.  3)  dip  might  be  used. 

Many  other  formuhe  might  be  cited,  but  these  are  enough  to  show 
the  great  variations  in  the  dips  which  have  been  used;  and  to  prove 
that  when  a party  simply  states  that  “lime  and  sulphur”  is  an  excel- 
lent dip,  or  that  it  is  a dangerous  dip,  or  that  he  has  succeeded  or 
failed  with  it,  or  that  the  lime-and-sulphur  dip  is  injurious  to  the  wool, 
his  statements  can  not  be  taken  as  definite,  unless  he  also  states  which 
lime-and-sulphur  dip  he  used  and  how  he  used  it. 

Prejudice  against  lime-and-sulphur  dips. 

There  is  at  present  great  prejudice  (a  certain  amount  of  it  justified 
no  doubt)  against  the  use  of  lime  and  sulphur,  emanating  chiefly  from 
the  agents  of  patent  or  proprietary  dips  and  from  the  wool  manufac- 
turers. It  will  be  well  therefore  to  consider  the  points  brought  forward 
by  them  against  its  use. 

In  the  first  place,  it  is  frequently  asserted  that  lime  and  sulphur 
does  not  cure  scab.  This  statement  is,  of  course,  in  the  interest  of  pro- 
prietary dips,  but  it  is  based  either  upon  an  absolute  ignorance  or  a 
misrepresentation  of  facts.  Experience  in  Australia  and  South  Africa, 
as  well  as  in  this  country,  has  shown  beyond  any  doubt  that  a lime- 
and-sulphur  dip,  when  properly  proportioned,  properly  prepared,  and 
properly  used,  is  one  of  the  best  scab  eradicators  known.  Oases  of  its 


26 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


failure  have  been  due  to  careless  or  improper  methods  of  its  prepara- 
tion and  use. 

It  is  claimed  by  some  that  it  produces  “ blood-poisoning.”  But  the 
cases  of  death  following  the  use  of  lime-and-sulphur  dips  have  been 
infinitesimally  few  when  compared  with  the  number  of  sheep  dipped  in 
these  solutions  and  when  compared  with  the  deaths  which  have  been 
known  to  follow  the  use  of  certain  proprietary  dips.  The  details  of 
such  accidents  so  far  as  they  have  been  reported  have  not  shown  that 
death  was  due  to  any  properly  prepared  and  properly  used  lime  and- 
sulphur  dip.  If  the  formula  of  100  pounds  of  sulphur,  150  pounds  of 
lime,  and  100  gallons  of  water  has  killed  animals,  that  surely  is  no  argu- 
ment against  the  formula  33  pounds  of  sulphur,  11  pounds  of  lime,  and 
100  gallons  of  water,  but  simply  shows  that  the  former  formula  is  too 
strong;  if  any  other  conclusion  than  this  is  drawn,  consistency  would 
compel  us  to  reject  many  of  our  most  valuable  remedies  because  some 
parties  had  used  them  in  overdose.  The  argument  frequently  raised 
against  lime  and  sulphur — namely,  that  u shear-cut”  sheep  die  when 
dipped  immediately  after  shearing  in  a lime-and-sulphur  dip  which  has 
stood  for  some  time — can  be  used  equally  well  against  other  dips,  and 
simply  shows  that  it  is  safer  to  use  a fresh  supply  of  dip  and  to  allow 
a short  time  to  elapse  after  shearing  before  dipping.  It  is  highly  prob- 
able that  the  cases  of  so-called  “ blood-poisoning”  of  shear-cut  sheep 
are  generally  due  to  an  infection  with  bacteria  in  stale  dip  contain- 
ing putrefying  material.  Some  cases  of  death  are  also  said  to  have 
occurred  after  using  a lime-and-sulphur  dip  made  in  brass  kettles. 

In  an  experiment  by  this  Bureau,  5 cc.  of  a clear  lime-and-sulphur 
ooze  (Formula  No.  6)  has  been  injected  under  the  skin  of  a sheep  with- 
out producing  any  evil  effects. 

The  greatest  objection  raised  against  the  use  of  lime-and-sulphur  dip 
is  that  it  injures  the  wool.  This  objection  is  raised  by  many  wool  man- 
ufacturers, and  echoed  with  ever-increasing  emphasis  by  the  manufac- 
turers of  prepared  dips;  while,  after  years  of  extensive  experience  with 
properly  prepared  dip,  its  injury  to  the  wool  is  strongly  and  steadfastly 
denied  by  the  agricultural  department  of  Cape  Colony. 

It  is  believed  that  a certain  amount  of  justice  is  attached  to  this 
objection  to  lime  and  sulphur  as  generally  used;  unless,  therefore,  lime 
and  sulphur  can  be  used  in  a way  which  will  not  injure  the  wool  to  an 
appreciable  extent,  we  should  advise  against  its  use  in  certain  cases; 
in  certain  other  cases  the  good  accomplished  far  outweighs  the  injury 
it  does.  Let  us,  therefore,  examine  into  this  damage  and  its  causes. 

The  usual  time  for  dipping  sheep  is  shortly  after  shearing,  when  the 
wool  is  very  short;  whatever  the  damage  at  this  time,  then,  it  can  be 
only  slight,  and  the  small  amount  of  lime  left  in  the  wool  will  surely  do 
but  little  harm. 

In  full  fleece,  lime  and  sulphur  will  cause  more  injury.  In  Australia 
the  deterioration  was  computed  by  wool  buyers  at  17  per  cent,  although 
in  Cape  Colony  the  department  of  agriculture  maintains  that  if  prop- 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT. 


27 


erly  prepared,  and  if  only  the  clear  liquid  is  used,  the  sediment  being 
thrown  away,  the  official  lime-and-sulphur  formula  will  not  injure  the 
long  wool.  In  our  own  experiments  we  have  found  some  samples  of 
wool  injured  by  dipping,  while  on  other  samples  no  appreciable  effect 
was  noticeable. 

It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  other  conditions,  such  as  variations  in 
the  feed,  pasturing  on  alkaline  laud,  ill  health  from  any  cause,  etc., 
may  cause  brittleness  of  the  wool,  which  might  be  mistaken  for  the 
effects  of  lime  and  sulphur. 

If  a lime-and-sulphur  dip  is  used,  care  must  be  taken  to  give  the  solu- 
tion ample  time  to  settle,  then  only  the  clear  liquid  should  be  used, 
while  the  sediment  should  be  discarded.  In  some  of  our  tests  on  sam- 
ples of  wool  we  have  found  that  the  dip  with  sediment  has  produced 
very  serious  effects  even  when  no  appreciable  effects  were  noticed  on 
samples  dipped  in  the  corresponding  clear  liquid. 

Experience  has  amply  demonstrated  that  a properly  made  and  prop- 
erly used  lime  and-sulphur  dip  is  one  of  the  cheapest  and  most  efficient 
scab  eradicators  known,  but  its  use  should  be  confined  to  flocks  in 
which  scab  is  known  to  exist,  and  to  shorn  sheep,  with  the  exception 
of  very  severe  cases  of  scab  in  unshorn  sheep.  It  should  only  be  used 
when  it  can  be  properly  boiled  and  settled.  The  use  of  lime  and-sul- 
pliur  dips  in  flocks  not  known  to  have  scab,  especially  if  the  sheep  are 
lull  fleeced,  can  not  be  recommended;  in  such  cases  tobacco,  or  sulphur 
and  tobacco,  is  safer  and  equally  good. 

If  a lime-and-sulphur  dip  is  chosen,  it  is  better  for  ordinary  cases  to 
use  the  solutions  containing  a small  amount  of  lime  and  three  times  as 
much  sulphur  as  lime,  as  the  Fort  Collins  formula  (33  pounds  of  sul- 
phur and  11  pounds  of  lime  to  every  100  gallons  of  water)  or  the  Bureau 
of  Animal  Industry  formula  (Ho.  6)  (24  pounds  of  sulphur  and  8 pounds 
of  lime  to  100  gallons  of  water),  rather  than  the  formula  with  a greater 
proportion  of  lime. 

If  the  stronger  solutions,  as  the  Victorian  formula  (Ho.  1),  or  the 
present  South  African  formula  (No.  3),  or  the  Nevada  formula  (No.  4) 
are  used  at  all,  their  use  should  be  confined  to  unusually  severe  out- 
breaks. Under  no  circumstances  should  the  Californian  formula  (No.  7) 
or  formula  No.  8 be  used.  They  are  too  strong,  and  the  latter  is  espe- 
cially liable  to  kill  the  sheep. 

Another  objection  raised  to  the  use  of  lime  and  sulphur  is  the  claim 
that  the  u shrinkage”  in  the  sheep  after  the  use  of  these  dips  is  greater 
than  after  the  use  of  other  dips.  In  reply  to  this  objection,  raised 
chiefly  by  patent-dip  manufacturers,  it  can  only  be  repeated  that  such 
has  not  been  the  experience  of  this  Bureau  (see  p.  35),  nor  was  it  the 
experience  of  Professor  Gillette  in  his  experiments  in  Colorado.  The 
burden  of  proof  for  the  opposite  statement,  with  exact  statistics,  rests 
upon  those  who  raise  this  objection. 

Still  another  objection  advanced  against  lime  and  sulphur  is  that 
its  continued  use  year  after  year  will  gradually  decrease  the  annual 


28 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY, 


clip.  Whether  this  objection  be  valid  or  not,  it  is  scarcely  necessary 
to  discuss  it  in  detail  in  this  place ; for,  in  the  first  place,  the  average 
sheep  raiser  of  this  country  does  not  keep  the  same  sheep  “year  after 
year,7’  but  sends  most  of  his  sheep  (breeding  ewes  and  the  rams 
excepted)  to  market.  Hence  there  will  usually  be  little  opportunity 
to  injure  the  wool  of  a given  animal  “year  after  year.”  In  the  next 
place,  if  lime  and  sulphur  are  properly  used  one  year,  so  that  the  flock 
is  freed  from  scab  and  if  reinfection  be  guarded  against,  it  will  not  be 
necessary  to  resort  again  to  lime  and  sulphur. 

These  objections  have  been  reviewed  somewhat  in  detail  in  order  to 
place  the  facts,  so  far  as  obtainable,  before  the  farmer.  It  is  not  par 
ticularly  advised  by  the  Bureau  that  lime  and  sulphur  be  used  in  this 
country  in  preference  to  sulphur  ami  tobacco,  or  tobacco  alone,  or  any 
other  effective  dip.  In  fact,  it  is  hoped  that  within  ten  years  there  will 
be  no  further  use  for  the  lime-and- sulphur  dips.  At  the  same  time, 
where  it  is  a choice,  on  the  one  hand,  between  lime  and  sulphur,  with  a 
temporary  slight  deterioration  in  the  value  of  wool,  but  an  absence  of 
scab,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  the  use  of  a secret  and  ineffective  patent 
dip,  with  the  continual  presence  of  scab,  and  hence  permanent  deterio- 
ration in  wool,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  decision  should  be  in 
favor  of  lime  and  sulphur  (properly  prepared  and  properly  used). 

All  things  considered,  where  it  is  a choice  between  sacrificing  the 
weight  of  sheep,  and  to  some  extent  the  color  of  the  wool,  by  using 
tobacco  and  sulphur,  and  sacrificing  the  staple  of  the  wool  by  using 
lime  and  sulphur,  the  farmer  should  not  hesitate  an  instant  in  selecting 
tobacco  in  preference  to  lime.  The  loss  in  weight  by  using  tobacco 
and  sulphur  is  not'  much  greater  than  the  loss  in  using  lime  and  sul- 
phur, while  the  loss  in  staple  is  of  more  importance  than  a slight 
discoloration. 

Preparation  of  the  mixture. — Almost  as  many  different  methods  of 
preparing  the  liquid  exist  as  there  are  different  formulae,  some  of  the 
methods  laying  great  stress  upon  sifting  both  the  lime  and  the  sulphur, 
others  laying  great  stress  upon  allowing  the  liquid  to  settle,  others 
leaving  out  of  consideration  both  of  these  points.  The  method  which 
has  been  found  in  the  Bureau  to  be  the  easiest  and  most  satisfactory 
is  as  follows : 

A.  Take  8 to  11  pounds  of  unslaked  lime,  place  it  in  a mortar  box  or 
a kettle  or  pail  of  some  kind,  and  add  enough  water  to  slake  the  lime 
and  form  a “lime  paste”  or  “lime  putty.” 1 

B.  Sift  into  this  lime  paste  three  times  as  many  pounds  of  flowers  of 
sulphur  as  used  of  lime,  and  stir  the  mixture  well. 

1 Many  persons  prefer  to  slake  the  lime  to  a powder,  which  is  to  be  sifted  and 
mixed  with  sifted  sulphur.  One  pint  of  water  will  slake  three  pounds  of  lime  if  the 
slaking  is  performed  slowly  and  carefully.  As  a rule,  however,  it  is  necessary  to 
use  more  water.  This  method  takes  more  time  and  requires  more  work  than  the  one 
given  above,  and  does  not  give  any  better  results.  If  the  boiled  solution  is  allowed 
to  settle  the  ooze  will  be  equally  as  safe. 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT. 


29 


Be  sure  to  weigli  both  the  lime  and  the  sulphur.  Do  not  trust  to 
measuring  them  in  a bucket  or  to  guessing  at  the  weight. 

C.  Place  the  sulphur-lime  paste  in  a kettle  or  boiler  with  about  25  to 
30  gallons  of  boiling  water,  and  boil  the  mixture  for  twcThours  at  least, 
stirring  the  liquid  and  sediment.  The  boiling  should  be  continued 
until  the  sulphur  disappears,  or  almost  disappears,  from  the  surface; 
the  solution  is  then  of  a chocolate  or  liver  color.  The  longer  the  solu- 
tion boils  the  more  the  sulphur  is  dissolved,  and  the  less  caustic  the 
ooze  becomes.  Most  writers  advise  boiling  from  thirty  to  forty  min- 
utes, but  we  obtain  a much  better  ooze  by  boiling  from  two  to  three 
hours,  adding  water  when  necessary. 

D.  Pour  the  mixture  and  sediment  into  a tub  or  barrel  placed  near 
the  dipping  vat  and  provided  with  a bunghole  about  four  inches  from 
the  bottom  and  allow  ample  time  (two  to  three  hours,  or  more  if  neces- 
sary) to  settle. 

The  use  of  some  sort  of  settling  tank  provided  with  a bunghole  is  an 
absolute  necessity,  unless  the  boiler  is  so  arranged  that  it  maybe  used 
both  for  boiling  and  settling.  An  ordinary  kerosene  oil  barrel  will 
answer  very  well  as  a small  settling  tank.  To  insert  a spigot  about 
three  to  four  inches  from  the  bottom  is  an  easy  matter.  Draining  off 
the  liquid  through  a spigot  has  the  great  advantage  over  dipping  it  out 
in  that  less  commotion  occurs  in  the  liquid,  which  therefore  remains 
freer  from  sediment. 

E.  When  fully  settled,  draw  off  the  clear  liquid  into  the  dipping 
vat  and  add  enough  warm  water  to  make  100  gallons.  The  sediment 
in  the  barrel  may  then  be  mixed  with  water  and  used  as  a disinfectant, 
but  under  no  circumstances  should  it  be  used  for  dipping  purposes. 

A double  precaution  against  allowing  the  sediment  to  enter  the  vat 
is  to  strain  the  liquid  through  ordinary  bagging  as  it  is  drawn  from  the 
barrel. 

In  watching  the  preparation  of  lime-and-sulphur  dips  by  other 
parties  the  Bureau  investigators  have  found  some  persons  who  laid 
great  stress  upon  stirring  the  sediment  well  with  the  liquid  before 
using  the  ooze.  This  custom  is  undoubtedly  responsible  for  a great 
deal  of  the  prejudice  which  exists  at  present  against  lime-and  sulphur 
dips;  and  considering  the  preparation  of  these  dips  in  this  way  there  is 
no  wonder  at  the  immense  prejudice  against  them  in  certain  quarters. 

To  summarize  the  position  of  the  Department  on  the  lime-and-sul- 
phur dips:  When  properly  made  and  properly  used,  these  dips  are 
second  to  none  and  equaled  by  few  as  scab  eradicators.  There  is 
always  some  injury  to  the  wool  resulting  from  the  use  of  these  dips, 
but  when  properly  made  and  properly  used  upon  shorn  sheep  it  is 
believed  that  this  injury  is  so  slight  that  it  need  not  be  considered;  on 
long  wool  the  injury  is  greater  and  seems  to  vary  with  different  wools, 
being  greater  on  a fine  than  on  a coarse  wool.  This  injury  consists 
chiefly  in  a change  in  the  microscopic  structure  of  the  fiber,  caused  by 
the  caustic  action  of  the  ooze.  When  improperly  made  and  improperly 
used  the  lime-and-sulphur  dips  are  both  injurious  and  dangerous,  and 


30 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


in  these  cases  the  cheapness  of  the  ingredients  does  not  justify  their 
use.  In  case  scab  exists  in  a flock  and  the  farmer  wishes  to  eradicate 
it,  he  can  not  choose  a dip  which  will  bring  about  a more  thorough  cure 
than  will  lime  and  sulphur  (properly  made  and  properly  used),  although 
it  will  be  perfectly  possible  for  the  farmer  to  find  several  other  dips 
which  will,  when  properly  used,  be  nearly  or  equally  as  effectual  as  any 
lime-and-sulphur  dip.  There  is  no  dip  to  which  objections  can  not  be 
raised. 

POTASSIUM  SULPHIDE  DIP. 

It  has  been  proposed  by  several  parties  to  use  a potassium  sulphide 
dip,  and  such  a dip  has  been  tried  to  some  extent.  As  yet,  however, 
judgment  upon  it  must  be  reserved.  Gillette  tried  a dip  composed  of 
4J  pounds  of  potash  lye,  1G  pounds  of  flowers  of  sulphur,  and  100  gal- 
lons of  water,  and  promises  further  reports  on  its  effectiveness.  Sheep 
dipped  in  this  liquid  gained  but  G pounds,  namely,  the  same  as  the 
sheep  treated  with  carbolic  dip. 

TOBACCO  DIPS. 

The  active  principle  of  tobacco,  upon  which  the  tobacco  dips  depend 
for  their  action,  is  a poisonous  substance  known  as  nicotine.  This 
poison  when  applied  to  animals  externally  in  too  strong  solutions  may 
cause  nausea,  fainting,  and  even  death.  The  dog  and  the  rabbit  are 
particularly  susceptible  to  its  effects.  Diluted  to  about  thirty- three 
one-thousandtlis  to  sixty  one-thousandths  of  1 per  cent  it  makes  a slow 
but  sure- acting  and  excellent  sheep  dip. 

Unfortunately  the  percentage  of  nicotine  varies  greatly,  not  only  in 
different  kinds  of  tobacco,  but  also  in  different  parts  of  the  plant,  in 
different  years,  and  even  in  different  parts  of  the  same  package.  There 
is  more  nicotine  in  the  leaves,  for  instance,  than  in  the  stems.  In  fer- 
mented tobacco  there  seems  to  be  a certain  relation  between  the 
amount  of  nicotine  and  the  amount  of  juice  present,  so  that  in  general 
dry,  thin  leaves  do  not  contain  so  much  nicotine  as  thick,  u fat”  leaves. 
The  variation  in  percentage  of  nicotine  in  different  kinds  of  tobacco 
may  be  seen  from  the  following  table  of  determinations  taken  from 
Kissling,  1893: 


Statement  giving  the  name  of  tobacco  and  amount  of  nicotine  in  percentage  of  dry  substance. 


Virginia 

Virginia 

Kentucky 

Sumatra 

Seedleaf 

Seedleaf 

Havana 

Havana 

Per  cent. 

4.80 

4.30 

4.50 

4.10 

3.00 

3.00 

1.  90 

Brazil 

Turkish 

Elsace 

Elsace 

Maryland 

Maryland  scrubs 

Carman 

Ohio  Bay 

Per  cent. 

1.14 

2.51 

1.91 

0.92 

1.26 

1.17 

1.18 

1.06 

Brazil 

2.78 

Ambalrma 

1.17 

Brazil  F<dix 

2.  73 

Domingo 

0.82 

Brazil  Felix 

1.25 

Ohio 

0.68 

Java 

2.61 

SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT.  31 

Iii  four  carloads  of  stems,  aggregating  127,273  pounds,  one  American 
firm  extracted  1,405.43  pounds  of  nicotine,  or  1.104  per  cent. 

While  the  above  figures  represent  the  percentages  extracted  in  the 
chemical  and  manufacturing  laboratories,  they  do  not  necessarily  repre- 
sent the  amount  which  the  farmer  would  be  able  to  extract  with  the 
methods  and  apparatus  at  his  disposal.  On  account  of  the  variation 
in  the  amount  of  nicotine  in  the  different  samples  of  tobacco,  it  is  prac- 
tically impossible  for  the  farmer  to  make  up  an  exact  desired  strength 
of  tobacco  dip  if  he  prepares  his  own  mixture  from  the  leaves.  He 
can,  however,  prepare  a mixture  which  will  come  within  the  limits 
necessary  to  kill  the  scab  parasites.  If  a solution  of  an  exact  given 
strength  is  desired,  it  will  be  necessary  to  buy  prepared  nicotine,  or 
prepared  tobacco  dips  of  a guaranteed  strength  and  reduce  them  to 
the  strength  determined  upon. 

To  prepare  the  tobacco  dip  from  the  leaves,  it  is  best  to  use  at  least 
21  pounds  of  leaves  to  every  100  gallons  of  water.  Assuming  that  a 
tobacco  leaf  is  used  from  which  the  farmer  might  extract  2 per  cent 
of  nicotine,  the  100  gallons  of  ooze  would  contain  slightly  more  than 
five  hundredths  of  1 per  cent;  to  obtain  100  gallons  of  ooze  of  thirty- 
three  one-thousandths  of  1 per  cent  strength,  it  would  be  necessary  to 
use  21  pounds  of  tobacco  yielding  nearly  1.3  per  cent  nicotine. 

Directions  for  preparing  the  dip. — For  every  100  gallons  of  dip  desired, 
take  21  pounds  of  good  prepared  tobacco  leaves;  soak  the  leaves  in 
cold  or  lukewarm  water  for  twenty-four  hours  in  a covered  pot  or 
kettle;  then  bring  the  water  to  near  the  boiling  point  for  a moment 
and,  if  in  the  morning,  allow  the  infusion  to  draw  for  an  hour;  if  in 
the  evening,  allow  it  to  draw  over  night;  the  liquid  is  next  strained 
(pressure  being  used  to  extract  as  much  nicotine  as  possible  from  the 
wet  leaves)  and  diluted  to  100  gallons  per  21  pounds  of  tobacco.  This 
dip  should  be  used  as  fresh  as  possible  as  it  contains  a large  amount  of 
organic  material  which  will  soon  decompose. 

The  proportions  here  given,  21  pounds  of  prepared  tobacco  leaves  to 
100  gallons  of  water,  have  given  very  satisfactory  results,  especially  in 
Cape  Town  colony,  where  the  reports  of  the  scab  inspectors  accord  this 
homemade  tobacco  dip  third  place  among  the  dips  officially  recognized. 
In  regard  to  one  of  the  proprietary  tobacco  dips  the  Cape  Town  agri- 
cultural department  reports  as  follows:  u Highly  spoken  of  by  several 
inspectors.  Very  efficacious,  and  improves  the  quality  of  the  wool, 
making  it  soft  and  pliable.  The  one  thing  which  militates  against  its 
general  use  is  its  expense,  hindering  the  poorer  farmers  from  using  it. 
It  is  allowed  to  be  one,  if  not  the  best,  of  the  patent  dips  in  use,  and 
also  the  safest.”  By  all  means  the  use  of  a tobacco  dip,  or  of  the 
tobacco-and-sulphur  dip,  in  preference  to  the  lime-and-sulphur  dips  is 
advised  in  case  the  sheep  to  be  dipped  show  no  unmistakable  signs  of 
scab. 

The  advantages  of  the  tobacco  dip  are  that  it  is  comparatively  cheap, 


32 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


since  tlie  farmer  can  grow  his  own  tobacco;  that  it  is  effectual  and  at 
the  same  time  not  injurious  to  the  wool.  The  disadvantages  of  the  dip 
are  that  it  sometimes  sickens  the  sheep:  that  it  also  occasionally 
sickens  the  persons  who  use  it,  especially  if  they  are  not  smokers;  it 
spoils  very  rapidly;  it  causes  a greater  setback  than  lime  and  sulphur, 
but  less  of  a setback  than  carbolic  dips. 

ARSENICAL  DIPS. 

There  are  both  homemade  arsenical  dips  and  secret  proprietary  arsen- 
ical dips.  It  is  well  to  use  special  precautions  with  both  because  of  the 
danger  connected  with  them.  One  of  the  prominent  manufacturers  of 
dips,  a firm  which  places  on  the  market  both  a powder  arsenical  dip 
and  a liquid  nonpoisonous  dip,  recently  summarized  the  evils  of  arsen- 
ical dips  in  the  following  remarkable  manner: 

The  drawbacks  to  the  use  of  arsenic  may  be  summed  up  somewhat  as  follows: 
(a)  Its  danger  as  a deadly  poison,  (fo)  Its  drying  effect  on  the  wool,  (c)  Its  weak- 
ening of  the  fiber  of  the  wool  in  one  particular  part  near  the  skin,  where  it  comes  in 
contact  with  the  tender  wool  roots  at  the  time  of  dipping,  (d)  Its  not  feeding  the 
wool  or  stimulating  the  growth,  or  increasing  the  weight  of  the  fleece,  as  good 
oleaginous  dips  do.  (e)  The  danger  arising  from  the  sheep  pasturing,  after  coming  out 
of  the  bath,  where  the  wash  may  possibly  have  dripped  from  the  fleece,  or  where 
showers  of  rain,  after  the  dipping,  have  washed  the  dip  out  of  the  fleece  upon  the 
pasture.  (/)  Its  occasionally  throwing  sheep  off  their  feed  for  a few  days  after 
dipping,  and  so  prejudicing  the  condition  of  the  sheep.  ( g ) Its  frequent  effect  upon 
the  skin  of  the  sheep,  causing  excoriation,  blistering,  and  hardness,  which  stiffen  and 
injure  the  animal,  sometimes  resulting  in  death. 

Although  this  manufacturer  has  -gone  further  in  his  attack  upon 
arsenic  than  this  Bureau  would  have  been  inclined  to  do,  it  must  be 
remarked  that  when  a manufacturer  of  such  a dip  can  not  speak  more 
highly  of  the  chief  ingredient  of  his  compound  than  this  one  has  done 
in  the  above  quotation,  his  remarks  tend  to  discredit  dips  based  upon 
that  ingredient.  It  might  be  added  that  Bruce,  the  chief  inspector  of 
live  stock  for  New  South  Wales,  pays  his  respects  to  arsenical  dips 
with  the  statement,  “Arsenic  and  arsenic  and  tobacco  (with  fresh  runs) 
cured  9,284  and  failed  with  9,271.” 

It  may  be  said,  on  the  other  hand,  that  arsenic  really  has  excellent 
scab-curing  qualities;  it  enters  into  the  composition  of  a number  of  the 
secret  dipping  powders  and  forms  the  chief  ingredient  in  one  of  the  old- 
est secret  dips  used.  This  particular  dip  has  been  given  second  place 
(with  some  qualifications)  among  the  officially  recognized  dips  in  South 
Africa.  In  deference  to  the  opinion  of  those  who  prefer  an  arsenical 
dip  several  formulae  are  quoted  here. 

Formulae  for  arsenical  dips. — Finlay  Dun  recommends  the  following: 
Take  3 pounds  each  of  arsenic,  soda  ash  (impure  sodium  carbonate)  or 
pearl  ash  (impure  potassium  carbonate),  soft  soap,  and  sulphur.  A 
pint  or  two  of  naphtha  may  be  added  if  desired.  The  ingredients  are 
best  dissolved  in  10  to  20  gallons  of  boiling  water  and  cold  water  is 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT. 


33 


added  to  make  up  1 120  gallons.  The  head  of  the  sheep  must,  of  course, 
be  kept  out  of  the  bath. 

A mixture  highly  indorsed  by  certain  parties  consists  of  the  following 


ingredients: 

Commercially  pure  arsenite  of  soda pounds..  14 

Ground  roll  sulphur do 34£ 

Water gallons  (U.  S.)..  432 


The  arsenite  of  soda  is  thoroughly  mixed  with  the  sulphur  before 
being  added,  to  the  water. 

Precautions  in  use  of  arsenical  mixtures. — Any  person  using  an  arsen- 
ical dip  should  bear  in  mind  that  he  is  dealing  with  a deadly  poison. 
The  following  precautions  should  be  observed: 

(1)  Yards  into  which  newly  dipped  sheep  are  to  be  turned  should 
first  be  cleared  of  all  green  food,  hay,  and  even  fresh  litter;  if  perfectly 
empty  they  are  still  safer.  (2)  When  the  dipping  is  finished,  the  yard 
should  be  cleaned,  washed,  and  swept,  and  any  unused  ooze  should  at 
once  be  poured  down  a drain  which  will  not  contaminate  food  or 
premises  used  by  any  animals.  (3)  Dipped  sheep  should  remain  in  an 
open,  exposed  place,  as  on  dry  ground.  (4)  Overcrowding  should  be 
avoided,  and  every  facility  given  for  rapid  drying,  which  is  greatly 
facilitated  by  selecting  fine,  cleai:,  dry  weather  for  dipping.  (5)  On 
no  account  should  sheep  be  returned  to  their  grazings  until  they  are 
dry  and  all  risk  of  dripping  is  passed. 

Suggestion  as  to  danger. — The  formulae  given  above  are  copied  from 
the  writings  of,  men  who  have  had  wide  experience  in  dipping,  but  this 
Bureau  assumes  no  responsibility  for  the  efficacy  of  the  dips  given  or 
for  their  correct  proportions.  Furthermore,  as  long  as  efficacious  lion- 
poisonous  dips  are  to  be  had,  we  see  no  necessity  for  running  the  risks 
attendant  upon  the  use  of  poisonous  dips. 

CARBOLIC  DIPS. 

A carbolic-acid  dip  may  be  made  at  home  or  may  be  purchased  as  a 
proprietary  article.  This  class  of  dips  kills  the  scab  mites  very  quickly, 
but  unfortunately  the  wash  soon  leaves  the  sheep,  which  is  conse- 
quently not  protected  from  reinfection  in  the  pastures.  If,  therefore, 
a carbolic  dip  is  selected,  it  is  well  to  add  flowers  of  sulphur  (1  pound 
to  every  G gallons)  as  a protection  against  reinfection. 

The  advantages  of  carbolic  dips  are  that  they  act  more  rapidly  than 
the  tobacco  or  sulphur  dips,  and  that  the  prepared  carbolic  dips  are 
very  easily  mixed  in  the  bath.  They  also  seem,  according  to  Gillette, 
to  have  a greater  effect  on  the  eggs  of  the  parasites  than  either  the 
sulphur  or  the  tobacco  dips.  The  great  disadvantages  of  this  class  of 
dips  are,  first  in  some  of  the  proprietary  dips,  that  the  farmer  is  uncer- 
tain regarding  the  strength  of  material  he  is  using;  second,  the  sheep 

1 The  original  formula  reads  100  (imperial)  gallons,  which  ecjual  120  United  States 
gallons. 

3227— No.  21 3 


34 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


receive  a greater  setback  than  they  do  with  either  lime  and  sulphur  or 
tobacco. 

Gillette  reports  most  excellent  results  from  the  use  of  a certain  pre- 
pared carbolic  dip.  The  Bureau  purchased  the  same  dip  upon  the 
open  market  and  tested  its  effects  upon  the  sheep  in  the  proportion 
recommended  by  the  manufacturer  on  the  label  of  the  package  and 
also  in  one-half  and  one  third  that  strength.  In  the  first  and  second 
tests  the  dip  was  severe  both  on  the  sheep  and  on  the  operators.  In 
one  case  it  caused  a considerable,  though  temporary,  eruption  on  the 
hands  and  arms  of  an  operator.  In  all  three  cases  the  dipped  sheep 
were  almost  overcome  in  the  dipping  tank,  and  upon  recovering  them- 
selves ran  around  the  field  in  an  excited  manner,  bleating  loudly  and 
shaking  their  heads  and  tails.  The  eyes  were  more  congested  than  we 
have  ever  seen  them  to  be  after  a liine-aud-sulphur  or  a tobacco  dip. 

An  objection  to  some  of  the  proprietary  carbolic  dips  is  that  the 
manufacturers  themselves  apparently  are  little  acquainted  with  their 
own  mixtures.  Their  claims  are  extravagant  and  their  directions  often 
contradictory.  It  may  be  admitted  that  the  carbolic  dips  are  promis- 
ing and  that  they  may  have  a brilliant  future,  but  they  have  not  had 
a very  brilliant  past,  and  this  Bureau  is  inclined  to  be  extremely  con- 
servative in  regard  to  them  and  to  advise  their  manufacturers  to  pre- 
pare them  in  a guaranteed  strength  with  more  explicit  directions  for 
use  than  are  to  be  found  in  the  present  circulars.  The  dip  just  referred 
to  was  certainly  more  severe  in  its  effects  on  the  sheep  than  can  be 
justified  by  its  quick  action  in  killing  the  scab  parasites,  considering 
that  other  equally  effective  but  milder  solutions  are  to  lie  had. 

We  also  found  in  our  tests  (which  are  not  yet  fully  completed)  that 
the  sheep  have  gained  less  in  weight  when  dipped  in  certain  two  of 
these  washes  than  when  dipped  in  lime  and  sulphur,  or  in  sulphur  and 
tobacco,  or  in  tobacco. 

If  a carbolic  dip  is  used  care  must  be  taken  that  the  ingredients 
form  a thorough  emulsion  $ if  a scum  arises  to  the  top,  a softer  water 
should  be  used. 

In  justice  to  this  class  of  dips  it  is  only  fair  to  state  that  while  the 
views  here  expressed  are  entirely  in  accord  with  the  opinions  of  some 
authorities,  they  do  not  agree  with  the  views  held  by  others 5 but  they 
are  based  upon  the  material  purchased  in  open  market,  and  probably 
represent  the  experience  of  many  who  have  used  these  dips.  The 
investigations  of  the  Bureau  certainly  show  that  more  tests  are  neces- 
sary before  this  class  of  dips  can  be  indorsed.  It  is  hoped  that  these 
tests  may  be  made  in  the  near  future. 

One  of  the  prominent  proprietary  carbolic  dips  was  formerly  recog- 
nized as  one  of  the  three  official  dips  in  New  South  Wales,  but  it  has 
now  been  stricken  from  the  list.  In  Cape  Town  carbolic  dips  are  not 
much  used,  and  in  the  official  reports  little  is  said  concerning  them. 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT. 


35 


Setback  to  the  Sheep  from  Dipping. 

Dipping  often  results  in  a slight  setback.  If  sheep  are  weighed 
immediately  before  dipping,  and  again  at  the  same  hour  the  following 
day,  it  will  be  noticed  that  the  weight  has  changed.  There  may  be  a 
gain,  but  usually  there  is  a loss  varying  from  h,  to  3£  pounds.  The  sec- 
ond day  there  may  also  be  either  a gain  or  loss.  As  the  weight  of 
sheep  varies  from  day  to  day,  from  1 to  5 pounds  in  loss  or  gain,  due 
chiefly  to  the  increase  or  decrease  of  the  amount  of  fodder  and  water 
in  the  stomach,  the  effects  of  dipping  can  not  be  estimated  in  twenty- 
four  or  forty-eight  hours.  In  order  to  meet  statements  made  concern- 
ing loss  or  gain  in  weight,  this  Bureau  had  sheep  dipped  at  stated 
intervals,  and  the  weights  taken  from  week  to  week;  all  the  sheep  were 
kept  under  exactly  the  same  conditions;  the  dips  used  were  lime  and 
sulphur,  tobacco  and  sulphur,  and  two  proprietary  carbolic  dips. 

At  the  end  of  about  two  months,  after  three  dippings,  all  of  the 
sheep  showed  a gain,  with  the  exception  of  one  of  the  sheep  from 
the  carbolic  dip,  which  lost  slightly.  The  lowest  gain  among  the  sheep 
treated  with  tobacco  dip  was  3J  pounds,  the  highest  111  pounds.  The 
lowest  gain  among  the  sheep  treated  with  lime  and  sulphur  was  7 
pounds,  the  highest  pounds.  The  lowest  gain  among  the  sheep 
treated  with  the  carbolic  dip  was  1^  pounds,  the  highest  3.J  pounds, 
while  one  animal  lost  J pound.  The  sheep  were  given  a fourth  dipping, 
and  at  the  end  of  another  month  showed  the  following  gains  and  losses 
over  their  original  weight  at  first  dipping:  Sheep  treated  with  tobacco, 
9 to  15  pounds  gain;  sheep  treated  with  lime  and  sulphur,  11J  to  14 
pounds  gain ; sheep  treated  with  carbolic  dip,  1 to  6J  pounds  gain,  in 
one  case  13J  pounds  lost. 

The  experiment  was  then  repeated,  the  lime  and  sulphur  being  used 
on  sheep  previously  dipped  in  carbolic  or  tobacco  dips,  and  vice  versa. 
After  ten  days  the  sheep  treated  with  lime  and  sulphur  had  gained 
from  2 to  3 pounds;  the  sheep  treated  with  tobacco  had  remained  sta- 
tionary or  had  lost  from  1 to  1J  pounds;  the  sheep  treated  with  car- 
bolic dip  had  gained  as  high  as  1 pound,  or  remained  stationary,  or 
had  lost  as  much  as  2J  pounds.  At  this  point  circumstances  inter- 
vened which  closed  the  experiments  for  the  season. 

Gillette  has  also  made  determinations  of  the  loss  of  weight  of  sheep 
from  dipping.  Part  of  his  results  agree  with  ours  and  part  differ. 
The  chief  point  of  difference  in  opinion  is  that  Gillette  considers  that 
the  best  conclusion  can  be  based  upon  weights  taken  a few  days  after 
dipping,  while  we  consider  the  weight  at  a later  period  as  the  better 
criterion.  Gillette  gives  weights  from  November  17  to  December  22, 
and,  taking  the  cases  where  the  sheep  have  been  dipped  twice,  we  see 
from  his  tables  that  the  carbolic  sheep  gained  on  an  average  G pounds, 
the  sheep  treated  with  tobacco  gained  8 pounds,  the  sheep  treated 
with  arsenical  dip  gained  8 pounds,  the  sheep  treated  with  lime  and 


36 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


sulphur1  gained  9 pounds,  while  the  sheep  which  were  not  dipped,  in 
order  to  give  a basis  for  comparison,  gained  6 pounds. 

Holding  in  mind  that  sheep  may  apparently  gain  or  lose  about  3 
pounds  per  day  when  not  dipped,  it  is  seen  from  the  experiments  by 
Gillette,  in  Colorado,  and  by  this  Bureau,  in  the  District  of  Columbia, 
that  the  oft-repeated  claim  that  lime-and-sulpliur  dips  give  a greater 
setback  than  other  dips  is  erroneous.  In  both  the  Western  and  the 
Eastern  experiments  the  sheep  treated  with  lime  and  sulphur  averaged 
the  greatest  gain,  the  sheep  treated  with  tobacco  the  second  highest 
gain,  while  the  carbolic  sheep  showed  the  lowest  gain. 

DIPPING  PLANTS. 

There  are  numerous  kinds  of  dipping  plants  in  use,  the  size  and  style 
varying  according  to  the  conditions  which  are  to  be  met  and  the  indi- 
vidual taste  of  the  owuer. 

The  farmer  who  has  but  a small  flock  can  use  a small  portable  vat 
for  dipping,  turning  a part  of  his  barn  or  some  shed  into  a catching 
lien;  by  lioldiDg  the  sheep  a moment  at  the  top  of  the  incline,  as  the 
animals  emerge  from  the  vat,  and  allowing  them  to  drain,  he  can  do 

away  with  the  necessity  of  a drain- 
ing yard. 

When  large  flocks  are  to  be 
dipped  at  stated  periods  it  will  be 
economy  to  build  a more  perma- 
nent plant.  Such  a plant  should 
consist  of  (1)  collecting  and  forcing 
yards,  provided  with  a (2)  drive 
and  (3)  chute,  or  slide,  into  the  (4) 
dipping  vat,  from  which  an  (5)  in- 
cline with  cross  cleats  leads  to  the 
(6)  draining  yards. 

Heating  tanks  or  boilers  are  also 
necessary.  For  a small  vat  any 
portable  caldron  (figs.  5 and  (»)  with  a capacity  of  30  to  100  gallons 
will  answer,  and  the  proper  temperature  may  be  maintained  by  pouring 
fresh  hot  ooze  into  the  vat  as  the  supply  is  exhausted  by  the  dipping. 
In  the  large  permanent  plants  the  temperature  can  best  be  regulated 
by  means  of  a steam  pipe  or  hot  water  coil  close  to  the  floor  of  the  tub. 

Thermometers  are  an  absolute  necessity.  The  floating  dairy  ther- 
mometer (fig.  7)  will  be  found  to  be  most  convenient,  and  several  extra 
thermometers  should  be  kept  on  hand  to  replace  broken  instruments. 
The  thermometer  is  dropped  into  the  vat  and  allowed  to  float  for  a 
short  time,  then  quickly  removed  and  the  temperature  determined.  It 
is  well  to  make  paint  marks  at  the  side  of  the  100°  and  110°  points. 

Unfortunately  for  the  comparison  this  lot  did  not  receive  the  same  fodder  as  the 
others. 


Fig.  5. — A simple  caldron  which  may  he  used  for 
boiling  dip. 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT. 


37 


Building  material. — The  yards  and  vat  may  be  built  of  wood,  conciete, 
cemented  stone,  or  brick,  according  to  the  individual  taste  of  the  owner 
and  the  facilities  at  hand. 

Dimensions. — The  dimensions  of  the  various  parts  given  in  the  follow- 
ing descriptions  may  be  varied  according  to  the  breed  and  the  number 
of^sheep  to  be  dipped.  Dipping  liquid  will  be  saved  by  making  the 
tub  much  narrower  on  the  bottom  than  at  the  top.  On  top,  simple 
oblong  dipping  tanks  vary  from  1 foot  9 inches  to  3 feet  in  breadth,  2 
feet  or  2 feet  6 inches  forming  a convenient  medium.  Floors  vary  from 
6 inches  to  3 feet  in  width,  9 inches  forming  a good  working  medium. 
Depth  varies  from  3 feet  to  5 feet  0 inches,  4 feet  to  5 feet  forming  a 


Fig.  6.— A caldron  with  stove. 


convenient  medium.  If  calves  are  to  be  dipped  in  the  same  vat  it  will 
be  best  to  make  the  tub  5 feet  or  5 feet  6 inches  deep. 

In  sinking  the  tub  in  the  ground  it  is  always  well  to  have  the  top  of 
the  tub  9 inches  above  the  ground  line.  It  is  also  well  to  sink  one  end 
(where  the  sheep  are  thrown  in)  slightly  lower  than  the  other  end,  as 
this  will  make  it  easier  to  empty  and  clean  the  vat. 

Crutches , or  fortes.— In  using  large  vats  crutches,  or  dipping  forks, 
are  necessary,  and  even  with  small  vats  they  are  useful.  Crutches 
should  be  5 or  6 feet  long.  The  handle  should  be  strong  (rake  handles 
are  a little  too  light).  One  end  is  provided  with  an  iron  ferrule,  into 
which  the  bent  iron  is  inserted.  The  iron  should  be  one-half  inch  round 


38 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


or  three-quarters  inch  half  round.  The  form  of  the  crutches 
is  shown  in  figs.  8 and  9. 

Gauges. — The  capacity  of  tubs  should  be  plainly  marked 
on  the  side  every  3 or  G inches,  in  order  to  correctly  measure 
the  amount  of  liquid. 

Small  Portable  Vats  for  Small  Flocks. 


12D; 

1: 

11; 

if; 

ii; 

iztt: 

111! 


li: 


m 


% 

2 

0 

1 

© 


3H 

ill 

ill 

41 

il 


If  no  regular  dipping  vat  is  at  hand  a good-sized  tub 
may  be  used,  as  shown  in  fig.  10.  Dipping  in  this  manner 
is  slow  and  tedious,  but  may  be  resorted  to  in  case  of  neces- 
sity, as,  for  instance,  when  a few  sheep  are  bought  from 
another  flock  which  is  not  known  to  be  absolutely  free  from 
scab.  If  care  is  taken  to  dip  thoroughly  the  dipping  may 
be  done  as  effectually  in  such  a tub  as  it  could  be  done  in 
a large  vat.  Recourse  to  ordinary  tubs  is  not  advised, 
however,  when  it  is  possible  to  use  regular  dipping  vats. 
Lambs  may,  in  case  of  necessity,  be  dipped  in  troughs,  as 
shown  in  fig.  11. 

A small  portable  vat,  suitable  for  use  in  dipping  small 
flocks,  is  shown  in  fig.  12.  When  not  in  use  this  vat  may 
be  conveniently  stored  away.  An  advantage  connected 
with  this  vat  is  that  it  may  be  drawn  from  place  to  place  as 
desired.  The  dimensions  here  given  may  be  varied,  accord- 
ing to  individual  taste,  by  making  the  vat  longer,  broader, 
or  deeper.  A convenient  size  will  be  9 feet  long  by  2J  feet 
broad  at  the  top,  9 inches  broad  at  the  bottom,  and  3^  to  5 
feet  deep;  the  floor  measures  9 inches  broad  by  4 feet  long; 
from  1 foot  above  one  end  of  the  floor  a slant  with  cross 
cleats  rises  to  the  top  and  end  of  the  vat.  The  sheep  are 
dropped  in  by  hand,  one  at  a time,  at  the  deep  end,  and  after 
being  held  in  the  dip  for  two  minutes  are  allowed  to  leave 
the  vat  at  the  slanting  end.  They  are  held  a moment  on 
the  slant  to  allow  them  to  drain  off,  thus  economizing  in 
dip.  A gate  may  be  placed  at  the  deeper  part  of  the  slant 
if  desired,  in  order  to  save  labor.  This  gate  should  swing 
toward  the  exit  of  the  vat.  Such  a tank  may  be  made  of 
1 J-inch  pine  boards,  with  tongue  and  groove,  and  should 
be  well  pitched  or  painted. 

This  plan  of  vat  may  be  easily  modified,  if  desired,  so  as  to 
have  a small  dripping  pen  attached,  as  shown  in  figs.  13  and 
14.  In  this  modified  plan  an  inclined  platform  is  added  to 
the  vat  shown  in  fig.  12  and  a removable  skeleton  box  is  made 
to  fit  over  it.  While  one  sheep  is  being  dipped  another 
sheep  is  allowed  to  ascend  the  incline  into  the  small  dripping 
pen.  When  the  sheep  is  sufficiently  drained  the  gate  is 
opened,  it  leaves  the  pen,  the  gate  is  closed,  the  sheep  in  the 
vat  enters  the  pen,  and  another  sheep  is  placed  in  the  vat. 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT. 


39 


A small  portable  vat  used  in  some  places  is  shown  in  tigs.  15  and  10. 
Dipping  in  a vat  of  this  kind  may  be  thorough,  but  is  tedious. 

Another  style  of  small  vat  suitable  for  holding  three  sheep  at  a time 
is  shown  in  fig.  17.  It  is  estimated  that  1,500  sheep  may  be  dipped  in 
this  tub  in  a single  day.  The  dimensions  of  the  plant  are  given  in  the 
diagram,  and  need  no  further  explanation. 

it 


Fig.  8.— A crutch,  or  dipping  fork.  (Copied  Fig.  9.— Another  style  of  crutch,  or  dipping 

from  the  Agricultural  Journal,  1894,  p.  261.)  fork. 

More  Permanent  Plants  for  Larger  Flocks. 

RECEIVING  AND  FORCING  YARDS. 

Where  large  numbers  of  sheep  are  to  be  dipped,  it  is  necessary  to 
build  receiving  pens  close  to  the  dipping  vat.  The  number  and  size  of 
the  liens  vary  with  the  number  of  sheep  to  be  handled.  The  yards 


Fig.  10 — Dipping  sheep  in  a tub.  (Copied  from  Stewart’s  The  Shepherd’s  Manual,  1882,  p.  47.) 


40 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


may  be  either  square  or  oblong,  as  shown  in  figs.  17  and  18,  or  they  may 
be  circular,  as  shown  in  fig.  19.  The  square  or  oblong  yards  are  the 
more  simple  in  construction  and  need  no  detailed  description,  as  all 
details  maybe' seen  by  consulting  the  diagrams.  The  circular  yard, 
however,  needs  a word  of  explanation. 


Fig.  11. — Trougli  for  dipping  lambs.  (Copied  from  Stewart’s  The  Shepherd’s  Manual,  1882,  p.  48.) 

In  using  the  circular  yards  (fig.  19)  two  natural  habits  of  the  sheep 
are  turned  to  practical  account,  so  as  to  lessen  the  work  of  driving, 
namely,  the  habit  sheep  have  of  u ringing”  when  disturbed  in  a yard, 
and  the  tendency  they  show  to  escape  at  the  point  where  they  enter  an 
in  closure. 


The  flock  is  yarded  at  AB  and  find  its  way  into  yards  1 and  2 
through  the  openings  CD  and  CD.  When  these  yards  are  full  the 
gates  CD  and  AB  are  closed  to  form  yard  0.  The  sheep  then  circle 
through  yards  3,  4,  5,  and  G,  coming  to  the  point  at  which  they  entered 


41 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT. 


and  expecting  to  escape.  When  yards  3,  4,  5,  and  C are  filled  the  other 
gates  are  closed,  so  that  the  sheep  can  not  return  to  yards  1 and  2.  if 


the  animals  hesitate  to  enter  yards  3,  4,  5,  and  (i,  another  natural  tend- 
ency  of  the  sheep  may  here  be  turned  to  account.  A man  jumps  over 
the  fence  and  runs  through  the  flock  in  the  opposite  direction  (6,  5,  4, 3) 


Fig.  14. Detachable  skeleton  box,  with  gate,  to  lit  over  the  dripping  platform  shown  in  fig.  13. 

to  that  in  which  the  animals  are  wanted  to  move.  This  will  generally 
result  in  starting  the  sheep  in  the  desired  direction. 


42 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


From  the  exit  of  yard  G (BC)  there  should  be  built  a narrow  run 
extending  to  the  dipping  vat.  This  run  should  be  about  20  feet  long 
by  2J  feet  wide,  and  should  be  provided  with  sides  high  enough,  espe- 


Fig.  15. — A small  patented  portable  vat  arranged  as  a cart.  (Copied  from  Armatage,  1895,  The  Sheep 

Doctor,  p.  494.) 


cially  near  the  vat,  to  prevent  the  sheep  from  jumping  over  and  thus 
escaping.  These  sides  should  be  continued  a short  distance  along  both 
sides  of  the  vat.  The  last  5 feet  of  this  run  should  slant  down- 
ward toward  the  vat  at  an  incline  of  25  to  30  degrees,  and  should  be 


Fig.  1(>.— Portable  vat  unfolded  and  in  use.  (Copied  from  Armatage,  1895,  The  Sheep  Doctor,  p.  494.) 


smooth.  By  pouring  upon  it  some  of  the  dip  it  may  be  made  slippery 
so  that  the  sheep  will  slide  into  the  vat.  If  there  is  no  natural  incline 
toward  the  vat,  an  incline  may  easily  be  made  by  raising  the  floor  of 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT. 


43 


Fig.  17. — A small  dipping  plant:  A,  collecting  yard;  i>,  dipping  vat;  C,  place  for  man  with  fork;  D, 
incline,  with  cross  cleats,  to  draining  pens  E and  F.  Lower  diagram  gives  dimensions  of  the 
vat.  (Copied  from  Sutherland’s  Sheep  Farming,  1892.) 


Fig.  18.— Receiving  and  forcing  yards,  with  attached  stage,  decoy  pen,  vat,  draining  yards,  etc.  Scale 
50  by  1£  inches.  (Copied  from  Bruce’s  Scab  and  Its  Cure,  1894,  p.  17.) 


chute,  straight  vat,  incline,  two  draining  pens,  etc.  Scale  50  feet  to  1£  inches,  making  the  outer 
circle  of  the  yards  about  66  feet  in  diameter.  (Copied  from  Bruce’s  Scab  and  Its  Cure,  1894,  p.  17.) 


44 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


the  run  at  a point  5 feet  from  the  vat.  The  sheep  will  then  pass  up  the 
incline  x to  the  highest  point ;iy,  then  down  the  incline  chute  z. 

Much  time  will  be  saved  in  dipping  if  the  yards  and  run  are  arranged 
in  such  a way  that  the  sheep  in  the  race  can'  not  see  the  dipping  vat. 
This  can  be  accomplished  by  either  of  two  simple  methods:  First,  the 
run,  instead  of  being  straight,  may  be  built  with  a sudden  angle  at  the 
point  y (see  fig.  19);  the  vat  will  then  not  be  visible  to  the  sheep 

ascending  the  incline  x ; or,  second, 
if  a straight  run  is  built  as  shown 
in  fig.  19  a loose  curtain  of  bagging 
may  be  hung  at  the  point  where  the 
run  joins  with  the  vat.  This  curtain 
will  fall  back  into  place  as  the  sheep 
drop  into  the  vat. 

A modification  of  the  circular  pen 
is  seen  in  fig.  20,  taken  from  Gibson’s 
(1893)  History  and  Present  State  of 
the  Sheep  Breeding  Industry  in  the 
Argentine  Bepublic. 

CHUTES,  OR  SLIDES. 

The  most  simple  kind  of  chute  is 
made  by  using  an  incline  at  the  end 
of  the  run,  as  shown  in  fig.  19. 

A second  kind  of  chute  in  use  is 
the  endless-chain  or  treadmill  chute, 
shown  in  fig.  21.  Its  construction 
can  be  seen  from  the  diagram  and 
need  not  be  described  in  detail. 
This  chute  may  be  improved  by 
building  it  on  a slant  toward  the  vat, 
in  which  case  a bolt  or  other  arrange- 
ment must  be  attached  to  stop  the 
chute  when  desired;  the  weight  of 
the  sheep  on  the  movable  chute  will 
help  to  carry  the  animals  toward  the 
vat. 

A third  chute  in  use  is  a pivoted  platform,  shown  in  fig.  22.  The 
sheep  walk  out  on  the  platform  until  they  overbalance  its  free  end,  and 
then,  when  a sliding  bolt  is  removed,  fall  into  the  tank.  The  structure 
of  the  chute  may  be  seen  from  the  figure.  Accidents  are  more  likely 
to  result  from  using  this  chute  than  from  using  the  slant  or  the  chain 
chute. 

For  dipping  pregnant  ewes  some  persons  build  a movable  platform 
which  can  be  lowered  into  the  vat  and  raised  at  will. 


pens,  etc.  The  dimensions  are  given  in  the 
metric  system:  1 m.  (meter)  equals  39.36 
inches.  (Copied  from  Gibson’s  History  and 
Present  State  of  the  Sheep-Breeding  In- 
dustry in  the  Argentine  Republic,  1893.) 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT. 


45 


THE  DIPPING  VAT. 

The  dipping  vat  may  be  made  on  several  different  plans:  The  single 
oblong  straight  vat;  the  double  or  triple,  with  turns  at  the  ends;  the 


Fig.  21.— Dipping  plant  provided  with  an  endless-chain  or  treadmill  chute.  (Copied  from  the  Amer- 
ican Sheep  Breeder,  1891.) 

square;  or  the  circular.  In  case  of  single  oblong  vats,  time  will  be 
saved  in  dipping  if  a long  vat  is  used,  so  that  the  animals  may  swim 


Fig.  22. — Dipping  plant  illustrating:  A,  collecting  and  forcing  yards;  E,  straight  drive;  G,  decoy  pen 
in  which  several  sheep  are  kept;  D , dipping  pen  with  pivoted  floor  E,  secured  by  a holt;  by  with- 
drawing the  bolt  the  sheep  are  precipitated  into  the  square  tub  F;  G,  sliding  gate  through  which 
the  sheep  pass  from  the  tub  to  the  draining  pens,  J and  K;  L,  channel  for  drip,  conducting  the 
ooze  back  to  the  vat.  The  lower  diagram  gives  a surface  view  of  the  upper  figure.  (Copied  from 
the  Veterinarian,  1862,  p.  333.) 

directly  through  without  stopping,  and  then  leave  the  tank.  Very  nat- 
urally the  longer  the  vat  the  more  building  material  and  ooze  will  be 
required.  Yats  are  in  use  varying  from  10  to  120  feet  long. 


46 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


The  single  oblong  vat. — Single  oblong  dipping  vats  are  shown  in  figs. 
18,  19,  20,  21,  23.  These  tanks  should  be  made  about  2J  feet  broad  at 


GROUND  PLAN. 


D 

D 

mu 

ECU 

SECTION. 

\ " 

\ 

E 

j 

E 

/ 


\ 


Fig.  23.—  A,  collecting  yard  for  the  sheep  which  are  to  he  dipped;  I?,  B , B,  small  pens  leading  to  G, 
an  inner  pen  with  an  inclined  chute,  or  in  which  a man  may  stand  to  pass  the  sheep  one  at  a time 
into  the  vat ; D D , the  tub,  which  should  measure  from  20  to  120  feet  long,  21  to  <10  inches  broad  at 
the  top,  6 to  9 inches  broad  at  the  bottom  ; M,  board  2 feet  high  on  each  side  of  the  entrance  of  the 
vat  to  catch  the  splash  and  to  prevent  the  sheep  from  escaping;  B,  E.  draining,  or  dripping,  pens; 
F , swinging  gate;  G , cross  section  of  the  tub;  J,  crutch  for  keeping  the  backs  of  the  sheep  under 
the  surface,  and  for  catching  or  holding  sheep  in  the  dip.  (This  drawing  is  taken  from  the  Agri- 
cultural Journal,  III,  1891,  p.  236;  it  was  also  published  in  the  American  Sheep  Breeder,  Feb.  15, 
1892.) 

the  top,  9 inches  broad  at  the  bottom,  and  1 to  5 feet  deep  ; the  length 
may  be  20  to  120  feet,  as  desired.  One  end  (the  entrance)  should  be 
straight,  as  shown  in  figs.  24  and  26,  or  with  a steep 
slant,  as  shown  in  figs.  21,  23,  and  25,  while  the  last 
5 to  14  feet  at  the  other  end  (exit)  should  have  a 
gradual  slant  with  cross  cleats. 

The  square  vat. — A square  vat  is  shown  in  fig.  22. 
This  tub  should  be  5 feet  deep,  and  large  enough  to 
hold  10  or  12  sheep  at  a time.  The  square  vat  does 
not  present  any  particular  advantages  over  nar- 
row oblong  vats,  except  that  it  gives  the  sheep 
an  opportunity  to  swim  around.  This  kind  of  a 
vat  is  not  in  very  general  use  among  large  herders. 

The  triple  vat. — In  the  triple  vat  (fig.  28)  the  sheep 
come  through  the  run,  or  drive,  and  slide  into  the 
first  vat  at  A;  swimming  in  the  direction  of  the 
arrows  they  round  the  turns  B and  (7,  ascend  the 
incline  J),  and  enter  the  draining  pens.  The  theory 
upon  which  this  triple  vat  is  used  is  that  upon 
rounding  the  point  B the  sheep  bend  toward  the 
left,  thus  crumpling  the  scabs  on  the  left  side  and 
opening  the  wool  on  the  right;  upon  rounding  the  point  G they  bend 
toward  the  right,  crumpling  the  scabs  of  that  side  and  opening  the 


i 

J 

i 

«S  ! 

i 

! 

A 

* 

! N 

i i 

i_ 

//<? 

i i 

* I 

TOP  SECTIO  N.  SIDES  ECTI 01* 

Fig.  24. — A straight  vat 
kuown  as  the  Aus- 
tralian sbeep  dipping 
tank.1 


1 This  vat  is  in  use  at  Tulcumbah  station,  New  South  Wales,  and  gives  much  sat- 
isfaction. The  swimming  race  is  29  feet  3 inches  long,  1 foot  10  inches  wide  at  top, 
with  gradual  inward  slope  to  11  inches  at  the  bottom,  and  5 feet  9 inches  deep  ; the 
landing  stage  (slant)  is  14  feet  3 inches  long  (surface  measurement),  with  a rise  ot 
5 feet  9 in  14  feet  3 inches.  To  allow  for  any  weak  sheep,  which  stand  in  the  way 
and  block  the  others  at  the  end  of  the  swim,  the  landing  stage  opens  out  from  1 foot 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT. 


47 


wool  on  the  left.  This  is  evidently  a more  theoretical  than  practical 
consideration. 


Fig.  25.— A somewhat  similar  straight  swim  taken  from  Sutherland's  Sheep  Farming:  A,  collecting 
pens;  J>,  B,  smaller  pens  (7,  small  pen  at  the  side  of  the  vat;  K,  decoy  pen  in  which  several 
sheep  are  placed  to  induce  the  sheep  in  pen  B to  enter  pen  C;  D , D,  a tub  50  to  60  feet  long,  5 feet 
deep,  21  inches  broad  until  3 "eet  from  the  top,  then  narrowing  to  6 or  8 inches  at  the  bottom,  as 
shown  in  the  cross  section,  G;  M , a board  2 feet  high  to  catch  the  splash;  the  last  18  feet  of  the 
swim  slants  gradually,  with  cross  cleats,  to  the  draining  pens,  as  seen  in  II;  E,  E,  draining  pens, 
worked  alternately  with  the  swinging  gate,  F;  each  pen  measures  24  by  15  feet,  and  should  slant 
toward  the  vat;  J,  crutch  5 or  G feet  long;  A,  mixer  for  stirring  the  liquid. 

Each  run  should  be  about  15  to  30  feet  long  and  2^  feet  broad;  the 
tank  should  be  4Jto  5 feet  deep  and  4 to  feet  wide  at  the  bottom. 


CATCHING  KRAAL 


Floor  where  man  with  forkworta 


TANK 


IE 


DRAINING  KRAAL. 


Fig.  26. — A dipping  plant  figured  in  the  Agricultural  Journal,  1894,  p.  620,  in  use  in  South  Africa. 

At  the  point  A , where  the  sheep  fall  into  the  swim,  it  is  best  to  have 
the  floor  of  the  first  run  2J  feet  wide  for  a distance  of  6 feet,  in  order 


10  inches  at  top  and  11  inches  at  bottom  to  a width  (top  and  bottom)  of  6 feet  at  a 
distance  of  6 feet  3 inches  (longitudinally)  from  the  end  of  the  swimming  race, 
and  gradually  widens  for  the  remaining  8 feet  of  length  to  a width  of  7 feet  at 
the  end. 


48- 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Fm.  27. — A dipping  plant  in  use  in  Millard  County,  Utah.  A,  chute  from  the  large  corral ; B , a slop- 
ing hoard  over  which  the  sheep  in  attempting  to  pass  to  the  decoy  pen,  G,  slide  into  the  tank,  D; 
K,  K,  two  pieces,  2 by  0 iuches  and  12  feet  long,  bolted  lengthwise  of  the  tank,  leaving  a 12-inch 
space  in  the  middle  of  the  dip  through  which  the  sheep  must  put  their  heads,  preventing  those  in 
rear  from  riding  those  in  front,  at  the  same  time  keeping  their  backs  under  the  dip.  (Copied  from 
Powers’  The  American  Merino,  1887,  p.  808.) 


i5Tt.  to  30  Ft. 


Fig.  28. — A triple  vat.  The  various  diagrams  give  surface  view,  oross  section,  vertical  section  of 
entrance  to  the  vat,  and  vertical  section  of  the  incline  and  dripping  pens. 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT. 


49 


to  prevent  accidents,  but  beyond  that  distance  the  floor  may  be  nar- 
rowed in  order  to  save  the  dipping  fluid.  If  the  partitions  F and  F 
are  not  made  solid  the  ooze  will  circulate  more  easily  and  thus  remain 
at  a more  even  temperature ; the  boards  should  be  close  enough 
together,  however,  to  prevent  the  sheep  from  catching  their  feet  in  the 
cracks.  A gate  should  be  arranged  at  D,  so  that  the  animals  may  be 
delayed  in  the  ooze,  if  desired.  (See  also  flg.  36  of  the  triple  vat  in  use 
at  the  Chicago  Stock  Yards.) 

The  circular  vat. — Some  parties  prefer  a circular  vat  (fig.  29).  The 
advantages  set  forth  in  favor  of  this  are,  first,  a fewer  number  of  men 
are  required  to  attend  to  the  animals  in  the  tub;  second,  where  it  is 


2 


Fig.  29. — A circular  (lipping  tank.  (Copied  from  the  Agricultural  Journal,  1895,  p.  119.) 

desired  to  give  any  particular  sheep  an  extra  long  swim,  this  may  be 
done  by  quickly  closing  the  gate  I)  at  the  exit,  thus  compelling  the 
animal  to  swim  around  again,  without  delaying  the  other  sheep;  third, 
by  building  a circular  vat  with  a circumference  of  30  feet  the  animals 
may  be  made  to  swim  around  two,  three,  or  four  times,  thus  gaining 
the  advantage  of  a tank  60,  90,  or  120  feet  long,  yet  with  a much  smaller 
amount  of  building  and  dipping  material. 

The  vat  should  be  2£  feet  broad  a*t  the  top,  9 inches  broad  at  the  bot- 
tom, and  5 feet  deep.  To  determine  the  circumference  multiply  the 
diameter  by  3.1416. 

Despite  the  advantages  of  the  circular  tank  in  saving  material  and 
obtaining  the  advantages  of  a long  swim,  there  are  two  rather  serious 
3227— No.  21 4 


50 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY, 


objections  to  it:  First,  in  the  vat  as  shown  in  fig.  29,  it  is  necessary  to 
throw  the  animals  in  by  hand,  since  a chute  directed  into  the  circle 
would  lead  to  accident;  second,  the  circular  vat  is  much  more  difficult 
of  construction  than  the  straight  vat. 

These  objections  may,  however,  be  overcome  in  several  ways,  still 
preserving  all  the  advantages.  If  a circular  vat  is  preferred  and  a 


chute  is  desired,  the  object  may  be  attained  by  building  a short,  straight 
vat  on  a tangent  to  the  circle,  as  shown  in  fig.  30.  In  this  case,  two 
swinging  or  sliding  gates,  A and  B , will  be  required. 

The  double  vat. — All  of  the  advantages  of  the  circular  vat  may  be 
combined  with  the  easy  construction  of  the  straight  vat  by  building  a 
straight  tub  with  a double  channel,  as  shown  in  figs.  31  and  32,  the 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT. 


51 


second  swim  being  prolonged  in  an  incline  to  the  draining  pens.  Such 
a vat  may  be  constructed  as  follows: 

Build  an  oblong  tub  15  feet  long,  5 feet  deep,  5 feet  wide  at  the  top, 
and  3 to  5 feet  wide  at  the  bottom.  Running  lengthwise  through  the  cen- 
ter, build  an  upright,  partially  open,  partition  10  feet  long  and  4J  feet 
deep  (measured  from  the  top  of  the  tub),  leaving  an  open  space  of  2J  feet 
at  each  end  and  G inches  at  the  bottom;  this  partition  is  supported  by 
three  uprights  running  to  the  floor  of  the  tub,  and  cross  supports  may  be 
placed  on  top  of  the  tub  at  any  point  except  near  the  entrance  of  the 


swim.  A gate  is  hung  at  one  end  between  the  slide  (entrance)  and  the 
incline  (exit),  and  should  extend  above  the  tub,  in  order  to  prevent  the 
sheep  from  jumping  over  the  middle  partition  into  the  second  swim; 
it  should  extend  down  to  within  about  G or  12  inches  of  the  floor  of  the 
tub.  When  this  gate  is  closed  against  the  middle  partition  the  sheep 
will  leave  the  vat  by  the  incline  to  the  draining  pens;  when  it  is  closed 
against  the  incline,  the  sheep  can  be  forced  to  swim  around  the  tub  two 
or  three  times,  as  desired.  Or,  in  place  of  a swinging  gate,  two  sliding 
gates  may  be  arranged  to  run  up  and  down  in  grooves,  balancing  each 


52 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


other  or  each  balanced  separately  by  weights.  One  of  these  gates  is 
placed  between  the  end  of  the  vat  and  the  end  of  the  middle  partition, 
the  other  is  placed  at  the  entrance  of  the  incline  to  the  draining  pens. 

By  constructing  the  double  vat  and  sending  the  sheep  around  three 
times  there  would  result,  first,  a saving  in  the  original  cost  of  the 
tank  when  compared  with  a 90-foot  straight  swim;  second,  a saving  in 
space;  third,  less  than  half  as  much  dip  would  have  to  be  kept  warm 
at  a time;  fourth,  less  than  half  as  much  dip  would  have  to  be  made 


up  at  a time;  fifth,  the  residue  after  dipping  would  be  reduced  and 
thus  the  loss  decreased.  It  would,  however,  take  a longer  time  to  dip 
a large  flock  of  sheep  in  such  a vat  than  in  a straight  vat  90  feet  long. 


The  Incline  to  the  Dripping  Pens. 

At  the  end  of  the  vat  an  incline,  with  cross  cleats,  is  built  so  that 
the  sheep  may  leave  the  dip  of  their  own  accord  and  enter  the  draining 
pens.  A board  fence,  2 feet  high  above  the  top  of  the  vat,  should  run 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT. 


53 


a few  feet  each  side  of  this  incline  to  prevent  the  sheep  from  escaping. 
These  inclines  are  shown  in  figs.  21 , 23,  25,  and  2G ; the  rise  for  fat  heavy 
wool  sheep  must  not  be  too  steep,  otherwise  the  exertion  will  be  too 
great.  In  fig.  24  the  incline  is  5 feet  9 inches  in  a surface  distance  of 
14  feet  3 inches.  At  the  Chicago  Stock  Yards  the  incline  is  9 feet. 

Much  labor  will  be  saved  if  a hinged  or,  still  better,  a sliding  gate 


is  placed  at  the  deepest  portion  of  the  incline.  The  slieep  may  thus  be 
held  in  the  dip  as  long  as  desired;  when  the  time  is  up  the  gate  is 
opened  and  the  sheep  enter  the  draining  pens. 

The  Dripping  Pens. 

There  should  be  two  dripping  pens  side  by  side  (figs.  17, 18, 21,  23,  and 
33)  with  a swinging  gate  at  the  entrance;  one  is  filled,  the  gate  is  then 
closed,  opening  the  other  pen;  when  the  second  pen  is  filled  the  first 
pen  is  emptied;  or  the  pens  may  be  in  direct  line  with  the  vat  (figs.  17 
and  22). 

These  pens  should  have  a slight  incline  toward  the  tub  so  that  the 
dripping  ooze  will  run  back  to  the  tub.  A good  plan  is  to  build  the 
incline  from  the  sides  toward  the  center  fence;  under  the  fence  build 
a partially  covered  gutter  inclining  to  the  tub;  the  cover  of  the  gutter 
should  be  removable  to  allow  cleaning;  at  the  end  of  the  gutter  nearest 
the  tub  place  a grating  to  catch  the  wool  and  droppings,  thus  prevent- 
ing these  materials  from  being  washed  into  the  dip. 


54 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Shelter  for  the  Dipping  Plant. 

The  vat,  boilers,  and  dripping  pens  should  be  under  cover,  and  it  will 
be  well  to  extend  the  cover  over  the  drive  and  the  forcing  pens. 

Arrangements  for  Cleaning. 

Gleaning  the  plant  may  be  facilitated  if  the  following  suggestions 
are  observed:  It  is  well  to  have  one  end  of  the  vat  slightly  lower  than 
the  other  end,  so  that  the  ooze  will  run  toward  that  point  when  the 
tub  is  being  emptied.  If  the  entire  floor  of  the  collecting  pens  is  made 
of  brick,  cement,  or  boards,  and  inclines  slightly  toward  one  or  two 
points,  the  yards  may  be  more  easily  cleaned  by  means  of  a hose  and 


Fig.  34.—  Ground  plan  of  yards  and  vat.  (Copied  from  Powers’  The  American  Merino,  1887,  p.  304.) 


stream  of  water.  If  this  plan  is  adopted  there  should  be  an  upright 
baseboard  or  a solid  wall  of  concrete  or  brick  a few  inches  in  height 
running  around  the  edge  of  the  entire  pen.  If  there  is  direct  sewer 
connection  for  the  vat  a trap  or  manhole  should  be  made  to  catch  the 
droppings  and  the  tags  of  wool,  otherwise  the  sewer  pipe  will  become 
obstructed. 

Boiling,  Infusing,  and  Settling  Tanks. 

The  arrangement  of  the  boiling  tanks  depends  upon  two  factors  in 
particular : First,  upon  the  kind  of  dip  used ; second,  upon  the  arrange- 
ment adopted  for  keeping  the  bath  at  the  proper  temperature. 

In  case  a steam  pipe  is  placed  near  the  floor  of  the  dipping  vat  in 
order  to  keep  the  ooze  at  its  proper  temperature  while  dipping,  the  vat 
itself  may  be  used  for  heating  water.  Clear  water  is  run  into  the  vat 
and  the  steam  turned  on  full  force  until  the  proper  temperature  is 
obtained.  If  a carbolic  or  a prepared  tobacco  dip  is  used,  the  material 
may  then  be  mixed  in  the  vat  if  desired.  Even  in  this  case,  however, 
it  is  best  to  provide  a separate  boiling  tank  for  heating  and  preparing 
fresh  ooze  to  replace  the  dip  as  it  is  used  up. 

These  boiling  tubs  may  be  made  of  wood  or  iron,  according  to  the 
facilities  at  hand.  If  steam  is  to  be  had,  the  square  or  round  wooden 
boiling  tub  may  be  used,  and  an  open  steam  pipe  run  into  it  to  heat 
the  water.  If  the  steam  pipe  can  not  be  used,  either  in  the  vat  or  in 


Pig.  35. — View  of  the  clipping  plant  at  the  stock  yards,  South  Omaha,  Nebr. 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT. 


55 


56 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


the  boiling  tanks,  iron  tanks  should  be  provided.  The  iron  tanks  are 
set  in  brick  or  stone  frames,  with  a fireplace  below.  It  is  best  to  have 
two  tanks,  each  with  a capacity  of  about  400  gallons. 

If  a homemade  tobacco  dip  is  prepared  from  the  leaves  there  should 
also  be  provided  two  iron  infusing  caldrons,  each  with  a cover  and  with 
a capacity  of  80  to  120  gallons.  The  infusion  is  prepared  in  these 
smaller  tanks,  while  the  bulk  of  the  water  is  heated  in  the  boiling 
tanks  or  in  the  swim  itself. 

If  a lime-and-sulphur  dip  is  used  it  is  absolutely  necessary  to  pro- 
vide some  means  for  settling  the  mixture,  in  order  that  the  bath  may 
be  free  from  sediment.  This  may  be  done  in  two  ways.  The  better 
way  is  to  have  separate  settling  tubs  provided  with  bungholes  or  pipes 
three  or  four  inches  from  the  bottom.  After  the  mixture  is  thoroughly 
boiled  it  is  pumped  into  the  settling  tubs  and  allowed  to  remain  there 
until  it  is  perfectly  free  from  sediment;  the  clear  liquid  is  then  run 
into  the  dipping  vat  and  diluted  with  warm  water  to  the  proper 
strength.  Or  the  boiling  tanks  may  also  be  used  as  settling  vats.  A 
pipe  with  elbow  joint  is  run  into  the  boiling  tank  three  or  four  inches 
above  the  bottom;  the  opening  of  the  jhpe  should  point  sidewise,  not 
up.  After  boiling  the  proper  length  of  time  the  fire  is  removed  and 
the  liquid  allowed  to  stand  uutil  clear;  only  the  clear  ooze  is  drawn 
off,  the  sediment  remaining  on  the  floor  of  the  boiling  tank. 

Measures. 

The  capacity  of  the  vat  should  be  marked  at  different  depths.  The 
capacity  of  the  boilers  should  also  be  marked  in  the  same  way.  If 
these  are  marked  for  every  100,  200,  300,  or  500  gallons  (according  to 
the  amount  of  dipping  to  be  done),  separate  measuring  tanks  will  be 
unnecessary.  In  case  the  tanks  are  not  marked  a separate  measuring 
tank  should  be  provided. 

If  a homemade  tobacco  dip  or  a lime  and-sulphur  dip  is  used  a set 
of  scales  is  necessary.  To  guess  at  weights  in  mixing  lime  and  sulphur 
may  result  in  too  strong  a dip. 

Pumps. 

A portable  pump  will  be  found  of  great  use  in  filling  and  emptying 
tanks. 


Fig.  36. — View  of  the  dipping  plant  at  the  Union  Stock  Yards,  Chicago.  111.  (This  dipping  plant,  including  vat,  boiler,  etc.,  cost  about  $2,500.) 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT 


57 


FEDERAL  LAWS  AND  REGULATIONS  RELATIVE  TO 

SHEEP  SCAB. 


As  tlie  scab  of  tlie  sheep  is  unquestionably  a contagious  disease,  it 
is  unlawful  to  ship  sheep  so  affected  from  any  State,  Territory,  or  the 
District  of  Columbia  into  any  other  State,  Territory,  or  the  District  of 
Columbia.  The  penalties  for  such  shipment  of  diseased  sheep  are 
heavy,  as  will  be  seen  from  an  examination  of  sections  0 and  7 of  the 
act  approved  May  29,  1884,  which  are  as  follows : 

Sec.  6.  That  no  railroad  company  within  the  United  States,  or  the  owners  or 
masters  of  any  steam  or  sailing  or  other  vessel  or  hoat,  shall  receive  for  transpor- 
tation or  transport,  from  one  State  or  Territory  to  another,  or  from  any  State  into 
the  District  of  Columbia,  or  from  the  District  into  any  State,  any  live  stock  affected 
with  any  contagious,  infectious,  or  communicable  disease,  and  especially  the  disease 
known  as  pleuro-pneumonia ; nor  shall  any  person,  company,  or  corporation  deliver 
for  such  transportation  to  any  railroad  company,  or  master  or  owner  of  any  boat  or 
vessel,  any  live  stock,  knowing  them  to  be  affected  with  any  contagious,  infectious, 
or  communicable  disease;  nor  shall  any  person,  company,  or  corporation  drive  on 
foot  or  transport  in  private  conveyance  from  one  State  or  Territory  to  another,  or 
from  any  State  into  the  District  of  Columbia,  or  from  the  District  into  any  State,  any 
live  stock,  knowing  them  to  be  affected  with  any  contagious,  infectious,  or  communi- 
cable disease,  and  especially  the  disease  known  as  pleuro-pneumonia:  Provided,  That 
the  so-called  splenetic  or  Texas  fever  shall  not  be  considered  a contagious,  infectious, 
or  communicable  disease  within  the  meaning  of  sections  four,  five,  six,  and  seven  of 
this  act,  as  to  cattle  being  transported  by  rail  to  market  for  slaughter,  when  the 
same  are  unloaded  only  to  be  fed  and  watered  in  lots  on  the  way  thereto. 

Sec.  7.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  to  notify,  in 
writing,  the  proper  officials  or  agents  of  any  railroad,  steamboat,  or  other  transpor- 
tation company  doing  business  in  or  through  any  infected  locality,  and  by  publica- 
tion in  such  newspapers  as  he  may  select,  of  the  existence  of  said  contagion;  and 
any  person  or  persons  operating  any  such  railroad,  or  master  or  owner  of  any  boat 
or  vessel,  or  owner  or  custodian  of  or  person  having  control  over  such  cattle  or  other 
live  stock  within  such  infected  district,  who  shall  knowingly  violate  the  provisions 
of  section  six  of  this  act,  shall  be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and,  upon  conviction, 
shall  be  punished  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  one  hundred  dollars  nor  more  than  five 
thousand  dollars,  or  by  imprisonment  for  not  more  than  one  year,  or  by  both  such 
fine  and  imprisonment. 

The  provisions  of  this  statute  are  very  specific  and  clear,  and  there 
can  be  no  possible  doubt  of  their  application  to  the  disease  under  con- 
sideration. Congress  has,  nevertheless,  gone  still  further  by  way  of 
emphasizing  this  application,  and  has  particularly  directed  the  atten- 
tion of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  to  a few  important  diseases, 
including  sheep  scab,  by  the  following  clause,  which  has  been  repeated 
in  the  appropriation  act  for  a number  of  years : 

* * * and  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  is  hereby  authorized  to  use  any  part  of 

this  sum  lie  may  deem  necessary  or  expedient,  and  in  such  manner  as  he  may  think 
58 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT. 


59 


liest,  in  the  collection  of  information  concerning  live  stock,  dairy,  and  other  animal 
products,  and  to  prevent  the  spread  of  pleuro-prieumonia,  tuberculosis,  sheep  scab, 
and  other  diseases  of  animals,  and  for  this  purpose  to  employ  as  many  persons  as  he 
may  deem  necessary. 

Acting  in  accordance  with  this  legislation,  the  following  orders  have 
been  made  and  promulgated  by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture: 

REGULATIONS  PROHIBITING  THE  TRANSPORTATION  OF  ANIMALS  AFFECTED  WITH  HOG 
CHOLERA,  TUBERCULOSIS,  OR  SHEEP  SCAB. 

U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Office  of  the  Secretary, 
Washington,  D.  C.,  December  13,  1S95. 

Notice  is  hereby  given  that  under  the  law  relating  to  control  of  contagious  and 
infectious  diseases  of  animals,  the  regulations  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry 
dated  April  15,  1887,  are  hereby  amended  by  additional  section,  as  follows: 

Sec.  15.  Animals  atfected  with  hog  cholera,  tuberculosis,  or  sheep  scab  shall  be 
considered  animals  atfected  with  contagious  or  infectious  diseases  as  designated  by 
the  law  and  the  regulations  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  and  shall  not  enter 
into  interstate  trade  nor  be  brought  into  contact  with  other  animals  intended  for 
such  trade.  Such  affected  animals  shall  not  be  permitted  to  enter  any  stock  yards  or 
other  places  where  animals  are  handled  for  interstate  trade,  and  when  so  found  at 
such  places  shall  be  condemned,  tagged,  and  placed  in  quarantine  by  inspectors  or 
employees  of  said  Bureau  until  proper  disposition  is  made  of  same. 

Stock-yard  companies,  transportation  companies,  or  others  receiving  or  handling 
such  diseased  animals  are  hereby  required  to  thoroughly  disinfect  such  portions  of 
their  premises  or  property  as  contained  such  diseased  animals,  subject  to  the  approval 
of  the  inspectors  of  said  Bureau. 

Such  diseased  animals  so  quarantined  shall  not  be  removed  therefrom  except  by 
written  permit  of  the  inspector  in  charge.  When  such  diseased  animals  are  found, 
inspectors  shall  make  careful  inquiry  as  to  shipper  and  owner  of  same,  and  trans- 
portation company  handling  same,  for  the  purpose  of  instituting  prosecution  under 
the  law  provided  in  such  cases. 

All  animals  entering  stock  yards  where  inspection  exists  shall  be  carefully  inspected 
and  those  affected  with  the  contagious  diseases  above  mentioned  shall  be  condemned 
and  tagged,  and  when  so  condemned  shall  not  be  shipped  therefrom  or  enter  into  the 
interstate  trade ; and  all  violations  of  this  regulation  should  be  immediately  reported 
to  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  for  institution  of  prosecution  accord 
ing  to  law. 

J.  Sterling  Morton,  Secretary. 

(B.  A.  I.  Order  No.  5.) 

transportation  of  sheep  affected  with  scabies. 

U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Office  of  the  Secretary, 
Washington,  D.  C.,  June  18,  1897. 

To  the  Managers  and  Agents  of  liailroads  and  Transportation  Companies  of  the  United 

States,  Stockmen,  and  Others: 

In  accordance  with  section  7 of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  May  29,  1884,  entitled 
“An  act  for  the  establishment  of  a Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  to  prevent  the 
exportation  of  diseased  cattle,  and  to  provide  means  for  the  suppression  and  extirpa- 
tion of  pleuro-pneumonia  and  other  contagious  diseases  among  domestic  animals,” 
and  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  April  23,  1897,  making  appropriation  for  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1898,  you  are  hereby 
notified  that  the  contagious  disease  known  as  sheep  scab,  or  scabies  of  sheep,  exists 
among  sheep  in  the  United  States,  and  that  it  is  a violation  of  the  law  to  receive  for 


60 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


transportation  or  transport  any  stock  affected  with  said  disease  from  one  State  01 
Territory  to  another,  or  from  any  State  into  the  District  of  Columbia,  or  from  the 
District  into  any  State.  It  is  also  a violation  of  the  law  for  any  person,  company, 
or  corporation  to  deliver  for  such  transportation  to  any  railroad  company,  or  master 
or  owner  of  any  boat  or  vessel,  any  sheep,  knowing  them  to  be  affected  with  said 
disease;  and  it  is  also  unlawful  for  any  person,  company,  or  corporation  to  drive  on 
foot  or  transport  in  private  conveyance  from  one  State  or  Territory  to  another,  or 
from  any  State  into  the  District  of  Columbia,  or  from  the  District  into  any  State, 
any  sheep,  knowing  them  to  be  affected  with  said  disease.  All  transportation  com- 
panies and  individuals  shipping,  driving,  or  transporting  sheep  are  requested  to 
cooperate  with  this  Department  in  enforcing  the  law  for  preventing  the  spread  of 
the  said  disease.  Inspectors  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  are  directed  to 
report  all  violations  of  this  act  which  come  to  their  attention. 

In  order  to  more  effectually  accomplish  the  object  of  the  above-mentioned  laws, 
it  is  hereby  ordered  that  any  railroad  cars,  boats,  or  other  vehicles,  which  have  been 
used  in  the  transportation  of  sheep  affected  with  said  disease,  shall  be  immediately 
cleaned  and  disinfected  by  the  owners  or  by  the  transportation  companies  in  whose 
possession  said  cars  or  vehicles  may  be  at  the  time  the  animals  are  unloaded,  by  first 
removing  all  litter  and  manure  which  they  contain,  and  then  saturating  the  wood- 
work with  a 5 per  cent  solution  of  crude  carbolic  acid  in  water.  Inspectors  of 
the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  are  directed  to  see  that  this  order  is  carried  into 
effect. 

James  Wilson,  Secretary. 

NOTICE  OF  ENFORCEMENT  OF  THE  LAW. 

These  orders  constitute  the  notice  as  to  tlie  existence  of  the  disease, 
and  call  the  attention  of  transportation  companies,  stockmen,  and  others 
to  the  provisions  of  the  law.  Any  one  who  violates  this  law  or  the  reg- 
ulations made  in  accordance  therewith  will  be  subject  to  the  penalty, 
and  can  no  longer  plead  ignorance  or  lack  of  notice.  Owing  to  an 
insufficent  number  of  inspectors  during  the  past  years,  the  Department 
has  not  been  as  active  in  seeking  out  and  prosecuting  offenders  against 
this  statute  as  the  importance  of  the  matter  demands.  There  have 
undoubtedly  been  many  shippers,  as  well  as  transportation  companies, 
who  have  rendered  themselves  liable  to  prosecution  and  who  have  not 
been  proceeded  against,  but  it  should  not  be  concluded  that,  because  the 
penalty  has  been  escaped  in  a few  instances,  this  immunity  will  con- 
tinue. The  inspection  force  is  now  competent  to  deal  with  this  subject, 
and  the  Department  of  Agriculture  will  hereafter  take  such  steps  as 
may  be  required  to  stop  the  dissemination  of  this  contagion  through  the 
channels  of  interstate  commerce.  In  such  action  the  Department  will 
have  the  assistance  and  cooperation  of  all  good  citizens,  and  particu 
larly  of  all  of  those  who  are  interested  in  the  sheep  industry.  There 
is  probably  no  disease  in  this  country,  with  the  exception  of  hog  cholera, 
which  causes  greater  losses  among  the  domestic  animals  than  does  sheep 
scab,  and  at  the  same  time  none  which  is  so  easily,  cheaply,  and  certainly 
cured.  It  is,  therefore,  discreditable  to  the  intelligence  and  practical 
qualities  of  our  people  that  this  contagion  should  still  be  rampant  and 
continually  distributed  through  the  channels  of  commerce. 

All  sheep  owners  who  expect  to  ship  or  drive  their  sheep  across  State 


SHEEP  SCAB:  ITS  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT. 


61 


lines  should  assure  themselves  before  the  animals  are  started  that  scab 
does  not  exist  among  them.  In  case  symptoms  of  the  disease  are  discov- 
ered, the  animals  should  be  dipped  and  cured  before  they  leave  the 
farm.  The  information  in  this  bulletin  is  sufficient  to  enable  anyone 
to  cure  this  disease  with  a minimum  of  trouble  and  expense.  There 
will  hereafter  be  no  excuse  for  those  who  claim  that  they  are  unac- 
quainted with  the  nature  of  the  disease  or  with  the  methods  of  treat- 
ment. 

EFFECT  OF  MEAT-INSPECTION  REGULATIONS. 

Sheep  suffering  from  scab  are  affected  by  the  meat-inspection  law 
and  regulations,  as  well  as  by  those  mentioned  above.  Section  6 of 
these  regulations  provides  as  follows : 

6.  The  inspector  in  charge  of  said  establishment  shall  carefully  inspect  all  animals 
in  the  pens  of  said  establishment  about  to  be  slaughtered,  and  no  animal  shall  be 
allowed  to  pass  to  the  slaughtering  room  until  it  has  been  so  inspected.  All  animals 
found  on  either  ante-mortem  or  post-mortem  examination  to  be  affected  as  follows 
are  to  be  condemned  and  the  carcasses  thereof  treated  as  indicated  in  section  7 : 

(1)  Hog  cholera. 

(2)  Swine  plague. 

(3)  Charbon,  or  anthrax. 

(4)  Rabies. 

(5)  Malignant  epizootic  catarrh. 

(6)  Pyaemia  and  septicaemia. 

(7)  Mange,  or  scab,  in  advanced  stages. 

(8)  Advanced  stages  of  actinomycosis,  or  lumpy  jaw. 

(9)  Inflammation  of  the  lungs,  the  intestines,  or  the  peritoneum. 

(10)  Texas  fever. 

(11)  Extensive  or  generalized  tuberculosis. 

(12)  Animals  in  an  advanced  state  of  pregnancy  or  which  have  recently  given  birth 
to  young. 

(13)  Any  disease  or  injury  causing  elevation  of  temperature  or  affecting  the  system 
of  the  animal  to  a degree  which  would  make  the  flesh  unfit  for  human  food. 

Any  organ  or  part  of  a carcass  which  is  badly  bruised  or  affected  by  tuberculosis, 
actinomycosis,  cancer,  abscess,  suppurating  sore,  or  tapeworm  cysts  must  be  con- 
demned. 

Instructions  have  been  issued  to  inspectors  to  rigidly  enforce  these 
regulations.  Sheep  in  an  advanced  stage  of  scab  are  feverish  and  unfit 
for  food,  and  their  carcasses  will  be  condemned.  Shippers  who  forward 
animals  for  slaughter  in  this  condition  will  be  likely  to  lose  heavily  upon 
them,  as  they  will  be  subject  to  quarantine  and  condemnation.  This 
is  an  additional  and  important  reason  for  curing  affected  animals  before 
they  leave  the  feeding  place. 

Failure  to  observe  the  laws  and  regulations  as  they  relate  to  this  dis- 
ease will  in  many  cases  result  in  hardship  and  loss.  In  order  to  avoid 
such  unpleasant  results  so  far  as  possible  and  to  facilitate  the  control 
of  the  disease  this  article  has  been  prepared.  It  is  believed  that  there 
has  been  brought  together  herein  all  the  information  needed  by  the 
sheep  owner  to  successfully  combat  this  scourge  of  American  flocks. 


INDEX. 


Page. 

African,  South,  lime-and-sulphur  dip,  formula 24 

Animal  Industry,  Bureau,  lime-and-sulphur  dip,  formula 25 

Arsenical  dips,  formula)  and  remarks 32 

mixtures,  precautions  to  he  observed 33 

Black  muzzle  of  sheep,  description 15 

notes 10 

Bruce,  Dr.,  remarks  on  tobacco-and-sulphur  dip 23 

Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  lime-and-sulphur  dip,  formula 25 

California  lime-and-sulphur  dip,  dangerous  formula 25 

Cape  Town  lime-and-sulphur  dip,  formula 24 

Carbolic  dips,  description  and  tests 33 

Chorioptes  communis  var.  ovis,  cause  of  foot  scab  of  sheep 11 

Cliorioptic  scab,  description 17 

Chutes,  or  slides,  description  and  use 44 

Crutches,  or  forks,  description  and  use 37 

Demodectic  scab,  description 17 

Demodex  folliculorum  var.  ovis,  cause  of  scab  of  eyelids  of  sheep 11 

Dip,  facilities  at  hand  for  preparing 22 

importance  of  proper  use 21 

preliminary  questions  in  choosing 22 

tobacco-and-sulphur,  preparation 24 

Dips,  homemade,  successful 20 

lime-and-sulphur 24 

remarks  on  kinds 23 

suggestions  as  to  danger 33 

Dipping  a setback  to  sheep 35 

choice  of  a preparation 20 

for  sheep  scab,  remarks 19 

plants,  arrangements  for  cleaning 54 

description 36 

permanent,  for  large  flocks 39 

shelter  a requisite 54 

vat,  description  of  different  kinds 45 

Dripping  pens,  description 53 

of  incline 52 

Eyelids  of  sheep,  scab  caused  by  Demodex  folliculorum  var.  ovis 11 

Federal  laws  and  regulations  relative  to  sheep  scab 58 

Flock,  ascertain  if  scab  exists 22 

Follicular  scab,  description 17 

Foot  scab,  description 17 

caused  by  Chorioptes  communis  var.  ovis 11 

Forks,  or  crutches,  description  and  use 37 

Fort  Collins  lime-and-sulphur  dip,  formula 25 

Great  Britain  first  to  prohibit  United  States  sheep 9 

Hand  applications  for  sheej)  scab 18 

Head  scab,  description 15 

notes 10 

Itching  sometimes  mistaken  for  sheep  scab 17 

Laws,  Federal,  and  regulations  relative  to  sheep  scab 58 

Lime-and-sulphur  dips,  how  to  use 27 

prejudice  against 25 

preparation 28 

Measures  for  vats 56 

Meat  inspection  regulations,  effect 61 

Nevada  lime-and-sulphur  dip,  formula 24 

Nicotine,  percentage  in  different  varieties  of  tobacco 30 


63 


64 


INDEX 


Page, 

Parasite  of  sheep  scab,  life  history 14 

vitality ...  12 

Pastures  and  dipped  sheep,  remarks 23 

Pens,  dripping,  description 53 

of  incline 52 

Potassium  sulphide  dip,  description 30 

Proprietary  articles  for  sheep  dip 20 

Psoroptes  communis  var.  ovis,  cause  of  common  sheep  scab 9 

description 10 

Pumps  for  tanks 56 

Rain  rot  mistaken  for  sheep  scab 17 

Regulations  and  Federal  laws  relative  to  sheep  scab 58 

for  meat  inspection,  effect 61 

Rot,  rain,  mistaken  for  sheep  scab 17 

Sarcoptes  scabiei  var.  ovis,  cause  of  head  scab  of  sheep 10 

Sarcoptic  scab,  description  . . 15 

notes 10 

Sebaceous  glands,  inflammation,  mistaken  for  sheep  scab 17 

Scab  of  sheep.  ( See  Sheep  scab.) 

Sheep,  ascertain  if  scab  exists  in  the  flock 22 

different  forms  of  scab  affecting 10 

scab,  cause 9 

description  of  different  forms 11 

expense  of  a dip 22 

Federal  laws  and  regulations  relative  thereto 58 

historical  sketch 7 

is  it  hereditary ? 8 

losses  resulting 8 

mistaken  conditions «. 17 

treatment 18 

setback  from  dipping 35 

shipment  from  United  States  to  Australia,  if  certified 9 

Slides,  or  chutes,  description  and  use 44 

South  African  lime-and-sulphur  dip,  formula 24 

Sulphur-and-lime  dips.  (Sec  Lime-and-sulphur  dips.) 

Snlphur-and-tobacco  dips.  (See  Tobacco-aud-sulphur  dips)  23 

Symbiotic  scab  of  sheep  caused  by  Chorioptes  communis  var.  ovis 11 

Tanks,  infusing,  boiling,  and  settling 51 

Thermometer,  use  necessary 35 

Tobacco-and-sulphur  dips,  preparal  ion 24 

remarks 23 

Tobacco  dips,  description 30 

directions  for  prepariug 31 

percentage  of  nicotine  in  different  varieties 30 

Vats  and  yards,  building  material  and  dimensions 37 

measures  of  capacity 56 

small,  portable,  for  small  flocks 38 

Victorian  lime-and-sulphur  dip,  formula 24 

Yards  and  vats,  building  material  and  dimensions 37 

receiving  and  forcing,  for  dipping  plants 39 


o 


Bulletin  No.  22. 


(B.  A.  I.  120.) 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

SECOND  ANNUAL  MEETING 

OF  THE 

ASSOCIATION 

OF 

EXPERIMENT  STATION  VETERINARIANS, 

HELD  AT 

OMAHA,  NEBRASKA, 


September  8,  1898. 


WASHINGTON  : 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 
1898. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

. Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
Washington , D.  C.,  November  11,  1898. 

Sir  : I transmit  herewith  a record  of  the  proceedings,  with  accom- 
panying papers,  of  the  Association  of  Experiment  Station  Veterina- 
rians, held  at  Omaha,  Rebr.,  on  September  8,  1898,  and  recommend 
its  publication  as  a bulletin  of  this  Bureau. 

The  Association  of  Agricultural  Colleges  and  Experiment  Stations, 
the  Association  of  Official  Agricultural  Chemists,  and  the  entomolo- 
gists of  the  experiment  stations  have  been  organized  for  several  years, 
and  their  proceedings  have  been  published  by  this  Department. 
That  rapid  and  beneficial  progress  has  been  the  result  of  such  coop- 
eration is  beyond  question.  The  veterinarians  recognize  this  fact,  and 
a few  who  are  especially  interested  have  put  forth  efforts  to  effect  a 
similar  organization.  It  is  believed  that  the  nucleus  already  formed 
will  grow  into  an  organization  which  shall  not  only  be  of  service  to 
the  several  States,  but  be  helpful  as  well  to  the  General  Government 
in  cooperating,  as  necessity  may  arise,  with  the  Bureau  of  Animal 
IndustrjL 

Respectfully', 

D.  E.  Salmon, 

Chief  of  Bureau. 


Hon.  James  Wilson, 

Secretary. 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Growing  tubercle  bacilli  for  tuberculin,  by  C.  A.  Cary,  B.  S.,  D.  V.  M . . . 8 

Feeding  wild  plants  to  sheep,  by  S.  B.  Nelson,  D.  V.  M 10 

Delphinium  inenziesii 11 

Castilleja  pallescens 12 

Crepis  barbigera 12 

The  astragali 12 

Zygadenus  venenosus  13 

Frasera  albicaulis 13 

Sisyrinchium  grandiflorum 13 

Antenaria  luzuloides 13 

Arnica  fulgens  13 

Lupinus 14 

Peucedanum  grayii  14 

The  experiment  station  veterinarian  as  a member  of  the  State  Board  of 

Health 14 

Rules  concerning  work  in  the  veterinary  department 15 

Laboratory  records  for  veterinarians,  by  A.  W.  Bitting,  D.  V.  M 18 

The  desirability  of  cooperation  between  the  station  veterinarian  and  local 

veterinarians  in  the  State,  by  A.  W.  Bitting,  D.  Y.  M 20 

The  exhibit  of  the  United  States  Experiment  Station  veterinarians  at  the 

Paris  Exposition  in  1900,  by  A.  T.  Peters,  D.  V.  M 22 

The  value  to  veterinarians  of  cooperative  experiments,  by  L.  L.  Lewis, 

M.  S.,  D.  Y.  M 24 

Constitution  and  by-laws  of  the  Association  of  Experiment  Station  Veteri- 
narians   26 


5 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  SECOND  ANNUAL  MEETING  OF 
THE  ASSOCIATION  OF  EXPERIMENT  STA- 
TION VETERINARIANS,  1898. 


The  Association  of  Experiment  Station  Veterinarians  met  in  its 
second  session  in  the  Millard  Hotel,  Omaha,  Nebr.,  on  September  8, 
1898.  The  following  named  members  were  present: 

MEMBERS  PRESENT. 

J.  W.  Connaway,  Missouri  Agricultural  College  Experiment  Sta- 
tion, at  Columbia. 

James  Law,  Cornell  University  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 
at  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

C.  A.  Cary,  Agricultural  Station  of  the  Agricultural  and  Mechanical 
College  of  Alabama,  at  Auburn. 

S.  B.  Nelson,  Washington  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  at 
Pullman. 

A.  T.  Peters,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  at  Lincoln,  Nebr. 

M.  H.  Reynolds,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  at  the  University 
of  Minnesota,  at  St.  Anthony  Park. 

D.  E.  Salmon,  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture. 

M.  Stalker,  Iowa  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Ames. 

NEW  MEMBERS. 

New  members  were  elected  as  follows : 

S.  S.  Buckley,  Maryland  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  at 
College  Park. 

Paul  Fischer,  Kansas  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  at  Man- 
hattan. 

W.  C.  Langdon,  North  Dakota  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 
at  Agricultural  College. 

F.  L.  Russell,  Maine  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Orono. 

NEW  OFFICERS. 

Officers  for  the  ensuing  year  were  elected  as  follows : 

President,  James  Law. 

Vice-President,  J.  W.  Connaway. 

Secretary-Treasurer,  A.  T.  Peters. 

Executive  committee:  M.  Stalker,  A.  W.  Bitting,  and  M.  H. 
Reynolds. 


8 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


The  Secretary,  reporting  for  the  past  year,  expressed  gratification 
at  the  work  done  by  the  association.  There  was  more  cooperation 
among  the  stations  than  heretofore,  and  good  feeling  prevailed. 

Changes  among  the  veterinarians  of  the  various  stations  were 
noted,  as  follows : N.  S.  Mayo,  who  resigned  from  the  Kansas  Ex- 
periment Station,  is  now  with  the  station  at  Storrs,  Conn.  The 
position  at  Storrs  was  vacated  by  G.  A.  Waterman,  who  is  now  with 
the  station  at  Lansing,  Mich.  A.  A.  Grange  resigned  from  the 
Michigan  station  and  is  now  connected  with  the  Detroit  College  of 
Medicine  in  its  veterinary  department.  The  position  vacated  by  S. 
B.  Staples  at  Baton  Rouge,  La.,  is  now  occupied  by  W.  H.  Dalrymple. 
Paul  Fischer  is  now  located  with  the  station  at  Manhattan,  Kans. 
W.  B.  Niles  resigned  from  the  Iowa  Agricultural  College,  at  Ames, 
and  J.  A.  Craig  has  been  selected  as  his  successor. 

Papers  read  before  the  association  follow  herewith. 


GROWING  TUBERCLE  BACILLI  FOR  TUBERCULIN. 

By  C.  A.  Cary,  B.  S.,  D.  V.  M., 

Veterinarian , Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Auburn,  Alabama. 

It  is  not  the  purpose  of  this  article  to  project  new  ideas  or  discov- 
eries, but  rather  to  make  a few  suggestions. 

In  order  to  make  tuberculin  one  must  first  secure  a pure  culture  of 
tubercle  bacilli.  This  may  be  done  by  procuring  a pure  culture 
from  some  one  who  has  it,  or  by  isolating  the  bacilli  from  a tuber- 
culous animal  or  man.  The  latter  method  should  be  adopted,  because 
the  former  leads  to  lazy  habits  and  inexperience.  Secure  some  fresh 
tuberculous  sputum ; wash  some  of  its  solid  or  albuminous  particles 
through  six  to  ten  changes  of  sterilized  distilled  water;  inject  one  or 
more  of  these  particles  into  the  peritoneal  sac  of  a guinea  pig,  a rab- 
bit, or  a hou§e  mouse.  In  three  or  four  weeks  and  before  the  animal 
dies  of  the  disease,  kill  it  and  from  the  spleen  and  liver  carefully 
inoculate  several  of  the  ordinary  blood  serum  tubes  and  of  Lofiler’s 
blood  serum  mixture  tubes.  Keep  these  tubes  in  the  incubator  at 
37.5°  C.,  and  in  twenty  to  thirty  days  the  characteristic  pure-culture 
growth  will  be  observed  in  some  of  the  tubes.  Other  tubes  may 
exhibit  no  growth,  and  still  others  may  show  growths  of  other  germs. 

A large  stock  of  neutral  glycerin  bouillon  should  be  kept  on  hand. 
It  is  best  to  make  this  bouillon  from  veal  or  with  beef  from  an  animal 
less  than  one  year  old.  However,  the  most  essential  thing  in  prepar- 
ing this  bouillon  is  that  it  should  be  neutral  in  reaction.  This  is  most 
accurately  secured  by  titrating  a 0.4  per  cent  solution  of  sodium 
hydrate  into  10  cc.  of  the  bouillon  to  which  has  been  added  a drop 
of  an  alcholic  solution  of  phenolphthalein.  The  10  cc.  of  bouillon 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  ASSOCIATION  OF  VETERINARIANS. 


9 


should  be  taken  from  the  bouillon  mixture  after  it  has  been  heated 
and  the  coagulated  albuminous  materials  have  been  removed  by  fil- 
tration. Then  the  delicate  rose  color,  which  indicates  the  neutral 
stage  will  be  readily  observed.  After  making  the  calculation,  neu- 
tralize the  acidity  in  the  bouillon  by  adding- the  proper  quantity  of  an 
8 per  cent  solution  of  sodium  hydrate.  After  neutralizing,  the  bouil- 
lon should  be  cooked  and  filtered  again.  This  method  was  first  used 
by  Schulz,  and  is  described  in  full  by  Abbott  in  his  ‘ ‘ Principles  of 
Bacteriology.” 

After  the  bouillon  has  been  neutralized  and  sterilized,  put  it  into 
large,  flat-bottomed  Erlenmeyer  or  antitoxine  flasks,  sterilize  again, 
and  then  inoculate  with  tubercle  bacilli.  Some  authorities  recommend 
floating  a small  quantity  of  the  dry  bacilli  from  an  old  agar-agar  cul- 
ture upon  the  surface  of  the  bouillon,  but  this  is  very  difficult.  I find 
that  it  is  just  as  efficient  to  take  upon  the  platinum  wire  some  of  a 
moist  growth  of  the  tubercle  bacilli  and  rub  them  over  the  inside 
surface  of  the  flask  on  a level  with  the  top  or  upper  surface  of  the 
bouillon.  It  is  best  and  easiest  to  inoculate  a small  Erlenmeyer  flask 
of  bouillon  as  suggested  above ; and  when  a thin  film  has  formed  over 
the  surface,  small  pieces  of  the  film  may  be  lifted  ouf  with  a hooked 
platinum  wire  and  they  will  readily  float  upon  a bouillon  surface. 

After  the  cultures  have  grown  at  a temperature  of  37.5°  C.  for  six 
or  eight  weeks,  heat  in  steam  sterilizer  for  15  minutes;  run  through 
sterilized  filter  paper ; then  pass  it  through  a Pasteur- Chamberlain  air 
pressure  filter  or  any  good  filter  that  will  remove  all  of  the  germs. 
The  filtrate  may  be  evaporated  on  a water  bath  to  one-tenth  of  its 
original  volume,  and  the  result  will  be  the  strong,  or  concentrated, 
form  of  tuberculin  Kochii.  This  form  keeps  better  or  longer  than 
any  other.  One-half  to  1 per  cent  of  carbolic  acid  may  be  added  to 
the  filtrate  and  the  tuberculin  will  keep  for  some  time.  It  will  have 
the  regular  strength,  and  be  ready  for  use  without  requiring  any 
changes.  To  the  filtrate  may  be  added  an  equal  quantity  of  pure 
glycerin ; this  will  preserve  it  by  preventing  the  growth  of  accidental 
infection,  but  will  make  it  one-half  as  strong  as  the  normal,  or  regu- 
lar, tuberculin.  This  last  method  has  not  been  tried  sufficiently  to 
warrant  the  writer  in  recommending  it  in  preference  to  the  well-tried 
methods. 


10 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


FEEDING  WILD  PLANTS  TO  SHEEP. 

By  S.  B.  Nelson,  D.  Y.  M., 

Professor  of  Veterinary  Sciences,  Washington  Agricultural  College  and  School 

of  Science. 

For  many  years  past  there  have  occurred  in  the  State  of  Washing- 
ton, when  sheep  were  being  moved  from  winter  quarters  to  summer 
pastures,  serious  losses  in  the  flocks.  According  to  the  statements 
of  the  various  sheep  owners  these  losses  have  occurred  in  certain 
definite  localities  in  the  spring,  hut  not  in  the  autumn,  when  the 
sheep  were  returned  to  their  winter  feeding  quarters.  These  fatali- 
ties happening  under  apparently  the  same  conditions — at  the  same 
time  and  place  each  year — led  the  sheep  owners  to  believe  that  the 
deaths  were  due  to  eating  some  grass  or  weed  which  acted  as  a poison 
to  the  sheep.  This  condition  was  brought  to  the  attention  of  the 
Experiment  Station  and  certain  members  commenced  the  work  of 
investigating  the  cause  of  the  great  mortality  in  the  flocks.  As  these 
experiments  are  not  completed,  it  is  not  the  intention  of  this  paper 
to  discuss  the  cause  of  the  death  of  the  sheep,  but  to  record  the 
results  of  feeding  to  sheep  different  plants,  many  of  which  have  been 
and  are  considered  poisonous  to  sheep  and  other  domesticated  ani- 
mals. 

The  station  botanist  went  into  these  various  localities  and  ascer- 
tained what  plants  were  there.  About  thirty-five  different  plants 
were  observed,  and  as  many  as  possible  of  these  were  fed  and  the 
results  noted.  The  plants  found  were  grouped  into  two  classes : 
First,  those  from  which  might  be  expected  a positive  result ; second, 
those  from  which  a negative  result  might  be  looked  for — judgment 
on  both  classes  being  based  on  public  opinion  about  many  of  the 
plants ; and  also  consideration  being  given  to  the  abundance  with 
which  the  plants  were  distributed.  Following  is  the  list  of  plants 
collected : 

Class  1. — Delphinium  menziesii , Castillejci  pallescens,  Crepis 
barbigerci , Astragalus  dorycnioides , Astragalus  spaldingii , 
Astragalus  palousensis , Zygadenus  venenosus , Frasera  albi- 
caulis , Antenaria  luzuloides , Sisyrinchium  grandijiorum , Ar- 
nica fulgens. 

Class  2. — Saxifraga  integufolia , Lupinus  ornatus , Leptotce- 
nia  multifida,  Peucedanum  grayii , Synthyris  rubra,  Clematis 
douglassii,  Heuchera  glabella , Lithospermum  pilosum,  Gera- 
nium, Potentilla,  Eriogonum  heracleoides,  Ceum  triflorum , 
Crindelia  nana,  Chcenactis  douglasii. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  ASSOCIATION  OF  VETERINARIANS. 


11 


DELPHINIUM  MENZIESII. 

The  first,  and  which  was  thought  the  most  important,  was  Del- 
phinium menziesii.  Three  sheep  were  used  in  this  experiment. 
Prior  to  the  experiment  they  had  been  kept  in  a lot  where  there  was 
running  water  and  were  fed  timothy  hay. 

Experiment  No.  1. — May  17:  At  4:30  p.  m.,  sheep  No.  1,  a ewe, 
was  tethered  in  a patch  where  Delphinium  was  very  plentiful.  She 
was  returned  to  the  stable  at  8 :30  p.  m.  There  was  evidence  that 
she  had  eaten  the  blossoms  of  a few  Delphinium.  The  next  day  she 
was  placed  in  the  patch  at  5 a.  m.  and  returned  to  the  stable  at  8 
p.  m.  Besides  the  plants  that  she  had  cropped,  there  was  given  to 
her  about  1 pound  of  gathered  Delphinium  plants,  which  she  ate. 
On  May  19  she  was  again  tethered  in  the  patch  and  given,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  amount  she  obtained  there,  1 pound  of  Delphinium.  This 
was  repeated  on  May  20 ; but  she  had  only  one-half  pound  of  the 
gathered  plant.  She  had,  however,  eaten  everything  within  her 
reach  except  some  scattered  plants  of  Brodice  douglasii.  The  fol- 
lowing day  she  was  staked  out  in  a fresh  place.  She  once  in  a while 
bit  off  the  heads  of  the  Delphinium,  but  did  not  seem  to  prefer  it ; 
however,  by  the  evening  she  had  eaten  all  the  green  material  within 
the  reach  of  her  tether  except  the  Brodice  douglasii.  May  22 : She 
was  tethered  in  a fresh  place  at  5 :30  a.  m.,  and  by  9 a.  m.  she  had 
eaten  all  the  grass  and  Delphinium  within  her  reach.  On  the  23d 
and  24th  she  was  all  right.  Here  we  have  an  experiment  in  which 
a sheep  is  kept  tethered  in  a patch  of  Delphinium  for  six  days,  and 
she  ate  all  of  the  plant  that  she  could  obtain  and  was  fed  2J-  pounds 
besides,  with  a negative  result. 

Experiment  No.  2. — This  sheep  was  placed  in  a small  pen,  and 
on  May  18  was  given  5 pounds  of  Delphinium,  consisting  of  stems, 
leaves,  flowers,  and  unripe  pods.  May  19 : He  had  eaten  all  that 
was  given  him  yesterday.  May  20 : At  noon  he  was  given  2§  pounds 
of  Delphinium  that  was  gathered  on  the  18th.  Probably  consider- 
able of  the  plant’s  water  had  evaporated ; how  much,  I do  not  know. 
In  2-|-  hours  he  had  eaten  nearly  all  of  it,  and  at  this  time  was  fed  5 
pounds  that  had  just  been  picked.  The  next  day  he  had  eaten  all 
that  had  been  given  him  the  day  before.  He  was  given  3 pounds 
that  was  partially  dried.  It  had  been  picked  24  hours.  Four  hours 
later  he  had  eaten  the  3 pounds  and  was  then  given  7 pounds  just 
gathered.  May  22 : Removed  1\  pounds  that  he  had  not  eaten.  He 
was  given  3i  pounds  24  hours  old.  The  next  day  it  was  all  eaten. 
May  24  and  25 : He  was  well  and  the  experiment  was  ended. 

This  sheep  was  fed,  in  5 days,  24f  pounds  of  Delphinium,  of  which 
15f  pounds  were  freshly  gathered,  6-J  pounds  24  hours  old,  and  2-J 
pounds  48  hours  old.  All  this  with  a negative  result.  Certainly 


12 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


this  was  more  of  the  plant  than  a sheep  would  possibly  gather  on 
the  range  in  the  same  length  of  time.  During  these  5 days  he  had 
nothing  else  to  eat,  subsisting  wholly  on  Delphinium. 

Experiment  No.  3. — This  was  intended  as  a check  on  experiment 
No.  2 ; but  this  sheep  did  not  eat  the  plant  so  readily.  It  consumed 
during  the  5 days  only  6f  pounds.  The  result,  however,  was  also 
negative. 

These  experiments  certainly  are  strong  evidence  that  Delph  inium 
menziesii,  at  least  when  eaten  fresh  at  this  time  of  the  year,  is  not 
poisonous  to  sheep. 

CASTILLEJA  PALLESCENS. 

This  plant  was  looked  upon  with  distrust  as  being  poisonous,  for 
the  reason  that  it  occurs  only  in  a few  places  in  the  State  in  abundance, 
and  these  places  were  where  the  sheep  often  died.  Two  sheep  were 
used  in  this  experiment,  which  began  May  26.  Fed  to  the  first  If 
pounds  of  Castilleja.  The  next  day  it  was  observed  that  he  had 
eaten  only  a little,  but  he  was  given,  in  addition,  the  same  amount 
as  before.  May  26  : Only  a little  eaten.  May  29 : Nearly  all  eaten. 
May  30 : All  was  consumed.  In  4 days  he  ate  If  pounds  of  the 
plant.  On  May  30,  the  second  sheep  was  fed  2 ounces  of  Castilleja, 
which  he  ate  immediately. 

The  results  of  both  of  these  experiments  were  negative. 

CREPIS  BARBIGERA. 

We  were  informed  by  a party  very  much  interested  in  this  matter 
that  years  ago  he  had  seen  Crepis  barbigera  fed  to  sheep  with  fatal 
results.  I therefore  looked  for  positive  results  from  these  trials. 
Two  sheep  were  used. 

May  26  : There  were  fed  to  the  first  one  2 ounces  of  Crepis.  The 
next  day  he  had  not  eaten  all  of  it.  May  28 : It  was  all  eaten  and 
he  was  given  one-half  pound,  which  was  eaten  by  the  following  day. 
June  23:  The  second  sheep  was  fed  If  pounds  of  Crepis  barbigera , 
which  he  ate  as  if  he  relished  it. 

Nothing  detrimental  to  the  sheep  resulted  from  either  experiment. 

THE  ASTRAGALI. 

These  plants  have  at  various  times  been  suspicioned  of  causing 
trouble  in  our  domestic  animals.  We  used  the  three  following  spe- 
cies: Astraglus  spaldingii , A.  palousensis,  A.  dorycnioides. 
Of  Astragalus  dorycnioides , 5f  ounces  were  fed  May  26.  Of 
A.  spaldingii , 12  ounces  were  fed  June  3,  and  again  to  the  same 
sheep  were  given  If  pounds  on  June  8,  five  days  later.  June  9 : 21- 
pounds  of  A.  palousensis  were  fed  to  the  third  sheep.  These  sheep 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  ASSOCIATION  OF  VETERINARIANS. 


13 


ate  the  various  amounts  given  them  during  the  night  following 
without  any  ill  effects  resulting.  Could  these  experiments  have  been 
continued  for  a longer  period  of  time,  it  may  be  that  pathological 
changes  would  have  followed  the  continuous  feeding. 

ZYGADENUS  VENENOSUS. 

This  plant  is.  called  “poison  camas”  by  the  Indians,  and  it  is  re- 
ported that  the  eating  of  the  bulb  has  caused  death  in  the  human 
family.  On  May  31,  June  1 and  2,  a sheep  was  fed  1 i ounces  daily. 
He  would  eat  them  from  the  hand  with  apparent  relish.  However, 
his  appetite  was  kept  sharpened  so  that  he  would  eat  almost  anything. 
June  4:  Fed  to  this  sheep  1 pound  of  the  plant,  both  in  blossom  and 
in  fruit.  This  amount  was  all  eaten  during  the  night.  The  sheep 
remained  well. 

FRASERA  ALBICAULIS. 

This  beautiful  plant  was  next  tried  on  one  sheep.  June  3 : He  was 
fed  1^  pounds,  which  he  ate  before  next  morning.  June  5 : Fed  to 
him  5 pounds,  of  which  he  ate  about  one-half  during  the  night.  By 
the  8th  he  had  eaten  nearly  all.  On  this  day  he  was  fed  three-fourths 
pound  more,  which  was  4 days  old.  He  ate  this  last  amount  dur- 
ing the  night.  In  all  he  received  7£  pounds  without  any  apparent 
injury. 

•SISYRINCHIUM  GRANDIFLORUM. 

The  plants  of  this  species  that  were  fed  were  4 years  old  and  about 
20  of  these  stalks  were  fed.  The  sheep  ate  them  out  of  the  hand. 
Result,  negative. 

ANTENARIA  LUZULOIDES. 

Three  pounds  were  gathered  and  fed  to  one  sheep.  It  was  all 
eaten  in  less  than  24  hours,  without  any  visible  bad  results. 

ARNICA  FULGENS. 

This  was  the  last  plant  in  this  class  to  be  used.  Fed  to  a sheep  2 
pounds  of  the  plant  that  had  been  gathered  18  hours.  The  material 
was  all  eaten  during  the  day.  Results,  entirely  negative. 

This  closed  the  experiments  with  those  plants  from  which  we  had 
some  reason  to  obtain  some  clearly  visible  physiological  effects. 
There  was  fed  of  the  different  plants  from  one-eighth  to  7 pounds  in 
one  day. 

In  the  second  class  the  following  were  fed  and  eaten  in  about  6 
hours’  time : Saxifraga  integufolia , 7 ounces ; Leptotcenia  multi- 
fida  If  pounds;  Grindelia  nctna , 2 pounds;  Chcenactis  douglassi , 
li  pounds.  Ho  poisonous  symptoms  followed. 


14 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


LUPINUS. 

On  May  30,  there  was  fed  to  a sheep  li  pounds  at  11  a.  m. ; at  6 
p.  m.  it  was  all  consumed.  The  next  day  he  was  given  2-J-  more 
pounds,  which  he  ate  greedily.  June  1 : That  amount  was  doubled, 
giving  him  5 pounds ; this  he  consumed  by  the  next  day.  This  sheep 
was  fed  8J  pounds  in  a few  hours  less  than  three  days.  No  untoward 
effects  resulted. 

PEUCEDANUM  GRAY II. 

On  May  31  I fed  1-J  pounds  of  this  stinking  plant,  having  much 
doubt  that  the  sheep  would  eat  it.  The  following  morning  it  had, 
however,  all  disappeared.  Two  days  later  he  was  fed  at  one  time  4 
pounds,  which  he  ate  by  the  following  morning.  The  sheep  showed 
no  ill  effects  from  it. 

The  following  five  plants  were  fed  to  five  different  sheep:  Clem- 
atis douglasii , 4 pounds;  Lithospermum  pilosum , 4 pounds; 
Geranium,  3-J  pounds;  Potentilla,  4 pounds;  and  Eriogonum  hera- 
cleoides , 3^  pounds.  Each  sheep  ate  his  allowance  in  less  time  than 
one  day  and  showed  no  ill  effects  whatever  from  it. 

Of  the  next  three  plants,  a smaller  amount  was  given : Synthyris 
rubra , 1 pound;  Heuchera  glabella , 1-J-  pounds;  and  Geum  tri- 
florum , three-fourths  pound.  The  sheep  took  nearly  24  hours  to  eat 
this,  and  the  result  again  was  negative. 

In  these  experiments  from  three-fourths  to  4 pounds  of  the  various 
plants  were  fed  in  one  day  without  appreciable  effect  on  the  sheep. 

In  conclusion,  I wish  to  acknowledge  the  valuable  advice  and 
assistance  of  the  station  botanist,  C.  Y.  Piper,  in  carrying  on  these 
experiments. 

THE  EXPERIMENT  STATION  VETERINARIAN  AS  A 
MEMBER  OF  THE  STATE  BOARD  OF  HEALTH. 

By  M.  H.  Reynolds,  D.  V.  M.,  M.  D., 

Veterinarian,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  the  University  of  Minnesota. 

It  is  unfortunate  that  there  is  not  greater  uniformity  in  methods  of 
controlling  infectious  diseases  among  domestic  animals.  Some  States 
have  adopted  the  plan  of  a State  veterinarian,  assisted  by  local  depu- 
ties, the  State  veterinarian  having  little  or  no  connection  with  the 
State  board  of  health,  while  other  States  are  trying  to  control  in- 
fectious diseases  among  domestic  animals  through  boards  of  live 
stock  commissioners.  Some  States  have  a State  veterinarian  work- 
ing on  very  meagre  salary,  and  other  States  have  State  veterinarians 
who  are  nongraduates  and  who  are  given  considerable  authority. 
And  still  other  States  are  trying  to  control  these  diseases  by  means 
of  official  titles ; that  is,  they  have  officers  and  titles,  but  these  offi- 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  ASSOCIATION  OF  VETERINARIANS. 


15 


cers  are  practically  without  funds  and  without  sufficient  authority. 

In  Minnesota  all  police  authority  concerning  infectious  diseases  of 
animals  is  vested  in  the  State  board  of  health.  Until  January  1, 
18.97,  this  board  was  composed  exclusively  of  physicians.  For  a 
great  many  years  Minnesota’s  State  board  of  health  presented  the 
strange  combination  of  a board  composed  exclusively  of  practitioners 
of  human  medicine,  having  absolute  authority  concerning  infectious 
diseases  of  domestic  animals.  During  this  time  the  gentleman  who 
held  the  position  of  Experiment  Station  veterinarian  was  expected 
to  visit  outbreaks  and  accomplish  marvelous  things  in  the  way  of 
checking  infectious  diseases  without  any  authority.  This  situation 
and  the  results  of  this  method  did  not  prove  satisfactary  to  our  stock 
interests.  Stockmen  made  such  vigorous  objections  during  the  win- 
ter and  spring  of  1896  and  1897  that  the  governor  decided  to  appoint 
a veterinarian  to  membership  on  the  State  board  of  health.  After 
due  consideration  he  appointed  the  Experiment  Station  veterinarian. 
This  is  the  present  situation  in  our  State.  Possibly  another  veteri- 
narian may  be  appointed  to  membership  on  the  board  in  the  future, 
and  then  the  work  will  be  divided  more  nearly  as  it  should  be. 

Our  newly  appointed  member  of  the  State  board  of  health  was 
soon  made  chairman  of  the  committee  on  infectious  diseases  of  ani- 
mals and  given  immediate  charge  of  the  correspondence  and  general 
office  work  pertaining  to  that  work.  After  about  six  months  of  this 
work,  he  was  made  director  of  a newly  created  veterinary  depart- 
ment. This  divided  the  work  of  the  board  into  three  parts — that 
of  the  secretary  and  general  executive  officer,  the  bacteriological 
laboratory  in  charge  of  a director  (and,  by  the  way,  we  have  a labo- 
ratory and  bacteriologist  in  connection  with  this  work  in  Minnesota, 
of  which  we  are  proud),  and  the  veterinary  department.  Rules 
which  partly  define  the  duties  and  authority  of  the  Director  of  the 
Veterinary  Department  have  been  adopted  as  follows: 

RULES  CONCERNING  WORK  IN  THE  VETERINARY  DEPARTMENT. 

1.  The  Director  of  the  Veterinary  Department  shall  have  the  privilege  of  pro- 
posing such  circulars  and  rules  as  he  may  deem  necessary  for  the  purpose  of  de- 
fining the  policy  of  the  board  with  reference  to  the  veterinary  work  of  the 
board.  Such  circulars  and  rules  shall  be  submitted  to  the  executive  committee 
or  to  the  State  board  of  health  for  approval. 

2.  The  Director  shall  conduct  the  correspondence  dealing  exclusively  with 
veterinary  matters.  He  shall  have  the  necessary  police  authority  to  enable  him 
to  order  quarantine  when  in  his  judgment  such  course  shall  become  necessary. 
He  shall  have  authority  to  use  his  judgment  in  releasing  quarantine  in  unusual 
cases,  independent  of  the  rules  governing  quarantine. 

3.  All  agents  and  employees  doing  veterinary  work  in  the  field  shall  report  to 
the  Director,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Director  to  furnish  the  Secretary 
with  such  summaries  of  regular  work  and  with  such  other  information  as  the 
Secretary  may  need. 


1(3 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Director  to  refer  such  matters  as  violation  of  the 
law  dealing  with  infectious  diseases  of  animals,  general  enforcement  of  said 
law,  and  indifference  and  carelessness  of  local  health  officers,  to  the  Secretary  for 
action. 

5.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  field  veterinarian  to  investigate  outbreaks  of 
infectious  diseases  among  domestic  animals,  when  deemed  advisable  by  the 
Director  of  the  Veterinary  Department,  and  to  attend  to  such  experimental  and 
other  veterinary  work  as  may  seem  necessary.  When  not  doing  field  work,  it 
shall  be  his  duty  to  assist  the  Director  in  correspondence  and  other  office  work. 

6.  The  field  veterinarian  shall  have  authority  to  order  quarantine,  to  kill  and 
release  quarantine  of  domestic  animals,  in  accordance  with  the  rules  and  recog- 
nized methods  of  the  State  board  of  health. 

7.  It  is  hereby  declared  the  policy  of  the  State  board  to  pay  the  salary  and 
furnish  transportations  for  the  field  veterinarian.  Local  boards  are  expected  to 
pay  all  his  other  legitimate  expenses  incurred  in  work  for  them. 

The  work  of  the  Veterinary  Department  has  grown  rapidly  in  all 
directions.  During  the  last  year  we  employed  one  field  veterinarian. 
This  spring  we  added  another.  Thus,  you  see,  we  have  one  veteri- 
narian as  a member  of  the  State  board  of  health  and  two  others 
engaged  in  the  field  work  of  the  board.  One  of  these  field  veterina- 
rians devotes  his  entire  time  to  hog  cholera ; the  other  does  miscella- 
neous work,  going  to  outbreaks  of  any  disease  of  unusual  importance, 
to  outbreaks  where  there  is  dispute  among,  different  veterinarians 
who  have  been  called  by  owners  and  local  boards,  and  to  places  in  the 
State  where  there  are  no  competent  veterinarians. 

Perhaps  I should  explain  that  in  Minnesota  we  expect  the  local 
board  to  employ  in  ordinary  cases  a local  veterinarian  and  take  care 
of  their  own  outbreaks  of  infectious  diseases  among  domestic  ani- 
mals under  the  direction,  of  course,  of  the  State  board.  The  law 
requires  that  local  health  officers  shall  report  to  the  State  board  of 
health  within  24  hours  after  receiving  information  of  an  infectious 
disease. 

During  the  four  years  of  my  work  as  an  Experiment  Station  vet- 
erinarian before  my  connection  with  the  State  board  of  health,  I 
was  constantly  crippled  for  lack  of  police  authority.  An  Experiment 
Station  veterinarian  is  usually  expected  to  visit  outbreaks,  make 
diagnoses,  and  write  prescriptions,  and  then  he  is  severely  blamed 
because  the  outbreak  of  glanders  or  anthrax,  or  possibly  sheep  scab, 
does  not  promptly  abate.  During  this  time  I could  give  such  infor- 
mation and  advice,  and  write  such  prescriptions,  but  had  no  authority 
to  insist  on  anything.  If  I did  this  kind  of  work  for  the  State  board 
of  health,  the  Station  received  no  credit. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  State  board  of  health  veterinarian  or  State 
veterinarian,  as  the  case  may  be,  who  has  no  connection  with  an 
Experiment  Station,  is  very  apt  to  be  crippled  for  lack  of  opportuni- 
ties and  funds  for  investigation.  For  instance,  he  visits  an  outbreak 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  ASSOCIATION  OF  VETERINARIANS. 


17 


of  disease  that  affords  a very  peculiar  and  unusual  history.  The 
trouble  may  be  due  to  faulty  conditions  of  the  feed,  but  he  is  unable 
to  make  a careful  investigation  and  gather  satisfactory  information 
as  to  the  cause  and  nature  of  the  trouble,  perhaps  for  lack  of  funds 
for  such  work. 

An  Experiment  Station  veterinarian,  who  is  jalso  a State  board  of 
health  veterinarian  or  State  veterinarian,  has  splendid  opportunities 
for  collecting  material,  for  doing  a great  variety  of  experimental 
work  and  keeping  accurate  records  with  very  little  expense  to  the 
station.  He  can  collect  an  abundance  of  material  for  almost  any  sort 
of  experimental  work,  almost  without  expense  to  the  station.  This 
is  especially  true  if  he  has  access  to  a well-furnished  bacteriological 
laboratory. 

Another  advantage  is  that  such  an  arrangement  brings  about  a 
hearty  cooperation  between  two  great  institutions  which  might  other- 
wise be  working  separately  and  more  or  less  fruitlessly  in  the  same 
field,  each  one’s  work  incomplete  without  the  data  which  the  other 
could  furnish.  By  the  way,  I might  suggest  that  in  Minnesota  this 
plan  of  cooperation,  especially  in  matters  of  agricultural  interest,  is 
in  quite  general  and  happy  operation.  For  instance,  our  State  Uni- 
versity, including  our  Agricultural  College  and  School  of  Agricul- 
ture, our  Experiment  Station,  and  State  Farmers’  Institutes,  are  all 
intimately  associated  in  their  work,  partly  because  the  regents  of  the 
University  and  Experiment  Station  are  influential  members  on  the 
Board  of  Control  of  the  State  Farmers’  Institutes.  Our  State  Fair 
Grounds  adjoin  the  Experimental  Farm ; and  there  is  the  closest  pos- 
sible cooperation  between  the  State  Agricultural  Society,  Minnesota 
Stock-Breeders’  Association  and  the  Experiment  Station  with  its 
congeners,  the  College  and  School  of  Agriculture  and  the  State 
Farmers’  Institutes.  The  Experiment  Station  veterinarian  is  also 
director  of  the  veterinary  department  of  the  State  board  of  health. 

We  find  cooperation  between  the  veterinary  work  of  the  Experi- 
ment Station  and  the  State  board  of  health  to  be  very  satisfactory. 
W e found  the  work  unsatisfactory  before  such  combination  was  made. 
So  long  as  we  had  one  authority  in  the  State  who  had  charge  of  in- 
fectious diseases,  and  another  who  worked  in  both  parts  of  this  field 
but  had  no  police  authority  over  infectious  diseases,  the  work  for  each 
outbreak  was  more  or  less  tangled. 

Owing  to  the  way  in  which  the  work  is  organized  in  Minnesota, 
outbreaks  of  infectious  diseases  among  domestic  animals  are  discov- 
ered and  reported  by  the  local  health  officer  to  the  State  board.  If 
the  outbreak  is  such  that  it  can  be  taken  care  of  by  the  local  health 
officer  or  by  a representative  of  the  State  board  of  health,  and  all 
that  is  needed  is  a little  police  authority,  it  does  not  necessarily  in- 
volve the  station  work  at  all.  On  the  other  hand,  if  it  is  work  that 


18 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


invites  investigation,  the  Experiment  Station  furnishes  materials  and 
means  for  such  work,  and  finally,  if  it  is  thought  best,  publishes  and 
distributes  the  results  of  such  investigations. 

If  representatives  of  the  State  board  of  health  and  Experiment 
Station  go  into  the  legislature  together  and  ask  for  an  appropriation 
or  modification  of  existing  laws,  they  are  apt  to  be  successful. 

Correspondence  and  other  office  work  of  the  veterinary  depart- 
ments of  the  two  institutions  can  be  greatly  economized  by  coopera- 
tion. There  is  needed  only  one  set  of  office  records  and  one  official 
head  for  the  two  departments.  Although  there  may  be  a large  cor- 
respondence and  an  immense  amount  of  office  records  and  files  to 
look  after,  the  work  can  be  so  planned  that  one  office  assistant  does 
this  work  for  both.  In  our  State  the  Experiment  Station  permits  me 
to  use  a portion  of  my  time  for  the  State  board  of  health  work  on 
the  ground  that  I would  have  to  do  a great  deal  of  this  work  whether 
connected  with  the  State  board  of  health  or  not.  The  office  assist- 
ant and  stenographer  does  all  my  correspondence  and  keeps  Station 
records,  although  her  salary  is  paid  by  the  State  board  of  health. 

By  this  cooperation  we  avoid  a great  deal  of  duplicating,  which 
would  otherwise  be  unavoidable.  For  instance,  I write  a small  bul- 
letin on  hog  cholera  and  swine  plague  for  the  Experiment  Station ; 
after  it  has  been  distributed  by  the  Experiment  Station,  I condense 
it  into  a small  circular  for  use  in  the  State  board  of  health  work. 

Let  me  say,  in  conclusion,  that  I hope  that  the  work  of  this  associa- 
tion will  aid  in  bringing  about  greater  uniformity  and  closer  coop- 
eration between  our  various  States ; and  when  this  work  is  organized 
as  it  should  be  every  State  will  have  one  or  more  veterinarians  on 
the  State  board  of  health,  and  the  Station  veterinarian  will  be  ex 
officio  a member  of  that  board. 


LABORATORY  RECORDS  FOR  VETERINARIANS. 

By  A.  W.  Bitting,  D.  V.  M., 

Veterinarian,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  Indiana. 

One  of  the  first  essentials  in  research  work  is  the  adoption  of  some 
system  of  keeping  records.  It  matters  little  what  system  is  used  if 
it  possesses  the  merit  of  convenience  and  clearness  in  giving  the 
information  desired.  Some  stations  have  a common  method  of  re- 
porting for  all  departments.  Some  utilize  blank  forms,  which  are 
filled  out  each  day  and  filed.  Others  keep  the  records  in  books  of 
uniform  style,  while  a few  have  no  fixed  method,  but  trust  to  report- 
ing each  experiment  by  itself. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  ASSOCIATION  OF  VETERINARIANS. 


19 


A method  which  commends  itself  to  those  who  have  used  it  is  the 
card-index  system,  because  of  its  adaptability  to  so  many  kinds  of 
reports.  It  is  the  only  convenient  system  that  can  be  employed  in 
keeping  a bibliography  of  the  special  subjects  under  investigation. 
It  requires  but  a few  hours  to  catalogue  all  the  articles  in  the  veter- 
inary journals  each  month  and  probably  only  a few  minutes  to  index 
the  special  articles  relating  to  the  subjects  under  study.  I under- 
took the  task  of  making  a complete  index  of  all  the  English  periodical 
veterinary  literature.  The  journals  indexed  are  The  Veterinarian, 
The  Veterinary  Journal,  The  Edinburg  Veterinary  Review,  The 
Veterinary  Record,  The  American  Veterinary  Review,  The  Journal 
of  Comparative  Medicine,  The  Veterinary  Magazine,  and  the  Journal 
of  Veterinary  Science  in  India.  The  number  of  cards  now  in  the 
index  is  over  50,000,  and  it  will  require  about  12,000  more  to  bring 
the  work  up  to  the  close  of  1898.  While  this  index  is  of  great  con- 
venience and  value,  I could  not  recommend  anyone  to  attempt  to 
duplicate  it,  as  the  work  is  several  times  greater  than  is  anticipated. 
If  a few  stations  need  such  an  index,  it  would  be  far  more  con- 
venient to  have  a printed  copy  made  from  this  one  than  to  duplicate 
the  work.  I believe,  in  general,  it  will  be  found  to  be  profitable  to 
index  only-  special  subjects,  although  all  will  admit  the  use  and  de- 
sirability of  having  a complete  index.  In  making  a bibliographical 
index  the  same  style  should  be  used  as  followed  by  public  libraries. 

The  card  index  is  the  most  convenient  form  of  recording  the  pres- 
ence and  distribution  of  diseases  in  the  State.  The  card  should  give 
the  name  of  the  disease,  the  locality,  the  time  when  reported,  and 
the  name  of  the  person  reporting  it.  The  cards  may  be  filed  accord- 
ing to  the  disease  reported  or  by  counties  to  give  the  distribution. 

The  index  is  one  of  the  best  means  for  keeping  a record  of  the 
equipment  of  the  laboratory.  The  card  should  give  the  name  of  the 
article,  of  whom  and  when  purchased,  and  the  cost.  When  the  arti- 
cle is  broken  or  consumed  the  card  may  be  removed  and  an  inventory 
is  always  at  hand.  For  recording  staining  reagents  it  should  give 
the  formula  and  date  of  preparation  of  each. 

A card  index  serves  as  a convenient  method  of  keeping  certain 
laboratory  notes.  Examinations  are  frequently  made  of  material 
out  of  the  usual  line  of  work  and  a brief  record  is  all  that  is  needed. 
Such  a record  upon  a card  may  be  filed  and  become  useful  at  some 
future  date  when  the  subject  is  uncjer  consideration.  Reports  of 
cases  may  be  filed  in  the  same  way.  So  far  as  possible  it  is  best  to 
use  the  large  index  cards,  and  for  recording  laboratory  examinations 
or  cases  cards  of  usual  height  but  double  length. 


20 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


THE  DESIRABILITY  OF  COOPERATION  BETWEEN  THE 
STATION  VETERINARIAN  AND  THE  LOCAL  VETERI- 
NARIANS IN  THE  STATE. 

By  A.  W.  Bitting,  D.  Y.  M., 

Veterinarian,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  Indiana. 

It  may  be  possible  to  imagine  an  experiment  station  so  well  equipped 
and  so  liberally  provided  with  funds  that  the  veterinarian  at  the  head 
of  his  department  can  use  his  discretion  in  the  selection  of  the  disease 
or  the  special  problem  for  investigation ; that  he  may  go  wherever 
the  disease  is  present,  stay  as  long  as  may  be  necessary  to  make  a 
complete  series  of  observations,  or  repeat  his  visitations  until  he  has 
learned  all  that  he  can.  In  such  a position  he  could  be  independent 
of  public  demands,  and  could  utilize  all  his  energy  in  prosecuting 
his  work. 

A veterinarian  occupying  a position  in  a State  experiment  station  is 
confronted  with  a difficult  set  of  conditions.  The  funds  for  maintain- 
ing this  department  are  limited.  He  is  usually  compelled  to  make 
his  studies  upon  outbreaks  of  disease  and  such  sporadic  cases  as  occur 
in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  station.  If  he  visits  localities  at 
some  distance  from  the  station  he  is  rarely  permitted  to  have  all  the 
time  that  is  necessary  to  complete  the  work  or  repeat  his  visitations 
because  of  exhaustion  of  the  funds.  Under  the  conditions  existing 
at  most  of  the  stations  the  veterinarian  can  have  at  best  only  a small 
number  of  cases  of  any  disease  upon  which  to  make  observations  or 
experiments.  The  public  demands  that  he  should  be  informed  con- 
cerning the  occurrence  and  distribution  of  contagious  diseases,  and 
in  many  instances  that  he  shall  give  assistance  in  their  suppression. 
Of  all  the  members  of  the  station  staff  he  is  the  least  independent. 
He  can  not  order  an  outbreak  of  disease  for  his  special  study ; he 
can  not  control  the  location  or  duration  of  the  disease  when  one  does 
occur ; and  he  can  obtain  information  upon  the  occurrence  and  dis- 
tribution of  contagious  diseases  in  the  State  only  through  corre- 
spondence. 

I believe  the  veterinary  department  of  the  experiment  station  and 
the  veterinarians  in  the  State  should  be  on  such  friendly  terms  that 
cooperative  work  may  be  conducted  to  the  advantage  of  both.  The 
station  can  act  as  a medium  to  give  the  latest  information  upon  the 
results  of  its  own  researches  and  announce  the  work  that  is  being 
accomplished  at  other  places.  The  station  may  also  give  assistance 
in  diagnosis  in  certain  cases  where  the  microscope  or  other  special 
equipment  is  necessary.  The  veterinarian,  in  turn,  may  be  of  great 
assistance  to  the  station  by  reporting  outbreaks  of  disease  and  the 
results  of  any  experiments  which  he  may  undertake. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  ASSOCIATION  OF  VETERINARIANS. 


21 


In  1896  and  1897  I made  an  attempt  to  determine  whether  cooper- 
ation was  practical  and  whether  the  station  would  gain  information 
to  compensate  for  the  work  required.  There  were  ninety-six  qualified 
veterinarians  in  the  State.  A circular  letter  setting  forth  the  plans 
and  blanks  for  reporting  the  number  of  cases  occurring  in  their  prac- 
tice each  month  were  sent  to  each  veterinarian.  The  list  of  diseases 
upon  which  reports  were  desired  were  those  most  common  in  the 
State.  It  included  abortion  (infectious)  among  mares  and  cows, 
actinomycosis,  anthrax,  cholera,  glanders,  influenza,  rabies,  specific 
ophthalmia  among  cattle,  sporadic  aphth8e,  tetanus,  tuberculosis, 
azoturia,  colic,  other  intestinal  diseases,  parturient  apoplexy,  periodic 
ophthalmia,  pneumonia,  cerebro-spinal  meningitis,  bursatte,  fistulse, 
lameness,  etc.  At  first  I received  about  thirty-five  replies,  but  the 
number  gradually  became  smaller  until  only  eight  remained  after 
the  month  of  August.  In  1897  I tried  a different  plan,  and  made 
my  blank  upon  a postal  card  and  distributed  them  at  the  end  of  each 
month.  I sent  the  postal  cards  to  about  twenty-five  addresses  and 
had  fifteen  reports  for  each  month  of  the  year.  At  the  close  of  the 
year  there  was  much  greater  interest  than  at  the  beginning,  and  I 
feel  certain  that  I could  have  doubled  the  number  of  correspondents. 
The  work  was  abandoned,  as  I contemplated  withdrawing  from 
station  work. 

The  time  covered  by  this  work  is  admittedly  too  short  to  draw  con- 
clusions from  the  reports,  but  they  seem  to  indicate  that  certain 
diseases,  such  as  tetanus  and  parturient  apoplexy,  are  of  far  more 
common  occurrence  than  is  generally  suspected;  that  certain  dis- 
eases, such  as  fistulse  and  bursatte,  are  common  in  some  localities 
and  rare  in  others;  and  that  seasonal  influences  are  less  marked 
than  is  often  asserted.  The  station  received  fifty-one  species  of 
parasites  for  identification  and  also  a number  of  pathological  speci- 
mens. At  the  suggestion  of  the  writer  several  new  preparations 
were  used  and  reports  received.  The  station  supplied  its  own  publi- 
cations and  gave  notice  of  all  bulletins  upon  veterinary  science  as 
they  appeared  at  other  stations  and  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 
Upon  the  whole  the  station  was  well  repaid  for  its  part  of  the  work, 
and  the  veterinarians  expressed  the  desire  to  have  it  continued. 

One  of  the  good  effects  that  was  wholly  foreign  to  the  original 
object  was  the  increased  interest  which  it  developed  in  the  State 
Veterinary  Medical  Society.  At  the  first  three  meetings  of  the 
society  which  I attended,  only  seven  or  eight  members  were  pres- 
ent. The  three  meetings  held  after  the  correspondence  was  estab- 
lished was  attended  by  from  twenty  to  thirty  members. 


22 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


THE  EXHIBIT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  EXPERIMENT 
STATION  VETERINARIANS  AT  THE  PARIS  EXPOSI- 
TION IN  1900. 

By  A.  T.  Peters,  D.  Y.  M., 

Investigator  of  Animal  Diseases,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  Nebraska. 

I take  pleasure  in  presenting  a subject  which  ought  to  be  of  vital 
interest  to  every  member  of  this  association,  namely,  the  veterinary 
exhibit  of  the  United  States  Experiment  Stations  at  the  Paris  Expo- 
sition in  1900.  As  is  well  known,  at  the  convention  of  the  Associa- 
tion of  Agricultural  Colleges  and  Experiment  Stations,  held  in  July, 
1897,  at  Minneapolis,  a committee  upon  a collective  exhibit  of  the 
experiment  stations  at  the  Paris  Exposition  in  1900  was  appointed, 
consisting  of  H.  P.  Armsby,  M.  A.  Scovell,  W.  H.  Jordan,  A.  W. 
Harris,  and  A.  C.  True.  The  committee  has  had  a meeting  in  con- 
ference with  Hon.  James  Wilson,  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  and  the 
executive  committee  of  the  above  association.  As  yet  no  appropria- 
tion has  been  made  by  Congress  for  such  an  exhibit,  but  the  com- 
mittee, as  a result  of  their  meeting,  have  seen  fit  to  proceed  with  the 
preliminar}T  arrangements.  Mr.  Armsby  has  written  me  regarding 
the  exhibit  of  the  Veterinary  Department,  and  I have  consented  to 
bring  the  matter  before  this  body  for  its  careful  consideration. 

Mr.  Armsby  writes  that  “ the  committee  desires  to  make  in  this 
exhibit  a presentation  of  the  origin,  history,  and  work  of  the  stations 
which  shall  be  calculated  to  illustrate  the  essential  and  distinguish- 
ing features  of  the  American  system  of  experiment  stations  as  com- 
pared with  those  of  other  countries.  With  this  end  in  view,  it  is 
proposed  to  make  the  exhibit  technical  rather  than  popular  in  its 
nature,  appealing  to  the  expert  and  the  administrator  rather  than  to 
the  farmer.  In  carrying  out  this  plan,  it  is  the  intention  to  make 
use  of  two  methods : First,  it  is  intended  to  prepare  a report  which 
shall  include  a characterization  of  the  work  of  the  experiment  stations 
along  four  main  lines,  namely:  (a)  Police  and  control  work;  (b) 
studies  of  natural  resources  and  conditions;  (c)  demonstration  on 
experiments ; (d)  scientific  investigations.  Second,  based  upon  this 
report,  it  is  desired  also  to  make  as  attractive  an  exhibit  as  practica- 
ble of  selected  typical  examples  of  experimental  methods  and  results.” 

I have  given  this  matter  no  little  study,  and  the  more  thought  I 
spend  upon  it  the  more  perplexing  becomes  the  question  as  to  how 
we  veterinarians  can  best  show  to  the  Old  Country  our  unique  way 
of  investigating  scientific  problems.  I believe  this  question  can  be 
settled  right  here  at  the  meeting  of  experiment  station  veterinarians. 
And  hence  I have  thought  it  advisable  to  offer  this  paper  merely  as 
an  introduction  to  the  discussion  which  I know  you  will  enter  into 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  ASSOCIATION  OF  VETERINARIANS. 


23 


heartily.  The  committee  desires  not  “a  complete  and  exhaustive 
report  upon  our  work,  nor  a complete  bibliography,  but  a characteri- 
zation of  the  main  lines  and  tendencies  of  our  work,  classified  under 
the  headings  given  above.” 

Concerning  police  and  control  work  may  be  mentioned  the  work 
done  by  the  experiment  station  veterinarians  in  aiding  the  Bureau  of 
Animal  Industry  in  formulating  the  best  methods  of  controlling  con- 
tagious diseases  by  quarantine  regulations,  sanitary  measures,  and 
vaccination.  In  this  work  what  greater  triumph  have  our  foreign 
brethren  scored  than  we  have  scored  in  preventing  the  spread  of 
Texas  fever  to  the  Northern  States  by  the  quarantine  laws,  and  in 
successfully  eradicating  pleuro-pneumonia  in  the  United  States; 
which  latter  fact  will  always  be  a source  of  great  wonderment  to 
foreign  veterinarians,  and  which  it  will  take  scores  of  years  for  them 
to  accomplish  ? Too  much  can  not  be  said  in  regard  to  our  work  in 
eradicating  sheep  scab  by  the  enforcement  of  sanitary  measures  and 
quarantine  rules,  when  we  consider  how  easy  it  is  for  it  to  spread 
unless  the  strictest  laws  are  observed.  Another  thing  that  is  char- 
acteristic of  American  veterinarians  is  the  work  done  by  the  different 
States  in  controlling  tuberculosis  and  glanders  by  the  extensive  use 
of  tuberculin  and  mallein  and  the  destruction  of  the  diseased  animals. 

In  demonstrating  our  experiments  we  shall  be  able  to  show  that 
they  are  original  and  unique.  Though  not  all  have  been  successful, 
yet  it  must  be  admitted  that  a great  per  cent  have  been  successful ; 
in  fact,  a much  larger  per  cent  than  is  publicly  known.  And  even 
those  that  have  failed  have  in  a way  been  stepping  stones  to  higher 
scientific  investigations.  The  veterinarians  abroad  who  are  unfa- 
miliar with  what  we  have  done,  and  who  have  given  us  credit  for 
so  little,  can,  if  we  take  advantage  of  this  opportunity,  be  shown 
that  our  work  ranks  as  high  as  theirs.  This  latter  fact  has  never 
been  conceded  by  them,  but  we  must  remember  that  the  investiga- 
tions and  experiments  of  our  veterinarians  do  not  date  back  so  far  as 
do  those  of  European  investigators,  and  hence  it  becomes  our  oppor- 
tunity to  illustrate  to  them  that  our  work  of  recent  years  compares 
surprisingly  favorable  with  theirs.  Personally,  I believe  that  along 
certain  lines  our  investigations  even  exceed  those  of  our  foreign 
brethren.  To  back  this  up  I should  like  to  call  attention  to  American 
investigations  in  Texas  fever  as  compared  with  the  German  investi- 
gations i Wildseuche  and  Biiffelseuche,  which  are  supposed  to  be  the 
same  as  Texas  fever. 

Besides  these  researches,  which  have  resulted  in  th6  discovery  of 
the  real  cause  of  Texas  fever,  the  movements  of  the  little  tick,  and 
the  best  method  of  treatment  and  prevention,  let  me  call  attention 
to  the  work  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  and  the  experiment 


24 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


stations  in  investigating  hog  cholera.  In  this  country  this  investiga- 
tion is  undoubtedly  foremost.  As  much  as  this  may  be  said  concerning 
actinomycosis  and  many  other  diseases  too  numerous  to  mention  here. 

I have  pointed  out  to  you  only  a few  of  the  many  distinguishing 
features  that  go  toward  characterizing  the  work  of  the  United  States 
experiment  station  veterinarians,  and  I am  therefore  in  hopes  that 
these  few  words  of  introduction  will  aid  in  bringing  out  from  the 
members  statements  of  just  how  and  what  we  ought  to  exhibit  before 
our  foreign  veterinarians. 

The  idea  of  the  committee  is  to  demonstrate  in  the  report  the  char- 
acteristic investigations  along  the  lines  of  the  various  diseases  for 
which  each  station  is  noted.  This  should  be  prepared  in  a technical, 
concise  manner,  yet  simple  and  practical  enough  to  prove  that  no 
nation  on  earth  has  done  more  along  these  lines  in  recent  years  than 
has  the  U nited  States  agricultural  experiment  stations.  For  instance, 
this  report  should  contain  an  outline  of  the  work  done,  together  with 
the  results  in  the  separate  States,  including  police  and  control  work, 
and  laboratory  and  field  investigations  and  experiments.  The  exhibit 
accompanying  said  report  should  consist  of  apparatus,  specimens, 
statistics,  and  all  materials  used,  thus  making  the  report  more  prac- 
tical and  illustrative  than  otherwise. 

To  make  such  a showing  possible,  and  in  order  to  do  justice  to  the 
United  States  experiment  stations,  it  will  require  your  entire  cooper- 
ation in  the  matter ; and  allow  me,  in  closing,  to  express  the  hope 
that  you  will  each  and  every  one  enter  heartily  in  assisting  the  com- 
mittee to  gather  the  material  necessary  to  make  the  venture  a success. 


THE  YALUE  TO  VETERINARIANS  OF  COOPERATIVE 
EXPERIMENTS. 

By  L.  L.  Lewis,  M.  S.,  D.  V.  M., 

Veterinarian,  Oklahoma  Agricultural  Station. 

As  new  as  the  Association  of  Experiment  Station  Veterinarians 
is,  the  subject  of  cooperative  experiments  is  still  newer  so  far  as 
the  station  veterinarian  is  concerned.  It  is  not  to  be  expected  that 
with  so  recent  an  organization  there  should  be  any  definite  under- 
standing in  regard  to  cooperative  work,  but  to  my  mind  there  is  no 
one  thing  more  necessary  to  the  advancement  of  the  veterinarian’s 
work  than  an  organization  of  those  interested  in  experimental  work. 
Cooperative  experiments  will  follow  as  a natural  consequence  of  such 
an  organization,  but  it  is  not  the  intention  or  province  of  this  paper 
to  favor  any  one  plan  of  work,  but  rather  to  try  to  mention  some  of 
its  advantages,  hoping  that  sufficient  interest  will  be  taken  in  the 
subject  to  bring  it  before  the  next  meeting  in  the  form  of  a suitable 
discussion.  . 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  ASSOCIATION  OF  VETERINARIANS. 


25 


The  station  veterinarian’s  work  is  almost  the  only  line  of  station 
work  that  is  not  to  a certain  extent  cooperating  with  other  stations 
for  the  purpose  of  securing  more  complete  data  on  certain  lines  of 
work.  The  other  departments  of  the  station  are  getting  better  results 
by  cooperative  work,  not  only  with  other  experiment  stations,  but 
also  with  the  Department  of  Agriculture.  The  veterinarian  should 
not  be  less  ready  to  exchange  views  and  ideas  with  his  fellow  worker 
than  men  engaged  in  other  lines  of  work,  and  the  more  liberal  is  this 
exchange  the  surer  of  success. 

I think  there  is  no  work  better  suited  to  such  organization  than  the 
work  of  the  veterinarian.  The  pathology  and  therapeutics  of  most 
of  the  contagious  and  infectious  diseases  can  be  as  successfully 
studied  in  one  part  of  the  country  as  another,  and  by  an  exchange 
of  data  on  the  work,  following  a general  plan  or  outline,  some  defi- 
nite results  will  be  secured  in  very  much  less  time  than  by  the  pres- 
ent method  where  everyone  works  independently,  repeating  the 
mistakes  of  others  and  duplicating,  it  may  be,  a large  amount  of 
work.  More  data  of  a reliable  nature  could  be  secured  in  one  year 
on  any  given  subject  by  the  cooperation  of  several  stations  than  are 
now  available  in  from  two  to  five  years. 

It  is  not  probable  that  very  many  of  the  stations  will  do  very  much 
work  of  this  character  in  the  immediate  future.  There  has  been 
some  work  of  this  character  in  the  past  two  years  and,  so  far  as  the 
writer  knows,  it  is  a satisfactory  method  of  conducting  experiments. 

Where  assistance  can  be  given  without  interfering  with  the  general 
plan  of  work  it  should  be  done  if  such  a proposition  be  made.  But 
the  idea  of  cooperative  work  should  not  mean  the  sacrificing  of  one’s 
ideas  of  method  and  manner  of  work ; if  it  did,  it  certainly  would  be 
a failure. 

A portion  of  the  station  veterinarian’s  time  is  occupied  by  teaching, 
as  most  of  them  are  members  of  the  teaching  staff  in  the  agricultural 
colleges.  A large  part  of  his  time  may  be  occupied  by  work  con- 
ducted in  the  laboratory  or  routine  in  character,  but  aside  from  this 
work  there  is  time  to  devote  to  field  experiments  or  to  laboratory 
work  of  a cooperative  character. 

I realize  that  a more  able  writer  and  a more  experienced  station 
worker  should  have  been  assigned  to  this  duty,  but  I trust  that  by 
the  time  the  next  meeting  is  held  there  may  be  more  stations  inter- 
ested in  the  work,  as  I believe  that  cooperation  will  increase  the  use- 
fulness of  the  veterinarian’s  work  in  a scientific  as  well  as  a practical 
way. 


26 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

The  Association  of  Experiment  Station  Veterinarians  is  an  out- 
growth from  the  correspondence  that  sprung  up  in  1896  among  vari- 
ous Experiment  Station  veterinarians  who  saw  the  necessity  of  such 
an  organization.  As  a result  of  this  correspondence,  circular  letters 
were  sent  out  to  all  veterinarians  of  the  United  States  Experiment 
Stations  and  Agricultural  Colleges  asking  them  as  to  the  advisability 
of  such  a movement,  and  informing  them  that  an  attempt  would  be 
made  to  organize  temporarily  at  the  Buffalo  meeting  of  the  United 
States  Veterinary  Medical  Association.  In  February,  1897,  another 
circular  letter  was  addressed  to  the  same  men  stating  that  a tempo- 
rary organization  had  been  formed,  in  accordance  with  the  plans,  by 
Doctors  Salmon,  Stalker,  Reynolds,  Grange,  Cary,  Williams,  Pear- 
son, and  Peters.  It  was  the  unanimous  opinion  of  these  gentlemen 
that  an  association  of  this  character  would  be  of  great  benefit  to  the 
station  veterinarian.  Accordingly,  at  the  Nashville  meeting  of  the 
United  States  Veterinary  Medical  Association  in  1897,  a permanent 
organization  was  effected,  papers  were  read,  permanent  officers  were 
elected,  and  a constitution  and  by-laws  adopted. 

The  second  annual  meeting,  the  proceedings  of  which  are  herewith 
published,  was  held  at  Omaha  with  the  United  States  Veterinary 
Medical  Association  on  September  8,  1898. 


CONSTITUTION  AND  BY-LAWS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION  OF 
EXPERIMENT  STATION  VETERINARIANS. 


CONSTITUTION. 

Article  I. — Name. 

This  Association  shall  be  known  as  the  Association  of  Experiment 
Station  Veterinarians. 


Article  II. — Object. 

The  object  of  this  Association  is  to  bring  the  several  veterinarians 
of  the  different  Experiment  Stations  in  a closer  communication,  to 
advance  their  common  interests  by  the  establishment  of  honorable 
and  fraternal  relations,  and  to  secure  the  benefits  of  cooperation  and 
united  action  in  bringing  into  prominence  the  merits  of  scientific 
veterinary  investigation. 

Article  III. — Members. 

All  those  who  are  connected  with  the  U.  S.  Experiment  Stations 
and  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Art  Colleges  may,  upon  applica- 
tion and  the  payment  of  the  initiatory  fee,  become  members  of  this 
Association. 

Article  IV. — Officers. 

Chapter  1.  The  officers  of  this  Association  shall  consist  of  a Presi- 
dent, Vice-President,  Secretary-Treasurer,  and  three  Trustees,  who 
shall  constitute  the  Executive  Committee. 

Chapter  2.  The  officers  shall  be  elected  for  one  year  by  ballot  and 
hold  office  until  their  successors  are  elected. 

Article  V. — The  Executive  Committee. 

The  Executive  Committee  shall  manage  the  business  of  the  Asso- 
ciation under  such  regulations  and  restrictions  as  the  Association 
may  from  time  to  time  prescribe. 


28 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


BY-LAWS. 

Section  I. 

Article  1.  The  President  shall  preside  over  the  meetings  of  the 
Association. 

Article  2.  He  shall  deliver  an  address  at  the  annual  meeting  suc- 
ceeding his  election. 

Article  3.  He  shall  appoint  all  committees  not  otherwise  provided 
for. 

Section  II. 

Article  1.  The  Secretary  shall  give  due  notice  of  the  time  and 
place  of  each  annual  meeting.  He  shall  conduct  all  correspondence 
of  the  Association,  retain  copies,  and  report  the  same  at  each  meeting. 

Article  2.  The  Secretary  shall  also  perform  such  other  duties  as 
may  be  imposed  upon  him  by  the  Association. 

Section  III. 

Article  1.  The  Secretary-Treasurer  shall  collect  all  bills  due  the  As- 
sociation and  give  security  for  all  moneys  held  by  him  if  desired.  He 
shall  keep  a correct  account  of  the  same,  holding  receipts  for  all  dis- 
bursements. He  shall  furnish  a statement  of  the  funds  of  the  Asso- 
ciation at  each  annual  meeting,  or  oftener  if  desired. 

Article  2.  He  shall  be  the  custodian  of  all  moneys  belonging  to 
the  Association,  or  donations,  and  keep  a correct  account  of  the  same 
with  the  names  of  the  donors,  and  report  such  members  as  have  failed 
to  pay  their  dues  for  one  year. 

Article  3.  The  Treasurer  shall  pay  out  no  money  from  the  treasury, 
or  dispose  of  any  money  or  property  of  the  Association,  without  the 
knowledge  and  approval  of  the  President.  All  bills  audited  by  the 
Finance  Committee  shall  be  paid  by  the  Treasurer  upon  the  order  of 
the  President. 

Section  IY. 

Article  1 . Order  of  business : 

Roll  call. 

Reading  of  minutes  of  previous  meeting. 

President’s  address. 

Reports  of  committees. 

Admission  of  new  members. 

Unfinished  business. 

Hew  business. 

Election  of  officers. 

Miscellaneous  business. 

Papers  and  discussions. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  ASSOCIATION  OF  VETERINARIANS. 


29 


Section  V. 

Article  1.  Seven  members  shall  constitute  a quorum  for  the  trans- 
action of  business  at  the  annual  meeting. 

Section  YI. 

Article  1.  The  annual  dues  shall  be  one  dollar  ($1.00)  and  the  sec- 
retary is  instructed  to  levy  a tax  upon  the  members  sufficient  to  cover 
any  deficit  that  may  occur. 

Section  YII. 

Article  1.  Any  proposed  alterations  or  amendments  to  the  consti- 
tution or  by-laws  shall  be  submitted  in  writing  to  each  member  of  the 
Association  at  least  three  months  before  the  next  annual  meeting. 


Bulletin  No.  23 


(B.  A.  I.  117.) 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


THE  SERUM 


TREATMENT  OF  SWINE 
AND  HOG  CHOLERA. 


PLAGUE 


E.  A.  de  SCHWEINITZ,  Ph.  D.,  M.  D., 

Chief  of  Biochcmie  Division , 


WITH  THE  COLLABORATION  OF  MARION  DORSET,  M.  D., 


UNDKR  THK  SUPERVISION  OK 


D.  E.  SALMON,  D.  V.  M., 

Chief  of  the  Bureau. 


WASHINGTON  : 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 

1899. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
Washington , D.  C.,  December  1898. 

Sir  : Laboratory  investigations  in  the  use  of  serum  for  treating 
hog  cholera  and  swine  plague  have  been  carried  on  by  this  Bureau 
for  several  years,  and  with  such  favorable  results  that,  upon  your 
direction,  the  treatment  was  given  an  enlarged  field  in  Page  County, 
Iowa.  The  work  conducted  there  during  the  season  of  1897  showed 
that  the  treatment  saved  about  80  per  cent  of  the  animals  injected. 
The  results  in  1898  have  been  exceedingly  satisfactory  and  tend  to 
confirm  those  of  the  previous  year.  So  much  interest  has  been 
manifested  in  this  work  that  this  article  on  the  subject  of  serum 
treatment  for  hog  cholera  and  swine  plague  has  been  prepared  by 
Dr.  de  Schweinitz,  who  has  been  in  charge  of  the  work,  assisted  by 
Dr.  Marion  Dorset,  and  others,  and  its  publication  as  a bulletin  of 
this  Bureau  is  recommended. 

The  public  should  be  informed  that  the  preparation  of  the  serum 
by  the  Bureau  is  necessarily  limited,  and  therefore  its  distribution  is 
confined  to  inspectors  for  the  Bureau  and  to  experiment  stations. 

Respectfully, 

D.  E.  Salmon, 

Chief  of  Bureau. 


Hon.  James  Wilson, 

Secretary. 


3 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Preliminary  experiments 5 

Results  of  experiments  with  serum  as  a curative  agent 7 

The  preparation  of  the  serum 10 

The  preparation  of  a mixed  serum 12 

Character  of  immunity  - 12 

Difficulties  of  fieldwork  12 

Practical  work  in  Page  County  in  1897  and  1898 . . 18 

Expense  of  the  serum  preparation 17 

Sources  of  infection 17 

Necessity  of  disinfection : 17 

Legal  supervision  of  the  preparation  of  serum  . 18 


4 


THE  SERUM  TREATMENT  FOR  SWINE  PLAGUE  AND 
HOG  CHOLERA. 


By  E.  A.  de  Schweinitz,  Ph.  D.,  M.  D., 

Chief  of  Biochemic  Division. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  and  difficult  problems  which  has 
engaged  the  attention  of  this  Bureau  for  some  years  has  been  the 
discovery  of  a method  or  methods  for  the  prevention  or  cure  of  dis- 
eases known  as  hog  cholera  and  swine  plague  among  swine. 

PRELIMINARY  EXPERIMENTS. 

In  the  year  1890  a study  of  the  substances  secreted  by  the  hog 
cholera  and  swine  plague  germs  was  begun  in  the  Biochemic  Labora- 
tory of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  by  the  writer  of  this  article. 
From  cultures  of  these  bacteria  he  succeeded  in  isolating  two  sub- 
stances albuminoid  in  character  and  others  belonging  to  the  group 
called  amines,  which  produced,  when  injected  into  experimental  ani- 
mals, some  of  the  characteristic  symptoms  of  hog  cholera  or  swine 
plague,  respectively,  and  conferred  upon  these  animals  an  immunity 
to  subcutaneous  inoculation  with  hog  cholera  and  swine  plague 
germs,  respectively.  The  reports  of  this  work  were  published  in  the 
Medical  News  of  Philadelphia  in  September  and  October,  1890,  and 
annual  reports  of  this  Department  for  1890  and  1891. 

A series  of  practical  experiments  was  then  carried  on  at  the  experi- 
ment station  of  the  Bureau  upon  swine.  The  animals  were  injected 
with  the  products  of  the  growth  of  these  bacteria,  including  the  con- 
tents of  the  cells  themselves,  as  well  as  those  products  of  excretion 
of  the  cells  which  were  in  solution  in  the  culture  liquid.  In  ten  days 
after  inoculation  they  were  exposed  to  hog  cholera  and  swine  plague, 
respectively,  by  an  intravenous  inoculation  with  a virulent  germ 
sufficient  in  quantity  to  kill  the  check  animals  in  a week  to  ten  days. 
In  general  these  results  were  fairly  satisfactory,  in  so  far  that,  while 
the  check  animals  died,  about  50  per  cent  of  the  treated  animals 
remained  alive.  The  method  of  exposure,  however,  was  unsatisfac- 
tory, as  it  was  not  always  possible  to  be  certain  that  the  checks 
would  die,  and  in  a good  many  cases  the  exposure  of  the  treated 
animals  by  this  method  of  inoculation  was  very  much  more  severe 
than  that  which  they  would  in  all  probability  have  been  subjected 
to  in  the  field.  In  addition,  the  injection  of  these  products  of  the 
bacilli  produced  disagreeable  local  lesions  in  the  animals. 

While  the  results  of  the  work  showed  that  considerable  immunity 
to  these  diseases  could  be  secured  by  this  method  of  treatment,  it  did 
not  appear  practicable  for  field  work,  and  consequently  other  labora- 
tory investigations  were  begun. 


5 


6 


A more  thorough  study  of  the  substances  produced  by  the  hog 
cholera  germs,  the  results  of  which  were  published  in  the  Philadel- 
phia Medical  News  of  October,  1892,  showed  that  if  the  cultures  of 
this  germ  were  made  upon  milk  or  other  suitable  media,  it  was  possi- 
ble to  obtain  from  these  cultures  a small  quantity  of  enzyms,  or  solu- 
ble ferments.  These  ferments  secreted  by  the  hog  cholera  bacillus 
were  also  tried  for  the  purpose  of  producing  immunity  in  experi- 
mental animals,  with  satisfactory  results.  The  injection  of  quanti- 
ties of  these  ferments  below  0.01  of  a gram  was  without  ill  effect. 
If  the  amount  injected  was  increased  beyond  this  point  there  was  a 
rise  of  temperature  in  the  animals  for  several  days,  and  in  several 
instances  0.05  of  a gram  was  sufficient  to  kill  the  animals.  A single 
injection  of  guinea-pigs  with  0.04  of  a gram  of  the  ferments  served 
to  make  the  animals  immune  to  an  inoculation  with  the  hog  cholera 
germ  that  was  sufficient  to  cause  the  death  of  the  checks  in  ten  days. 
In  the  article  referred  to  the  opinion  was  expressed  that  the  soluble 
ferments  exert  a very  potent  action  in  rendering  animals  insus- 
ceptible to  disease,  and  that  to  the  indirect  action  of  the  specific  fer- 
ments secreted  by  the  hog  cholera  and  other  germs  the  protective 
and  curative  influence  of  blood  serum  from  immune  animals  may  be 
traced,  as  well  as  the  immunity  produced  by  injecting  animals  with 
cell  contents  or  the  products  of  the  cell  growth.  At  about  that  time 
the  writer  published  an  article  in  the  Philadelphia  Medical  News, 
September  24,  1892,  upon  the  production  of  immunity  in  guinea-pigs 
to  hog  cholera  by  the  use  of  blood  serum  from  other  guinea  pigs  that 
had  been  previously  immunized.  The  guinea-pigs  used  as  a source 
for  the  blood  serum  were  immunized  by  means  of  the  cell  contents 
and  products  of  the  growth  of  hog  cholera  bacilli,  and  after  they 
had  withstood  an  inoculation  of  the  germ  of  sufficient  virulence  to 
cause  the  death  of  the  checks  they  served  as  a source  of  serum  to  be 
used  for  injecting  other  healthy  guinea-pigs  or  for  treating  guinea- 
pigs  infected  with  hog  cholera.  The  results  of  these  experiments 
were  also  satisfactory,  but  for  various  reasons  they  could  not  be 
pushed  as  rapidly  as  desired.  The  experiments  were  continued, 
however,  in  a quiet  way,  and  the  use  of  the  products  of  other  bac- 
teria allied  to  the  hog  cholera  germ,  as  the  Coli  communis , etc., 
were  tried.  The  results  were  satisfactory  for  the  purpose  of  secur- 
ing immunity  to  hog  cholera.  As  stated  in  one  of  the  papers  men- 
tioned, it  is  probable  that  all  gas-producing  bacilli  secrete  a soluble 
ferment,  and  that  this  ferment  is  of  considerable  importance  in  con- 
nection with  the  production  of  immunity.  While  it  is  not  probable 
that  each  germ  gives  rise  to  a distinctive  ferment,  it  is  probable  that 
different  germs  secrete  two  or  more  ferments,  and  that  the  com- 
bined action  of  these  ferments  is  necessary  for  securing  satisfactory 
results  in  immunity. 


7 


RESULTS  OF  EXPERIMENTS  WITH  SERUM  AS  A CURATIVE  AGENT. 


During  the  years  1893,  1894,  and  1895  it  was  possible  to  make 
some  more  experiments  with  the  serum  as  a curative  agent  for  hog 
cholera  and  swine  plague  upon  a somewhat  larger  scale.  These 
experiments  were  reported  to  the  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Agri- 
cultural Science  in  Buffalo,  X.  Y. , in  August,  1896,  and  published  in 
their  proceedings,  in  the  Yew  York  Medical  Journal,  September  5, 
1896,  and  in  Centralbl.  f.  bakt.  u.  Parasit.,  Vol.  XX,  Xo.  16-17,  1896. 

The  animals  used  for  the  production  of  the  serum  were  treated 
for  me  by  Dr.  Schroeder,  in  charge  of  the  experiment  station  of  the 
Bureau . 

After  several  months’  injection  of  the  cows  with  the  virulent  hog 
cholera  culture,  the  serum  was  tested.  The  following  is  a record  of 
one  of  the  experiments : 

Guinea  pigs  injected  with  serum  from  treated  cows. 

March  9,  1894,  No.  219,  weight  17  ozs.,  received  1.5  c.  c.  of  serum. 

March  9,  1894,  No.  220,  weight  12  ozs.,  received  1.5  c.  c.  of  serum. 

March  9,  1894,  No.  221,  weight  11  ozs.,  received  1.5  c.  c.  of  serum. 

March  9,  1894,  No.  222,  weight  17  ozs.,  received  1.5  c.  c.  of  serum. 

March  18,  1894,  No.  219,  weight  18  ozs.,  received  3 c.  c.  of  serum. 

March  18,  1894,  No.  220,  weight  11  ozs.,  received  3 c.  c.  of  serum. 

March  18,  1894,  No.  222,  weight  19  ozs.,  received  3 c.  c.  of  serum. 

March  18,  1894,  No.  223,  weight  14  ozs.,  received  3 c.  c.  of  serum. 

Xo.  221  was  found  dead  from  pneumonia  on  March  16. 

On  March  20  Xo.  220  was  found  dead  from  pneumonia. 

March  23,  1894,  No.  219,  weight  17  ozs.,  received  1.5  c.  c.  of  serum. 

March  23,  1894,  No.  222,  weight  17  ozs.,  received  3 c.  c.  of  serum. 

March  23,  1894,  No.  242,  weight  104  ozs.,  received  3 c.  c.  of  serum. 

March  23,  1894,  No.  243,  weight  IO4  ozs.,  received  3 c.  c.  of  serum. 

March  23,  1894,  No.  246,  weight  94  ozs.,  received  3 c.  c.  of  serum. 

March  28,  1894,  No.  219,  weight  18  ozs.,  received  4.5  c.  c.  of  serum. 

March  28,  1894,  No.  222,  weight  18  ozs.,  received  6 c.  c.  of  serum. 

March  28,  1894,  No.  223,  weight  13  ozs.,  received  4 c.  c.  of  serum. 

March  28,  1894,  No.  242,  weight  12  ozs.,  received  3 c.  c.  of  serum. 

March  28,  1894,  No.  243,  weight  12  ozs.,  received  3 c.  c.  of  serum. 

March  28,  1894,  No.  246,  weight  11  ozs.,  received  3 c.  c.  of  serum. 

On  April  9 the  following  guinea-pigs  were  inoculated  with  one- 
tenth  cubic  centimeter  of  peptonized  beef -broth  hog  cholera  culture 
each : 


No.  219,  weight  23  ozs. 
No.  222,  weight  18  ozs. 
No.  223,  weight  12  ozs. 
No.  242,  weight  13  ozs. 
No.  243,  weight  13  ozs. 
No.  246,  weight  12  ozs. 


No.  261,  weight  12  ozs. 

No.  262,  weight  15  ozs. 

No.  263,  weight  20  ozs. 

No.  264,  weight  14  ozs. 

No.  241,  weight  15  ozs.  (check). 
No.  260,  weight  12  ozs.  (check). 


8 


Nos.  261,  262,  263,  and  264  had  not  received  previous  injections 
with  serum;  241  and  260  were  checks;  while  the  other  animals  had 
been  treated  with  serum,  as  above  noted. 

April  11,  No.  261  received  3 c.  c.  of  serum. 

April  11,  No.  262  received  3 c.  c.  of  serum. 

April  11,  No.  263  received  5 c.  c.  of  serum. 

April  11,  No.  264  received  4.5  c.  c.  of  serum. 

April  14,  No.  261  received  3 c.  c.  of  serum. 

April  14,  No.  262  received  3 c.  c.  of  serum. 

April  14,  No.  263  received  4.5  c.  c.  of  serum. 

The  results:  April  17,  No,  260  (check)  was  found  dead  from  hog 
cholera;  April  19,  No.  222  was  found  dead  from  hog  cholera;  April 
20,  No.  264  was  found  dead  from  hog  cholera;  April  25,  No.  241 
(check)  was  found  dead  from  hog  cholera;  Nos.  219,  223,  and  261 
were  also  found  dead  from  pneumonia.  There  had  been  quite  an 
outbreak  of  pneumonia  among  the  guinea-pigs  just  at  this  time, 
accounting  for  these  lesions  which  were  not  due  to  cholera. 

Of  the  entire  number  of  pigs  treated,  therefore,  the  checks  died  in 
from  8 to  16  days.  Three  of  the  pigs  that  had  previously  been  vac- 
cinated with  6 c.  c.  of  serum  each  recovered  and  two  of  the  pigs 
that  had  received  6 and  8 c.  c.  of  serum  two  days  after  the  inocula- 
tion with  the  germ  recovered  from  the  disease.  These  experiments 
repeated  later  showed  that  while  the  blood  contained  a curative  and 
protective  substance  the  quantity  present  at  the  time  would  not  cure 
disease  by  the  injection  of  several  small  doses.  Subsequently,  by 
continued  treatment  of  the  animals,  the  curative  material  was  in- 
creased in  quantity,  as  will  be  seen  from  experiments  reported  later. 

Already  in  1894  some  work  had  been  done  which  served  to  em- 
phasize the  close  relationship  between  the  products  in  artificial  media 
of  the  growth  of  the  hog  cholera  germ  and  those  produced  by  the 
growth  of  the  bacillus  Coli  communis  (the  ordinary  intestinal 
bacillus).  A pig  which  had  been  immunized  to  hog  cholera  by 
long-continued  injections  of  the  Coli  communis  and  subsequently 
inoculated  with  the  hog  cholera  germs  was  used  as  a source  for  the 
serum  for  treating  guinea-pigs,  as  follows : 

No.  425,  weight  11  ozs.,  received  3 c.  c.  of  serum. 

No.  426,  weight  9 ozs.,  received  4.5  c.  c.  of  serum. 

No.  422,  weight  9 ozs.,  received  0.5  c.  c.  of  serum. 

No.  423,  weight  11  ozs.,  received  1.5  c.  c.  of  serum. 

No.  424,  weight  ^ ozs.,  received  2 c.  c.  of  serum. 

Fifteen  days  afterward  these  pigs  and  two  checks,  Nos.  442  and 
443,  were  inoculated  with  one-tenth  cubic  centimeter  of  a peptonized 
beef-broth  hog  cholera  culture  one  day  old.  Seven  and  10  days, 


9 


respectively,  after  this  inoculation  the  checks  were  found  dead  from 
hog  cholera  while  the  other  guinea-pigs  remained  well.  These  experi- 
ments repeated  upon  another  set  of  animals  gave  about  the  same 
results,  which  showed  that  an  immunizing  substance  is  produced  in 
the  blood  of  a hog  that  is  protected  against  the  cholera.  Another  set 
of  experiments,  the  details  of  which  need  not  be  reported  here,  showed 
that  while  the  hog  itself  might  be  immune  to  disease,  its  blood  serum 
may  have  lost  the  power  of  conferring  immunity  upon  other  animals. 
This  confirms  the  conclusion  with  reference  to  the  use  of  blood  serum 
in  other  diseases,  namely,  that  the  immunizing  principle  in  the  blood 
serum  can  best  be  obtained  if  the  animals  are  inoculated  from  time  to 
time  with  the  culture,  or  toxins.  So  long  as  the  animal  receives  con- 
tinued injection  of  the  cell  contents  or  products  of  the  germ  the 
immunity  of  that  particular  animal  continues,  and  in  addition  the 
antitoxic  substance  is  found  in  the  blood.  After  some  time  the  anti- 
toxic substance  may  no  longer  be  noted  in  the  blood,  or  only  in  small 
amounts,  while  the  immunity  of  the  individual  animal  from  which 
this  blood  is  obtained  may  still  continue.  The  antitoxic  substances 
are  apparently  the  products  of  cell  activity  only. 

These  experiments  with  the  serum  of  immune  hogs  and  the  serum 
of  cattle  and  horses  that  had  been  made  artificially  immune  war- 
ranted further  investigation. 

In  practice,  however,  it  is  found  that  hogs  are  exposed  not  only  to 
the  disease  of  hog  cholera  but  also  to  another  disease  called  swine 
plague,  both  of  which  may  occur  together  in  the  same  animal,  or 
there  may  be  an  outbreak  of  one  or  the  other  disease  alone.  As  the 
experiments  made  in  1891  with  the  products  of  the  swine  plague 
germ  as  obtained  from  artificial  media  had  shown  that  these  could 
be  used  as  immunizing  agents  it  was  very  reasonable  to  suppose, 
when  the  nature  of  the  disease  swine  plague  is  considered,  that  an 
antitoxic 1 serum  for  this  disease  might  also  be  obtained.  A cow  was 
used  as  the  source  of  the  serum  after  she  had  been  repeatedly  inocu- 
lated with  cultures  of  the  swine  plague  germ.  The  preliminary  tests 
of  this  serum  were  made  upon  rabbits.  One-tenth  cubic  centimeter 
of  a peptonized  beef -broth  culture  of  the  swine  plague  sufficient  to 
kill  a rabbit  in  fifteen  to  eighteen  hours  was  used.  Several  sets  of 
experiments  showed  that  while  the  check  rabbits  were  killed  within 
the  specified  time  by  the  swine  plague  cultures,  others  could  be  kept 
alive  from  six  to  ten  days  longer  than  the  checks  by  the  injection 
of  9 c.  c.  of  the  serum  per  pound  weight.  As  these  results  indicated 
that  antitoxic,  or  curative,  substances  were  present  in  the  serum,  its 


1 The  word  antitoxic  is  used  in  this  article  in  the  sense  of  curative. 


10 


effect  was  tried  upon  guinea-pigs.  One-tenth  cubic  centimeter  of 
swine  plague  culture  was  used,  sufficient  to  kill  the  animals.  The 
experiments  gave  the  following : 

No.  348  (check),  weight  12  ozs.,  received  0.1  c.  c.  swine  plague  culture. 

No.  349,  weight  8 ozs.,  received  0.1  c.  c.  swine  plague  culture  and  3 c.  c.  serum. 
No.  350  (check),  weight  11  ozs.,  received  0.1  c.  c.  swine  plague  culture. 

No.  351,  weight  9 ozs.,  received  0.1  c.  c.  swine  plague  culture  and  6 c,  c.  serum. 
No.  352,  weight  8 ozs.,  received  0.1  c.  c.  swine  plague  culture  and  6 c.  c.  serum. 

While  the  check  animal  died  the  pigs  which  received  the  antitoxic 
serum  recovered,  about  6 c.  c.  per  pound  weight  being  required  to 
check  the  disease. 

With  the  assistance  of  Dr.  Dorset  I next  endeavored  to  isolate  the 
antitoxic  principle  contained  in  the  serum,  according  to  a method 
prescribed  by  Brieger  and  Boer1  for  the  isolation  of  diphtheria  anti- 
toxin, by  the  use  of  zinc  sulphate,  repeated  solution  in  sodium 
hydrate  and  precipitation  with  C02.  In  this  way  from  90  c.  c.  of 
serum  about  0.152  gram  of  a practically  ash-free  white  powder  was 
obtained.  The  antitoxic  properties  of  this  substance  when  tested 
proved  to  be  about  the  same  as  those  of  the  serum.  As  we  had 
therefore  a serum  which  exhibited  antitoxic,  or  curative,  properties 
for  hog  cholera,  and  another  which  exhibited  antitoxic,  or  curative, 
properties  for  swine  plague,  it  was  of  interest  to  see  if  these  serums 
would  be  of  use  interchangeably.  The  result  showed,  however,  that 
the  hog  cholera  serum  protected  guinea-pigs  from  the  cholera  germ 
but  not  from  the  swine  plague  germ,  and  that  the  swine  plague  serum 
protected  or  cured  guinea-pigs  from  infection  with  the  swine  plague 
germ  but  not  from  the  hog  cholera  germ.  This  demonstrated  again 
the  independent  character  of  these  two  diseases,  attention  to  which 
has  often  been  drawn  in  previously  published  work. 

As  the  preliminary  experiments  so  far  reported  had  shown  that 
specific  antitoxic  serums  for  hog  cholera  and  swine  plague  could  be 
obtained,  the  work  was  carried  forward  on  a somewhat  larger  scale, 
and  serums  secured  which  were  effective  in  much  smaller  doses  upon 
experimental  animals.  The  laboratory  results  seemed  to  warrant  a 
trial  of  this  method  in  the  field,  and  experiments  were  made  during 
the  summer  and  fall  of  1897  on  this  line  in  Page  County,  Iowa. 

THE  PREPARATION  OF  THE  SERUM. 

In  preparing  the  serum  for  this  work  we  have  used  cattle,  horses, 
mules,  donkeys,  etc. ; the  animals  received  injections  of  the  filtered, 
sterile,  or  * live  cultures  of  the  hog  cholera  germ  and  swine  plague 
germ,  respectively,  or  the  solutions  of  their  products,  including  cell 
contents,  extracts,  and  secretions.  These  injections  were  made 


1 Zeit.  fur  Hyg.  u.  Infectionskrank. , Bd.  XXI,  Pt.  2. 


11 


either  subcutaneously,  intravenously,  or  intra-abdominally,  or  a 
combination  of  two  or  more  of  these  methods,  depending  upon  the 
results  obtained.  The  quantities  given  at  first  were  small,  but  in- 
creased gradually  until  large  amounts  of  the  material  used  could  be 
injected  without  bad  results.  This  treatment  of  the  animals  must 
be  carried  out  very  carefully  and  requires  six  to  eight  months’  time 
before  the  serum  is  sufficiently  potent  to  be  of  any  practical  use.  As 
the  treatment  continues  the  power  of  the  serum  to  check  the  motility 
of  the  hog  cholera  germ  increases  with  rapidity.  The  serum  of  ani- 
mals treated  with  swine  plague  cultures  also  sometimes  checks  the 
motility  of  the  hog  cholera  germ.  The  value  of  the  serum  was  deter- 
mined by  the  amount  of  serum  necessary  to  protect  or  cure  guinea- 
pigs  from  an  inoculation  with  the  hog  cholera  germ  or  swine  plague 
germ  sufficiently  virulent  to  kill  the  check  animals  in  the  usual  time — 
a week  to  ten  days. 

The  details  of  the  method  of  treating  these  animals  for  preparing 
the  serum,  which  were  the  results  of  numerous  conferences  between 
Dr.  Schroeder,  in  charge  of  the  experiment  station,  and  the  writer, 
will  be  given  in  another  publication.  Too  much  care  can  not  be 
observed  in  selecting  the  animals  and  in  observing  proper  precautions 
during  the  injections  with  the  different  products  of  the  cultures  that 
are  used  for  producing  in  the  animals  a curative  serum.  The  testing 
of  the  serum,  as  already  noted,  was  usually  made  b}T  treating  animals 
that  had  been  previously  inoculated  with  a fatal  dose  of  the  culture. 
This  method  of  testing  is  sometimes  not  altogether  satisfactory  so  far 
as  the  cholera  germ  is  concerned,  although  the  results  given  with  the 
swine  plague  are  quite  satisfactory.  We  have  therefore  used  another 
method,  namely,  the  injection  of  a quantity  of  the  products  of  the 
hog  cholera  germ  sufficient  in  quantity  to  kill  the  check  guinea-pigs, 
while  the  other  guinea-pigs  so  injected  and  treated  with  the  serum 
will  not  succumb.  This  method  promises  more  satisfactory  results, 
and  a better  basis  can  thus  be  secured  for  estimating  the  amount  of 
curative  serum  which  should  be  used  for  injecting  large  animals. 

In  order  to  keep  and  utilize  large  quantities  of  serum,  we  have 
found  it  very  convenient  to  concentrate  it,  and  by  making  use  of  well- 
known  principles  we  have  accomplished  this  by  freezing,  so  that  a 
more  concentrated  material  can  be  obtained  and  a less  quantity  of 
serum  used  for  injecting  animals.  The  preparation  of  a solid  serum 
or  an  extract  from  the  serum  of  the  active  products,  secured  by 
means  of  precipitation,  has  already  been  referred  to,  but  for  practi- 
cal purposes  it  would  appear  that  a concentrated  serum  is  the  best 
product  to  place  in  the  hands  of  the  individual  veterinarian.  If  our 
experiments,  continued  on  a still  larger  scale,  give  as  satisfactory 
results  as  those  obtained  during  the  3’ears  1897  and  1898  (and  there 
is  every  reason  to  hope  that  such  will  be  the  case)  it  would  appear 


12 


that  we  have  at  hand  a practical  method  which  may  be  used  for 
decreasing  very  materially  one  of  the  most  serious  losses  to  which 
the  farmer  is  subjected. 

THE  PREPARATION  OF  A MIXED  SERUM  FOR  THE  TREATMENT  OF 
HOG  CHOLERA  AND  SWINE  PLAGUE. 

The  experiments  had  shown  that  the  serum  prepared  for  the 
purpose  of  curing  hog  cholera  was  useful  in  protecting  or  curing 
small  experimental  animals  from  hog  cholera  only,  and  that  serum 
prepared  for  the  purposes  of  curing  swine  plague  was  useful  in 
protecting  from  swine  plague  only.  Other  work  had  shown  that  if 
experimental  animals  infected  with  hog  cholera  were  treated  with  a 
mixture  of  anti-hog  cholera  and  anti-swine  plague  serum,  that  they 
responded  generally  a little  bit  more  quickly  to  the  treatment.  Ef- 
forts were  made  therefore  to  prepare  in  one  and  the  same  animal  a 
double  serum,  as  it  may  be  called.  In  order  to  do  this,  the  animals 
which  were  to  serve  as  a source  for  the  serum  were  injected  with 
hog  cholera  cultures  and  swine  plague  cultures,  or  their  products, 
alternately  or  together,  the  doses  being  gradually  increased  until 
enough  had  been  injected  to  impart  to  the  serum  the  desired  proper- 
ties. The  first  tests  upon  experimental  animals  showed  that  a serum 
could  be  obtained  in  this  way  which  exerted  slight  curative  proper- 
ties for  both  hog  cholera  and  swine  plague.  The  serum,  however, 
was  more  active  in  checking  swine  plague  than  in  checking  hog 
cholera.  The  treated  animals  did  not  thrive  under  this  treatment. 
The  work,  however,  indicated  the  possibility  of  perhaps  producing 
in  the  same  animal  a serum  which  may  be  specific  for  two  distinct 
diseases.  Experiments  are  being  made  now  to  ascertain  to  what 
extent  this  principle  can  be  utilized  in  connection  with  other  diseases 
of  men  and  animals,  especially  tuberculosis. 

CHARACTER  OF  IMMUNITY. 

The  length  of  immunity  produced  by  the  injection  of  serum  is 
short  and  more  permanent  immunity  can  apparently  be  secured  by 
using  in  addition  to  serum  the  products  of  the  germs.  The  serum 
has  appeared  most  efficious  in  treating  herds  where  the  disease  had 
just  begun. 


DIFFICULTIES  IN  FIELD  WORK. 

A very  important  difficulty  which  is  encountered  in  field  work  is 
that  it  is  almost  impossible  to  determine  in  the  field  whether  animals 
are  suffering  from  hog  cholera  or  swine  plague,  or  from  a mixed  in- 
fection, unless  a careful  autopsy  has  been  made.  And  even  when 
this  is  done,  on  account  of  the  similarity  of  many  of  the  lesions  found 


13 


in  the  two  diseases,  it  is  necessary  to  resort  to  a careful  bacteriological 
examination  of  the  cultures  obtained  from  these  animals  in  order  to 
decide  whether  the  disease  dealt  with  is  hog  cholera  or  swine  plague. 
This  has  already  been  pointed  out  in  previous  publications  of  this 
Bureau.  On  account  of  this  practical  difficulty  the  idea  very  natu- 
rally suggested  itself  that  it  would  be  well  to  treat  animals  in  the 
field  with  a curative  serum  for  hog  cholera  mixed  with  a curative 
serum  for  swine  plague  obtained  from  different  animals  or  with  a 
mixed  serum  produced  in  the  same  animal,  as  has  already  been  noted. 
The  quantity  of  the  serum  used  for  treating  pigs  weighing  from  40  to 
60  pounds  was  10  c.  c.  When  they  were  heavier  a larger  quantity 
was  used.  In  general,  in  the  experimental  as  well  as  the  practical 
work  that  has  been  done  by  the  Bureau,  a single  injection  of  the 
serum  was  all  that  was  given  to  each  animal.  Unless  the  serum  to 
be  used  for  this  work  is  of  such  strength  that  one-half  to  1 c.  c.  of  it 
will  protect  a 500-gram  guinea-pig  from  a fatal  inoculation  with  hog 
cholera  or  swine  plague  it  is  not  suitable  for  practical  work. 

WORK  IN  PAGE  COUNTY,  IOWA,  IN  1897. 

The  Secretary  of  Agriculture  requested  the  Governor  of  Iowa  to 
designate  a county  of  the  State  of  Iowa  in  which  he  would  like  to 
have  experimental  work  carried  on  by  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Indus- 
try. The  Governor  selected  Page  County.  The  serum  for  treatment 
was  prepared  according  to  the  methods  that  have  been  previously 
noted,  conjointly  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Schroeder,  in  charge  of 
the  experiment  station  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  at  Wash- 
ington, and  the  writer,  in  charge  of  the  Biochemic  Laboratory.  The 
field  work  in  Page  County  was  in  direct  charge  of  Dr.  Marion  Dorset. 
The  methods  of  treatment  used  were  the  following : Sick  animals 

were  inoculated  with  serum  that  had  been  found  in  the  laboratory  to 
be  effective  against  either  hog  cholera  or  swine  plague,  or  the  swine 
were  inoculated  with  mixed  serums,  or  they  were  inoculated  with  the 
serums  to  which  had  been  added  the  products  of  the  hog  cholera  and 
swine  plague  bacteria  and  their  cell  contents,  or  cultures  in  which  the 
germs  had  been  killed  without  the  application  of  heat,  that  might 
in  any  way  have  affected  the  secretions  of  the  germ. 

In  order  properly  to  note  the  efficiency  of  field  work  of  this  sort  it 
is  very  important  that  a large  number  of  checks  should  be  preserved. 
To  accomplish  this  in  some  instances  a portion  of  the  treated  herd 
was  reserved  and  not  given  serum.  In  other  instances  herds  in 
which  disease  existed  of  about  the  same  virulence  as  that  in  the 
treated  herd  were  left  as  checks. 

The  conditions  under  which  animals  are  placed  in  all  diseases  of 
course  influence  very  greatly  the  results  of  the  methods  of  treatment 
used.  A child  sick  with  diphtheria  may  be  given  an  injection  of 


14 


antitoxic  serum,  but  if  after  this  injections  the  child  is  otherwise 
neglected  it  will  in  all  probability  not  recover,  as  while  the  antitoxin 
counteracts  the  specific  poisons  of  the  diphtheria  germ  it  does  not 
give  the  further  stimulation  to  the  system  which  is  also  necessary 
for  recovery.  The  case  is  similar  in  the  diseases  of  animals.  They 
should  also  be  given  proper  care  as  to  food,  water,  proper  housing, 
and  a modern  degree  of  cleanliness  if  any  method  of  treatment  what- 
soever is  to  prove  satisfactory.  Very  often  the  farmer  has  himself  to 
blame  quite  as  much  as  an  outbreak  of  some  particular  disease  for  the 
loss  which  takes  place  in  his  herd.  If  he  treats  his  animals  as  inani- 
mate he  must  not  be  surprised  if  they  finally  become  inanimate,  nor 
can  he  hope  that  when  they  are  almost  dead  the  administration  of 
some  remedy  will  miraculously  serve  to  revive  them.  In  many 
instances  where  the  animals  used  in  this  work  were  treated  the  farms 
were  in  a very  good  condition  and  the  owner  exhibited  a sufficient 
amount  of  interest,  care,  and  intelligence  to  warrant  successful 
results.  In  other  cases  the  farms  were  very  poor  and  the  farmers 
seemed  indifferent  as  to  whether  their  hogs  had  anything  to  eat  or 
drink  for  two  or  three  days.  In  order  therefore  to  give  the  fairest 
test  possible  to  the  method  of  serum  treatment,  the  better  farms 
were  the  ones  reserved  for  checks. 

FIELD  WORK  IN  1897. 

To  give  the  general  results  with  the  work  carried  out  under  the 
direction  of  Dr.  Dorset,  it  may  be  stated  that  out  of  196  animals 
treated  with  the  mixed  serums  161  were  saved,  or  about  82  per  cent. 
The  disease  existed  on  all  of  the  farms  where  treatment  was  carried 
out,  a number  of  animals  had  already  died,  and  about  50  per  cent 
of  the  animals  treated  were  ill  at  the  time  of  injection  with  the 
serum.  In  the  check  herds  there  were  originally  429  animals,  and 
the  disease  had  begun  both  in  these  check  herds  and  in  the  treated 
herds  about  the  same  time.  In  the  herds,  which  were  not  treated, 
only  about  15  per  cent  of  the  animals  recovered.  Comparing  these 
two  sets  it  would  appear  that  the  serum  had  reduced  the  mortality 
about  67  per  cent.  It  is  understood,  of  course,  that  all  of  the  ani- 
mals were  under  the  same  conditions  after  treatment  as  before.  As 
a rule,  the  animals  appeared  to  begin  to  improve  very  shortly  after 
the  injection  of  the  serum.  One  herd  was  treated  with  a culture 
alone  without  any  serum.  Only  40  per  cent  of  the  herd  so  treated 
was  saved.  In  another  case  a herd  which  was  in  a very  poor  con- 
dition at  the  time  of  inoculation  was  treated  with  a mixed  swine 
plague  serum  and  a dead  culture.  Eighty  per  cent  of  these  ani- 
mals were  saved,  while  in  a third  similar  case  where  the  condition 
of  the  animals  was  very  poor,  only  30  per  cent  was  saved.  These 
results,  obtained  under  rather  adverse  conditions,  indicated  that 


15 


serum  injection  for  swine  diseases  could  be  practiced  with  a fair 
degree  of  success  when  the  animals  are  intelligently  treated  with  a 
mixed  hog  cholera  serum  and  swine  plague  serum  and  bacterial 
products,  provided  these  serums  are  active.  The  material  used  in 
this  way  is  perfectly  harmless,  so  that  a farmer  need  have  no  fear 
whatsoever  in  allowing  his  animals  to  be  injected ; if  it  should  hap- 
pen not  to  effect  the  desired  cure  it  will  not  injure  the  animal  in  the 
slightest  degree.  In  general,  of  course,  the  sooner  the  treatment  of 
sick  animals  can  be  begun  the  better  will  be  the  results  of  the  treat- 
ment, but  unless  the  reliability  of  the  serum  has  been  carefully 
tested  and  established  experimentally,  it  does  not  necessarily  follow 
that  a sick  animal  which  has  been  injected  with  a serum  that  is  said 
to  be  efficacious  will  be  cured.  If  in  the  case  of  diphtheria  the  mor- 
tality has  been  reduced  50  per  cent  by  the  serum  treatment  after 
long  years  of  careful  trial  with  thousands  of  cases,  it  is  fair  to 
assume  that  this  method  of  treatment  of  swine  disease  is  worthy  of 
a more  extensive  practical  experiment. 

The  character  of  the  disease  in  the  animals  treated,  as  well  as  in 
the  check  herds  in  the  year  1897,  was  determined  by  careful  autopsy 
or,  so  far  as  possible,  by  the  identification  of  the  cultures  made  from 
the  diseased  organs  of  some  of  the  animals  upon  which  autopsy  had 
been  performed.  In  most  of  the  cases  examined  the  hog  cholera  germ 
was  found  present,  and  specimens  of  blood  which  were  examined  for 
me  by  Dr.  Dawson,  assistant  in  the  Division  of  Animal  Pathology 
of  this  Department,  gave  the  characteristic  reaction.  The  checking 
of  the  motility  of  the  hog  cholera  bacilli,  a reaction  similar  to  that 
used  for  diagnosing  typhoid  fever,  as  has  been  suggested,  might  per- 
haps be  useful  in  determining  the  character  of  diseases  among  swine 
in  the  field  in  a quicker  way  than  would  be  possible  if  it  was  necessary 
always  to  work  out  the  nature  of  the  culture.  While  the  majority 
of  these  blood  examinations  agreed  with  the  culture  tests,  in  a few 
instances  the  characteristic  checking  of  the  motility  was  observed 
in  blood  taken  from  animals  which  undoubtedly  died  from  swine 
plague.  These  animals  may  have  had  in  addition,  however,  a slight 
infection  with  hog  cholera.  At  any  rate,  in  chronic  cases  of  disease 
in  swine,  when  it  is  sometimes  difficult  to  succeed  in  transferring 
to  the  laboratory  a virulent  culture  from  the  diseased  animals,  it  is 
probable  that  the  blood  test  may  be  of  service  as  a diagnostic  agent. 

So  long  as  a serum  is  being  used  which  has  curative  properties  for 
both  of  the  diseases  to  which  the  animals  in  the  field  are  usually  sub- 
jected, it  is  not  of  so  much  importance  to  be  able  to  make  a positive 
diagnosis  or  distinction  between  the  two  diseases.  The  acuteness  of 
the  attack  is  perhaps  of  more  importance,  as  it  serves  to  indicate  the 
amount  of  serum  which  should  be  used  in  treating  animals. 


16 


FIELD  WORK  IN  1898. 

As  the  laboratory  experiments  and  the  field  work  of  1897  already 
reported  had  given  such  encouraging  results,  at  the  request  of  The 
Hon.  James  Wilson,  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  Congress  made  a 
larger  appropriation  which  should  be  utilized  during  the  year  1898 
for  making  more  thorough  practical  tests  of  this  curative  serum 
for  swine.  Unfortunately  this  appropriation  was  not  made  availa- 
ble as  early  as  desirable.  It  was  necessary  after  the  needed  funds 
were  secured  to  erect  additional  stables  to  accommodate  the  large 
number  of  animals  at  the  experiment  station  of  the  Bureau,  to  pur- 
chase the  animals  and  other  necessary  facilities  for  carrying  on  the 
the  work.  The  experimental  work  in  preparing  the  serum  therefore 
could  not  be  begun  before  the  first  of  June,  and  consequent^  the 
amount  of  serum  ready  for  use  in  the  fall  of  1898  was  not  so  large 
as  we  had  hoped,  or  as  it  might  have  been  if  the  appropriation  had 
been  available  three  or  four  months  earlier,  when  it  was  requested. 
Nevertheless,  the  field  work  was  resumed  again  in  Page  County, 
Iowa.  In  July,  Dr.  McBirney,  an  inspector  on  the  Bureau  force, 
was  put  in  charge  of  the  work  in  that  county,  after  being  given 
instructions  from  the  laboratory  as  to  the  quantity  of  serum  to  be 
used,  the  method  of  using  it,  the  manner  of  treating  herds,  the 
method  of  keeping  records,  and  so  on.  This  work  was  carried  out 
very  faithfully  by  Dr.  McBirney,  according  to  the  general  directions 
furnished  him,  and  the  results  reported  up  to  date  (December  1, 
1898)  have  been  exceedingly  satisfactory  and  tend  to  confirm  the 
results  obtained  in  the  year  1897.  Between  the  13th  of  July  and  the 
11th  of  November,  Dr.  McBirney  treated  35  herds  containing  1,727 
animals.  Of  these  treated  animals  403  died — a loss  of  23.16  per  cent 
in  the  treated  herds.  Cultures  and  specimens  of  blood  were  sent  to 
the  laboratory  from  most  of  these  herds,  and  in  17  of  the  herds  the 
presence  of  the  hog  cholera  germ  was  demonstrated  by  tests  upon 
experimental  animals  as  well  as  by  a careful  study  of  the  cultures. 
In  3 the  presence  of  the  swine  plague  germ  was  demonstrated.  The 
examination  of  the  blood  and  the  motility  test  confirmed  the  presence 
of  either  hog  cholera  or  swine  plague,  and  indicated  its  presence  in 
some  of  the  herds  the  cultures  from  which  had  not  given  positive 
results.  Autopsies  were  made  upon  one  or  more  animals  in  each  of 
these  herds  and  records  carefully  kept.  They  indicated  in  many 
instances  the  presence  of  acute  or  chronic  hog  cholera,  in  a few  cases 
swine  plague,  or  a combination  of  both  diseases. 

Thirty-three  herds  in  whole  or  in  part  were  reserved  as  checks 
upon  those  which  were  treated.  In  some  of  these  herds  the  char- 
acter of  the  disease  was  also  demonstrated  by  cultures  or  blood  reac- 
tions. In  others  the  autopsy  indicated  the  character  of  the  disease 
and  hog  cholera  was  found  predominant.  The  number  of  animals  in 


17 


these  check  herds  was  3,197.  Of  these  only  GOO  survived,  or  81.24 
per  cent  was  lost.  This  shows  about  as  large  a percentage  of  ani- 
mals saved  in  the  treated  herds  as  were  lost  in  the  nontreated  herds 
and  leaves  apparently  but  little  doubt  as  to  the  efficacy  of  practical 
treatment  of  swine  diseases  in  the  field  by  the  use  of  these  mixed 
serums  alone  or  with  bacterial  products,  combined  with  simple  meth- 
ods of  disinfection  and  slight  care  which  every  farmer  should  be  will- 
ing to  give  to  his  animals.  The  serum  is  intended  to  cure  disease 
simply,  and  should  have  such  aids  as  clean,  warm  quarters  and  good 
food  and  water ; it  is  no  protection  against  freezing,  smothering,  or 
starvation. 

The  results  of  our  work  so  far  warrant  the  following  conclusions : 
Animals  treated  with  the  hog  cholera  germs,  their  cell  contents  and 
secretions,  or  those  of  allied  germs,  yield  a serum  which  has  curative 
properities  for  hog  cholera.  Similar  results  are  obtained  for  swine 
plague  by  the  treatment  of  animals  with  the  germs  or  their  cell  con- 
tents and  secretions. 

-The  most  satisfactory  results  in  field  work  have  been  secured  by 
treating  the  swine  with  a curative  serum  for  swine  plague  mixed 
with  a curative  serum  for  hog  cholera. 

LOSSES  FROM  HOG  'CHOLERA  AND  SWINE  PLAGUE. 

It  is  estimated  that  the  State  of  Iowa  alone  loses  f 15,000,000  per  year 
in  the  number  of  hogs  that  die  from  disease.  The  work^  which  has 
been  carried  on  as  above  reported,  indicates  that  at  least  $11,000,000 
of  this  loss  might  be  avoided  at  a comparatively  slight  cost. 

EXPENSE  OF  THE  METHOD  OF  PREPARING  AND  USING  SERUM. 

The  farmer  should  be  able  to  have  his  hogs  injected  at  a cost  not 
to  exceed  15  cents  per  head  if  the  material  for  this  purpose  is  pre- 
pared in  a careful  and  legitimate  way — for  the  benefit  of  the  farmer 
rather  than  for  the  benefit  of  the  manufacturer.  If  the  latter  simply 
desires  to  reap  financial  profits,  irrespective  of  the  fact  that  his 
material  may  or  may  not  be  useful,  the  results  will  undoubtedly  be 
disastrous.  Fifteen  cents  per  head  is  but  a trifle  to  the  farmer  if  he 
is  thereby  enabled  to  save  60  to  80  per  cent  of  his  animals  which 
would  otherwise  be  lost. 

SOURCES  OF  INFECTION  AND  NECESSITY  OF  DISINFECTION. 

The  fact  that  the  caus6  of  infection  can  be  carried  from  one  farm 
to  another  by  animals,  by  birds,  by  water  running  through  several 
farms  on  some  of  which  disease  exists,  by  the  farmers  themselves 
visiting  the  pens  and  lots  where  their  neighbors  have  sick  hogs,  can 
not  be  too  strongly  emphasized.  Disinfection  of  the  premises,  of  the 
farmer’s  boots,  clothing,  of  the  wagons,  etc.,  are  absolutely  neces- 
sary. Hence  in  all  cases  pens  and  lots  should  be  thoroughly  disin- 


18 


fected  with  lime  or  5 per  cent  carbolic  acid,  a pure  water  supply 
should  be  secured,  and  the  hogs  should  from  time  to  time  have 
access  to  a mixture  of  salt,  sulphur,  and  charcoal,  or  this  should  be 
put  in  their  food.  The  animals  should  also  have  access  to  comfort- 
able, well-protected  sheds. 

STATE  SUPERVISION. 

The  results  of  the  experiments  conducted  by  the  Bureau  of  Ani- 
mal Industry  indicate  the  advisability  of  certain  State  experiment 
stations  carrying  out  this  line  of  work  in  cooperation  with  the  Bureau 
of  Animal  Industry. 

Some  expense  is  necessary  for  starting  plants,  building  stables, 
and  securing  the  animals,  and  a good  deal  of  instruction  for  the 
men  who  undertake  the  work  would  be  required.  At  the  same  time, 
as  these  experiment  stations  were  inaugurated  in  order  to  advance 
the  agricultural  interests  of  the  farmers,  as  they  receive  a very 
large  amount  of  support  from  the  National  and  State  governments, 
it  is  presumed  that  they  will  gladly  cooperate  in  every  effort  to  pro- 
mote the  interests  of  the  farmer.  Undoubtedly  commercial  firms’ 
would  be  only  too  anxious  to  take  up  the  manufacture  of  these 
serums,  as  the  loss  to  farmers  from  these  diseases  of  swine  is  so 
enormous.  The  moment  that  products  of  this  sort,  which  can  be 
so  easily  put  up  in  a condition  that  they  may  be  perfectly  worth- 
less and  still  appear  satisfactory,  are  placed  on  the  market  for  gain, 
the  temptation  is  so  great  to  sell  an  inefficient  material  that  very 
often  unsatisfactory  results  may  be  obtained  and  great  discredit 
thrown  upon  the  entire  work.  If  private  firms  undertake  the  manu- 
facture and  sale  of  serum  for  treating  swine,  their  products  and 
prices  should  be  subject  to  legal  supervision.  If  the  public  is  pro- 
tected against  the  sale  of  utterly  worthless  fertilizers,  as  is  the  case 
in  many  of  our  States,  most  assuredly  the  sale  of  a material  which 
may  prove  so  essential  to  the  farmer  should  also  be  subject  to  legis- 
lative control.  No  lot  of  serum  should  be  sold  unless  it  had  been 
approved,  and  its  value  as  a curative  agent  tested,  by  careful  official 
inspection  and  trial.  As  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  has  now  a 
plant  for  the  manufacture  of  this  material,  has  obtained  a great  deal 
of  very  valuable  experience,  and  has  worked  out  the  theoretical  and 
some  of  the  practical  principles  of  the  use  of  serum  which  promises 
such  good  results  in  treating  swine,  it  is  probable  that  for  several 
years  to  come  at  least  those  who  are  working  along  these  lines  will 
prefer  that  the  control  of  this  material  should  remain  either  directly 
in  its  hands  or  under  its  supervision.  The  Bureau  is  endeavoring  to 
push  the  work,  and  to  supply  larger  and  still  larger  quantities  of 
serum  for  use,  and  will  carefully  note  and  report  the  results. 

O 


Bulletin  No.  24. 


(B.  A.  I.  134— Dairy  No.  28.) 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


NOTES  UPON  DAIRYING  IN  CALIFORNIA 


AND 


THE  EXPORT  OF  CALIFORNIA  BUTTER 
TO  THE  ORIENT. 


R.  A.  PEARSON,  M.  S., 

ASSISTANT  CHIEF  OF  DAIRY  DIVISION. 


Prepared  under  the  direction  of 

Dr.  D.  E.  SALMON, 

Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 

1900. 


LETTER  OE  TRANSMITTAL 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 

Washington , D.  C. , October  31,  1899. 

Sir:  I have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  a manuscript  entitled 
“Notes  upon  dairying  in  California  and  the  export  of  California  but- 
ter to  the  Orient,”  prepared  by  Mr.  EL  A.  Pearson,  assistant  chief  of 
the  Dairy  Division. 

Mr.  Pearson  recently  visited  California  under  your  orders,  and  this 
report  of  his  visit  is  prepared  in  accordance  with  your  direction.  The 
California  State  Fair  and  the  annual  convention  of  the  State  Dairy- 
men’s Association  were  attended  with  a view  to  meeting  representative 
men  and  inquiring  as  to  the  present  condition  of  the  dairy  industry  in 
that  State  and  the  possibilities  of  supplying  dairy  products  suitable 
for  export  from  the  Pacific  coast. 

This  paper  contains  numerous  suggestions  which  may  be  of  special 
interest  to  California  dairymen  at  this  time,  and  I recommend  its  pub- 
lication as  a bulletin. 

Respectfully,  D.  E.  Salmon, 

Chief  of  Bureau. 

Hon.  James  Wilson,  Secretary. 

3 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

The  State  fair 9 

Dairy  live  stock 9 

Dairy  machinery 9 

Butter 10 

The  Dairymen’s  Association 11 

The  increase  of  butter  production 12 

Foreign  markets  for  surplus 12 

Preparation  of  butter  for  warm  climates 13 

Causes  affecting  hardness  of  butter 14 

Method  of  making 14 

Preservatives 15 

Packages 16 

Some  purposes  of  the  Department’s  exports 17 

The  present  export  trade 18 

Unnatural  conditions  of  home  market 19 

Dairy  management 19 

Beet  sugar  by-products 20 

Sugar-beet  pulp 21 

Sugar-beet  tops 22 

California  creameries 23 

Payment  for  milk 1 23 

Handling  alfalfa  milk 25 

California  squares 25 

Cheese  making 26 

City  milk  supply 27 

Dairy  education ' 27 

5 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PLATES. 

Page. 

Plate  I.  Fig.  1,  a California  dairy  herd;  fig.  2,  combined  dairy  and  sugar 

beet  ranch 20 

II.  Fig.  1,  sugar  beet  pulp  silo;  fig.  2,  wilted  beet  tops,  from  the  field, 

ready  for  feeding 22 

III.  Fig.  1,  creamery  at  Watsonville;  fig.  2,  butter  chests  awaiting  to  be 

packed 24 

IV.  Fig.  1,  cutting  squares  of  butter;  fig.  2,  wrapping  squares  of  butter . 

FIGURE. 

Fig.  1.  Butter  packed  ready  for  shipment 24 

7 


NOTES  UPON  DAIRYING  IN  CALIFORNIA  AND  THE  EXPORT  OF 
CALIFORNIA  BUTTER  TO  THE  ORIENT. 


THE  STATE  FAIR. 

The  California  State  fair  at  Sacramento,  September  4 to  16, 1899,  was 
said  to  be  the  most  successful  ever  held  by  the  State  board  of  agricul- 
ture. The  number  of  exhibits  was  larger  than  in  previous  years  and 
the  number  of  visitors  had  never  been  equaled.  Although  the  dairy 
features  of  the  fair  were  overshadowed  by  the  exhibits  of  fruits  and 
vegetables,  which  were  shown  in  great  number  and  variety,  and  by  the 
usual  displays  of  agricultural  products  and  implements,  a very  credit- 
able showing  was  made  of  dairy  stock,  implements,  and  products. 

DAIRY  LIVE  STOCK. 

In  the  live-stock  department  were  representatives  of  the  leading 
milk  breeds  of  the  State — Jerseys,  Holsteins,  and  Shorthorns — and 
not  a few  of  the  animals  showed  high  merit,  capable  of  taking  prizes 
in  many  Eastern  fairs.  The  exhibit  demonstrated  that  at  least  some 
of  the  breeders  of  the  State  are  well  to  the  front  in  their  work.  There 
were  fewer  animals  shown  than  would  have  been  expected  from  so 
large  a State.  One  reason  for  this  was  the  small  number  of  regis- 
tered herds  in  California  as  compared  with  other  dairy  States,  and 
another  was  the  lack  of  sufficient  interest  on  the  part  of  owners  of 
well-bred  stock.  There  are  numerous  herds  of  blooded  dairy  cattle 
throughout  the  State;  but  it  appears  that  the  benefits  of  showing  at 
the  fair  are  not  considered  equal  to  the  drawbacks,  one  of  the  greatest 
of  which  is  the  long  and  expensive  haul  to  and  from  the  fair.  With- 
out strong  inducement,  a breeder  of  fine  cattle  will  not  subject  his 
animals  to  the  excitement  of  travel  and  noisy  crowds. 

DAIRY  MACHINERY. 

The  displays  of  creamery  and  dairy  machinery  and  utensils  were 
quite  similar  to  what  would  be  seen  at  a large  Eastern  fair;  in  fact, 
much  of  this  apparatus  is  furnished  to  California  supply  houses  from 
Eastern  factories.  On  an  elevated  platform  the  operations  of  a work- 
ing creamery  were  carried  on  daily.  This  instructive  feature  is  com- 
mendable and  worthy  of  imitation.  The  time  and  place  of  such  an 

9 


10 


exhibition  should  be  thoroughly  advertised,  so  that  all  who  might  want 
to  see  it  would  know  about  it. 

BUTTER. 

About  thirty  samples  of  butter — in  squares,  rolls,  tubs,  and  small 
export  packages — were  entered  for  prizes.  It  was  in  three  classes — 
fresh,  June  storage,  and  packed  for  export.  Six  prizes — $30,  $25, 
$20,  $15,  $10,  and  $5— were  offered  in  each  of  the  first  two  classes, 
and  three  prizes — $25,  $20,  and  $15 — were  offered  for  export  butter. 
Although  these  prizes  did  not  attract  an  exceptionally  large  number  of 
entries,  the  competing  samples  were  representative  of  all  sections  of 
the  State  and  they  were  uniformly  of  high  quality.  The  butter  was 
judged  by  Mr.  W.  D.  McArthur,  of  San  Francisco,  a temporary  special 
agent  of  this  division,  and  the  writer.  The  following  table  gives  the 
names  of  exhibitors,  their  addresses,  and  scores.  In  order  to  show  the 
districts  where  the  exhibited  samples  were  produced,  the  State  is  divided 
into  five  parts  of  about  equal  size,  by  imaginary  east-and-west  lines; 
these  are  designated  from  north  to  south  by  the  letters  A,  B,  C,  D, 
and  E,  respectively,  and  the  letters  are  shown  in  the  first  column  of 
the  table: 


Scores  on  butter  at  the  California  State  fair,  September  13,  1899. 


Exhibitors. 

Sec- 

tion. 

Flavor 

(50). 

Grain 

(25). 

Color 

(10). 

Salt  (10) . 

Appear- 

ance 

(5). 

Total 

(100). 

FRESH. 

Alton  Creamery  Co.,  Alton 

A 

472 

232 

10 

10 

5 

962 

Eel  River  Creamery  Co.,  Ferndale 

A 

47# 

232 

10 

10 

5 

962 

Geo.  E.  Peoples,  Bakersfield 

O.  J.  Vine,  Lakeport 

G.  G.  Knox,  Grafton 

D 

472 

232 

10 

10 

5 

96 

B 

47£ 

23 

10 

10 

5 

952 

B 

47f 

23 

92 

10 

5 

952 

Allen  Quain,  Stockton 

C 

472 

23 

10 

10 

5 

952 

Joseph  Sheppard,  Point  Arena 

B 

472 

222 

10 

10 

5 

95 

O.  E.  Jones,  Newman 

C 

472 

222 

10 

10 

5 

95 

Lockeford  Creamery  Co.,  Lockeford.. 

C 

47 

222 

222 

10 

10 

5 

942 

J.  N.  Keiser,  Hollister 

C 

462 

92 

10 

5 

932 

J.  A.  Howie,  Compton 

E 

46 

222 

10 

10 

5 

932 

Warren  Myers,  Woodland 

B 

45 

23 

10 

10 

5 

93 

C.  A.  Starkweather,  Oakdale 

C 

462 

22 

10 

92 

5 

932 

W.  T.  Mitchell,  Susanville 

A 

462 

222 

9 

10 

5 

932 

Geo.  E.  Newman,  Lompoc 

E 

45 

222 

10 

92 

5 

922 

JUNE  STORAGE. 

W.  M.  Twiner,  Sierra  Valley 

B 

45 

23 

10 

10 

5 

93 

E.  H.  Zimmerman,  Watsonville 

C 

442 

222 

10 

10 

5 

922 

J.  H.  Keiser,  Hollister 

C 

44 

23 

10 

10 

5 

92 

D.  Brough,  Newman 

C 

44 

222 

92 

10 

5 

912 

A.  J.  Bloom,  Petaluma 

B 

44 

22 

icr 

10 

5 

91 

Bailey  Bros. , Crescent  City 

A 

43 

222 

10 

10 

5 

902 

W.T.  Mitchell,  Susanville 

A 

422 

42 

222 

10 

10 

5 

90 

O.J.  Vine,  Lakeport 

B 

23 

10 

10 

5 

90 

O.  E.  Jones,  Newman 

e 

422 

222 

. 92 

lu 

5 

892 

C.  A.  Starkweather,  Oakdale 

c 

42 

23 

10 

10 

42 

892 

Butter  in  small  cans  for  export. 

[Cans  scored  equally;  judged  on  quality  of  butter.] 

Dairymen’s  Union  of  California,  San  Francisco,  first  premium  for  butter  in  paraf- 
fined paper  can;  Hilmer,  Bredhof  & Schulz,  San  Francisco,  second  premium  for  butter 
in  lithographed  tin  can;  Sussman,  Wormser  & Co.,  San  Francisco,  third  premium  for 
butter  in  lithographed  tin  can. 


11 


Both  first  and  second  prizes  on  fresh-made  butter  went  to  creameries 
in  Humboldt  County,  a large  county  near  the  northern  boundary  of  the 
State,  bordering  on  the  ocean,  and  possessing  exceptional  advantages 
for  dairying.  Some  well-informed  dairymen  claim  that  this  county 
is  the  best  natural  dairy  district  in  the  world.  The  third  prize  on 
fresh-made  butter  was  taken  by  a creamery  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  State.  The  fourth  and  fifth  prizes  went  to  the  district  just  north 
of  an  east-and-west  line  through  San  Francisco,  and  the  sixth  prize  to 
the  district  just  south  of  the  same  line.  All  of  the  entries  of  storage 
butter  were  from  the  central  and  northern  parts  of  the  State. 

It  happened  that  the  Humboldt  County  creameries  had  a distinct 
advantage  over  most  of  the  others  in  the  State  at  the  time  the  fresh 
butter  was  made  for  the  fair,  as  many  factories  elsewhere  were  then 
receiving  milk  from  patrons  whose  pastures  were  suffering  on  account 
of  the  dry  season,  and  undesirable  flavors  could  not  be  avoided,  while 
the  pastures  in  Humboldt  were  in  good  condition.  The  aroma  and 
flavor  of  the  Humboldt  County  butter  were  excellent.  It  was  also 
exceptionally  well  made  and  well  packed,  as  was  shown  by  the  fact 
that  it  stood  the  three  days’  journey  by  boat  and  rail  from  the  cream- 
eries to  Sacramento  without  unusual  protection.  It  was  in  the  regular 
California  squares,  described  on  page  25.  Other  entries  were  in  small 
tubs. 

Butter  in  hermetically  sealed  pound  packages  for  export  was 
exhibited  in  small  quantity.  The  judges  deemed  it  best  not  to 
attempt  to  decide  the  merits  of  the  different  packages,  as  the  experi- 
mental shipments  of  butter  from  the  Pacific  coast  to  trans-Pacific 
ports,  now  being  made  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture, are  partly  for  the  purpose  of  testing  the  several  packages  availa- 
ble for  shipments  without  refrigeration  to  tropical  points.  Therefore 
in  this  class  prizes  were  awarded  on  the  basis  of  the  quality  of  the 
butter  in  the  cans;  and  in  this  respect  there  was  considerable  varia- 
tion, some  of  the  samples  being  decidedly  rancid.  These  small  cans 
had  been  exposed  for  several  days  to  high  temperatures.  Possibly 
they  were  thus  put  through  more  unfavorable  conditions  than  would 
be  encountered  on  a voyage  to  the  Tropics,  but  this  was  probably  not 
the  case.  They  again  showed  that  hermetically  sealed  cans  will  not, 
under  all  circumstances,  preserve  the  good  qualities  of  butter,  as  some 
people  seem  to  think  they  are  capable  of  doing. 

THE  dairymen’s  ASSOCIATION. 

The  sixth  annual  meeting  of  the  California  State  Dairymen’s  Asso- 
ciation was  held  during  the  State  fair  at  the  capitol  building,  it  was 
attended  by  leading  dairymen,  creamery  men,  and  cheese  factory  men 
from  all  parts  of  the  State.  Representatives  were  present  from  com- 
mission houses  in  San  Francisco  and  Sacramento.  The  State  Univer- 


12 


sity  was  well  represented,  and  the  sessions  were  visited  by  prominent 
citizens.  The  press  of  the  State  gave  liberally  of  its  space  in  report- 
ing the  proceedings.  A regular  programme  had  not  been  prepared,  as 
it  was  thought  best  to  occupy  the  time  with  informal  discussions  on 
the  special  subject  which  the  secretary  had  announced  in  advance, 
namely,  “The  export  of  dairy  products  from  the  Pacific  coast.”  The 
topic  was  opportune,  and  its  various  phases  were  taken  up  and  dis- 
cussed in  a logical  way.  A brief  resume  of  the  facts  brought  out  in 
the  discussion  follows. 

THE  INCREASE  OF  BUTTER  PRODUCTION. 

First,  it  was  pointed  out  that  dairying  in  the  older  States  is  being 
promoted  and  encouraged  by  various  agencies,  such  as  well-equipped 
dairy  schools,  live  dairy  associations,  and  efficient  State  dairy  commis- 
sioners. And  it  is  now  being  extensively  developed  as  a new  industry 
in  certain  large  sections  of  the  United  States  where  only  a few  years 
ago  cows  were  seldom  seen.  As  examples  of  this  recent  dairy  growth 
the  activities  in  Georgia  and  the  Dakotas  were  referred  to.  All  this 
shows  that  our  home  markets  will  continually  be  more  and  more  plen- 
tifully supplied,  and  in  many  cases  competition  will  be  keen. 

It  was  stated  that  the  production  of  dairy  products  in  California  is 
increasing  and  in  some  sections  very  rapidly.  This  is  not  surprising 
when  one  considers  how  the  industry  is  favored  by  many  natural  con- 
ditions, of  which  too  much  could  hardly  be  said.  The  mild  climate, 
splendid  natural  grazing,  and  the  tremendous  crops  of  alfalfa  which 
can  be  raised  at  small  cost  almost  make  it  seem  that  California  has 
been  favored  above  all  other  States.  Many  of  the  great  wheat  ranches 
are  gradually  adopting  dairying  as  a secondary  interest,  and  some  of 
them  have  gone  into  it  farther  than  they  had  originally  planned. 
Large  herds  of  dairy  cows  (PI.  I,  fig.  1)  are  becoming  common,  and 
the  owners  of  less  than  one  hundred  cows  refer  to  their  “small  herds” 
very  much  as  an  Eastern  dairyman  would  speak  of  his  fifteen  or  twenty 
cows.  New  creameries  are  in  operation  at  many  points.  Besides  the 
advantages  named,  the  markets  for  dairy  products  have  been  good. 
It  has  been  possible  for  the  California  dairyman  to  produce  cheaply 
and  sell  well.  It  is  therefore  not  unlikely  that  the  growth  of  dairying 
will  continue,  and  within  a few  years  more  butter  and  cheese  will  be 
made  than  the  home  market  will  require.  California  dairymen  will 
then  face  conditions  similar  to  those  already  met  in  the  Eastern  markets. 

FOREIGN  MARKETS  FOR  SURPLUS. 

In  the  second  place,  the  possibilities  of  finding  markets  for  surplus 
in  countries  bordering  on  the  Pacific  Ocean  were  discussed.  Although 
some  of  those  lands  fairly  swarm  with  people,  only  small  quantities  of 
dairy  products  are  sent  to  them,  and  these  supplies  are  chiefly  for  the 
few  foreigners  who  are  there — Americans,  English,  Germans,  and 


13 


French.  As  a rule  the  natives  have  not  yet  learned  to  use  butter  and 
cheese,  but  extracts  from  consular  reports  were  read  which  showed 
that  in  some  cases  they  are  commencing  to  eat  dairy  products  and  a 
gradual  increase  in  their  demands  may  be  expected.  With  improve- 
ment of  domestic  and  commercial  conditions,  new  tastes  are  developed 
and  new  wants  are  manifested.  This  is  shown  in  the  upward  growth 
of  every  nation.  Just  at  this  time  the  changes  which  are  taking  place 
in  some  Asiatic  countries  are  attracting  the  attention  of  the  world. 
Every  commercial  nation  is  looking  for  new  trade  in  articles  not  before 
called  for,  and  in  this  respect  California  merchants  propose  to  take  an 
important  place.  American  flour  is  a product  which  has  successfully 
established  a market  for  itself  within  the  past  few  years.  Large  quan- 
tities are  now  shipped  to  places  where  it  was  once  prophesied  flour  would 
never  be  commonly  used.  Other  illustrations  could  be  given  of  Ameri- 
can products  which  have  found  favor.  Judging  by  the  success  along 
other  lines  and  by  the  small  beginning  already  made  by  our  butter 
and  cheese,  the  Western  dairymen  have  good  reason  to  feel  encour- 
aged in  their  hopes  of  finding  large  markets  across  the  Pacific.  And 
it  may  be  profitable  to  have  such  an  abundant  surplus  that  regular  and 
frequent  shipments  can  be  made,  at  least  during  the  season  of  greatest 
production,  at  which  time  there  will  be  but  little  competition  from 
dairy  countries  south  of  the  equator. 

Furthermore,  attention  was  called  to  the  fact  that  most  of  the  small 
amount  of  butter  going  to  the  points  referred  to  is  now  supplied  by 
Denmark,  France,  and  Australia,  and,  as  a rule,  the  products  from 
these  countries  are  sold  at  prices  in  excess  of  what  is  paid  for  “States 
goods.”  In  other  words,  the  present  limited  demand  for  dairy  prod- 
ucts in  the  far  East  is  being  supplied  chiefly  by  our  competitors,  and 
they  frequently  receive  as  high  as  50  cents  per  pound  for  their  butter. 
The  California  dairymen  should,  and  many  of  them  do,  appreciate 
that  the  best  way  to  assure  themselves  of  enjoying  a large  share  of 
the  future  trade  with  the  Pacific  countries  is  to  secure  and  hold  a large 
share  of  the  present  trade  with  those  countries. 

PREPARATION  OF  BUTTER  FOR  WARM  CLIMATES. 

It  having  been  shown  that  there  may  soon  be  a surplus  of  dair}^ 
products  available  for  export,  that  in  the  near  future  large  markets 
for  these  products  may  be  developed  at  trans-Pacific  points,  and 
especially  that  the  United  States  does  not  share  in  the  present  trade 
to  the  extent  that  she  should,  the  next  question  considered  was  how 
butter  should  be  prepared  for  shipment  to  warm  climates.  There  was 
an  interesting  discussion  on  the  various  phases  of  this  question,  par- 
ticipated in  by  dairymen,  creamery  men,  and  scientists,  and  numerous 
ideas  of  practical  value  were  advanced.  The  want  of  refrigerated 
compartments  for  ocean  transportation  makes  the  problem  quite 
different  from  what  it  is  in  the  East. 


14 


As  to  the  kind  of  butter  wanted,  all  agreed  that  for  export  without 
refrigeration  it  should  be  of  particularly  hard  body  and  high  melting 
point.  More  stress  was  laid  on  this  than  on  the  necessity  of  its  having 
a high  flavor.  A clean,  mild  flavor  is  wanted,  and  an  article  of  close 
texture,  with  a dry,  solid  body  and  capable  of  resisting  the  effect  of 
heat  as  much  as  may  be.  At  the  same  time  producers  were  warned 
not  to  make  such  butter  except  for  foreign  trade,  as  it  would  not  sell 
as  well  as  the  regular  creamery  in  home  markets. 

Causes  affecting  hardness  of  butter. — It  is  believed  that  the  body,  or 
hardness,  of  butter  is  largely  within  control  of  the  feeder  and  butter 
maker.  It  is  thought  by  some  that  butter  made  from  milk  containing 
large  fat  globules  has  a lower  melting  point  than  that  made  from  milk 
containing  small  fat  globules.  According  to  this  theory,  butter  from 
Channel  Island  stock  would  be  softer  than  that  from  the  so-called 
“cheese”  breeds,  a proposition  that  was  opposed  by  not  a few.  It 
was  stated,  also,  that  butter  made  from  milk  taken  during  the  latter 
part  of  the  period  of  lactation  is  harder  than  that  from  milk  taken 
soon  after  calving.  That  the  body  of  butter  can  be  easily  affected  by 
variations  in  manufacture  is  well  known. 

An  important  cause  of  difference  in  hardness  is  supposed  to  be  dif- 
ference in  the  relative  proportions  of  the  component  parts  of  the  butter 
fat  caused  by  various  kinds  of  feed.  An  increase  in  the  stearin  and 
palmatin,  which  are  solids  at  ordinary  temperatures,  and  a correspond- 
ing decrease  in  olein,  which  is  an  oil  at  ordinary  temperatures,  would 
cause  butter  to  be  harder,  while  changes  of  an  opposite  nature  would 
make  it  softer.  Practical  experience  and  a few  experiments  show  that 
the  hardness  of  butter  can  be  affected  to  a certain  extent  by  the  feeds 
given  the  cows.  It  was  generally  agreed  that  butter  is  made  hard  by 
the  addition  to  the  ration  of  a small  amount  of  potatoes;  cotton-seed 
meal  has  a similar  effect,  but  too  much  of  it  will  taint  the  butter.  One 
person  said  oat  hay  and  green  corn  fodder  also  have  somewhat  the  same 
effect.  On  the  other  hand,  linseed  meal  causes  soft  butter,  and  alfalfa 
hay  when  used  alone  does  the  same.  An  instance  was  given  of  a herd 
which  had  been  fed  on  alfalfa  and  Bermuda  grass  and  was  changed  to 
a pasture  of  young  barley  that  had  dried  up  before  it  was  fully  grown. 
The  butter  immediately  became  very  hard.  A commission  merchant 
reported  that  the  butter  from  one  of  his  shippers  suddenly  became 
hard  and  would  not  melt  as  readily  as  usual.  Upon  investigation  it 
was  found  that  the  herd  had  recently  been  turned  onto  a stubble  field. 
Sugar  beet  pulp  and  tops  were  not  discussed,  but  some  facts  about 
them  are  given  below. 

Method  of  making. — No  special  points  were  brought  out  regarding 
the  manufacture  of  butter  for  the  new  trade.  The  ordinary  methods 
are  followed,  but  the  necessity  of  using  great  care  in  every  step  of  the 
work,  so  as  to  produce  the  highest  grade  article,  was  emphasized.  The 
butter  maker  should  discard  all  dirty  milk.  He  can  not  afford  to 


15 


introduce  into  the  butter  millions  of  bacteria  of  many  species,  which 
may  cause  bad  flavors,  when  they  can  easily  be  excluded.  It  was 
recommended  both  to  wash  and  to  work  the  butter  a little  more  than 
usual,  to  get  out  as  much  as  possible  of  the  casein,  albumen,  and  sugar, 
which  are  excellent  materials  for  bacteria  to  feed  upon.  Even  when 
all  possible  precautions  have  been  taken  there  will  still  be  many 
bacteria  in  the  finished  product.  Coloring  and  salting  need  not  be 
different  from  the  home  requirements,  unless  to  comply  with  special 
orders.  It  is  the  practice  to  do  the  canning  in  the  butter  cellars  at 
San  Francisco,  using  any  butter  sent  to  that  market  that  appears  to 
be  satisfactory.  The  butter  can  be  cut  from  large  packages  in  lumps 
of  proper  size  for  the  cans,  so  that  reworking  it  is  not  necessary. 
Probably  this  method  will  obtain  until  a regular  export  trade  is 
developed  which  will  make  it  more  economical  to  install  canning  appli- 
ances in  the  creameries. 

The  packages  should  be  as  nearly  sterile  as  practicable  at  the  time 
they  are  filled.  They  may  be  easily  sterilized  by  exposure  to  steam 
in  a tight  chest  of  wood  or  galvanized  iron.  In  packing,  care  should 
be  taken  to  exclude  the  air  as  much  as  possible  by  having  the  butter 
completely  fill  the  can.  This  is  for  the  double  purpose  of  keeping 
out  bacteria  which  might  be  floating  on  dust  particles  in  the  air  and  to 
avoid  furnishing  one  of  the  essentials  for  growth  to  those  bacteria  in 
the  butter  which  can  not  develop  without  air.  After  the  can  is  sealed 
some  change  takes  place,  unless  it  is  held  in  cold  storage,  and  this  does 
not  seem  strange  when  it  is  remembered  that,  in  spite  of  all  the  care 
which  may  be  taken,  some  air  will  be  in  the  cans  and  the  butter  is  very 
likely  to  contain  some  bacteria  which  can  thrive  even  in  the  absence  of 
air.  Thus  it  is  seen  that  although  hermetically  sealed  packages  have 
many  advantages  they  are  not  a panacea.  The  problem  is  not  yet 
satisfactorily  solved. 

Preservatives. — There  is  a disposition  on  the  part  of  some  to  use 
preservatives  to  hold  bacteria  in  check,  and  various  compounds  of 
this  class  are  on  the  market  and  aye  very  strongly  indorsed  by  those 
interested  in  their  sale.  Many  misleading  statements  have  been  made 
in  their  favor.  It  has  not  been  scientifically  demonstrated  whether 
preservatives  in  butter  are  harmful  to  consumers  or  not,  but  dairy 
scientists  and  leading  dairymen  strongly  object  to  them  on  general 
grounds  and  the  laws  of  some  States  forbid  their  use.  It  is  interesting 
to  note  that  Danish  butter,  which  holds  the  first  place  wherever  it  is 
sold,  is  free  from  preservatives,  and  it  is  almost  unnecessary  to  add 
that  no  preservatives  are  or  have  been  used  in  butter  sent  abroad  by 
the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that 
the  California  dairymen  will  not  adopt  them  until  an  unquestioned 
authority  has  plainly  shown  that  their  advantages  exceed  their  disad- 
vantages.  Their  general  use  at  this  time  might  cause  great  injury  to 
the  fair  reputation  the  State  is  seeking  for  its  dairy  products.  A 


16 


resolution  condemning  their  use  was  adopted  by  the  Dairymen’s 
Association. 

It  is  argued  that  in  some  respects  the  process  of  digestion  is  similar 
to  fermentation,  and  that  any  substance  which  stops  the  usual  changes 
in  a food  product  will  also  affect  its  digestibility.  Furthermore,  some 
and  perhaps  all  of  the  active  chemical  substances  in  preservatives  have 
distinct  influence  on  the  functions  of  certain  organs  of  the  body.  No 
one  cares  to  take  a dose  of  medicine  without  need  of  it,  much  less 
regular  and  frequent  doses  of  an  unknown  substance,  even  though  they 
are  small,  and  many  persons  would  prqfer  to  go  without  a certain  food 
than  to  run  such  a risk.  Still  another  objection  to  preservatives  is  the 
fact  that  they  make  it  impossible  for  the  butter  maker  to  control  the 
cream  ripening  and  the  development  of  desired  flavors.  As  a matter 
of  fact  the  effect  of  preservatives  could  be  made  unnecessary  in  most 
cases  where  they  are  used.  A few  milk  producers  and  butter  makers 
have  unfortunately  learned  that  these  substances  are,  so  far  as  appear- 
ances go,  a fair  substitute  for  cleanliness.  By  improving  their  methods 
they  could  do  away  with  the  use  of  the  questionable  compounds  and 
enjoy  a clear  conscience  in  delivering  to  their  customers  goods  known 
beyond  a doubt  to  be  pure.  Preservatives  do  not  wholly  stop  bacteria 
from  growing  and  multiplying,  and  it  is  safe  to  say  that  by  observing 
scrupulous  cleanliness  pure  butter  coujd  be  made  which  would  keep 
as  well  as  or  better  than  the  ordinary  kind  preserved.  The  pasteuri- 
zation of  milk  for  making  butter  for  export  is  practicable,  and  it  may 
be  that  this,  in  connection  with  cleanliness,  will  be  the  true  solution 
of  the  problem. 

Packages. — A round  tin  can  holding  1 pound  is  the  favorite  pack- 
age. Until  quite  recently  all  the  joints  of  the  can  have  been  closed 
with  solder,  but  now  a special  machine  is  used  for  fastening  the  top 
without  solder,  thus  doing  away  with  the  necessity  of  applying  heat 
to  the  can  after  it  is  filled.  It  is  important  to  have  the  cans  made  of 
a good  quality  of  standard  tin  (tin  weighing  about  100  pounds  to  the 
box  has  given  satisfaction),  and  special  care  should  be  used  to  have 
them  smoothly  finished.  The  inside  of  the  can  is  usually  paraffined  or 
lined  with  parchment  paper;  sometimes  both  paraffin  and  parchment 
paper  are  used. 

The  sale  of  butter  always  depends  to  a varying  extent  upon  the 
appearance  of  the  packages,  and  among  the  oriental  people  appearance 
has  a decided  influence.  They  like  neatness  and  decoration,  and  there- 
fore it  pays  to  finish  the  cans  in  a way  that  will  please  them.  Seals, 
trade-marks,  fancy  figures,  and  lettering  are  recommended.  Paper 
labels  soon  become  soiled,  rubbed,  and  torn,  and  cans  thus  marked 
will  be  passed  by  for  prettily  lacquered  ones.  Some  buyers  attach 
more  importance  to  the  appearance  of  the  packages  than  to  the  quality 
of  their  contents.  There  is  no  doubt  that  an  official  seal  or  stamp 


17 


showing  inspection  by  an  authorized  person  would  often  serve  as  a 
guaranty  and  aid  in  sales.  Cans  opened  by  removing  with  a “key” 
a narrow  strip  of  tin  from  the  side  near  the  top  have  an  advantage 
over  the  old-fashioned  style  and  are  much  preferred  in  some  markets. 

SOME  PURPOSES  OF  THE  DEPARTMENT’S  EXPORTS. 

During  the  discussions  on  the  general  subject  of  exports  an  account 
of  the  efforts  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  to  find  and  develop 
new  markets  for  our  dairy  products  was  given.  A letter  from  Maj. 
H.  E.  Alvord,  Chief  of  the  Dairy  Division  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal 
Industry,  Department  of  Agriculture,  was  read  and  received  with 
applause.  It  told  of  the  experiments  already  made  in  exporting  high- 
grade  butter  to  the  English  market,  and  explained  the  purpose  of  the 
Department  to  conduct  similar  experiments  from  the  Pacific  coast,  by 
sending  small  lots  of  selected  butter  and  cheese  to  a half  dozen  of  the 
largest  seaport  cities  of  Japan  and  China,  to  show  that  the  best  grades 
of  dairy  products  can  be  procured  in  this  country,  and  to  obtain 
information  as  to  the  best  ways  of  shipment.  It  was  pointed  out  that 
while  a temporary  overproduction  of  butter  or  cheese  can  be  easily 
cared  for  and  kept  off  the  market  by  our  excellent  storage  facilities,  a 
continued  production  of  goods  of  high  grade  in  excess  of  the  home 
demand  would  result  seriously  to  the  dair£  interests  by  causing  a fall 
of  prices,  unless  a profitable  outlet  could  be  found  for  the  surplus. 
This  fact  commends  to  all  dairymen  any  efforts  to  extend  markets  for 
milk  products.  Whether  they  are  personally  interested  in  exporting 
or  not,  their  welfare  may  largely  depend  upon  the  success  of  those 
who  are  engaged  in  foreign  trade. 

It  is  most  important  for  our  butter  and  cheese  to  bear  a good  repu- 
tation in  all  foreign  markets,  so  that  they  will  be  received  at  their 
true  value  at  any  time  they  are  offered  for  sale,  and  this  thought  was 
plainly  brought  out  by  several  speakers.  Such  a desirable  condition 
does  not  now  exist,  owing  partly  to  the  fact  that  a large  proportion  of 
the  dairy  products  sent  out  from  this  country  is  inferior  in  quality. 
This  is  well  known  to  be  the  case  with  shipments  from  New  York;  it 
is  also  true  of  shipments  from  San  Francisco.  Some  of  the  Western 
merchants  argue  that,  as  the  butter  will  be  somewhat  off  flavor  any- 
way when  it  reaches  its  destination,  it  will  make  little  difference  if  it 
is  j ust  a bit  inferior  when  it  starts  ! This  mistake  is  largely  responsi- 
ble for  the  fact  that  our  butter  in  cans  sells  in  many  places  at  prices 
25  to  50  per  cent  lower  than  the  goods  from  other  countries. 

Much  interest  was  shown  in  the  efforts  of  this  Department  to 
improve  present  conditions  and  there  were  many  liberal  offers  of 
assistance.  Especially  was  this  generous  spirit  shown  by  some  cream- 
eries that  were  willing  practically  to  place  themselves  at  our  disposal 
for  the  preparation  of  goods  for  export.  The  possible  needs  of  the 
12809— No.  24 2 


18 


Department  were  fully  discussed  with  the  officers  of  one  well-equipped 
plant  and  they  will  hold  themselves  ready  to  fill  any  requirements  on 
short  notice. 


THE  PRESENT  EXPORT  TRADE. 


A short  time  was  spent  in  San  Francisco  arranging  details  in  con- 
nection with  our  experimental  exports.  Although  the  three  steam- 
ship lines  to  Hawaii,  Japan,  and  China  have  more  than  they  can  do 
and  are  now  refusing  freight,  their  officials  showed  an  interest  in  the 
work  of  the  Department  and  agreed  to  assist  in  the  experimental 
exports  by  carrying  our  consignments  whenever  offered.  They  do 
not  have  much  call  for  service  in  refrigerated  compartments  and 
'nothing  of  this  kind  is  provided.1 

By  referring  to  the  table  below  it  will  be  seen  that  present  ship- 
ments of  dairy  products  would  not  justify  transportation  companies 
to  go  to  very  great  expense  for  their  exclusive  accommodation.  Nor 
is  it  now  possible  for  this  Department  to  guarantee  to  the  steamship 
lines  payment  for  freight  on  the  full  capacity  of  their  refrigerators  if 
not  filled,  as  the  Canadian  government  has  practically  done  in  some 
instances,  to  the  great  benefit  of  her  dairy  interests.  The  three  prin- 
cipal trans-Pacific  countries  to  which  butter  and  cheese  are  sent  from 
the  United  States  are  Japan,  China,  and  Hongkong,  and  the  amounts 
these  countries  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands  have  received  in  recent  years 
are  shown  in  the  following  table.  Of  course,  most  of  the  shipments 
to  these  countries  from  the  United  States  are  from  the  Western  ports. 

Exports  of  butter  and  cheese  from  the  United  States  to  Japan,  China , Hongkong,  and 
Hawaiian  Islands,  1893-1899. 


[From  Commerce  and  Navigation  of  the  United  States,  Treasury  Department.] 


Year  ended 

Japan. 

China. 

Hongkong. 

Hawaiian  Islands. 

June  30— 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

BUTTER. 

Pounds. 

Dollars. 

Pounds. 

Dollars. 

Pounds. 

Dollars. 

Pounds. 

Dollars. 

1893  

56,664 

11,402 

5, 789 

1,303 

7,491 

1, 793 

114, 355 

23,253 

1894  

58,189 

11,534 

5,768 

1,312 

5,000 

1,048 

72, 578 

15, 992 

1895  

77, 001 

14, 007 

5.528 

1,097 

1,165 

245 

122, 855 

23,068 

1896  

101,751 

18,103 

20',  277 

3, 709 

3, 536 

708 

128, 847 

23, 243 

1897  

87, 180 

15, 654 

25, 336 

4, 621 

3,850 

725 

127, 037 

22,808 

1898 

115, 203 

23, 097 

21, 555 

4, 688 

13,315 

2, 779 

152, 367 

34, 561 

1899 

92, 495 

18, 592 

22, 337 

5,159 

CHEESE. 

1893 

10,480 

1,355 

31,009 

4, 122 

15,348 

1,989 

77, 158 

9, 944 

1894  

14, 153 

1,884 

29, 104 

3,777 

9,973 

1,323 

80, 787 

10, 290 

1895  

13, 051 

1,553 

28, 787 

3,507 

17, 367 

2,052 

87, 615 

10, 113 

1896  

31,960 

3, 603 

35, 290 

3,779 

16, 681 

1,922 

93,  795 

10, 761 

1897  

40, 965 

4,433 

41,690 

4,589 

81,380 

9, 168 

100, 585 

11, 073 

1898 

35, 594 

3,867 

44, 264 

4,817 

93,205 

10, 106 

138, 975 

14, 975 

1899 

52, 580 

5, 965 

101, 950 

11, 161 

1It  is  reported  that  a refrigerator  plant  has  just  been  installed  on  a sailing  vessel 
between  San  Francisco  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands  and  refrigerated  compartments  will 
be  open  for  perishable  articles. 


19 


In  this  connection  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  thus  far  the  total 
shipments  from  the  Pacific  coast  have  not  been  large.  The  following 
table  shows  the  exports  of  butter  and  cheese  in  recent  years  from  the 
two  principal  exporting  districts — San  Francisco  and  Puget  Sound. 
By  comparing  the  two  tables  it  will  be  seen  that  only  a small  part  of 
the  total  exports  are  sent  across  the  ocean.  As  a rule,  less  than  25 
per  cent  of  the  butter  leaving  the  Pacific  coast  goes  to  China,  Japan, 
and  Hongkong.  A large  proportion  of  the  exported  butter  is  packed 
with  brine  in  firkins. 

Exports  of  butter  and  cheese  from  San  Francisco  and  Puget  Sound , 1893-1898. 

[From  Commerce  and  Navigation  of  the  United  States,  Treasury  Department.] 


1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 

1897 

1898 


Year  ended  June  30 — 


San  Francisco. 


Puget  Sound. 


Quantity.  Value 


Quantity.  Value. 


BUTTER. 


Pounds. 


Dollars. 


Pounds. 


Dollars. 


409, 428 
444, 740 
333,  596 
386,  422 
421, 191 
525,490 


84, 242 
92, 538 
60, 621 
69, 144 
74,268 
113, 743 


6,116 
25, 695 
35, 367 
49,118 
113, 676 
93, 740 


1,589 
5, 569 
7,279 
9, 497 
21,915 
20, 446 


CHEESE. 


1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 

1897 

1898 


227, 491 
239, 580 
218, 805 
246, 773 
352, 202 
382, 850 


29, 712 
31, 176 
26. 374 
28, 107 
39, 225 
41,463 


11, 301 
2,628 
6,502 
5,957 
19, 664 
12, 623 


1,252 

386 

696 

720 

2,499 

1,707 


UNNATURAL  CONDITIONS  OF  HOME  MARKETS. 

Although  as  much  butter  is  probably  made  in  California  as  is  used 
in  the  State,  the  production  is  so  uneven  that  at  certain  seasons  of  the 
year  it  is  found  necessary  to  import  from  the  East.  Large  quantities 
of  cheese  are  also  sent  from  New  York  and  Wisconsin  to  supplement 
the  output  of  the  home  factories.  Frequently  the  goods  shipped  in 
are  not  the  best.  They  usually  sell  well,  however,  as  they  meet  little 
competition  with  superior  grades.  This  peculiar  condition  will  not 
last  when  the  Coast  production  has  further  increased. 

DAIRY  MANAGEMENT. 

The  various  grain  feeds  commonly  used  by  dairymen  in  the  East 
are  seldom  used  in  California.  The  feeding  stuffs  principally  depended 
upon  are  natural  pasturage,  alfalfa,  roots,  and  hay.  The  climate  is  so 
mild  that  the  pasture  season  is  unusually  long;  in  fact,  in  some  dis- 
tricts it  has  no  end.  In  Humboldt  County  grain  is  not  fed;  cows  are 
pastured  the  entire  year.  The  pasture  is  principally  red  clover  and 
Italian  rye  grass,  and  it  is  supplemented  in  fall  and  winter  with  green 
peas,  carrots,  beets,  corn  fodder,  and  hay.  That  the  cattle  do  well 
with  this  care  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  some  herds  of  grade  stock 
average  over  300  pounds  of  butter  per  year,  and  the  cows,  as  a rule, 
are  in  good  condition. 


20 


In  the  alfalfa  districts  one  hears  almost  incredible  reports  concerning 
the  productiveness  of  the  soil.  Enormous  crops  are  common,  and 
five  or  six  cuttings  a year  are  not  unusual.  Irrigation  is  practiced  to 
a considerable  extent.  Here,  too,  grain  is  seldom  used.  When  cows 
are  grazing  they  are  usually  given  a small  amount  of  hay  at  night, 
and  a little  bran  is  occasionally  fed.  One  dairyman,  who  paid  $175  an 
acre  for  his  40-acre  ranch,  reports  that  he  receives  about  $100  per 
month  from  the  creamery  for  the  milk  of  his  30  cows.  He  uses  no 
grain,  pastures  eight  months,  and  feeds  hay  four  months  each  year. 
His  herd  consists  of  ordinary  grades  and  fairly  represents  many  others 
which  have  been  built  up  within  a short  time  from  stock  which  is 
better  for  beef  production  than  for  the  dairy. 

It  is  stated  on  good  authority  that  a dairyman  in  Yolo  County  fed 
90  milch  cows  in  a corral  from  March  10  to  July  18,  1897,  on  alfalfa 
cut  from  32  acres.  No  other  feed  was  used.  The  cows  gave  satisfac- 
tory results  in  milk  yield  and  were  in  better  condition  at  the  close  of 
the  period  than  at  the  beginning.  The  custom  of  keeping  cattle  out  of 
doors  is  made  possible  by  the  prevailing  mild  climate.  On  many 
ranches  the  animals  never  go  under  a roof  to  be  milked  or  for  any 
other  purpose. 

These  facts  make  it  evident  that  the  California  dairymen  have  good 
cause  to  boast  of  their  ability  to  produce  milk  cheaply.  As  might  be 
expected,  they  have  much  room  for  improvement.  They  admit  that 
in  many  ways  their  methods  are  extravagant  and  not  a few  of  them 
are  leading  in  movements  toward  economy.  The  more  careful  selec- 
tion of  cows  for  the  dairy  and  especially  the  selection  of  good  stock 
jr  breeding  is  a line  of  improvement  which  would  show  splendid 
results.  This  general  subject  was  fully  discussed  in  an  early  bulletin 
of  the  Dairy  Division  of  this  Bureau  (Dairying  in  California),  and 
need  not  be  further  referred  to  here. 

BEET-SUGAR  BY-PRODUCTS. 

But  something  should  be  said  of  the  use  as  feed  of  sugar-beet  pulp 
and  tops,  which,  though  comparatively  recent,  is  very  common  in 
some  localities.  Sugar  beets  are  extensively  raised  in  the  vicinity  of 
beet-sugar  mills,  of  which  there  are  several  in  the  State.  Three  such 
districts  were  visited,  namely,  Alvarado,  Watsonville,  and  Salinas. 
As  a matter  of  general  interest,  it  may  be  stated  that  a good  crop  of 
beets  runs  about  15  tons  to  the  acre,  and  the  price  for  the  year  1899, 
as  agreed  upon  in  advance  by  the  sugar  companies  and  the  farmers,  is 
$4.50  per  ton.  During  the  harvesting  season  there  is  on  some  days 
an  almost  continuous  procession  of  two,  three,  four,  and  six  horse 
beet  wagons  on  every  important  road  leading  to  the  factories.  The 
roots  are  loaded  onto  strong  nets  in  high  wagon  racks  and  are  quickly 


Bui.  No.  24,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industiy.  PLATE  I. 


Fig.  1 .--A  California  Dairy  Herd. 


Fig.  2.— Combined  Dairy  and  Sugar-Beet  Ranch. 


21 


tumbled  into  the  bins  by  raising  one  side  of  the  net  with  the  aid  of  a 
steam  engine  and  tackle. 

Sugar-beet  pulp. — Sugar-beet  pulp,1  which  is  the  principal  by-product 
in  the  manufacture  of  beet  sugar,  is  usually  sold  for  25  to  30  cents  a 
ton  at  the  factory.  Last  year  the  price  was  as  high  as  50  cents.  As  it 
can  be  held  a long  time  in  silo  and  is  fed  to  best  advantage  when  old, 
it  is  available  the  entire  year.  The  use  of  fresh  pulp  is  said  to  reduce 
the  milk  flow.  It  is  supposed  to  be  good  when  a few  weeks  old  and 
better  at  six  months,  and  will  keep  two  or  three  years. 

When  fresh  the  pulp  is  piled  or  placed  in  a silo  (PI.  II,  fig.  1)  where 
it  remains  undisturbed  until  needed  for  use.  The  material  is  so  soft 
and  moist  that  if  a large  pile  is  dumped  in  the  corner  of  an  inclosed 
space  it  will  gradually  settle  until  the  surface  is  almost  level.  Of 
course  the  top  part  decays,  and  after  a time  the  entire  mass  is  cov- 
ered with  a protecting  layer  from  3 to  6 inches  in  thickness.  Within 
a few  months  the  individual  pieces  of  beet  which  were  originally 
2 or  3 inches  long  and  quite  slender  are  broken  down,  and  the  appear- 
ance of  the  material  reminds  one  of  cold  mush,  grayish  brown  in  color. 
Three  tons  of  fresh  pulp  make  about  1 ton  cured. 

Pulp  has  a tendency  to  fatten  and  it  is  given  to  beef  cattle  without 
the  addition  of  any  other  food,  but  for  milch  cows  its  effect  is  found 
to  be  best  when  used  with  a little  grain  or  hay.  Without  these  latter 
it  is  supposed  to  produce  a thin  and  watery  milk.  One  feeder  uses 
corn  with  pulp,  another  feeds  about  3 pounds  of  bran  daily.  When 
pulp  is  fed  in  considerable  quantity  the  animals  do  not  care  for 
water  and  may  go  for  months  without  a drink.  A feeder  who  has 
been  using  this  by-product  several  years  complains  that  when  his  cows 
have  been  fed  for  a long  time  on  pulp  their  calves  are  likely  to  come 
weak  and  be  troubled  with  scours.  Another  dairyman  of  less  experi- 
ence who  feeds  the  pulp  fresh  states  that  in  his  observation  it  has  no 
bad  effect  on  the  calves. 

A herd  of  200  milch  cows  kept  near  a beet-sugar  factory  about  40 
miles  south  of  San  Francisco  is  given  a daily  ration  of  60  pounds  of 
pulp,  5 pounds  of  mixed  ground  grain,  and  a little  hay.  The  cows 
were  seen  in  the  pasture  and  appeared  to  be  in  good  health  and  flesh. 
The  milking  cows  averaged  almost  2 gallons  each  per  day.  Their 

1 The  average  analysis  of  diffusion  pulps  is  given  by  Mr.  G.  L.  Spencer  in  the  1898 


Yearbook,  as  follows: 

Moisture 89.  09 

Nitrogenous  matter 92 

Digestible  carbohydrates 6.  52 

Indigestible  carbohydrates 1.98 

Fat 09 

Mineral  matter 1.  40 


Total 100.00 


2 2 


milk  is  shipped  to  a dealer  in  San  Francisco,  who  pays  12i  cents  per 
gallon  for  it  the  year  through  and  1^  cents  per  gallon  for  railroad 
freight.  The  production  is  greatest  from  February  to  May.  Butter 
made  from  milk  of  this  herd,  for  experimental  export,  was  found  to 
have  exceedingly  good  body,  a satisfactory  flavor,  and  an  apparently 
first-class  keeping  quality. 

On  a ranch  near  Watsonville,  which  supplies  milk  to  a creamery, 
pulp  has  been  used  a few  months  each  year  for  the  past  eight  years. 
About  100  pounds  a day  are  given  to  each  animal. 

It  is  the  general  opinion  that  pulp  causes  the  butter  to  be  hard. 

Sugar-beet  tops. — By  1 4 beet  tops  ” is  meant  .the  leaves  and  the  extreme 
top  parts  or  crowns  of  the  beets  cut  off  when  the  beets  are  being  piled 
ready  for  hauling.  They  are  available  during  the  harvesting  of  the 
crop,  which  lasts  about  three  months.  (See  PI.  II,  fig.  2.)  This  por- 
tion of  the  crop  has  some  fertilizing  value,  and  it  is  often  plowed  under 
on  that  account.  Indeed,  some  beet-sugar  companies  which  own  large 
tracts  of  land  forbid  the  removal  of  the  tops.  But  considerable  quan- 
tities of  beet  tops  are  fed  and  good  results  are  claimed.  The  market 
value  of  this  feed  depends  almost  entirely  on  the  prices  of  other  feed- 
ing stuffs.  When  feeds  are  high,  tops  sell  for  $3.50  to  $4  per  acre  on 
the  ground;  this  year  (1899)  the  price  is  about  $2.50.  It  is  best  to 
allow  the  tops  to  wilt  two  or  three  days  before  being  gathered  and 
fed.  They  are  then  easily  handled  and  not  as  liable  to  physic  the 
cows  as  when  used  fresh.  If  they  become  crisp,  a few  green  leaves 
are  mixed  with  them  before  feeding.  Unlike  the  pulp,  they  cause  the 
animals  to  desire  a large  amount  of  water.  Many  farmers  feed  the 
tops  alone,  but  it  is  claimed  to  be  better  to  use  a little  bran  with  them. 
Evidently  they  are  satisfactory  to  the  cows,  as  little  else  is  eaten  when 
the  cows  are  turned  out  to  pasture.  Some  people  claim  that  beet  tops 
give  a peculiar  flavor  to  the  butter,  but  Only  a few  made  this  criticism. 

One  dairyman  brought  his  entire  herd  of  90  grade  Durham  and  Hol- 
stein cows  from  his  own  ranch  to  a beet  farm  where  he  had  bought  the 
privilege  of  using  the  tops.  After  the  crop  has  been  gathered  he 
will  move  back  to  the  home  place.  At  the  date  of  the  visit  of  the 
writer  the  cows  had  been  fed  on  beet  tops  five  days  and  were  running 
on  wheat  stubble.  The  owner  stated  that  their  milk  yield  had  dou- 
bled in  that  short  time,  the  average  being  almost  2 gallons  a day. 
Before  the  removal,  hay  was  the  principal  feed.  This  man  makes  the 
butter  himself  and  sells  it  in  the  local  market  at  highest  San  Fran- 
cisco prices.  It  is  always  hard  when  he  is  feeding  beet  tops.  A 
dairyman  who  feeds  beet  tops  two  or  three  months  each  year  states 
that  one  September  he  sent  a barrel  of  butter  made  from  beet- top  milk 
to  a mining  camp.  It  was  packed  in  rolls  and  covered  with  brine,  and 
it  lasted  so  long,  remained  hard,  and  kept  so  well  under  unfavorable 
conditions  that  it  attracted  much  attention,  and  orders  were  received 
for  more  of  the  same  kind. 


Bui.  No.  24,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry.  PLATE  II. 


Fig.  1 .—Sugar-Beet-Pulp  Silo. 


Fig.  2.— Wilted  Beet  Tops  from  the  Field  ready  for  Feeding. 


23 


CALIFORNIA  CREAMERIES. 

There  are  about  300  creameries  in  California,  and,  judging  by  the  few 
visited  and  what  was  reported  of  many  others,  they  are  well  equipped 
and  capable  of  doing  good  work.  It  appears  that  they  are,  as  a rule, 
profitable  investments.  The  charge  for  making  butter  is  commonly 
as  high  as  Si  cents  per  pound,  and  until  quite  recently  creameries 
charged  4£  cents.  One  establishment,  now  receiving  daily  10,000 
pounds  of  milk  from  70  patrons  and  averaging  about  7 tons  of  butter 
per  month,  has  been  in  operation  four  years,  and  during  that  time 
almost  $5,000  from  the  regular  earnings  have  been  invested  in  perma- 
nent improvements,  besides  paying  good  dividends.  Inasmuch  as  it 
took  some  time  to  grow  from  a small  beginning,  this  is  a good  record. 

As  a rule,  the  creameries  run  every  day  of  the  year.  The  output 
of  the  one  just  referred  to,  which  is  in  an  alfalfa  district,  is  largest  in 
May,  being  Si  tons  last  May;  in  April  8 tons  were  made;  in  Novem- 
ber tons;  and  in  December  5i  tons,  the  smallest  monthly  output. 

In  equipment  the  creameries  are  quite  similar  to  those  in  the  East. 
Box  and  combined  churns,  separators,  vats,  in  fact,  practically  all  of 
the  apparatus,  is  from  the  East.  One  plant,  receiving  in  September, 
14,000  pounds  of  milk  a day  and  the  cream  of  as  much  more  from  its 
two  skimming  stations,  uses  an  ice-making  machine  capable  of  pro- 
ducing 3 tons  of  ice  in  a day;  the  direct  expansion  system  is  used.  A 
large  tank  of  brine  is  suspended  near  the  top  of  the  butter  room,  and 
when  it  is  desired  to  shut  down  the  ice  machine  the  brine  is  thoroughly 
cooled  and  it  keeps  the  temperature  in  the  workroom  low  until  the 
machinery  is  again  started.  This  creamery  had  the  honor  of  making 
and  packing  in  3-pound  cans  3 tons  of  butter  for  the  U.  S.  S.  Oregon  for 
her  famous  trip  around  the  Horn.  The  butter  was  made  in  the  usual 
way,  except  a little  drier.  It  was  reported  to  have  been  good  to  the 
last. 

PAYMENT  FOR  MILK. 

The  method  of  payment  for  milk,  as  explained  at  two  cooperative 
creameries,  is  as  follows:  Composite  samples  of  each  patron’s  milk  are 
tested  by  the  Babcock  test  once  or  twice  every  month,  and  a statement 
of  the  amount  of  milk  delivered  by  each  person  and  the  average  tests 
is  handed  to  the  secretary  early  in  the  following  month.  The  total 
amount  of  butter  made  and  any  deliveries  to  patrons  are  also  reported 
at  the  same  time.  The  secretary  computes  the  amount  of  fat  brought 
by  each  patron  and  the  total.  The  overrun  is  then  determined  (and  it 
is  usually  found  to  be  about  16  per  cent).  The  fat  delivered  by  the 
different  patrons  is  increased  in  the  proper  proportion  and  each  is  cred- 
ited with  the  delivery  of  a certain  number  of  pounds  of  butter.  The 
receipts  from  sales  of  butter  made  during  the  month  are  reduced  by 
the  creamery  charge  for  making  (3  or  Si  cents  per  pound),  and  the  net 

i 


24 


average  rate  to  be  paid  to  the  patrons  is  determined  by  dividing  the 
amount  of  money  remaining  after  this  reduction  by  the  number  of 
pounds  of  butter  delivered.  The  amount  due  each  patron  is  then 
found  by  multiplying  the  number  of  pounds  of  butter  credited  to  him 
by  the  average  rate.  Any  charges  for  butter  are  deducted,  and  checks 
for  the  balance  are  delivered  about  the  middle  of  the  month. 

The  method  may  be  illustrated  as  follows:  Suppose  a creamery 
receives  in  June  30,000  pounds  of  milk  testing  3 per  cent  fat  from  A; 
40,000  pounds  of  3.4  per  cent  milk  from  B;  50,000  pounds  of  3.7  per 
cent  milk  from  C;  60,000  pounds  of  4 per  cent  milk  from  D,  and  the 
total  amount  of  butter  made  is  7,550  pounds.  The  operator  reports 
these  figures  to  the  secretary,  who  fills  them  in  the  first  two  columns 
of  a blank  form,  as  shown  below;  the  remaining  numbers  are  then 
calculated  from  them  and  the  data  received  from  the  sales  agent.  The 
work  is  sometimes  done  with  great  accuracy  by  carrying  the  decimals 
out  several  points,  so  that  each  patron  always  receives  the  exact  num- 
ber of  cents  due  him.  Frequently  the  secretary  of  the  creamery 
slightly  increases  or  decreases  the  amount  to  be  distributed  by  chang- 
ing the  rate  of  payment  a few  hundredths  of  a cent  per  pound  so  as  to 
enable  him  to  use  round  numbers  in  his  calculations  instead  of  awk- 
ward figures.  The  difference  is  adjusted  the  following  month.  This 
system  of  borrowing  from  or  loaning  to  the  next  month  is  very  sen- 
sible. It  greatly  simplifies  the  secretary’s  work  and,  at  the  most, 
makes  a difference  of  only  a few  cents  in  the  returns  to  the  various 
patrons,  and  these  small  amounts  are  not  taken  from  them  or  given  to 
them,  but  simply  borrowed  or  loaned  for  a month. 


Smithvitte  creamery. — Statement  for  June , 1899. 


Patron. 

Milk  de- 
livered. 

Average 

test. 

Fat  deliv- 
ered. 

Equivalent 
in  butter. 

Amount 

due. 

Charges. 

Checks. 

A 

Pounds. 

30. 000 

40. 000 

50. 000 

60. 000 

3 

3.4 

3.7 

4 

Pounds. 

900 

1,360 

1,850 

2,400 

Pounds. 
1,044 
1, 577. 6 
2, 146 
2,784 

$229. 68 
347. 07 
472. 12 
612. 48 

$2.00 

$227. 68 
347. 07 
470.62 
606. 98 

B 

c 

1.50 

5.50 

D 

Total 

180, 000 

a 6, 510 

6 7,551.6 

61, 661. 35 

9.00 

1, 652.35 

a Overrun  16  per  cent.  6 At  22  cents. 


Fat  delivered - 6,510 

Butter  made 7,551.6 


Overrun,  16  per  cent. 

1 3, 000  pounds,  at  25.5  cents 
2, 000  pounds,  at  25  cents. . 
2, 000  pounds,  at  24.5  cents 

551. 6  pounds,  at  24.1  cents 

7, 551. 6 

7,551.6  pounds,  at  25  cents 

Charge  for  making,  3 cents  per  pound 


$765. 00 

500. 00 

490. 00 
132.  93 


1, 887. 93 
1, 887. 90 
226. 55 


Amount  due  patrons,  7,551.6  pounds  at  22  cents 


1, 661. 35 


When  there  are  many  patrons  it  is  seen  that  the  number  of  calcula- 
tions is  very  large.  This  laborious  work  could  easily  be  lessened. 


Bui.  No.  24,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry.  PLATE  III. 


Fig.  1.— Creamery  at  Watsonville. 


Fig.  2.— Butter  Chests  Awaiting  to  be  Packed. 


Bui.  No.  24,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry.  PLATE  IV. 


Fig.  1.— Cutting  Squares  of  Butter. 


Fig.  2.— Wrapping  Squares  of  Butter. 


25 


The  column  headed  “Equivalent  in  butter”  might  well  be  omitted, 
thus  saving  one  series  of  multiplications.  Payments  could  be  based 
on  the  amount  of  fat  delivered,  the  average  price  per  pound  being 
found  by  dividing  the  sum  to  be  distributed  by  the  pounds  of  fat 
delivered,  or,  in  the  above  case,  $1,661.35  by  6,510,  which  gives  25.52 
cents  as  the  value  of  each  pound  of  pure  fat.  This  rate,  with  the 
numbers  in  the  column  headed  “Fat  delivered,”  shows  the  same 
amounts  due  the  patrons  as  obtained  by  the  longer  method  illustrated 
above. 

HANDLING  ALFALFA  MILK. 

Butter  made  from  milk  of  alfalfa-fed  cows  is  liable  to  have  a pecul- 
iar flavor  unless  special  care  is  taken  in  the  handling  of  the  cream.  It 
is  customary  to  separate  a very  heavy  cream  and  to  hasten  the  ripen- 
ing in  order  to  exclude  or  cover  undesirable  flavors.  The  cream  tests 
about  40  per  cent  fat,  and  the  use  of  homemade  or  commercial  starters 
is  not  uncommon.  In  one  creamery  the  cream  is  stirred  continually  for 
five  hours  after  it  is  put  into  the  vat.  No  doubt  this  serves  to  aerate 
it  and  partially  removes  undesirable  flavors.  The  cream  is  churned 
when  from  twenty  to  twent}^-four  hours  old  and  the  butter  is  imme- 
diately prepared  for  market. 

CALIFORNIA  SQUARES. 

Practically  all  the  best  creamery  butter  sold  on  the  Pacific  coast  is 
in  squares  of  about  2 pounds  each.  The  squares  are  blocks  with 
square  ends  and  rectangular  sides.  The  butter  is  packed  on  a table 
(PI.  IV,  fig.  1)  fitted  with  sideboards  as  high  as  the  squares  stand 
when  on  end.  The  top  surface  is  carefully  leveled  even  with  the 
table  sides,  and  the  squares,  a number  at  a time,  are  cut  by  wires. 
They  are  wrapped  in  parchment  paper  (PL  IV,  fig.  2),  and  packed 
on  end  in  heavy  wooden  chests  (fig.  1).  This  method  of  handling 
butter  is  excellent  in  some  respects,  but  it  is  subject  to  criticism  on 
two  important  features:  First,  there  is  now  no  uniformity  in  the 
weights  of  the  squares.  One  creamery  sends  cases  of  sixty  lf-pound 
squares,  or  105  pounds,  to  Sacramento,  and  to  the  same  market 
another  creamery  sends  cases  holding  sixty  squares,  aggregating  101 
pounds.  This  latter  creamery  also  sends  to  San  Francisco  cases  hold- 
ing sixty  squares  of  93  pounds.  It  must  be  both  confusing  and  annoy- 
ing to  handle  squares  of  such  varying  weights,  and  no  really  good 
reason  for  the  practice  was  found.  Doubtless  many  people  who  pur- 
chase butter  do  not  notice  the  difference  in  weights,  but  consider  all 
squares  alike,  and  the  seller  who  can  shave  off  the  most  without  being 
suspected  is  the  gainer.  Such  competition  is  not  only  discreditable 
out  dishonest.  The  second  criticism  of  the  method  of  marketing 
butter  relates  to  the  packages.  Eastern  dealers  have  learned  that  it 


is  more  economical  and  satisfactory  in  many  ways  to  use  cheap  but 
neat  boxes  for  shipping,  which  do  not  have  to  be  returned,  than  to 
use  the  heavy  and  expensive  trunks  or  chests  that  were  so  common 
only  a few  years  ago.  These  latter  are  continually  being  lost  and 
broken,  cause  annoyance  at  both  ends  of  the  line,  and  require  much 
labor  for  proper  cleaning  (and  this  is  too  often  neglected),  while  the 
cheaper  packages  have  not  these  objections. 

CHEESE  MAKING. 

California  dairymen  and  commission  men  are  willing  to  admit  that 
their  State  does  not  produce  much  cheese  suitable  for  export.  As  a 
rule  it  is  soft,  open,  and  moist,  and  must  be  used  soon  after  it  is  made. 


The  trouble,  in  all  probability,  is  due  to  improper  methods  of  manu- 
facture, and  the  surest  method  of  remedying  the  matter  is  to  teach  the 
science  of  cheese  making  and  the  systems  successfully  followed  else- 
where. If  such  instruction  were  offered  there  is  no  doubt  but  that 
those  interested  would  avail  themselves  of  it. 

Only  one  cheese  factory  was  visited — a private  concern  on  a ranch 
of  4,000  acres.  Here  the  milk  from  130  cows,  mostly  grade  Durhams, 
is  manufactured  into  “Flats”  and  “Young  Americas.”  The  factory 
is  a neat  little  one-story,  square,  brick  structure,  containing  a curing 
room  on  the  main  floor  and  another  below  the  level  of  the  ground  for 
use  in  hot  weather.  It  is  well  equipped  for  making  a fine  article  of 
cheese. 


27 


CITY  MILK  SUPPLY. 

As  in  many  other  parts  of  the  country,  the  business  of  supplying 
milk  to  California  cities  is  in  an  unsettled  state.  There  is  a lack  of 
cooperation  between  milk  producers,  health  officers,  and  milk  con- 
sumers, which  is  detrimental  alike  to  the  interests  of  those  who  have 
good  milk  for  sale  and  those  who  wish  to  purchase  it.  Methods 
adopted  by  public  officials  for  improving  the  milk  supply  sometimes 
result  in  more  harm  than  good. 

Unclean  dairies  have  been  so  widely  advertised  in  official  reports 
and  newspaper  articles  that  many  citizens  think  well-conducted  dairies 
do  not  exist,  or,  if  they  do,  no  way  is  known  by  which  one  can  be 
assured  of  getting  their  milk.  And  many  persons  will  go  without 
milk  whenever  possible  rather  than  run  the  risk  of  getting  the  dan- 
gerously impure  article  which  they  are  convinced  is  very  common. 
Thus  the  scare  articles  have  the  effect  of  reducing  the  production  and 
use  of  impure  milk;  but  they  have  the  same  effect  also  on  the  use  of 
pure  milk.  It  is  unfortunate  that  the  excellent  features  of  the  best 
dairies  are  not  given  as  much  prominence  as  are  the  defective  features 
of  the  worst,  so  as  to  show  those  interested  that  good  milk  is  on  the 
market  as  well  as  bad.  A practicable  plan  by  which  this  could  be  accom- 
plished could  easily  be  followed,  greatly  to  the  benefit  of  all  concerned. 

Although  only  a few  dairies  were  visited,  it  was  readily  seen  that  at 
least  a part  of  the  milk  going  into  Sacramento  and  San  Francisco  is 
produced  with  great  care  and  can  be  relied  upon  as  a safe  and  whole- 
some food.  As  already  suggested,  if  these  first-class  dairies  and 
others  like  them  could  be  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  public  as 
forcibly  as  the  worst  types,  a decided  step  would  be  taken  toward  the 
improvement  of  the  general  city  supply. 

DAIRY  EDUCATION. 

In  striking  contrast  with  California’s  characteristic  energy  in 
advancing  the  interests  of  many  of  her  industries  in  every  possible 
way,  the  one  method  of  promoting  dairying,  which  in  other  States 
is  considered  of  the  greatest  importance,  has  thus  far  been  neglected. 
The  State  is  doing  nothing  in  the  line  of  special  dairy  instruction,  and 
her  dairy  interests  are  suffering  in  consequence.  The  reason  may  be 
that  this  branch  of  agriculture  has  not  until  recently  become  one  of 
the  important  industries  of  the  State,  and  those  having  power  to  assist 
in  its  promotion  have  not  yet  realized  its  great  possibilities.  Efforts 
to  establish  a State  dairy  school  have  been  made,  but  without  success. 
It  was  a subject  of  discussion  at  the  dairymen’s  convention,  and  its 
friends  will  continue  to  agitate  it,  hoping  that  a school  will  be  opened 
in  the  near  future. 

The  necessity  for  such  a school  is  readily  seen.  In  the  past  few 


28 


years  there  have  been  many  improvements  and  changes  in  dairy  opera- 
tions, and  the  improvements  and  changes  still  continue.  Butter  and 
cheese  makers  who  now  follow  comparatively  recent  but  really  out-of- 
date  methods  are  working  at  a great  disadvantage.  New  forms  of 
machinery  are  constantly  being  introduced,  methods  of  manufacture 
are  being  perfected,  market  requirements  are  becoming  more  strict, 
and  competition  is  growing  more  keen.  In  order  to  keep  up  with 
competitors  at  home  and  abroad  it  has  been  necessary  to  provide  for 
giving  instruction  in  the  latest  dairy  methods,  and  special  schools  have 
been  established  in  all  the  leading  dairy  States  to  meet  this  urgent 
need.  It  has  been  found  best  to  connect  them  with  State  agricultural 
colleges,  making  use,  so  far  as  possible,  of  the  latter’s  equipment. 

In  a few  States  splendid  buildings  have  been  erected  for  the  exclu- 
sive use  of  the  dairy  schools.  In  other  dairy  States,  where  there  is 
less  call  for  instruction,  there  is  less  pretentious  equipment,  but  the 
training  offered  is  none  the  less  complete.  At  Cornell  University, 
New  York,  there  is  a building,  erected  and  equipped  at  a cost  of 
$50,000,  devoted  exclusively  to  dairy  instruction,  and  every  year  about 
seventy -five  men  are  given  a three  months’  course  of  lectures  in  breed- 
ing and  feeding  of  dairy  cattle  and  the  manufacture  of  butter  and 
cheese  and  practical  work  in  a model  creamery  and  cheese  factor}^. 
At  the  State  experiment  station  of  the  same  State  a $40,000  building 
has  recently  been  erected  to  be  used  chiefly  as  a laboratory  for  study- 
ing dairy  problems  for  the  benefit  of  the  dairy  interests  of  the  State. 
At  Madison,  Wis.,  there  is  another  dairy  school  building,  which  cost 
about  $40,000  and  where  more  than  a hundred  dairy  students  are 
trained  every  winter.  The  wonderful  growth  of  dairying  in  that 
State  is  attributed  largely  to  the  influence  of  the  dairy  school,  grad- 
uates of  which  can  be  found  in  charge  of  successful  cheese  factories 
and  creameries  in  almost  every  county.  The  dairy  school  at  Ames, 
Iowa,  is  conducted  in  connection  with  a large  creamery.  Students 
are  in  attendance  at  all  times  of  the  year.  Special  sixteen-weeks’ 
courses  are  given  to  beginners  and  a four-weeks’  winter  course  is  con- 
ducted each  winter  for  experienced  butter  makers.  Over  100  students 
are  instructed  every  year.  The  cost  of  maintaining  the  school  is  less 
than  $3,000  per  year,  and  a part  of  this  is  earned  by  the  creamery. 
This  school  and  others  have  furnished  experienced  butter  and  cheese 
makers  to  California.  The  other  leading  dairy  States  are  also  well 
equipped  for  giving  instruction.  Quite  recently  the  legislature  of 
Kansas  appropriated  $34,000  for  building  and  equipping  a dairy  school 
in  that  State. 

Special  instruction  in  dairying  is  offered  at  more  or  less  well-equipped 
schools  in  thirty-one  States.  California  is  the  only  one  in  which  the 
industry  is  at  all  prominent  that  is  not  on  the  list.  The  need  of  a 
dairy  school  in  California  is  very  apparent.  The  annual  reports  of  the 


29 


State  board  of  trade  show  the  importance  of  the  dairy  industry  as 
compared  to  others.  The  value  of  California  dairy  products  is  equal 
to  two-thirds  the  value  of  her  gold  output,  and  far  exceeds  the  value 
of  any  other  mineral  product.  The  dairy  products  are  worth  almost 
half  as  much  as  the  wheat  crop  and  about  half  as  much  as  the  combined 
crops  of  all  kinds  of  fruit.  The  receipts  from  sales  of  butter, 
cheese,  cream,  and  milk  amount  to  nearly  double  the  annual  expendi- 
tures for  the  support  of  the  public  schools.  According  to  the  last 
census  California  ranks  in  dairying  with  other  States  as  follows:  Seven- 
teenth in  total  number  of  cows;  seventeenth  in  total  butter  prod- 
uct; ninth  in  total  cheese  product.  Yet  thirty-one  States  are  ahead 
of  her  in  encouraging  and  promoting  dairying  by  offering  special 
dairy  instruction.  It  is  seen  that  the  dairy  interests  of  many  of  them 
are  smaller  than  those  of  California,  both  in  toto  and  in  comparison 
with  other  industries. 

It  is  said  to  be  a difficult  matter  to  find  capable  operators  of  butter 
and  cheese  factories;  and  the  same  is  true  of  helpers,  even  though 
these  latter  receive  higher  wages  than  farm  laborers.  As  stated  above, 
some  well-trained  factory  operators  have  gone  to  California  from 
other  States.  In  addition  to  these  there  are  some,  of  course,  who  have 
been  successful  in  picking  up  their  business  at  home  and  a few  who 
have  gone  East  for  their  dairy  training  and  then  returned  to  the  State. 
But  the  majority  of  the  butter  and  cheese  makers  of  any  large  State 
will  not  be  as  well  trained  in  their  professions  as  they  should  be  for 
the  good  of  their  work  until  a dairy  school  is  maintained  in  that  State 
and  they  shall  have  availed  themselves  of  its  advantages.  This  applies 
with  special  force  to  California,  because  it  is  so  far  from  other  leading 
dairy  States  and  the  expensive  journey  to  their  schools  will  prevent 
many  from  going  away  for  dairy  training  who  might  do  so  if  the 
distances  were  shorter. 


O 


Bulletin  No.  25. 


(B.  A.  I.  142.) 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 

D.  E.  SALMON,  Chief. 


RABIES. 


REPORT  OF  THE  COMMITTEE  ON  PUBLIC  HEALTH 
OF  THE  MEDICAL  SOCIETY  OF  THE 
DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 

1900. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
Washington , D.  C. , July  P,  1900. 

Sir:  I have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  a report  on  rabies 
which  was  prepared  by  the  committee  on  public  health  of  the  Medical 
Society  of  the  District  of  Columbia  and  unanimously  adopted  by  that 
society  on  June  13,  1900,  and  as  this  disease  has  for  several  months 
existed  among  the  animals  of  the  District  of  Columbia  and  vicinity  I 
recommend  its  publication  as  Bulletin  No.  25  of  this  Bureau. 

Respectfully, 

D.  E.  Salmon, 

Chief  of  Bureau. 

Hon.  James  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

*3 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

General  statement 7 

History  and  prevalence 10 

Symptoms 12 

Period  of  incubation 13 

Diagnosis 14 

Mortality 14 

Treatment 15 

Prevention 17 

Appendix  A— Period  of  incubation 19 

Appendix  B — Prevalence 20 

Appendix  C — Percentage  of  mortality  in  persons  bitten  by  rabid  animals  who 

were  without  the  Pasteur  treatment 22 

Appendix  D — Treatment 23 

Appendix  E — The  muzzle  a means  of  prevention 25 

Appendix  F — The  law  levying  a tax  upon  dogs  in  the  District  of  Columbia. . . 28 

5 


■ 


RABIES. 


REPORT  OF  THE  COMMITTEE  ON  PUBLIC  HEALTH  OF  THE  MEDICAL 
SOCIETY  OF  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA, 

GENERAL  STATEMENT. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  District  of  Columbia, 
held  April  11,  1900,  the  following  preambles  and  resolution  were 
adopted : 

Whereas  legislation  concerning  hydrophobia  is  contemplated  by  Congress;  and 

Whereas  conflicting  and  even  incorrect  views  as  to  the  reality  and  nature  of  the 
disease  have  been  expressed;  and 

Whereas  this  society,  under  the  circumstances,  should  place  itself  upon  record 
regarding  the  true  status  of  the  disease, 

Resolved , That  the  matter  be  referred  to  the  committee  on  public  health  for  such 
action  as  it  may  deem  proper. 

In  compliance  with  this  action  of  the  society  the  committee  on  pub- 
lic health,  after  having  somewhat  carefully  reviewed  the  literature 
of  the  subject,  giving  due  consideration  to  the  facts  and  arguments 
presented  pro  and  con,  presented  this  report: 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  this  report  is  intended,  as  stated  in  the  pre- 
amble, to  be  an  expression  of  the  views  of  the  society  upon  the  subject 
under  consideration,  it  is  deemed  advisable  to  present,  in  a supplement 
to  the  report  proper,  additional  facts  and  statements  gathered  from 
the  literature  upon  the  subject,  which  tend  to  further  strengthen  and 
justify  the  conclusions  drawn.  However,  it  is  not  to  be  inferred  that 
the  members  of  the  society  need  any  arguments  to  convince  them  of 
the  reality  of  rabies  or  that  the  committee  can  further  enlighten  them 
concerning  the  disease,  for  they  are,  presumably,  as  well,  if  not  better, 
informed  upon  the  subject  than  are  the  members  of  the  committee. 
Nor  is  this  report  intended  to  meet  the  objections  of  those  who  refuse 
to  accept  the  biological  test  and  who  at  the  same  time  can  not  or  will 
not  believe  the  testimony,  such  as  that  here  presented,  of  competent 
witnesses.  Such  persons  could  not  be  convinced — that  is,  if  they  are 
sincere — by  seeing  a case,  even;  simply  because,  having  no  other  cases 
for  comparison,  there  would  be  no  means  of  verification. 

Of  the  reality  of  the  existence  of  rabies,  or  hydrophobia,  both  among 
man  and  animals,  no  reasoning  or  reasonable  persons  who  will  take 

7 


8 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


the  trouble  to  investigate  can  for  one  moment  entertain  a doubt;  and 
until  such  an  investigation  has  been  made  no  one  has  any  right  to 
make  a positive  assertion.  That  many  persons,  including  physicians 
and  other  men  of  prominence,  have  never  seen  a case  (although  it  may 
indicate  the  comparative  infrequency  of  the  disease,  particularly  in 
man)  is  no  argument  whatever  against  its  existence.  The  same  might 
be  said  in  regard  to  a number  of  other  diseases  concerning  which  a 
doubt  has  never  been  expressed,  or  of  the  existence  of  a disease  in  a 
foreign  country  or  city,  for  example. 

In  the  index  catalogue  of  the  Surgeon-General’s  Office  there  are  31 
pages,  besides  a large  drawer  filled  with  cards,  devoted  to  titles  of 
articles  upon  hydrophobia  or  to  reports  of  cases  that  have  occurred  in 
nearly  all  parts  of  the  world.  These  reports  come  mainly  from  per- 
fectly reliable  sources,  and  the  articles,  at  least  most  of  them,  are  by 
men  of  recognized  authority,  who  believe  in  the  reality  of  the  disease 
and  have  had  more  or  less  experience  with  it. 

The  very  eminent  commission,  consisting  of  Sir  James  Paget,  presi- 
dent; Dr.  Lauder  Brunton,  Dr.  G.  F.  Fleming,  president  Veterinary 
College  of  London;  Sir  Joseph  Leister,  Bart.;  Dr.  Richard  Quain, 
Sir  Henry  Roscoe,  Prof.  Burdon  Sanderson,  and  Prof.  Victor  Hors- 
ley, appointed  by  the  House  of  Commons  of  England  in  1896  to  inves- 
tigate the  new  treatment  for  rabies  as  conducted  by  Pasteur,  after 
a most  searching  and  painstaking  inquiry  reached  the  conclusion  that 
M.  Pasteur  had  discovered  a preventive  method  for  rabies  similar  to 
that  of  vaccination  for  variola.  Is  it  to  be  presumed  that  these  gen- 
tlemen would  have  made  this  statement  had  they  not  believed  in  the 
existence  of  the  disease  ? The  select  committee  of  the  House  of  Lords 
appointed  at  a more  recent  date  to  examine  into  the  subject  of  rabies 
among  dogs  sought  and  obtained  the  testimony  of  the  most  eminent 
authority  of  England  upon  the  subject.  This  testimony  alone,  which 
is  recorded  in  a book  of  302  pages,  is  more  than  sufficient  to  establish 
the  reality  of  rabies.  Dr.  Cabot,  of  the  board  of  health  of  New  York 
City,  says  he  has  heard  from  a number  of  prominent  medical  men, 
and  none  of  them  doubt  the  existence  of  the  disease.  He  says  the 
representative  men  in  this  country  and  in  Europe — the  men  who  do 
the  thinking  and  teaching — recognize  the  importance  of  the  subject. 
Dr.  Welsh,  of  Johns  Hopkins,  says  he  believes  most  cases  diagnosed 
as  rabies  by  reputable  physicians  are  rabies. 

Moreover,  rabies  is  an  acute  specific  disease  due  to  a specific  cause, 
a virus — almost  certainly  a living  germ  or  elaborated  by  a living 
germ— that  is  transmitted  by  inoculation  only.  This  process,  when 
it  is  accomplished,  is  brought  about  almost  without  exception  by  an 
animal  which  is  suffering  from  the  disease  conveying  to  the  wound 
inflicted  by  his  teeth,  either  upon  another  animal  or  upon  man,  saliva 
which  contains  the  virus.  Of  course,  reference  is  not  made  here  to 


rabies:  report  of  medical  society. 


9 


laboratory  methods  by  which  the  disease  is  propagated  experimentally 
by  artificial  inoculation. 

The  striking  similarity,  if  not  exact  identity,  of  symptoms  (and  this 
anyone  who  reads  the  cases  on  record  will  observe)  in  man  and  ani- 
mals, widely  separated  both  as  to  time  and  place,  can  be  explained  in 
no  other  way  than  upon  the  assumption  that  the  disease  is  due  to  a 
specific  cause;  and  the  fact  that  the  disease  has  been  transmitted  from 
animal  to  animal,  month  after  month,  year  after  year,  from  the  very 
beginning,  without  decreasing  in  virulence,  can  not  be  accounted  for 
unless  it  is  admitted  that  the  virus  is  a living  germ.  Furthermore, 
the  virus  has  been  found  to  exist  in  the  salivary  glands,  the  saliva,  the 
mammary  glands  and  the  milk,  pancreas,  lachrymal  glands,  and  supra- 
renals,  while  its  absence  is  noted  in  the  liver,  spleen,  kidneys,  urine, 
blood,  and  the  bulk  of  the  tissues;  and,  indeed,  Memmo,  of  Rome,  fur- 
nishes strong  proof,  asserting  almost  positively,  that  he  has  found  the 
germ.  He  believes  that  Foil,  Revotta,  Ferran,  and  Spinello  have  seen 
the  same  germ  also.1  Besides,  Nocard  and  Paul  Best  showed  a num- 
ber of  years  ago  that  saliva  filtered  through  plaster  lost  its  virulence; 
that  is,  that  the  virus  was  left  on  the  plaster,  and  therefore  most 
probably  a germ. 

The  assertion  that  the  disease  is  transmitted  almost  always  by  the 
bite  of  a rabid  animal  is  based  upon  the  facts  in  the  case  as  testified 
to  by  any  number  of  competent  witnesses;  and  the  assertion  that  it  is 
transmitted  only  by  inoculation  is  based  upon  a knowledge,  in  part 
inferred  from  analogy,  of  the  nature  of  the  virus,  direct  experiment, 
and  the  absence  of  any  proof  or  possibility  of  proof  to  the  contrary. 

The  claim  occasionally  made  by  some  that  ungratified  sexual  desire, 
long  deprivation  of  food  or  drink,  exposure  to  the  intense  heat  of  the 
sun,  particularly  during  July  and  August,  chaining  or  muzzling  contin- 
uously, will  produce  the  disease  in  the  dog  or  other  animal  has  never 
been  substantiated  and  is  contrary  to  the  facts  in  the  case.  Dogs  have 
been  made  to  undergo  all  these  cruelties  now  and  then  by  perhaps 
overzealous  investigators,  but  always  with  negative  results.  Such  a 
claim,  under  the  circumstances,  is  tantamount  to  the  claim  also  some- 
times advanced  that  the  disease  originates  spontaneously  or  is  pro- 
duced de  novo,  which,  like  the  charge  that  Pasteur  has  produced  a 
new  disease  by  his  method  of  preventing  hydrophobia,  was  proven  by 
Pasteur  himself  to  be  impossible  when  he,  in  1860,  by  his  long  since 
world-renowned  experiment  before  the  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Paris, 
exploded  the  theory  of  spontaneous  generation.2  The  original  jar 
containing  the  sterilized  material,  still  with  no  signs  of  life,  is  yet  to 
be  seen  at  the  Academy.  It  may  as  well  be  claimed  that  an  artificial 

Journal  of  American  Medical  Association,  vol.  32,  p.  327.  Hereafter  referred  to 
simply  as  Journal. 

2 Journal,  vol.  25,  p.  587. 


10 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


egg  can  hatch,  or  that  a hen’s  egg  can  produce  anything  else  but  a 
chick,  as  to  the  claim  that  rabies  can  originate  de  novo  or  can  be 
developed  in  any  other  way  than  from  the  specific  virus  of  the  disease. 
Surgeon-General  Sternberg  says  that  if  there  is  anything  definitely 
settled  in  medical  science  it  is  that  rabies  is  an  infective  disease  which 
is  transmitted  from  animal  to  animal  and  from  animal  to  man. 

It  is  the  laboratory  method  and  the  Pasteur  treatment,  however, 
that  furnish  the  absolute  proof  of  the  inoculability  and  specific  nature 
of  hydrophobia.  Dr.  Kierle,  of  the  Pasteur  Institute,  Baltimore,  says 
that  daily  throughout  the  civilized  world  institutions  administer  the 
Pasteur  treatment,  demonstrating  that  rabies  is  a specific  infectious 
neurosis,  and  that  no  other  disease  is  capable  of  producing  identical 
signs  and  symptoms.  He  further  says  that  rabies  is  capable  of 
unlimited  propagation  by  experimentation.  In  such  experimentation 
the  inoculating  material  preferred  is  a portion  of  the  floor  of  the 
fourth  ventricle;  and  that  by  this  method  the  Institute  of  Paris,  start- 
ing with  the  medulla  of  a cow  that  had  rabies  from  the  bite  of  a rabid 
dog,  has  passed  the  disease  from  rabbit  to  rabbit  until  the  four  hun- 
dred and  eightieth  remove  has  been  reached.  Two  rabbits  have  been 
trephined  each  time,  making  960  rabbits  that  have  taken  the  disease. 
Dr.  Kierle  himself,  from  the  medulla  of  a cow  that  had  rabies  from 
the  bite  of  a dog,  has  reached  the  one  hundred  and  twenty-eighth 
remove,  and  has  meanwhile  given  the  disease  to  738  rabbits.  Using 
the  medulla  of  a rabid  horse,  he  has  passed  the  disease  from  rabbit  to 
rabbit  until  the  tenth  remove  has  been  reached;  and  three  times  he 
has  produced  the  disease  in  rabbits 1 from  the  virus  from  the  human 
subject. 

If  these  facts  are  admitted — and  there  is  every  reason  why  they 
should  be — and  if  it  is  also  admitted  that  the  Pasteur  preventive  treat- 
ment has  saved  even  one  life,  either  in  animal  or  man — and  we  believe 
the  facts  collected  in  the  supplement  prove  that  it  has  saved  hundreds, 
if  not  thousands — then  all  the  claims  made  in  this  report  as  to  the 
nature  and  reality  of  the  disease  have  been  wholly  substantiated,  for 
upon  no  other  possible  assumption  could  the  facts  and  treatment  be 
explained. 

HISTORY  AND  PREVALENCE. 

Rabies  has  been  known  from  very  early  times.  Celsus  described  it, 
and  a thoroughly  accurate  account  of  it  appeared  in  an  ancient  Hindu 
work,  probably  ten  thousand  years  ago.  It  existed  all  through  the 
middle  ages,  and  has  prevailed  and  now  prevails  in  nearly  every 
country  in  the  world,  Lapland,  Australia,  and  islands  in  the  Pacific 
being  possible  exceptions.  There  are  some  sections  where  the  disease 
prevails  all  the  time;  others,  where  it  is  unknown,  although  it  is  likely 

1 New  York  Med.  Record,  Feb.  19, 1898,  p.  258. 


R ABIES:  REPOET  OF  MEDICAL  SOCIETY. 


11 


to  be  introduced  at  any  time  unless  the  most  vigorous  quarantine  is 
enforced  against  it.  In  locations  where  it  has  existed  it  may  nearly  or 
entirely  disappear,  only  to  break  out  afresh  and  perhaps  become  epi- 
zootic owing  to  its  fresh  introduction  by  some  stray  or  imported  dog. 
It  exists  at  all  seasons  of  the  year.  Of  2,520  cases,  there  occurred  704 
in  the  spring,  621  in  the  summer,  608  in  the  autumn,  and  587  in  winter. 
(Johnson’s  Cyclopedia.) 

There  are  good  and  sufficient  reasons  for  believing  that  rabies  has 
prevailed  in  this  District,  at  least  at  times,  for  many  years,  and  positive 
proof  that  it  has  done  so  each  year  since  and  including  1895;  for  the 
Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  demonstrated  by  the  biological  test  its 
existence  in  1895  in  2 cases,  in  1896  in  5 cases,  in  1897  in  3 cases,  in 
1898  in  7 cases,  in  1899  in  19  cases,  and  in  1900  (to  March  31)  in  15 
cases.1 

The  following  letter  from  the  health  officer  of  the  District  of 
Columbia  adds  information  as  to  the  existence  and  prevalence  of  the 
disease  heretofore: 

Health  Department,  District  of  Columbia, 

Washington , May  10,  1900. 

Dear  Doctor:  An  examination  of  the  records  of  this  department  shows  that  since 
August  1,  1874,  there  have  been  7 deaths  of  human  beings  from  hydrophobia,  in 
this  District,  as  follows: 

Record  No.  14140:  On  December  19,  1877,  William  F.  P.,  white,  17  years  old,  a 
butcher  by  trade,  died  on  the  heights  of  Georgetown  from  hydrophobia,  the  result  of 
a dog  bite,  after  three  days’  illness;  he  was  attended  by  Dr.  Louis  W.  Ritchie. 

Record  No.  26751:  On  December  7,  1880,  John  T.  D.,  a white  boy,  8 years  old, 
died  on  G street,  between  Twenty -third  and  Twenty-fourth  streets  NW. , from  hydro- 
phobia, after  three  days’  illness;  he  was  attended  by  Dr.  William  Ward. 

Record  No.  87009:  On  November  3,  1892,  Charles  H.,  colored,  27  years  old,  a 
laborer  by  occupation,  died  at  620  Third  street  SW.,  after  four  days’  illness,  under 
the  professional  care  of  Dr.  Phillip  B.  Brooks.  The  patient  had  been  bitten  by  a 
dog,  but  the  cause  of  death  was  certified  to  as  cerebral  congestion,  with  a memoran- 
dum, however,  to  the  effect  that  he  was  supposed  to  have  died  with  rabies.  A 
biological  test  was  made  by  Dr.  Kinyoun,  which  Dr.  Presley  C.  Hunt,  who  was 
interested  in  the  case,  informs  me,  showed  conclusively  that  the  patient  suffered 
from  hydrophobia. 

Record  No.  98411:  On  September  25, 1894,  John  F.  N.,  white,  12  years  old,  died  at 
1355  K street  SE.,  from  hydrophobia,  after  three  and  one-half  days’  illness;  he  was 
attended  by  Dr.  Otto  W.  Schelksohn. 

Record  No.  99183:  On  November  14, 1894,  Virginia  G.  M.,  white,  3 years  old,  died 
at  2915  Dumbarton  avenue  NW.,from  hydrophobia,  after  three  days’  illness;  she 
was  attended  by  Dr.  Clifton  Mayfield.2 

Record  No.  104454:  On  October  13,  1895,  Bridget  S.,  white,  54  years  old,  died  at 
224  L street  NW.,  from  hydrophobia,  after  four  days’  illness.  She  was  attended  by 
Dr.  A.  Behrend.3 

Record  No.  114571:  On  July  21,  1897,  Charles  E.  S.,  white,  18  years  old,  a tinner 
by  trade,  died  at  401  South  Capitol  street  from  hydrophobia,  after  three  days’  ill- 
ness. He  was  attended  by  Dr.  M.  F.  Thompson. 

The  record  of  the  cases  of  rabies  which  have  occurred  among  domestic  animals 
does  not  extend  back  of  1895.  During  that  year  there  were  3 cases;  in  1896,  2;  in 

1 Bu.  An.  Ind.  Circ.  No.  30,  p.  6. 

2 Case  published  in  Va.  Med.  Monthly,  Richmond,  1894-95,  vol.  XXI,  pp.  1078  to 
1085. 

8 Case  published  in  Jour.  Pract.  Med.,  New  York,  1895-96,  vol.  VI,  pp.  242-244. 


12 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


1897,  3;  in  1898,  3;  in  1899,  17;  in  1900,  up  to  the  present  time,  18.  These  numbers 
do  not  include  any  cases  that  were  merely  suspected,  even  though  the  clinical  symp- 
toms were  reasonably  well  marked,  except  those  in  which  the  diagnosis  has  been 
confirmed  by  biological  tests  made  by  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  of  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture.  Ten  suspected  cases  are  now  under  investigation 
by  that  Bureau. 

If  there  be  any  further  information  which  I can  furnish,  I shall  be  pleased  to 
do  so. 

Yours,  very  truly,  Wm.  C.  Woodward,  M.  D., 

Health  Officer. 

Dr.  J.  W.  Chappell, 

Chairman  Committee  on  Public  Health , etc. , Tennallytown,  D.  C. 

SYMPTOMS. 

As  the  symptoms  of  rabies  have  been  frequently  described  and  can 
be  found  in  any  text-book  upon  such  subjects,  they  will  be  referred 
to  here  but  briefly.  The  symptoms  which  correspond  with,  and  are 
characteristic  of,  the  three  stages  of  the  disease  are — 

First , the  prodromal  symptoms. 

Second,  the  furious  symptoms,  or  those  of  the  attack  proper. 

Third,  the  paralytic  symptoms,  or  those  of  the  final  stage. 

If  the  symptoms  of  the  second  stage  are  absent  or  so  slight  as  to 
escape  notice,  particularly  if  the  first  stage  also  is  absent  or  of  short 
duration,  there  exists  what  is  known  as  the  paralytic  form  of  the 
disease.  This  may  occur  occasionally  in  man  as  well  as  animals,  and 
is  the  form  of  the  disease  with  which  rabbits  are  usually  affected. 

In  man  the  prodromal  symptoms  are  indisposition,  dread,  and  sleep- 
lessness. The  attack  is  ushered  in  generally  by  dyspnoea  and  a diffi- 
culty in  swallowing.  This  difficulty  in  swallowing,  particularly 
liquids,  which  is  due  to  spasm  of  the  muscles  of  the  pharynx,  rapidly 
increases.  The  spasms  soon  extend  so  as  to  involve  first  the  muscles 
of  the  neck,  and  later  those  of  the  trunk  and  limbs.  Any  attempt  at 
swallowing  at  this  stage,  or  even  the  sight  or  sound  of  liquids,  not- 
withstanding the  patient’s  thirst  is  intense,  is  sufficient  to  bring  on  the 
most  violent  and  distressing  attacks  of  general  convulsions.  It  is  this 
peculiar  and  characteristic  phase  of  the  disease  that  has  given  rise  to 
the  term  hydrophobia.  The  special  senses  become  very  acute,  par- 
ticularly those  of  hearing  and  cutaneous  sensations,  so  that  sounds  and 
currents  of  air  are  sufficient  to  bring  on  the  convulsive  attacks.  Stages 
of  furious  excitement  or  actual  mania  occur.  Fever  often  reaches 
103°  to  104°  F.  Death  may  occur  during  this  stage  from  asphyxia, 
from  involvement  of  the  diaphragm  and  other  muscles  of  respiration; 
but  more  often  the  attack  passes  into  the  third  stage,  characterized  by 
progressive  weakness,  and  paralysis  of  the  muscles  of  the  limbs  and 
trunk,  death  taking  place  by  cessation  of  respiration.  The  duration 
of  the  disease  is  usually  from  two  to  five  days.  Those  who  have  wit- 
nessed this  form  of  the  disease  in  man  have  characterized  it  as  being 


RABIES:  REPORT  OF  MEDICAL  SOCIETY. 


13 


of  the  most  terrible  nature,  and  the  sufferings  of  the  patient  as  being 
beyond  description.  He,  however,  neither  barks  like  a dog  nor  bites 
or  otherwise  attacks  those  about  him.  A change  in  disposition,  par- 
ticularly by  seeking  seclusion  and  manifesting  signs  of  irritation  upon 
being  disturbed  either  by  other  dogs  or  by  persons,  particularly  his 
master,  is  characteristic  of  the  first  stage  of  the  disease  in  the  dog. 

In  the  second  stage  the  dog’s  voice  becomes  affected,  owing  to  incip- 
ient paralysis  of  the  muscles  of  the  larynx,  and  his  bark  or  howl  is 
said  by  those  familiar  with  this  symptom  to  be  almost  pathognomonic. 
His  irritability  increases,  and  he  has  spells,  apparently  uncontrollable, 
during  which  he  attacks  surrounding  objects — chairs,  carpet,  his  ken- 
nel, etc.  These  spells  becoming  more  frequent,  he  wanders  away 
from  home,  attacking  persons  as  well  as  animals  if  they  chance  to 
cross  his  path,  and,  if  he  is  naturally  a vicious  dog,  he  will  go  out  of 
his  way  to  do  so.  Often,  too,  he  will  chew  up  and  swallow  sticks, 
stones,  pieces  of  coal,  etc.  Contrary  to  what  is  usually  supposed  by 
uninformed  persons,  he  is  not  afraid  of  water,  but  will  even  plunge  into 
streams,  and  in  order  to  quench  his  intense  thirst  will  make  desperate 
efforts  to  gulp  down  the  liquid,  but  which  he  has  great  difficulty  in 
swallowing,  owing  to  incipient  paralysis  of  the  muscles  of  the  throat 
and  lower  jaw.  If  he  is  not  killed,  he  usually  returns  home.  The 
paralysis  rapidly  extends  to  the  muscles  of  the  lower  limbs  and  trunk, 
involving  those  of  respiration,  and  he  dies.  The  usual  duration  of 
the  disease  is  from  four  to  five  days,  but  may  in  very  rare  cases  be 
prolonged  to  ten  days. 

The  wolf,  fox,  and  indeed  most  wild  beasts  when  affected  with  the 
disease  become  very  audacious,  take  to  the  fields  and  roads  and  will 
savagely  attack  men,  horses,  and  cattle  whenever  they  can  find  them. 
They  usually  fly  at  the  exposed  parts  of  the  body — the  hands  and 
face;  and  for  this  reason  their  bites  are  more  frequently  followed  by 
fatal  results.  In  the  cat  the  tiger-like  ferocity  predominates,  and  in 
her  attacks  she  flies  at  the  face  and  hands.  The  disease  is  sufficiently 
characterized  in  the  rabbit  by  the  fact  that,  while  the  hind  legs  are 
perfectly  helpless,  being  paralyzed,  it  is  able  to  drag  itself  around  by 
the  fore  legs;  the  general  health  remains  unimpaired  and  the  appetite 
unaffected.  The  duration  qf  the  disease  in  the  rabbit  is  from  four  to 
five  days. 

PERIOD  OF  INCUBATION. 

The  period  of  incubation  is  a variable  one,  depending,  Pasteur  says, 
not  upon  any  difference  in  virulence  of  the  virus,  but  upon  the  quan- 
tity absorbed.  Hence  it  must  also  depend  upon  the  character,  situa- 
tion, number,  and  severity  of  the  bites;  and  this  has  been  found  to  be 
the  case.  Its  duration  in  man  has  been  variously  fixed  at  from  18,  20, 
40,  and  60  days  to  2,  3,  12,  and  24  months,  and  even  longer. 


14 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


The  practical  point  is  that  it  is  usually  of  sufficient  duration  to 
allow  the  bitten  person  time  to  take  the  Pasteur  treatment  before  the 
development  of  symptoms  and  of  sufficiently  indefinite  duration  to 
keep  him  in  a state  of  anxiety  long  after  all  probable  danger  is  passed. 

DIAGNOSIS. 

The  symptoms  of  the  disease  in  both  animals  and  man  are  usually 
sufficiently  characteristic  to  distinguish  them.  But  a positive  diagnosis 
can  not  be  made  without  the  laboratory  test — that  is,  by  inoculating 
rabbits  or  other  animals  with  extract  of  the  spinal  cord  of  the  person  or 
animal  supposed  to  have  died  of  the  disease.  There  are  no  sufficiently 
characteristic  post-mortem  appearances.  For  these  reasons  no  one  has 
any  more  right  to  positively  pronounce  a certain  case  followed  by 
death  as  a spurious  form  of  the  disease  than  he  has  to  pronounce  every 
suspicious  case  genuine.  Mistakes  have  occurred  on  both  sides. 

Drs.  Head  and  Wilson,  of  the  University  of  Minnesota,  report  a 
death  which  was  supposed  at  first  to  be  due  to  hydrophobia  following 
the  bite  of  a dog;  but  a post-mortem  examination  of  the  ventricular 
fluid  and  portions  of  the  central  nervous  system  revealed  the  presence 
of  the  diphtheria  bacilli.  Their  presence  was  also  determined  by 
inoculation  tests.  The  fact  should  be  noted,  however,  that  the  patient 
lived  14  days  after  being  taken  ill,  which  was  almost  evidence  enough 
itself  to  exclude  hydrophobia.1 

Record  No.  87009  of  the  health  office  of  the  District  of  Columbia, 
and  referred  to  elsewhere  in  this  report,  is  the  record  of  a death  certi- 
fied to  as  one  from  cerebral  congestion,  but  a biological  test  proved  it 
to  be  a death  from  hydrophobia. 

As  the  symptoms  of  the  disease  are  to  be  relied  upon  more  than  the 
post-mortem  finding,  and  as  it  takes  from  14  to  21  days  for  the  labo- 
ratory test,  the  suspected  dog,  if  he  has  bitten  other  dogs,  and  particu- 
larly if  he  has  bitten  a person,  should  not  be  killed,  but  be  confined 
where  he  can  do  no  damage.  His  death  in  a few  da}^s  would  be  con- 
firmatory of  rabies,  while,  if  he  does  not  die,  it  would  be  positive  evi- 
dence to  the  contrary. 

MORTALITY. 

It  is  impossible  to  fix  at  all  definitely  the  rate  of  mortality  in  persons 
bitten  by  rabid  animals,  for  the  statistics  collected  previous  to  the  labo- 
ratory method  of  diagnosis  are  not  entirely  reliable,  and  persons  bitten 
now  by  animals  proven  rabid  usually  undergo  the  Pasteur  treatment. 
Besides,  the  mortality  depends  upon  the  seat,  character,  and  severity 
of  the  bite  or  bites,  their  number,  and  the  particular  animal  inflicting 
them.  Bites  about  the  head,  face,  and  neck  are  especially  fatal,  while 


1 Journal,  vol.  33,  p.  989. 


rabies:  report  of  medical  society. 


15 


those  upon  the  limbs,  particularly  if  through  clothing,  are  not  attended 
with  much  danger,  as  the  clothing  tends  to  rub  the  virus  off  the  teeth. 
Bites  of  wild  animals,  the  wolf  in  particular,  are  perhaps  in  the 
majority  of  cases  followed  by  a fatal  result.  The  rate  of  mortality 
for  all  bites  has  been  fixed  as  low  as  10  per  cent  and  as  high  as  40  or 
50  per  cent.  The  mortality  of  bites  of  very  severe  character,  especially 
if  situated  about  the  head,  face,  or  neck,  has  been  stated  to  be  as^high 
as  65  or  75  per  cent,  or  even  higher.  Whether  we  accept  these  figures 
as  approximately  correct  or  not,  we  know  that  quite  a number  of 
deaths  have  occurred  annually  in  nearly  every  country  of  the  world 
from  the  bites  of  rabid  animals. 

TREATMENT. 

As  there  is  some  little  evidence  going  to  show  that  thorough  cauter- 
ization with  nitric  acid  immediately  or  within  24  hours  after  the  inflic- 
tion of  the  bite  of  a rabid  animal  lessens  the  percentage  of  mortality, 
it  is  therefore  to  be  recommended,  whether  it  is  intended  to  take  the 
Pasteur  treatment  or  not. 

The  Pasteur  method  has  stood  the  test  of  time,  but  it  should  always 
be  borne  in  mind  that  it  is  only  a preventive  measure,  for  if  the  symp- 
toms once  set  in,  or  the  treatment  is  delayed  too  long,  it  will,  like  all 
other  remedies,  fail. 

There  were  treated  at  the  Paris  Institute  during  the  three  years 
ended  December,  1898,  21,631  persons,  of  whom  99  died,  a mortality 
of  0.45  per  cent.  The  total  number  of  cases  reported  by  the  other 
institutes  and  here  collected  are  6,440,  of  whom  47  died,  a mortality 
of  0.73  per  cent.  This  gives  a grand  total  of  28,071  cases,  of  whom 
146  died,  a mortality  of  0.52  per  cent. 

This  committee  is  not  certain  whether  those  who  died  within  the 
15  days  limit  are  included  among  the  deaths  or  not,  except  in  some 
cases.  If  they  are  not  included,  of  course  the  mortality  rate  would 
be  much  higher,  probably  as  high  as  1 per  cent.  The  committee 
is  of  the  opinion  that  these  deaths  should  always  be  stated  in  the 
report,  and,  except  in  cases  where  too  long  a time  has  elapsed  before 
treatment  is  begun,  they  should  be  included  with  the  other  deaths. 
However,  this  evidence  of  the  low  percentage  of  mortality  after  the 
Pasteur  treatment,  and  an  actual  decrease  in  the  number  of  deaths 
from  hydrophobia  in  France  and  other  countries  since  its  introduction, 
ought  to  be  sufficient  evidence  of  its  efficacy. 

The  very  eminent  commission  previously  referred  to  in  this  report, 
appointed  by  the  House  of  Commons  of  England  in  1886,  after  a 
searching,  painstaking,  and  independent  investigation  of  the  whole 
subject  in  all  its  phases,  including  a thorough  inquiry  into  the  cases 
that  had  thus  far  been  treated,  reached  the  conclusion  that  M.  Pasteur 
had  discovered  a preventive  method  for  rabies  similar  to  that  of  vac- 


16 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


cination  for  variola.  Prof.  Charles  Richet,  delegate  of  the  French 
Government,  and  of  the  Faculty  of  Medicine  of  Paris,  in  a lecture 
delivered  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  British  Medical  Association, 
Montreal,  while  recounting  the  remarkable  achievements  of  Pasteur 
and  the  great  good  resulting  therefrom  to  the  whole  world,  said, 
among  other  things,  that  the  apogee  of  the  glory  of  Pasteur  was  the 
discovery  of  the  new  treatment  for  hydrophobia. 

Such  is  the  character  of  the  testimony  in  regard  to  this  treatment. 

The  following  observations,  original  with  the  committee  as  to  the 
method  of  presentation  only,  are  offered  with  the  hope  that  they  will 
prove  to  be  a sufficient  answer  to  those  who  claim  (and  there  are  some) 
that  the  Pasteur  treatment  is  responsible  for  the  deaths  that  occur: 

In  1890  (?)  eight  children  of  Baltimore  were  bitten  by  a rabid  dog. 
All  were  taken  to  New  York  and  underwent  the  Pasteur  treatment. 
Of  the  eight,  four  died  within  86  days  after  being  bitten  and  19  days 
after  the  treatment  was  begun.  Dr.  Kierle  says  that  it  takes  from  15 
to  20  days  at  least  for  the  treatment,  and  15  days  additional  to  establish 
complete  immunity,  and  hence  all  cases  that  develop  the  disease  within 
35  days  after  being  bitten  prove  by  this  fact  that  they  are  not  suscep- 
tible to  treatment. 

Dr.  Kierle  first  proved  the  existence  of  rabies  in  the  dog  that  bit 
these  children  by  a series  of  inoculations  upon  rabbits  with  emulsions 
of  the  spinal  cord  of  the  animal.  Later  he  inoculated  a number  of 
rabbits  with  emulsions  of  the  spinal  cord  of  two  of  the  children  that 
died.  In  none  of  them  did  the  disease  develop  prior  to  the  fourteenth 
day.  This  fact  proved  very  conclusively  that  it  was  ordinary 
“street”  rabies,  and  not  that  of  the  laboratory,  which  develops  in 
from  6 to  7 days  after  inoculation.  This  test  has  before  and  since 
been  resorted  to  by  others  with  like  satisfactory  evidence  as  to  the 
nature  of  the  disease. 

The  four  children  who  died  were  all  bitten  on  the  face  and  bare 
neck  and  the  wounds  were  severe.  Three  of  the  other  children  were 
bitten  on  the  arm,  and  the  remaining  one  was  bitten  on  the  ear  through 
an  ear  warmer. 

Louise  Pelletier,  who  died  December  3,  1885,  a few  days  after  the 
termination  of  the  treatment,  and  who  was  the  first  patient  lost  by  the 
Pasteur  treatment,  had  been  severely  bitten  in  the  armpit  and  on  the 
back  of  the  neck,  and  did  not  apply  for  treatment  until  37  days  after 
the  infliction  of  the  wound. 

Some  time  after  this,  nineteen  Russian  peasants  clad  in  the  skins  of 
wild  animals  applied  for  the  Pasteur  treatment.  They  had  all  been 
severely  bitten  by  wolves  14  days  before.  Of  the  nineteen  who  came, 
sixteen  returned  home  well.  The  three  who  died  had  received  numer- 
ous and  disfiguring  wounds  about  the  head,  and  in  one  the  broken 
tooth  of  a wolf  was  found  at  the  post-mortem  embedded  in  the  tissues. 


rabies:  report  of  medical  society. 


17 


The  vast  majority  of  the  fatal  cases  following  the  Pasteur  treatment 
presents  a history  similar  to  these.  They  have  either  been  bitten  on 
the  bare  neck  or  face,  have  received  unusually  severe  wounds,  or  have 
allowed  a longer  time  to  elapse  than  is  safe  before  applying  for  treat- 
ment. In  some,  all  these  unfavorable  conditions  exist  together.  If 
the  treatment  is  the  cause  of  the  fatal  termination,  why  is  it  that  the 
mortality  is  so  much  greater  in  this  class  of  cases  than  it  is  in  those 
who  receive  only  slight  wounds,  or  wounds  upon  other  parts  of  the 
body  than  those  of  the  head,  neck,  and  face,  or  who  apply  promptly 
for  treatment?  The  inoculations  are  all  made  into  the  same  part  of 
the  body  and  all  are  given  the  same  treatment,  except  that  in  the  most 
urgent  cases  a shorter  method  is  sometimes  resorted  to,  because 
experience  has  shown  that  more  lives  are  thus  saved. 

Moreover,  why  .is  it  that  pain  and  other  distressing  symptoms  are 
usually,  if  not  always,  felt  at  the  seat  of  the  bite  when  the  dreaded 
disease  first  begins  to  make  its  appearance,  while  at  the  same  time  the 
seat  of  the  inoculations  remains  in  a perfectly  normal  condition  ? 

The  claim  made  by  some  that  the  paralytic  form  that  has  appeared 
in  some  of  the  cases  treated  is  different  from  the  form  that  develops 
from  the  bite  of  a rabid  animal  is  proof  that  the  disease  is  due  to  the 
inoculation  is  untenable,  because  this  paralytic  form  existed  before  the 
days  of  inoculation.  Van  Sweiten  recognized  it  in  1771;  Brent  recog- 
nized it  in  1822;  Watson  described  it  in  1877.  Moreover,  the  advo- 
cates of  this  charge  show  thereby  that  they  acknowledge  the  existence 
of  the  disease  in  the  usual  form.  But  it  has  been  shown  that  all  the 
deaths  after  treatment  are  less  by  a very  large  percentage  than  are  the 
deaths  from  the  usual  form  without  treatment.  Is  it  not  then  emi- 
nently unfair  and  unjust  to  claim  that  the  treatment  causes  the  disease? 

PREVENTION. 

So  long  as  the  bites  of  dogs  are  followed,  even  occasionally,  by 
death  of  a horrible  nature,  and  so  long  as  the  Pasteur  treatment  offers 
the  only  possible  means  of  escape  from  such  a death,  there  will  be 
found  those  who  will  regard  it  as  a duty  to  provide  means  for  those 
dear  to  them  to  undergo  the  treatment  if  bitten  by  a dog  or  other 
animal  pronounced  rabid  by  experts,  and  will  regard  it  as  a privilege 
to  take  the  treatment  themselves,  should  they  be  placed  under  like 
distressing  conditions.  But  it  takes  three  weeks,  as  has  already  been 
stated  elsewhere  in  this  report,  to  complete  this  treatment,  during 
which  time  the  patient  would  be  required  to  remain  away  from  his 
family  and  business,  unless  there  were  an  institute  in  his  own  city, 
which  is  not  the  case  in  Washington;  besides,  the  treatment,  not  to 
mention  the  pain  and  many  other  annoying  incidents  thereto,  is  very 
expensive,  far  beyond  the  reach  of  many,  and  who,  unless  the  com- 
munity comes  to  their  relief,  would  have  to  forego  it  entirely. 

3630— No.  25 2 


18 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Furthermore,  so  rapid  is  the  rate  of  increase  among  dogs  and  so  dan- 
gerous and  devastating  would  they  become  in  time,  that  some  means 
must  be  devised  for  their  destruction;  and  as  the  community  in  which 
we  live  has  deprived  its  citizens  of  the  right  to  carry  firearms  and 
other  weapons  by  means  of  which  they  might  protect  themselves, 
and  as  defenseless  children  are  compelled  to  use  the  streets  and  public 
highways  in  going  to  and  from  school  and  elsewhere,  it  is  the  duty  of 
the  community  to  insure  against  the  incursions  of  dogs,  as  well  as  to 
afford  every  other  possible  means  of  protection. 

Therefore,  for  these  and  similar  reasons,  your  committee,  while 
approving  in  the  main  the  laws  now  in  force  in  the  District  in  regard 
to  the  keeping  and  licensing  of  dogs,  as  well  as  the  laws  in  regard  to 
the  prevention  and  suppression  of  contagious  diseases  among  domestic 
animals,  and  while  urging  their  strict  and  impartial  enforcement, 
would  recommend  that  they  be  modified  or  amended  as  follows: 

First.  To  prohibit  dogs  at  all  times  from  appearing  at  large  upon 
the  street,  public  highways,  or  elsewhere,  without  muzzles. 

Second.  To  hold  the  owner  liable  in  civil  action  for  any  damage  done 
by  his  dog,  whether  or  not  a record  has  been  kept  at  the  collector’s 
office  of  said  dog. 

Third.  To  require  the  poundmaster  to  collect  dogs  during  the  night 
as  well  as  the  day,  providing  a separate  compartment  in  the  wagon 
and  at  the  pound  for  each  dog,  and  destroying  them  in  the  most 
humane  and  practical  way  possible. 

Fourth.  To  provide  for  the  proper  and  safe  keeping  of  any  dog  sus- 
pected of  having  rabies,  especially  if  it  has  bitten  other  dogs  or  a 
person,  until  it  is  determined  definitely  whether  it  is  rabid  or  not. 
Moreover,  your  committee  most  heartily  approves  of  the  recent  order 
of  the  District  Commissioners  requiring  all  dogs  when  at  large  to  be 
muzzled,  but  would  urge  a more  rigid  enforcement  of  the  provisions, 
as  dogs  are  often  seen  upon  the  streets  not  only  with  ill-fitting  and 
insecure  muzzles,  but  with  none  at  all,  especially  at  night. 

Furthermore,  the  committee  would  urge  that  said  order  be  con- 
tinued in  force,  if  it  can  be  done  legally,  until  the  enactment  of  the 
provision,  previously  recommended,  in  regard  to  the  muzzling  of 
dogs,  and  would  suggest  the  advisability  of  issuing  to  each  dog  owner, 
when  he  applies  for  his  license,  a circular  containing  the  laws  and 
regulations  in  regard  to  dogs,  simple  instructions  as  to  their  care,  and 
a description  of  the  symptoms  of  rabies;  and  would  call  attention  to 
the  necessity  of  all  persons  earnestly  cooperating  with  the  authorities 
in  order  to  insure  the  faithful  execution  of  the  laws  now  in  force  and 
to  bring  about  the  adoption  of  the  measures  herein  recommended. 

Finally,  the  committee  wishes  it  distinctly  understood  that  it  is 
unequivocally  opposed  to  maltreating  dogs  or  other  animals  or  caus- 
ing them  to  suffer  in  any  way  unless  it  is  absolutely  necessary  for  the 


rabies:  report  of  medical  society. 


19 


good  of  human  society  or  themselves.  It  believes  that  no  right- 
thinking  and  fair-minded  person,  particularly  one  who  claims  a 
special  fondness  or  tender  feeling  for  the  brute  creation,  can  object 
to  these  measures;  for  their  proper  enforcement,  in  addition  to 
affording  greater  security  to  human  society — their  prime  object — 
would  prevent  valuable  dogs  from  getting  rabies  and  protect  them 
and  all  defenseless  dogs  from  the  cruel  attacks  of  larger  and  more 
vicious  ones. 

J.  W.  Chappell,  Chairman. 
George  W.  Johnston, 

E.  A.  Balloch, 

D.  Olin  Leech, 

T.  A.  Clayton, 

Sterling  Ruffin, 

R.  A.  Holden, 

W.  C.  Woodward, 

Committee  on  Public  Health. 


APPENDIX  A. 

Period  of  Incubation. 

Watson  says  that  the  period  of  incubation  in  man  is  probably  between  6 weeks  and 
3 months.  In  some  cases  it  has  been  known  to  be  of  very  much  longer  duration. 
He  says  that  according  to  a table  of  130  cases,  prepared  by  Mr.  Hawkins,  the  period 
of  incubation  for  five-sixths  of  them  was  between  18  days  and  3 months.  He  reports 
that  in  two  persons  bitten  at  the  same  time  by  the  same  cat  that  had  been  bitten  by 
a dog  the  outbreak  of  the  disease  was  2 weeks  apart;  also  that  six  dogs  bitten  at 
the  same  time  went  mad  in  23,  56,  67,  81,  155,  and  183  days,  respectively.  Pasteur 
thought  the  period  of  incubation  would  average  between  40  and  60  days,  and  said 
that  its  length  depends  not  on  the  virulence,  but  on  the  quantity  of  the  virus  absorbed. 
Hence  a long  period  of  incubation  indicates  that  a small  amount  of  the  virus  has 
been  absorbed.1 

According  to  an  article  in  the  Journal  (vol.  33,  p.  1504),  the  period  of  incubation 
is  said  to  vary  from  20  days  to  1 year.  In  57.6  per  cent  of  the  cases  reported  it  was 
from  50  to  120  days. 

Horsley  says  it  is  not  less  usually  than  6 weeks,  but  that  it  may  last  more  than 
2 years.2 

E.  Roux,  in  a paper  read  before  the  International  Congress  of  Hygiene  and  Demog- 
raphy, in  London,  called  attention  to  the  long  period  of  incubation  of  the  disease, 
and  says  that  the  effects  of  the  inoculations  might  be  exhausted  before  the  time  for 
the  development  of  the  disease.  In  such  a case  the  treatment  would  not,  of  course, 
prevent  the  appearance  of  the  disease.3 

Abba  claims  that  the  period  of  incubation  in  the  dog  is  very  variable.  He  says  it 
has  been  proven  to  last  246  days,  and  that  the  only  safe  rule  is  to  kill  the  suspected 
dog  at  once. 

Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  May,  1886,  p.  500. 

2 Journal,  vol.  16,  p.  744. 

3 Journal,  vol.  17,  p.  376. 


20 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Dr.  Dolan  fixes  the  probable  limit  of  the  period  of  incubation  for  sheep  at  2 months, 
for  pigs  and  horses  at  3 months,  and  for  cattle  at  6 months. 

Bradford  says  the  period  of  incubation  in  man  is  from  20  to  60  days,  rare  after  3 
months,  still  more  rare  after  6 months;  in  dogs,  it  is  from  15  to  60  days,  half  of  the 
cases  occurring  in  less  than  a month;  in  cattle,  from  1 to  3 months;  in  sheep,  from 
15  to  30  days;  in  the  horse,  from  15  to  60  days.1 


APPENDIX  B. 

Prevalence. 

According  to  the  census  report  of  1890  there  were  63  deaths  from  hydrophobia  in 
the  United  States.2 

The  bulletin  of  the  Pasteur  Institute,  New  York  City,  shows  that  in  the  year  1896 
the  241  persons  appearing  for  treatment  came  from  23  States. 

Dr.  Charles  W.  Dulles,  who  does  not  believe  in  hydrophobia,  at  least  in  its  specific 
nature,  in  his  report  to  the  Pennsylvania  Medical  Society  in  1894,  says  he  has  col- 
lected during  the  last  6 years  reports  of  78  cases,  an  average  of  13  per  year,  or  1 to 
4,500,000  inhabitants.3 

Dr.  John  Ruhreah,  of  Pasteur  Institute,  Baltimore,  says  that  there  is  great  preva- 
lence of  the  disease  in  Maryland  and  adjoining  States,  and  that  17  of  the  42  dogs 
examined  by  him  proved  to  be  rabid.4 

In  1898  the  Pennsylvania  State  board  of  health  was  obliged  to  quarantine  against 
dogs  in  a village  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State  owing  to  the  prevalence  of  rabies 
among  horses,  cattle,  and  swine.5 

Westbrook  and  Wilson,  in  the  report  of  the  Minnesota  State  board  of  health, 
state  that  an  examination  of  19  suspected  dogs,  16  of  them  were  proved,  by  inocula- 
tion test  upon  rabbits,  to  have  had  hydrophobia. 

Florida  in  1895  added  hydrophobia  to  the  list  of  diseases  to  be  quarantined  against. 

Fallon  Cabbot,  of  the  board  of  health,  New  York  City,  in  the  Medical  News, 
March,  1899,  says  that  Dr.  Huidekoper  made  a special  effort  to  find  out  the  preva- 
lence of  rabies  among  dogs  in  the  United  States  by  writing  to  veterinarians  in  vari- 
ous parts  of  the  country.  As  a result,  he  found  that  the  disease  was  very  prevalent 
in  some  sections,  while  in  others  (whole  States  even)  there  was  none  at  all.  He 
says  that  Dr.  Fothingham,  of  Boston,  examined  by  the  inoculation  test  30  animals 
and  that  20  of  them  proved  to  have  rabies,  including  1 horse  and  1 cow.  Rabies 
was  found  to  be  present  in  14  of  the  21  cases  examined  by  Dr.  Cabbot  himself. 
He  says  Dr.  Samson  has  seen  22  cases  of  rabies  in  animals,  fee  quotes  Dr.  Welch, 
of  Johns  Hopkins,  as  saying  that  he  believes  rabies  is  more  prevalent  than  is  usually 
supposed;  that  we  have  means  of  recognizing  hydrophobia  as  precise  as  those  of 
typhoid  fever — that  is,  by  inoculation;  and  that  he  thinks  most  cases  diagnosed  by 
reputable  physicians  as  rabies  are  rabies. 

Dr.  Cabbot  also  quotes  Dr.  Leonard  Pearson,  dean  of  the  veterinary  school  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  as  saying  that  he  got  authentic  reports  of  the  following 
deaths  from  hydrophobia  in  Philadelphia  for  the  year  1896:  Three  men,  1 boy,  55 
dogs,  3 horses,  6 cattle,  4 pigs,  1 goat,  and  10  sheep. 

Dr.  G.  W.  McCaskey,  of  Fort  Wayne  College,  reports  two  deaths  from  hydropho- 

1 London  Lancet,  March  3,  1900. 

2 Wood’s  Medical  and  Surgical  Monographs,  vol.  VII. 

3 Journal,  vol.  22,  p.  969. 

4 Journal,  vol.  30,  p.  1427. 

5 Journal,  vol.  31,  p.  1326. 


rabies:  report  of  medical  society. 


21 


bia  after  bites  inflicted  by  dogs.  No  other  case  has  ever  been  known  in  the  vicinity 
before.  He  thinks  that  in  his  part  of  the  country  wild  animals,  such  as  skunks, 
squirrels,  rabbits,  and  woodchucks  might  help  to  disseminate  the  disease.1 

Dr.  Alfred  C.  Croftan,  in  the  Journal  (vol.  32,  p.  1012),  reports  what  he  regards  as 
the  first  case  of  hydrophobia  in  southern  California.  The  symptoms  in  the  patient 
were  perfectly  characteristic,  and  injection  of  the  cerebro-spinal  fluid  into  rabbits 
caused  their  death. 

Dr.  E.  P.  Axtell  reports  in  the  Journal  (vol.  32,  p.  1322)  a death  from  hydrophobia 
in  Denver,  Colo. 

Reports  of  many  other  cases  from  various  parts  of  the  country  similar  to  the  three 
just  cited  are  on  record,  and  a careful  tabulation  of  them  would  be  instructive  and 
would  undoubtedly  reveal  very  general  and  wide  prevalence  of  the  disease  in  the 
United  States,  but  this  work,  for  want  of  time,  was  not  undertaken  by  this  committee. 

Rabies  is  more  prevalent  in  Europe  than  it  is  in  this  country.  This  is  probably 
due  to  the  facts  that  it  is  an  older  country  and  more  thickly  settled;  that  there  are 
more  dogs;  that  the  disease  is  disseminated  more  frequently  by  dogs  and  other 
domestic  animals  than  by  wild  ones;  and  that  the  quarantine  laws  are  not  rigidly 
and  systematically  enforced  simultaneously  by  the  different  countries. 

Ziemsen  says  that  in  Prussia  from  1820  to  1834  there  were  annually  71  deaths  from 
hydrophobia,  in  Austria  from  1830  to  1847  an  average  of  24  to  25  deaths  annually, 
and  in  Bavaria  from  1864  to  1867  there  was  an  average  of  17  to  18  deaths  annually. 
He  says  in  France  the  average  death  rate  from  hydrophobia  is  2 to  1,000,000  inhab- 
itants, and  in  Bavaria  it  is  4 to  1,000,000  inhabitants. 

Sir  Thomas  Watson,  Bart.,  in  an  article  on  hydrophobia  published  in  1877,  says 
that  Mr.  Hawkins  had  seen  10  to  12  cases  of  the  disease  in  man,  and  that  he  himself 
had  seen  4 cases,  and  adds  that,  according  to  the  report  of  the  register-general,  no 
less  than  334  persons  died  in  England  of  hydrophobia  during  the  decade  ended  1875. 
He  says  there  has  been  an  astonishing  increase  of  the  disease  in  England  during  the 
last  half  century;  that  in  1844  only  2 cases  were  admitted  into  St.  George  Hospital, 
but  since  the  beginning  of  the  present  year  13  deaths  had  been  recorded  within  the 
limits  of  London  registration. 

From  January  1 to  July  1,  1889,  England  sent  50  persons  bitten  by  rabid  dogs  to 
the  Pasteur  Institute,  Paris,  for  treatment.  During  July  and  August  of  the  same 
year  39  persons  were  sent.  This  increase  in  number,  however,  was  not  due  to  a 
corresponding  increase  in  the  number  of  persons  bitten,  but  to  the  fact  that  the 
treatment  had  been  placed  within  reach  of  the  poor  by  the  provision  of  a fund. 

An  article  in  the  Journal  (vol.  26,  p.  439)  states  that  rabies  became  very  prevalent 
in  England,  particularly  in  London  and  the  surrounding  counties,  in  1889,  and  that 
during  the  year  there  were  reported  to  the  authorities  312  cases.  After  the  use  of 
the  muzzle  the  number  of  cases  very  suddenly  fell,  until  in  1892  there  were  but  38 
cases  reported.  Then  the  number  of  cases  reported  began  to  increase  soon  after  this, 
and  amounted  to  a total  of  248  for  the  year  1894. 

In  the  department  of  Loire,  France,  in  1886,  53  persons  were  bitten  by  rabid  dogs. 
One  treated  by  a “quack”  died;  26  of  the  remainder  were  treated  by  the  Pasteur 
method.2 

Professor  Horsely  says  that  rabies  in  England  is  known  mostly  in  the  midland 
counties,  towns,  and  cities;  that  it  is  almost  unknown  in  Scotland  and  Wales.3 
Lapland  is  said  to  be  free  of  -the  disease,  although  the  dogs  were  proven  to  be  sus- 
ceptible to  the  disease  by  Pasteur,  who  inoculated  two  of  them.4 

1 Journal,  vol.  18,  p.  91. 

2 Phil.  Med.  Record,  vol.  32,  p.  252. 

3 Phil.  Med.  Record,  vol.  32,  p.  774. 

4 Philadelphia  Medical  Record,  vol.  30,  p.  495. 


22 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


The  editor  of  the  Journal  of  Hygiene  calls  attention  to  the  increase  of  rabies 
since  the  introduction  of  the  Pasteur  Institute  in  Paris,  and  says  that  in  one  day 
(June  19  1888)  there  were  16  cases,  11  of  which  were  from  Paris. 

An  article  in  the  Journal  (vol.  32,  p.  1012)  calls  attention  to  the  increase  of  rabies 
in  Brussels,  where,  late  in  1898,  there  was  almost  an  epidemic,  owing  to  laxity  in 
carrying  out  the  restrictive  measures. 

Dr.  Bradford,  in  the  course  of  two  lectures  delivered  at  Brown  University,  Feb- 
ruary 13  and  20,  1900,  says  that  there  were  reported  to  the  board  of  agriculture,  in 
1892,  38  suspected  cases  of  rabies;  in  1893,  93  cases;  in  1894,  248  cases;  in  1895, 
672  cases;  in  1896,  438  cases;  in  1897,  151  cases;  and  in  1898, 17  cases.  In  four  years, 
from  1896  to  1899,  he  himself  examined  259  suspected  cases  and  found  138,  or  53  per 
cent  of  them,  to  be  genuine  cases.  He  says  that  264  of  the  1,200  sheep  in  Richmond 
Park  were  affected  with  rabies. 

Pasteur  says  that  many  islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean  are  free,  from  the  disease. 1 


APPENDIX  C., 

Percentage  of  mortality  in  persons  bitten  by  rabid  animals  who  were 
without  the  Pasteur  treatment. 

According  to  Ziemsen:  Bites  on  the  face,  90  per  cent;  bites  on  the  hands,  63  per 
cent;  numerous  bites  on  the  body,  63  per  cent;  bites  on  the  lower  extremity,  28 
per  cent;  bites  on  the  upper  extremity,  20  per  cent.  All  classes  of  bites  combined, 
males  60  per  cent,  females  40  per  cent.  Age,  he  says,  has  no  appreciable  influence. 

Sir  Thomas  Watson  says  that  of  those  bitten  but  few  get  the  disease.  He  quotes 
John  Hunter  as  saying  that  he  knew  of  21  persons  being  bitten,  of  whom  but  1 died, 
and  Hamilton  as  estimating  the  mortality  as  1 to  25;  and  yet  Watson  says  that  a dog 
in  1780  bit  15  persons,  of  whom  3 died  of  hydrophobia.  He  also  reports  that  in 
1774,  of  17  bitten  10  died;  in  1817,  of  23  bitten  14  died;  of  11  bitten  at  Dijon  4 died; 
of  24  bitten  at  Rochelle  18  died;  of  19  bitten  at  Bar  Sur  Ornia  12  died.  This  gives 
a total  of  114  persons  bitten  by  wolves,  of  whom  67  died,  a mortality  of  over  58  per 
cent. 

Pasteur  says  that  16  per  cent  of  those  bitten  in  France  died  previous  to  the  intro- 
duction of  the  inoculation  treatment,  and  that  the  year  before  this  method  was 
adopted  19  deaths  from  hydrophobia  occurred  in  Paris  alone.2  He  gives  the  mor- 
tality of  bites  on  the  face  without  treatment  as  65  to  95  per  cent.  He  cites  the  his- 
tory he  got  in  1877  of  11  persons  bitten  by  wolves,  8 of  whom  died,  and  says  that 
the  prefect  of  police  reported  in  1887  that  in  the  department  of  the  Seine  of  306 
persons  treated  by  the  Pasteur  method  3 died,  a mortality  of  .98  per  cent;  of  44  not 
treated  by  the  Pasteur  method,  7 died,  a mortality  of  15.90  per  cent.1 

According  to  an  article  in  the  Journal  (vol.  33,  p.  1504),  there  were  treated  at  the 
Pasteur  Institute,  Athens,  since  it  was  established  in  1894,  797  cases,  7 of  whom  died, 
but  5 of  these  died  inside  the  limit  of  15  days  after  the  termination  of  treatment. 
Meanwhile  there  were  40  deaths  from  hydrophobia  among  those  not  applying  for 
treatment  at  the  institute. 

In  a report  of  the  Pasteur  Institute,  Chicago,  the  mortality  for  bites  on  the  face  is 
stated  to  be  88  per  cent;  on  the  hands,  67  per  cent;  on  the  limbs  and  trunk,  from  20 
to  30  per  cent.3 

Leblanc  says  that  the  mortality  was  16  pet  cent  before  the  Pasteur  treatment.4 

1 Woods’s  Medical  and  Surgical  Monographs,  vol.' VII. 

2 Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  May,  1886. 

8 Journal,  vol.  33,  p.  303. 

4 Annual  Report  of  Surgeon-General  of  Marine-Hospital  Service,  1898,  p.  283. 


rabies:  report  of  medical  society. 


23 


APPENDIX  D. 

Treatment. 

Treatment  by  the  Pasteur  method  will  be  gone  into  here  somewhat  at  length 
mainly  for  the  reason  that  to  establish  its  efficacy  is  to  settle  all  the  essential  contro- 
verted points.  It  will  prove  at  one  and  the  same  time  the  existence  of  the  disease, 
both  among  man  and  animals;  its  specific  nature  and  character  of  the  virus;  and  it 
will  show  its  wide  prevalence  and  the  existence  of  a sufficient  number  of  cases  to 
warrant  every  possible  means  for  its  suppression.  The  Pasteur  method  of  preventive 
treatment  has  stood  the  test  of  time,  and  has  proved  to  be  absolutely  safe  and  in  the 
vast  majority  of  cases  entirely  reliable.  It  should,  however,  constantly  be  borne  in 
mind  that  it  is  a preventive  measure  only,  for,  the  symptoms  of  the  disease  having 
once  set  in,  or  if  the  treatment  is  not  begun  in  time  for  it  to  have  its  effect  before  the 
end  of  the  period  of  incubation,  it  will,  like  all  other  remedies,  fail. 

This  method,  which  was  for  the  first  time  and  successfully  applied  to  the  boy  Meis- 
ter  in  1885,  after  Pasteur  had  succeeded  in  proving  its  efficacy  upon  50  dogs,  consists 
in  injecting  hypodermically  into  the  subcutaneous  cellular  tissue  of  the  abdomen  for  a 
number  of  consecutive  days  a certain  amount  of  an  emulsion  or  extract  of  the  spinal 
cord  taken  from  a rabid  rabbit  in  which  the  disease  has  been  artificially  produced  and 
definitely  fixed  by  passing  through  a certain  number  of  them,  the  spinal  cord  hav- 
ing been  dried  from  1 to  14  days  in  a jar  containing  caustic  soda,  which  process 
caused  them  to  lose  more  or  less  of  their  virulence,  according  to  the  length  of  time 
of  exposure. 

The  following  method,  although  it  may  be  deviated  from  slightly,  especially  in 
case  the  bite  is  a very  severe  one  or  situated  about  the  face  or  neck,  or  in  case  a long 
time  has  elapsed  since  its  infliction,  is  that  generally  carried  out  at  the  Pasteur  Insti- 
tute in  Baltimore,  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Kierle,  and  may  be  taken  as  a type  of 
all  the  rest.  * 

Having  first  thoroughly  disinfected  the  place  selected  for  the  injection,  and  having 
determined  that  the  cord  is  free  from  pus  germs  by  a culture  test,  there  are  given  on 
the  first  day  two  injections  of  3 cubic  centimeters  each  of  the  extract  of  a cord  that 
has  been  dried  13  or  14  days  by  the  process  already  referred  to;  on  the  second  day 
two  injections  of  3 cubic  centimeters  each  of  a cord  11  or  12  days  dried,  and  so  on 
for  21  days.  From  the  first  to  the  fifth  day  two  injections  are  given  daily;  after  that 
but  one  is  given.  For  the  first  4 days  3 cubic  centimeters  are  given  daily;  after 
that  2,  except  on  or  about  the  ninth  day,  when  a less  quantity — say,  1.5  cubic  centi- 
meters— is  given.  Each  day  for  5 consecutive  days  a cord  one  day  more  potent — that 
is,  a cord  dried  one  day  less  than  that  of  the  preceding  day — is  used.  After  this  time  % 
cords  dried  from  3 to  5 days  are  used  on  different  days  until  the  end  of  treatment. 
Cords  dried  but  2 days  are  seldom  used,  and  those  dried  but  1 day  never. 

Besides  the  8 Pasteur  Institutes  in  France,  there  have  been  established  in  Russia  6, 
in  Italy  5,  in  Austria  2,  in  New  York  1,  in  Chicago  1,  in  Baltimore  1,  in  Habana  1,  in 
Rio  Janeiro  1,  in  Buenos  Ayres  1,  in  Saragossa  1,  in  Malta  1,  in  Bucharest  1,  in  Con- 
stantinople 1,  in  Aleppo  1,  in  Tiflis  1,  in  Athens  1 — making  34  in  all;  and  although 
they  were  all  founded  under  the  supervision  of  the  pupils  of  the  Paris  Institute,  and 
remained  under  their  direction  hntil  well  under  way,  they  have  now  become  entirely 
independent  of  the  mother  institution. 

The  Pasteur  Institute  of  Chicago  gives,  in  the  Journal  for  July  29, 1899,  the  follow- 
ing summary  of  results  since  the  establishment  of  the  institute:  “Number  of  patients 
treated,  780,  of  whom  only  3 died,  a mortality  of  0.38  per  cent.  Seven  hundred  and 
nine  were  bitten  by  dogs,  29  by  cats,  26  by  horses,  7 by  skunks,  5 by  wolves,  2 by 
cows,  1 by  a calf,  1 by  a rat,  1 by  a mule,  1 by  a pig,  and  3 by  hydrophobic  human 
beings.  Two  hundred  and  sixty-eight  were  bitten  by  animals  proven  to  be  rabid 
either  by  the  laboratory  test  or  by  the  death  of  other  persons  or  animals  bitten  by 


24 


Bureau  op  animal  industry. 


the  same  animal.  Three  hundred  and  fifty-eight  were  bitten  by  animals  recognized 
to  he  rabid  by  their  symptoms.  One  hundred  and  sixty-one  were  bitten  by  animals 
strongly  suspected  to  be  rabid.  Three  hundred  and  seventy-seven  persons  received 
severe  and  multiple  lacerated  bites  on  the  hands  and  wrists,  92  on  the  head  and  face, 
110  on  the  arms,  173  on  the  legs  and  thighs,  and  28  on  the  trunk.” 

The  bulletin  of  the  Pasteur  Institute,  New  York  City,  gives  the  number  of 
patients  for  the  year  as  241.  There  were  treated  236  persons  consecutively  without 
a death.  Of  those  treated,  224  were  bitten  by  dogs,  13  by  cats,  and  3 by  human 
beings.  From  the  founding  of  the  institute,  in  February,  1890,  to  January,  1897, 
there  were  treated  962  persons,  of  whom  12  died,  a mortality  of  1.24  per  cent.  The 
editor  of  the  bulletin  says  that  if  those  who  died  within  15  days  after  the  termina- 
tion of  the  treatment  are  excluded,  which  is  the  European  practice,  there  would  be 
but  5 deaths,  a mortality  of  0.52  per  cent. 

The  bulletin  of  the  Pasteur  Institute  of  Paris  for  1897  gives  the  statistics  of  the 
Pasteur  Institute  of  Tiflis  for  the  year  1896  as  follows:  “ Cases  remaining  over  from 
the  previous  year,  12;  new  cases,  230 — making  a total  of  242  treated.  Of  these,  33  were 
efficiently  cauterized,  152  inefficiently,  and  57  not  at  all.  One  hundred  and  ninety- 
three  were  bitten  by  dogs,  6 by  horses,  2 by  cats,  1 by  a wolf,  and  1 by  an  ass.  Fifty 
of  the  cases  occurred  in  the  spring,  85  in  summer,  55  in  autumn,  and  9 in  winter. 
There  were  3 deaths,  but  of  1 which  occurred  15  days  after  treatment,  a mortality 
of  0.41  per  cent.” 

The  following  is  a summary  of  the  report  of  the  Pasteur  Institute  at  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
Brazil,  from  its  foundation  until  June  30,  1898.  There  applied  for  treatment  4,068 
persons.  In  1,373  cases  treatment  was  refused;  in  3 because  symptoms  had  already 
appeared,  and  in  the  others  because  it  was  discovered  that  they  were  not  bitten  by 
rabid  animals.  In  2 of  the  rejected  cases  symptoms  afterwards  appeared.  Two 
thousand  three  hundred  and  eighty-three  were  bitten  by  dogs,  287  by  cats,  2 by 
mules,  1 by  a cow,  2 by  asses,  1 by  a horse,  4 by  monkeys;  3 had  contaminated 
sores,  and  10  had  been  accidently  inoculated  in  the  institution.  Ninety-nine  did 
not  wait  for  the  termination  of  the  treatment,  and  of  them  3 were  taken  with  hydro- 
phobia after  leaving.  Five  died  of  other  diseases  during  treatment,  and  in  6 hydro- 
phobia made  its  appearance  before  the  termination  of  treatment.  Of  the  2,585 
receiving  full  treatment,  20  died — 9 within  15  days  after  termination  of  treatment — 
a mortality  of  0.77  per  cent.  One  thousand  nine  hundred  and  thirty-five  had  been 
bitten  on  exposed  parts.  One  thousand  five  hundred  and  forty-five  were  residents 
of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  the  remainder  coming  from  different  parts  of  Brazil. 

The  report  of  the  Pasteur  Institute  of  Baltimore  for  the  year  1897  shows  number 
of  cases  as  35,  without  a death.  Twenty-five  of  the  patients  were  bitten  by  dogs 
proved  to  be  rabid. 1 

A report  of  the  Pasteur  Institute  of  Paris  for  the  year  1895  gives  the  total  number 
treated  as  1,520,  with  2 deaths,  a mortality  of  0.13  per  cent,  the  lowest  of  any  year 
up  to  that  time.  In  the  completed  report  up  to  1898  the  deaths  for  the  year  1895 
are  reported  as  5 instead  of  2.  This  would  seem  to  indicate  that  in  this  latter  report 
those  who  died  before  the  lapse  of  15  days  after  the  completion  of  the  treatment 
have  been  included. 

The  report  of  the  Pasteur  Institute,  Algiers,  March,  1900,  shows  that  there  were 
treated  in  the  department  of  Algiers  645  cases;  in  the  department  of  Constantin,  557 
cases;  in  the  department  of  Oran,  632;  and  in  that  of  Tunis,  2,  thus  making  1,836 
cases,  in  9 of  which  the  patients  died,  a mortality  of  0.49  per  cent. 


1 Journal,  vol.  30,  p.  1175. 


rabies:  report  op  medical  society. 


25 


The  following  is  the  report  issued  by  the  Pasteur  Institute  of  Paris,  and  is  com- 
plete up  to  the  end  of  the  year  1898: 


Year. 

Treated. 

Died. 

Mortality. 

1886 

2, 671 
1,770 

25 

Per  cent. 
0.94 

1887  

14 

.79 

1888 

1, 622 
1,830 
1,540 
1,559 

9 

.55 

1889 

7 

.38 

1890 

5 

.32 

1891 

4 

.25 

1892 

1,790 

1,648 

1,387 

4 

.22 

1893  . 

6 

.36 

1894  

7 

.50 

1895  

1,520 

1,308 

5 

.33 

1896  . . 

4 

.30 

1897 

1,521 

1,465 

6 

.39 

1898  

3 

.20 

This  gives  a total  of  21,631  treated  during  the  13  years. 


APPENDIX  E. 

The  muzzle  a means  of  prevention. 

[Extract  from  a paper  read  by  Fleming  before  the  Seventh  International  Congress  of  Hygiene  and 
Demography,  London,  August  10-17,  1891.] 

Rabies  being  transmitted,  as  a rule,  by  the  bites  of  dogs,  and,  as  in  any  case  in  which 
the  disease  prevails  there  can  be  no  certainty  when  a dog  is  not  infected,  if  it  at  all 
times  be  prevented  from  inflicting  wounds  by  its  teeth,  it  is  evident  that  the  danger  of 
extension  of  the  malady  must  be  reduced  at  least  to  a minimum.  Dogs  can  be  hin- 
dered from  biting  by  causing  them  to  wear  a properly  constructed  muzzle,  and  if  it  fits 
well  it  should  cause  very  little,  if  any,  inconvenience  to  them. 

Rabid  dogs  sometimes  escape  from  home  without  their  muzzles,  and  the  absence 
of  these  is  an  indication  that  they  should  be  seized;  and  wandering  and  ownerless 
dogs  are  also  known  by  their  not  wearing  muzzles,  and  can  therefore  be  secured  by 
the  police. 

The  value  of  the  muzzle  in  suppressing  rabies  has  been  demonstrated  on  many 
occasions,  and  in  serious  outbreaks  of  the  disease  its  introduction  has  always  coin- 
cided with  a diminution  in  the  number  of  cases,  and  the  eventual  extinction  of  the 
scourge.  Its  use  is  always  coincident  with  a decrease  in  the  number  of  cases  of 
hydrophobia  occurring  among  people  during  such  outbreaks,  and  their  ultimate 
cessation.  The  evidence  in-  support  of  this  statement  is  so  voluminous  and  explicit 
that  anyone  examining  it  must  be  convinced  as  to  the  certainty  of  the  fact.  Two  or 
three  instances  may  be  cited. 

In  the  report  of  the  royal  commission  on  rabies,  it  is  stated  that  ‘ ‘ in  the  city  of 
Berlin  special  regulations  are  in  force.  In  consequence  of  a severe  outbreak  in  the 
year  1852,  during  which  107  dogs  were  destroyed  as  rabid,  the  royal  police  issued 
a decree  to  the  effect,  on  July  2,  1853,  that  all  dogs  should  be  provided  with  a wire 
muzzle,  positively  preventing  the  animal  from  biting,  and  to  empower  special  persons, 
appointed  by  the  police  for  that  purpose,  to  seize  and  destroy  all  dogs  not  so  muz- 
zled and,  when  the  owner  could  be  found  impose  a fine  of  10  thalers  (11.10s.)  or  a 
term  of  imprisonment.  In  the  year  following  this  decree  only  1 dog  was  killed  as 
rabid,  against  97  in  the  previous  year.  The  decree  still  remains  in  force,  but  does 
not  seem  to  have  been  effectual  in  preventing  the  recurrence  of  epidemics  of  rabies; 


26 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


for  the  number  of  dogs  killed  as  rabid,  which  up  to  1863  had  not  exceeded  9 in  any 
year,  rose  progressively  in  the  succeeding  years,  until  in  1868  the  number  had  reached 
66,  declining  again  to  7 in  1870,  only  to  increase  in  1872  to  69.  In  1875  a law  was 
passed,  extending  to  the  whole  of  Prussia,  for  the  suppression  and  prevention  of 
animal  disease  which  provides  that  all  dogs  suspected  of  rabies  shall  be  immediately 
killed,  as  also  all  animals  which  it  is  evident  have  been  bitten  by  rabid  animals;  and 
that  all  dogs  in  a district  which  has  been  infected  by  an  outbreak  of  rabies  shall  be 
confined,  or,  when  abroad,  both  muzzled  and  led.  The  technical  section  of  the 
veterinary  board  in  Berlin  are  of  opinion  that  the  passing  of  this  law,  and  not  alone 
the  existence  of  the  muzzling  order  in  that  city,  is  the  cause  of  the  extinction  of 
rabies  in  Berlin.  No  case  has  occurred  there  since  1883.” 

In  Vienna  we  are  informed  that  rabies  was  entirely  suppressed  by  18  months  of 
stringent  muzzling;  but  in  the  summer  of  1886  the  muzzling  order  was  rescinded, 
arid  badges  had  to  be  worn  on  dogs’  collars  instead.  In  the  following  half  year 
there  was  only  one  case  of  the  disease,  but  in  the  next  half  year  rabies  became 
epidemic,  and  the  muzzle  had  again  to  be  worn,  with  the  result  that  the  malady 
soon  subsided  and  disappeared.  Consequently  the  muzzling  order  is  still  rigidly 
and  most  beneficially  enforced  in  Vienna. 

In  Holland,  before  1875,  rabies  was  prevalent  to  a very  serious  extent;  but  in 
June  of  that  year  the  use  of  the  muzzle  was  ordered,  with  the  result  that  in  the 
autumn  the  number  of  cases  fell  to  41;  in  the  next  whole  year  there  were  55  cases; 
in  1877  there  were  14;  in  1878  there  were  4,  and  in  1879  there  were  3.  These, 
and  the  cases  which  have  since  been  reported,  occurred  only  on  or  near  the  frontier 
of  Belgium,  in  which  country  the  muzzle  is  not  in  use,  though  rabies  is  always  pre- 
valent. To  such  a degree,  indeed,  does  the  disease  exist  in  Belgium  that  in  1889 
there  were  brought  to  the  veterinary  school  at  Brussels  no  fewer  than  94  really 
rabid  dogs,  49  having  been  admitted  during  the  winter  quarter,  and  45  during  the 
summer  quarter;  and  from  January  1 to  April  24,  1890,  16  were  taken  there. 

In  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Baden  during  the  years  1871,  1872,  1873,  1874,  and  1875 
the  number  of  cases  of  rabies  was,  respectively,  18,  37,  37,  50,  and  43.  Then  the  muz- 
zle was  rigorously  applied,  and  in  1876  there  were  28  cases;  in  1877,  3;  in  1878,4;  in 
1879,  2;  in  1880,  2;  in  1881,  2;  in  1882,  3;  in  1883,  2,  and  in  1884,  2.  Since  that  year 
only  1 case  has  been  observed,  and  that  was  a dog  from  Metz,  where  there  were  no 
proper  regulations,  which  had  been  contaminated  before  its  arrival  at  Baden. 

In  Sweden  rabies  was  at  one  time  a somewhat  common  disease,  and  from  8 to  10 
people  died  annually  of  hydrophobia;  but  (muzzling  being  enforced  and  the  impor- 
tation of  dogs  prevented)  rabies  has  been  unknown  for  many  years,  and  no  deaths 
from  hydrophobia  have  occurred  since  1870. 

In  England  the  value  of  the  muzzle  has  been  as  well  exemplified  as  elsewhere, 
though  its  application  has  always  been  extremely  partial,  being  only  employed  in 
towns  or  districts  when  rabies  has  increased  to  such  an  extent  as  to  create  alarm  and 
removed  immediately  when  the  disease  had  for  the  time  disappeared.  No  effective 
action  has  at  any  time  been  taken  to  suppress  rabies  in  England  or  Ireland.  In  the 
latter  country  it  is  always  more  or  less  prevalent,  and  ever  since  it  was  first  legis- 
lated for  in  England  it  has  maintained  a permanent  existence  in  the  following  four- 
teen counties,  viz,  Chester,  Derby,  Essex,  Hants,  Kent,  Lancaster,  London,  Middlesex, 
Notts,  Surrey,  Sussex  (East),  Sussex  (West),  Warwick,  and  York  (W.  R. ).  During 
the  year  1890-91  cases  of  rabies  were  reported  for  the  first  time  in  three  counties 
previously  free  from  it;  these  were  Bucks,  Norfolk,  and  York  (E.  R.  );  and  it  was 
reintroduced  into  Leicester  after  an  absence  of  two  years,  and  into  Stafford,  which 
had  been  free  for  one  year. 

The  extent  to  which  rabies  has  prevailed  in  this  country  may  be  judged  from  the 
loss  of  human  life  through  bites  from  rabid  dogs.  It  is  stated  that  in  England 
(including  Wales)  there  have  been  939  deaths  from  hydrophobia  recorded  during 


babies:  keport  of  medical  society. 


27 


the  past  38  years,  the  yearly  average  for  the  first  16  years  being  8,  for  the  next  16 
years  15,  and  for  the  remaining  period,  ended  in  1885,  45.  Thus  the  mortality  has 
steadily  advanced  through  more  than  400  per  cent.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Prus- 
sian preventive  measures  have  reduced  deaths  from  hydrophobia  to  a remarkable 
degree,  for  while  in  the  decade  ended  in  1819  there  was  a yearly  average  of  166 
deaths,  in  a similar  period  ended  in  1886,  there  was  a yearly  average  of  4£. 

The  value  of  the  muzzle  in  suppressing  rabies  has  been  perhaps  best  demonstrated 
in  London  on  several  occasions,  and  especially  in  1885.  In  the  previous  years 
hydrophobia  had  increased  to  a very  alarming  extent,  as  has  just  been  mentioned, 
in  England,  and  no  steps  worthy  of  note  had  been  taken  to  check  the  mortality. 
For  London  alone  in  that  year  no  fewer  than  27  deaths  were  reported  as  due  to  the 
bites  of  rabid  dogs.  A muzzling  order  was  then  enforced,  and  at  the  end  of  1886  not 
a death  was  recorded.  Unfortunately  the  order  prescribing  the  use  of  the  muzzle 
was  then  rescinded,  and  in  a few  months  a case  of  hydrophobia  occurred  in  the  south 
of  London,  soon  to  be  followed  by  others,  and  in  1889  10  deaths  were  registered.  In 
July  of  that  year  the  muzzling  order  was  again  issued  and  stringently  carried  out, 
and  rabies  and  hydrophobia  once  more  disappeared. 

In  other  countries  where  rabies  prevails  and  dogs  are  not  muzzled,  though  other 
measures,  as  the  dog  tax,  medal  on  the  collar,  leading  by  a leash,  etc.,  are  enacted, 
the  malady  continuously  manifests  itself,  and  numbers  of  people  perish  from  hydro- 
phobia every  year.  We  may  give  Belgium  and  France  as  examples.  In  the  latter 
country  the  monthly  sanitary  bulletin  shows  to  what  an  extent  it  is  prevalent,  and 
I need  only  to  refer  to  the  last  two  which  I have  to  hand — those  for  March  and  April 
of  the  year  1891.  In  March  132  dogs  and  8 cats  were  destroyed  as  rabid,  besides 
those  sacrificed  as  a preventive  measure,  while  32  persons,  as  well  as  cattle  and  pigs, 
were  bitten  by  mad  dogs.  In  April  151  dogs  and  4 cats  were  destroyed  because  of 
being  rabid,  and  a large  number  were  killed  because  they  had  been  bitten  by  mad 
dogs  or  were  wanderers,  and  47  persons  were  wounded  by  mad  dogs.  The  reports 
of  the  Pasteur  Institute  show  that  by  far  the  largest  proportion  of  persons  protec- 
tively inoculated  are  French.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  if  the  use  of  the  muzzle 
were  enforced  generally  and  strictly  throughout  France  rabies  would  quickly  vanish 
from  the  sanitary  bulletins. 

Belgium  has  tried  all  other  recognized  measures  except  the  muzzle,  and  yet  the 
malady  is  as  rife  and  deadly  as  ever  in  that  country.  A royal  commission  was 
recently  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  subject,  and  the  report  addressed  to  the  Supe- 
rior Council  of  Hygiene  in  April  last  states  that  the  regulations  in  force  are  insuffi- 
cient, and  while  not  testing  the  value  of  Pasteur’s  preventive  inoculations  with  regard 
to  people  bitten  by  rabid  dogs,  it  is  urged  that  there  is  something  far  more  desirable, 
and  that  is  the  extinction  of  the  disease  in  the  canine  species.  For  this  object  the 
commission  insists  upon  the  immediate  adoption  of  the  muzzle. 

Senseless  sentimentality  has  opposed  the  use  of  this  article  in  a most  extraordinary 
manner  in  this  country,  and  one  would  be  inclined  to  believe  that  there  are  people 
who  care  less  for  human  suffering  and  human  life  than  for  a little  inconvenience  or 
discomfort  to  dogs.  A well-fitting  muzzle  should  cause  very  trivial  inconvenience 
and  discomfort,  while  insuring  absolute  safety  from  dog  bite.  Repeatedly  rabid 
dogs  have  been  brought  to  veterinary  surgeons  wearing  muzzles,  and  so  rendered 
safe,  as  it  is  a well-known  fact  that  a diseased  dog  will,  in  nearly  every  instance, 
allow  those  it  knows  to  handle  it  and  put  on  a muzzle.  A leash  only  is  no  protec- 
tion, for  the  dog  can  bite  and  is  as  dangerous  as  if  not  led.  Frequently  rabid  dogs 
on  the  leash  are  brought  to  veterinary  surgeons.  It  is  also  perfectly  obvious  that  a 
collar,  no  matter  how  embellished  and  bemedaled  it  may  be,  will  no  more  prevent 
rabies  or  hinder  dogs  from  biting  than  will  a linen  collar  on  a man’s  neck  preserve 
him  from  smallpox  or  influenza.  But  we  need  not  stay  to  notice  these  ridiculous 
notions. 


28 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAT  INDUSTRY. 


APPENDIX  F. 

AN  ACT  to  create  a revenue  in  the  District  of  Columbia  by  levying  a tax  upon  all  dogs  therein,  to 
make  such  dogs  personal  property,  and  for  other  purposes. 

[1  Sup.  R.S.,374.] 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States  of  America 
in  Congress  assembled , That  there  shall  be  levied  a tax  of  two  dollars  each  per  annum 
upon  all  dogs  owned  or  kept  in  the  District  of  Columbia;  said  tax  to  be  collected  as 
other  taxes  in  said  District  are  or  may  be  collected. 

Sec.  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  collector  of  taxes,  upon  receipt  of  said  tax,  to 
give  to  the  person  paying  the  same,  for  each  dog  so  paid  for,  a suitable  metallic  tag, 
stamped  with  the  year,  showing  that  said  tax  has  been  duly  paid;  and  he  shall  keep 
a record  of  all  such  payments,  with  the  date  thereof,  and  the  name,  color,  and  sex 
of  such  dog,  and  the  name  of  the  person  claiming  any  dog  so  paid  for;  and  a copy 
of  such  record,  certified  under  the  hand  and  official  seal  of  the  said  collector,  which 
shall  be  given  to  any  person  demanding  the  same,  upon  payment  of  twenty-five 
cents  therefor,  shall  be  prima  facie  evidence  of  such  payment  in  any  court  in  the 
District  of  Columbia. 

Sec.  3.  The  poundmaster  of  the  District  of  Columbia  shall,  during  the  entire  year, 
seize  all  dogs  found  running  at  large  without  the  tax  tag,  issued  by  the  collector 
aforesaid,  attached,  and  shall  impound  the  same;  and  if,  within  forty-eight  hours,  the 
same  are  not  redeemed,  by  the  owners  thereof,  by  the  payment  of  two  dollars,  they 
shall  be  sold  or  destroyed,  as  the  poundmaster  may  deem  advisable;  and  any  sale 
made  by  virtue  hereof  shall  be  deemed  valid  to  all  intents  and  purposes  in  all  the 
courts  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 

Sec.  4.  Any  dog  wearing  the  tax  tag  hereinbefore  provided  for  shall  be  permitted 
to  run  at  large  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  shall  be  regarded  as  personal  prop- 
erty in  all  the  courts  of  said  District;  and  any  person  injuring  or  destroying  the 
same  shall  be  liable  to  a civil  action  for  damages,  which,  upon  proof  of  said  injuring 
or  killing  may  be  awarded  in  a sum  equal  to  the  value  usually  put  upon  such  prop- 
erty by  persons  buying  and  selling  the  same,  subject  to  such  modification  as  the 
particular  circumstances  of  the  case  may  make  proper. 

Sec.  5.  Any  person  owning  any  dog  so  recorded  in  the  collector’s  office  shall  be 
liable  in  a civil  action  for  any  damage  done  by  said  dog  to  the  full  amount  of  the 
injury  inflicted. 

Sec.  6.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  any  person  owning  or  possessing  a dog  to  place,  or 
cause  to  be  placed  and  kept,  around  the  neck  of  such  dog,  a collar,  on  which  shall 
be  marked  and  engraved,  in  legible  and  durable  characters,  the  name  of  the  owner 
or  possessor,  and  the  letters  “D.  C.,”  and  to  which  collar  must  be  attached  the 
insignia  or  tax  tag  furnished  by  the  District  tax  collector,  in  accordance  with  the 
first  and  second  sections  of  this  law,  under  the  penalty  of  not  less  than  five  nor  more 
than  ten  dollars;  and  if  any  person  shall  put,  or  cause  to  be  put,  a collar,  with  the 
insignia  or  tax  tag,  around  the  neck  of  any  dog  owned  or  possessed  by  any  person  or 
persons  residing  in  the  District,  without  having  obtained  a license  for  keeping  such 
animal,  he,  she,  or  they  shall  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  not  less  than  five  nor 
more  than  ten  dollars  for  each  and  every  offense. 

Sec.  7.  Whenever  it  shall  be  made  to  appear  to  the  Commissioners  that  there  are 
good  reasons  for  believing  that  any  dog  or  dogs  within  the  District  are  mad,  it  shall 
be  the  duty  of  the  Commissioners  to  issue  a proclamation  requiring  that  all  dogs 
shall,  for  a period  to  be  defined  in  the  proclamation,  wear  good,  substantial  muzzles 
securely  put  on,  so  as  to  prevent  them  from  biting  or  snapping;  and  any  dog  going 
at  large  during  the  period  defined  by  the  Commissioners  without  such  a muzzle  shall 
be  taken  by  the  poundmaster  and  impounded,  subject  to  the  provisions  of  section 
three. 


RABIES.  REPORT  OF  MEDICAL  SOCIETY. 


29 


Sec.  8.  Any  person  who  shall  remove,  or  cause  to  be  removed,  the  collar  and  insignia 
or  tax  tag  from  the  neck  of  any  dog,  or  entice  any  properly  licensed  dog  into  any 
inclosure  for  the  purpose  of  taking  off  its  collar  or  insignia,  or  shall  for  such  purpose 
decoy  or  entice  any  animal  out  of  the  inclosure  or  house  of  its  owner  or  possessor,  or 
shall  sieze  or  molest  any  dog  while  held  or  led  by  any  person,  or  shall  bring  any 
dog  into  the  District  for  the  purpose  of  taking  up  and  killing  the  same,  shall  forfeit 
and  pay  a sum  of  not  more  than  twenty  dollars. 

Sec.  9.  If  any  owner  or  possessor  of  a fierce  or  dangerous  dog  permit  the  same  to 
go  at  large  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  to  the  danger  or  annoyance  of  the  inhabitants, 
he  shall  forfeit  and  pay,  for  the  first  offense,  ten  dollars;  for  the  second,  a sum  not 
exceeding  twenty  dollars;  and  upon  a third  conviction  for  the  same  offense,  the 
Commissioners  shall  immediately  cause  the  dog,  upon  account  of  which  the  convic- 
tion takes  place,  to  be  slain  and  buried. 

Sec.  10.  That  all  acts  or  parts  of  acts  now  in  force  in  the  District  of  Columbia  incon- 
sistent with  the  provisions  of  this  act  be,  and  the  same  are  hereby,  repealed. 

Approved  June  19,  1878. 


Extract  from  An  Act  for  the  establishment  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 

[1  Sup.  R.  S.,  2d  Ed.,  437.] 

Sec.  8.  That  whenever  any  contagious,  infectious,  or  communicable  disease  affect- 
ing domestic  animals,  and  especially  the  disease  known  as  pleuro-pneumonia,  shall 
be  brought  into  or  shall  break  out  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of 
the  Commissioners  of  said  District  to  take  measures  to  suppress  the  same  promptly 
and  to  prevent  the  same  from  spreading;  and  for  this  purpose  the  said  Commis- 
sioners are  hereby  empowered  to  order  and  require  that  any  premises,  farm,  or 
farms  where  such  disease  exists,  or  has  existed,  be  put  in  quarantine;  to  order  all  or 
any  animals  coming  into  the  District  to  be  detained  at  any  place  or  places  for  the 
purpose  of  inspection  and  examination;  to  prescribe  regulations  for  and  to  require 
the  destruction  of  animals  affected  with  contagious,  infectious,  or  communicable  dis- 
ease, and  for  the  proper  disposition  of  their  hides  and  carcasses;  to  prescribe  regula- 
tions for  disinfection,  and  such  other  regulations  as  they  may  deem  necessary  to 
prevent  infection  or  contagion  being  communicated,  and  shall  report  to  the  Commis- 
sioner of  Agriculture  whatever  they  may  do  in  pursuance  of  the  provisions  of  this 
section. 

Approved  May  29,  1884. 


o 


Bulletin  No.  26. 


(B.  A.  IM  156. — Dairy  No.  34.) 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 

D.  E.  SALMON,  D.  V.  M.,  Chief. 


COMPILED  AND  ABSTRACTED 
BY 

TL  A.  PEARSON,  M.  S., 

ASSISTANT  CHIEF  OF  DAIRY  DIVISION. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 

1900. 


LETTER  OE  TRANSMITTAL 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
Washington , D.  C. , November  21,  1900. 

Sir:  I have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith,  and  recommend  for 
publication  as  a bulletin  of  this  Bureau,  a manuscript  entitled 
“National  and  State  Dairy  Laws,”  prepared  by  Mr.  R.  A.  Pearson, 
assistant  chief  of  the  Dairy  Division.  This  manuscript  contains  brief 
abstracts  of  all  National  and  State  dairy  laws  now  in  force  and  the 
full  texts  of  those  which  have  been  enacted  since  1898.  The  laws 
then  in  force  were  published  in  the  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  this 
Bureau.  There  has  been  considerable  dairy  legislation  during  the 
past  few  years,  and  in  this  connection  numerous  requests  for  informa- 
tion as  to  the  laws  of  the  various  States  have  been  received.  This 
bulletin  will  assist  in  answering  such  inquiries,  and  will  be  especially 
useful  in  States  where  it  is  proposed  to  enact  new  dairy  laws  during 
the  coming  session  of  the  legislatures. 

Respectfully, 

D.  E.  Salmon, 

Chief  of  Bureau. 

lion.  James  Wilson, 

Secretary. 


2 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 


Introduction  - - - - 5 

Principal  subjects  on  which  dairy  laws  have  been  enacted  6 

State  standards  for  dairy  products 8 


United  States 


Abstracts  of  Full  texts  of 
dairy  laws.  dairy  laws. 

Page.  Page. 

9 37 


Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware.. 

District  of  Columbia 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho  

Illinois  

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts  

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri ... 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada.... 

New  Hampshire ...  . 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico  

New  York 

North  Carolina 

North  Dakota  . ._  . . 

Ohio 

Oklahoma  

Oregon .. 

Pennsylvania 


10  37 

10  37 

10  37 

10  38 

11  40 

11  41 

12  41 

12  41 

12  42 

13  42 

13  42 

13  42 

14  ...  47 

15  49 

15  49 

16  49 

16  49 

16  50 

17  50 

17  53 

18  . ...  54 

19  59 

20  66 

20 66 

21 66 

21 66 

22  70 

22  ..... 70 

23  70 

23  72 

24  72 

25  75 

25  77 

26  81 

27  82 

27  82 

28  85 


3 


4 


Abstracts  of 
dairy  laws. 
Page. 

Rhode  Island . . . 29 

South  Carolina  _ _ 30 

South  Dakota _ . .. . 30 

Tennessee  ... ....  30 

Texas  ' ...  31 

Utah........ 31 

Vermont 31 

Virginia  . . . . .....  ... 32 

Washington  .......... 33 

W est  Virginia  34 

Wisconsin... 34 

W yoming 35 


Full  texts  of 
dairy  laws. 
Page. 

89 

89 

89 

90 

91 

91 

...  ....  94 

96 

99 

105 

105 

109 


Canada 


35 110 


NATIONAL  AND  STATE  DAIRY  LAWS. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Abstracts  and  full  texts  of  all  national  and  State  laws  applying  to 
dairy  products  and  their  imitations  were  published  in  1898  in  the 
Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  and 
later  reprinted  in  separate  form.  The  call  for  such  information  was 
much  larger  than  had  been  anticipated  and  necessitated  a second 
reprint.  Since  that  compilation  was  made  there  has  been  considerable 
new  legislation  on  the  subject,  and  this  has  required  replying  to  many 
inquiries  by  letters  to  supplement  the  printed  volume.  It  now  seems 
advisable  to  show  all  the  changes  that  have  been  made  and  the  new 
laws  that  have  been  enacted. 

In  the  last  two  years  new  dairy  laws  have  been  passed  in  twenty 
States,  the  most  common  subject  of  legislation  being  renovated  butter, 
the  manufacture  of  which  has  rapidly  increased;  it  is  customary  to 
permit  it  if  plainly  labeled.  In  some  States  the  dairy  laws  have  been 
repealed  and  reenacted  with  slight  changes,  and  it  would  be  well  if 
the  same  were  done  in  some  other  States  where  the  laws  are  unneces- 
sarily numerous  and  bulky.  Only  a few  laws  or  parts  of  laws  have 
been  repealed  by  name.  Usually  new  laws  “repeal  all  acts  or  parts 
of  acts  in  conflict,”  and  this  often  leaves  the  compiler  in  doubt  as  to 
whether  an  old  law  is  still  operative  or  not;  in  some  cases  it  might 
require  a court  decision  to  determine  the  point.  When  there  is  doubt 
as  to  whether  or  not  a law  is  in  force,  it  is  printed  in  full. 

It  is  believed  this  compilation  is  complete,  though  some  laws  of  a 
general  nature  referring  indirectly  to  dairy  products  may  have  been 
overlooked  and  omitted.  In  each  case  the  names  of  the  acts  have 
been  referred  to  the  State  officer  especially  charged  with  their  enforce- 
ment or,  where  there  is  no  such  officer,  to  the  secretary  of  state,  with 
request  that  any  omissions  or  corrections  be  noted.  It  lias  been  chosen 
to  include  some  laws  which  refer  but  remotely  to  dairying  rather  than 
risk  omitting  any  that  might  be  of  interest  in  this  connection. 

As  in  the  1898  compilation  the  table  and  abstracts  are  arranged  in 
the  following  order:  State  dairy  officials,  milk,  butter,  cheese,  imita- 
tion butter,  imitation  cheese,  miscellaneous,  pure  food.  It  is  obviously 
impossible  to  arrange  the  full  laws  in  the  same  way.  As  the  laws 
which  were  printed  in  1898  are  given  here  by  reference  only  it  is  an 
easy  matter  to  find  and  examine  the  latest  dairy  legislation. 

It  is  hoped  this  revised  compilation  and  the  abstracts  will  be  useful 
where  new  dairy  laws  are  needed,  as  well  as  where  those  now  on  the 
statute  books  are  not  as  generally  known  as  they  should  be ; also  that 
it  will  emphasize  the  need  of  clearer  legislation  in  some  States  where 
it  is  evident  that  the  dairy  interests  have  not  been  protected  as  was 
apparently  intended  by  those  who  passed  the  laws  now  in  force. 

5 


6 


PRINCIPAL  SUBJECTS  ON  WHICH  DAIRY  LAWS  HAVE 


[Numbers  in  the  first  column  show  the  pages  of  this  bulletin  where  brief  abstracts  of  the  laws 
full  on  the  subjects  named  at  the  heads  of  the  columns.  The  plain  figures  refer  to  pages  in 
bulletin.  D.  - Defined  only.  P.  — Must  be  colored  pink.  A plus  mark  ( + ) following  a page 


States,  etc. 

Page  of  abstract. 

State  dairy  commis-  1 
sioner  or  similar  1 
officer. 

Milk. 

Butter. 

Cheese. 

Standard  pre- 
scribed. 

Skim  milk  reg- 
ulated. 

Condensed  milk 
regulated. 

Impure  milk  re- 
stricted. 

Other  milk 
laws. 

Defined  or 
standard 
fixed. 

Other  butter 
laws. 

Defined,  stand- 
ard prescrib- 
ed or  grades 
established. 

Registered 
brands  pro- 
vided. 

Other  cheese 
laws. 

9 

10 

10 

10 

10 

11 

11 

12 

12 

12 

13 

13 

13 

lk 

15 

15 

16 
16 
16 

17 

17 

18 

19 

20 
20 
21 

21 

22 

23 

2k 

25 

25 

26 

27 

27 

28 

29 

30 
30 

30 

31 

31 

31- 

32 

33 
3k 
3k 
35 
35 

563+ 

D.  556 

563 

D.  560 

563 

D.  564 

|568 
( 39 
568 
/571  + 
141 

} 

38+ 

564 

565 

569 

564 

569 

} 

572 

572+ 

573 

District  of  Columbia 

580 

577 + 

577+1 

|576+, 

1578 

} 

l 

f 

581 

581 

581 



k3  + 
k7 

589  + 

kS 

583+ 

589 

588 

583+ 

589 

592 

593 

594 

584 

589 

589 

592 

592 



591 

593 

594 

50 

50 

Maine  . - - 

596 

596 

596+ 

51  + 
5k 

}.... 

D.  598 

D.  598 

Maryland 

Massachusetts. 

601+ 
J608+ 
l 55+ 
(623 
l 59+ 

5k 

J-615 
| 60 

603+ 

615 

( 60 
\ 62 

605 

603 

J613+ 
( 56 
( 60+ 
\ 6k+ 

D.  606 
D.  58 
1 - - 

D.  606 

Michigan 

613 

(61 
\ 63+ 

612 

62 

613 
{!•:  + } 

Minnesota ...  

Mississippi  

l _ 

I 

623 

61+ 

} 62+ 

J 

J 

Missouri 

D.  625 

624+ 

Montana . 

Nebraska 

67  + 

(628, 

(631 

632 

634 

(637 

(640 

L... 

628 

632 

635 

636+, 

640 

631 

(628 
X 08+ 

1 

1 

628  \ 

68+  1 

Nevada 

635 

}m 

( 

J 

l 

New  Hampshire 

634 

l 

D.  635 
D.  643 

D.  635 
D.  643 

New  Jersey . 

(639, 

1644+ 

}--{ 

642 

642 

New  Mexico 

i 

New  York 

(652+ 
l 72+ 

j-654 

655 

655+ 

654+ 

(655, 

(657 

}D.  654 
D.  658 

(1 

}D.  654 

(657 
l 7 k 

657  \ 
74  J 

North  Carolina 

N orth  Dakota  . . 

77  + 

661  + 

79 

663 

79 

(663, 

(665 

670 

8k 

o/5+ 

682 

683 

78+ 
} 

78 

78 

668 

7S+ 
(664,1 
[607  ; 

Ohio  

(663, 

(665 

j-665 

666 

D.  666 

Oklahoma 

J 

Oregon 

83+ 

(673+ 

X 86+ 

83 

j-675 

682 

683 

83 

83 

8k 

83 

678 

8k 

Pennsylvania  

675+ 

682 

683 

674+ 

(681 
( 89 

678 

Rhode  Island 

l 

680 

South  Carolina 

f 

South  Dakota. 

D.  684 

D.  684 



Tennessee  . . 

! 

1 

Texas . 

Utah 

95  + 

91 

689 

691 

103 

91 

(689, 

[691 

691 

99 

91  + 
689 
95+ 

91  + 
(690 
1 95+ 
691 
(100 
Xl03 

j 

91  + 
J690  \ 
l 96  j 
692 

99 

Vermont  .. 

689+ 

}D.  690 

1 

Virginia 

/ 

Washington  .. 

(iou+ 
\lok  + 

}•  99 

jlOO 

\102 

1 

}•  99 

99 

West  Virginia  .. 

J 

Wisconsin 

105  + 

107 

106  + 

109 

(106, 

Xl08 

107  1 
109  f 

W yoming 

109 

Canada 

704 

704  + 

706+ 

705+ 

705+ 

J See  footnote,  page  45.  54  footnote,  page  48. 


7 


BEEN  ENACTED  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  CANADA. 


may  be  found;  numbers  in  other  columns  refer  to  the  pages  where  may  be  found  the  laws  in 
the  Fourteenth  Annual  Report,  B.  A.  I.  Numbers  expressed  in  italics  refer  to  pages  in  this 
number  signifies  “and  following  page  or  pages.”] 


Imitation  butter. 

Imitation  cheese  (in- 
cluding filled  cheese). 

Miscellaneous. 

General  pure-food 
law. 

Oleomargarine,  etc. 

Renovated  butter, 
label  required. 

Prohibited. 

Yellow  color 
prohibited. 

Label  on  pack- 
ages, or  notifi- 
cation of  use 
required. 

Other  laws. 

Prohibited. 

Yellow  color 
prohibited. 

Label  or  notice 
required. 

Other  laws. 

Care  of  cows 
regulated. 

£s 

a . ^ 
|2| 
£ bi)  St) 

GO  rl  <T) 

CD. 2 fH 
Eh 

Other  miscella- 
neous laws. 

557  | 
563 

556+, 

563 

\ .. 

561  { 

560 +, 
563 

1 .... 

563 

563 

1 

J 

564 

566 

565 

569 

571 

575 

567 

38 

565 

569 

566 

569 

567 

567 

571 

576 

579 

52 

582 

583 

585+, 

587+ 

589 

590 

41  { 

573+1 
51  1 

574 

579 

580 

579+{ 
4 2 

...... 

582 

582 

582 

| 

583 
586,  I 
588  \ 
U5+) 
4 7 

587  { 

} 

585+ 

584 

fit?) 

1 

590 

590 

590 

592 

(589, 

\591 

J-591 

593+ 

595 

596 

59+ 

598 

598 

597 

596 
(600+ 
l 51 
602+ 

614 

/623 

\ 62 

62-: 

624 

5% 

607 

52+ 

1605, 

• \608 

58 

63+ 

623 

625+ 

627+ 

628+ 

633 

636 

643, 

645 

52 

\. 

51 

608 

J-599+ 

5h 

J622 
\ 65 

605 

) 

617 

612 

j-  62 

611+ 

II 

62 

62 

60 

61 

623+ 

626 

624+ 
627  + 

628+ 

628 

68+ 

628 
68 + 

628 

629 

629 

67 

631 
633 
633+ 
(638+ 
\ 72 
652 
(653, 
\655 

631  + 

632 

636 

J643, 

\646 

636 

(643, 

\645 

\ 

643 

} 

637 

}648  + 
650+ 
}74 
75  + 

J 

656 

73 

656  \ 
73  / 

73 

/ 656 

l 73 

656 

73 

1 -- 

655 

658 

80 

663+, 

666 

J 

80 

666  { 

80 

80 

663+, 

667+ 

79 

}665 

663, 

665 

J 

663 

665 

665  { 

669 
81 

670 

82+ 

679  + 

i 

l 

85 

{$} 

82 

86 

85 

679 

82+ 

87 

87+ 

680 

684 

685 

686 

676 

682 

683 

P.685 

686+ 

683 

684 

684 

687 

91 

(685  \ 
l 00  ] 
687  + 

686 

92 

P.690 

692+ 

100 

P.697 

107 

92 

92+ 

92 

690 
692+ 
90  + 

95 

689 

691 

96 
07  + 
105  + 
697 
100 

lno  + 

691 

100 

697 

108 

103 

697 

107+ 

108 

107 

108 

| 

107+ 

704 

705 

704 

706+ 

States,  etc. 


United  States. 
Alabama. 
Arizona. 
Arkansas. 

California. 
Colorado. 
Connecticut. 
Delaware. 
District  of  Co- 
lumbia. 
Florida. 
Georgia. 

Idaho. 

Illinois. 

Indiana. 

Iowa. 

Kansas. 

Kentucky. 

Louisiana. 

Maine. 

Maryland. 

Massachusetts. 

Michigan. 

Minnesota. 


Mississippi. 

Missouri. 

Montana. 

Nebraska. 

Nevada. 

New  Hampshire 
New  Jersey. 
New  Mexico. 
New  York. 
North  Carolina. 
North  Dakota. 
Ohio. 

Oklahoma. 

Oregon. 

Pennsylvania. 
Rhode  Island. 
South  Carolina. 
South  Dakota. 

Tennessee. 

Texas. 

Utah. 

Vermont. 
Virginia. 
Washington. 
West  Virginia. 
Wisconsin. 

Wyoming. 

Canada. 


8 


STATE  STANDARDS  FOR  DAIRY  PRODUCTS. 

Standards  for  the  composition  of  dairy  products  have  been  estab- 
lished in  several  States  and  are  (in  June,  1900)  as  follows: 


States. 

Milk. 

Skim 

milk. 

Cream. 

Butter. 

Cheese. 

Total 

solids. 

Solids 
not  fat. 

Pat. 

Total 

solids. 

Fat. 

Fat. 

Fat. 

Per  cent. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Per  cent. 

Full  cream,  30p.  ct.  fat. 
Half  skim,  15  p.  ct.  fat. 
Skim,  from  skim  milk. 
(Fancy  cheese  ex- 
cepted.) 

35  p.  ct.  total  solids  to  be 
fat. 

9 

3.5 

9.3 

20 

83 

Georgia 

8.5 

3.5 

3 

N ot  over 
12  per  ct. 
water  or 
5 p.  c.  salt 

12 

2 15 

80 

48  p.  ct.  total  solids,  fat. 
10  p.  ct.  milk  fats. 

9 

3 

80 

12.5 

3 

15 

Not  over 

Maine 

12 

3 

ISperct. 
water  or 
6p.  c.  salt 

Massachusetts 

April- September 

Michigan 

13 

12 

12.5 

9.3 

9 

3.7 
* 3 

3 

9.3 

Sp.  grav. 
1.029-33 
13 

sp.  grav. 
1. 032-37 

Minnesota 

3.5 

20 

45  p.  ct.  total  solids  to  be 
fat. 

From  milk  testing  at 
least  3 p.  ct.  fat. 

Missouri 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

13 

12 

New  York 1 2  3 4 

12 

3 

Skim,  from  skim  milk. 

North  Dakota 

12 

3 

15 

Skim,  from  skim  milk 

Ohio3 

12 

3 

80 

20  p.  ct.  fat. 

May  and  June  . . 
Oregon3 

11.5 

12 

8 

3 

sp.  grav. 
1.038 

2. 5 p.  c. 

20 

Not  over 

Pennsylvania 

12.5 

3 

14  per  ct. 
water. 

Full  cream,  32 p.  ct.  fat. 

Three-fourths  cream, 
24  p.  ct.  fat. 

One-half  cream,  16p.  ct. 
fat. 

One-fourth  cream,  8 
p.  ct.  fat. 

Skim,  below  8 p.  ct.  fat. 
(Fancy  cheese  weigh  - 
ing  less  than  5 
pounds  excepted. ) 

(Milk  and  skim- 
milk  standards 
refer  to  cities  of 
2d  and  3d  class.) 

Rhode  Island 

Sp.  grav. 
1.029-33 

12 

2.5 

fat. 

6 per  ct. 
cream 
by  vol. 
sp.  grav. 
1.032-37 

South  Carolina 

8.5 

3 

Utah 

9 per  ct. 
solids 
not  fat. 
4 4 

Skim,  size  regulated. 

Vermont 

12.5 

9.25 

May  and  June  . . 
Washington 

12 

8 

3 

18 

Full  cream,  30 p.  ct.  fat. 
Skim,  15  per  ct.  fat. 
(Fancy  cheese  ex 
cepted.) 

Skim,  size  regulated. 

Wisconsin 

3 

1 Condensed  milk  shall  be  made  from  milk  containing  at  least  the  legal  standard  of  3 per  cent 
butter  fat  and  evaporated  to  one- third  or  less  of  its  original  volume. 

2 Coffee  cream  shall  contain  at  least  15  per  cent  of  fat,  and  whipping  cream  22  per  cent  fat. 

3 Milk  solids  of  condensed  milk  shall  be  in  quantity  the  equivalent  of  12  per  cent  of  milk  solids 
in  crude  milk,  of  which  solids  25  per  cent  shall  be  fat. 

4As  basis  for  payment  at  factories. 


ABSTRACTS  OF  DAIRY  LAWS. 


In  the  following  abstracts  it  is  aimed  to  state  briefty  the  principal 
features  of  all  the  national  and  State  laws  now  (June,  1900)  in  force 
which  apply  to  dairy  products  or  their  imitations,  omitting  matters  of 
minor  interest,  as  references  to  penalties,  details  of  enforcement,  dis- 
position of  fines,  etc. 

States  having  dairy  commissioners  or  other  officers  specially  charged 
with  the  enforcement  of  dairy  laws  usually  give  such  officers  neces- 
sary authority  for  securing  evidence,  having  analyses  made,  and  con- 
ducting prosecutions;  it  is  also  customary  to  allow  them  necessary 
traveling  expenses  in  addition  to  the  regular  salary. 

When  a subject  is  followed  by  the  words  “No  law,”  it  should  be 
understood  there  is  no  special  law  on  that  subject.  It  may,  however, 
be  covered  by  a pure-food  or  other  law,  an  abstract  of  which  is  given 
under  another  heading. 

UNITED  STATES. 


Milk  ImPort  duty  on  fresh  milk,  2 cents  per  gallon.  Condensed  milk. — Import 
duty  on  preserved,  condensed,  or  sterilized  milk,  2 cents  per  pound. 

Butter  is  defined  as  the  food  product  usually  known  as  butter  and  made 
Butter.  . * 

exclusively  from  milk  or  cream,  with  or  without  salt  or  color.  Import 
duty,  6 cents  per  pound. 

Cheese  is  defined  as  the  food  product  known  as  cheese  and  made  exclu- 

Clieese.  . . 

sively  from  milk  or  cream,  with  or  without  coloring  matter.  Import 
duty,  8 cents  per  pound. 


Oleomargarine  and  filled  cheese. 


Each  original  package  of  oleomargarine  or  filled 


cheese  must  bear  a prescribed  label.  Regulations 
concerning  reports,  etc.,  of  manufacturers  and  branding  of  all  packages  not  pro- 
vided for  by  the  law  are  made  by  the  Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue.  Oleo- 
margarine.' — Oleomargarine  is  defined  as  certain  (enumerated)  manufactured 
substances,  extracts,  mixtures,  and  compounds,  including  such  mixtures  and  com- 
pounds with  butter,  made  in  imitation  of  butter  and  intended  to  be  sold  for  butter. 
Taxed  2 cents  per  pound  (except  that  for  export,  which  is  not  taxed).  Import 
duty,  6 cents,  and  internal  revenue  tax  on  imported  oleomargarine,  15  cents  per 
pound.  Manufacturers,  wholesale  dealers,  and  retail  dealers  are  defined  and 
taxed,  respectively,  $600,  $480,  and  $48.  Filled  cheese. — Filled  cheese  is  defined  as 
a 1 substances  made  from  milk  or  skimmed  milk  with  admixture  of  butter,  oils,  or 
compounds  foreign  to  such  milk,  and  made  in  imitation  of  cheese.  Taxed  1 cent 
per  pound.  Import  duty,  6 cents,  and  internal  revenue  tax  on  imported  filled 
cheese,  8 cents  per  pound.  Original  packages  shall  be  plainly  branded  “Filled 
cheese,”  and  signs  must  be  displayed  where  sales  are  made.  Manufacturers, 
wholesale  dealers,  and  retail  dealers  are  defined  and  taxed,  respectively,  $400, 
$250.  and  $12. 

Miscellaneous*  Import  duty  on  sugar  of  milk,  5 cents  per  pound. 


1 See  footnote,  page  37. 


9 


10 


ALABAMA. 

Milk.  (No  law.) 

Butter.  (No  law.) 

Cheese.  (No  law.) 

Imitation  butter  No  article  which  is  in  imitation  of  pure  yellow  butter  and  is  not 
made  wholly  from  pure  milk  and  cream  shall  be  manufactured, 
nor  sold,  nor  used  in  any  public  eating  place,  hospital,  or  penal  institution,  etc.; 
but  oleomargarine,  free  from  color  or  other  ingredient  to  cause  it  to  look  like 
butter,  and  made  in  such  a manner  as  will  advise  the  consumer  of  its  real  charac- 
ter, is  permitted;  it  must  be  stamped  with  its  name. 

Imitation  cheese.  (No  law.) 

Miscellaneous.  (No  law.) 


(No  dairy  laws.) 


ARIZONA. 


ARKANSAS. 

Milk.  (No  law.) 

Butter  Gutter  is  defined  as  a product  manufactured  exclusively  from  milk  and 
cream. 

Cheese.  (No  law.) 

w x.  , ^ Substitutes  for  butter,  whether  in  wholesale  or  retail  packages, 
shall  be  plainly  labeled  “Adulterated  butter,”  “Oleomargarine,” 
or  such  other  names  as  shall  properly  describe  them.  In  hotels,  etc.,  dishes  con- 
taining said  articles  must  be  plainly  marked  in  same  manner. 

Imitation  cheese.  (No  law.) 

Miscellaneous.  (No  law.) 

CALIFORNIA. 

^ j Three  resident  citizens,  experienced  in  the  manufacture  of  dairy  pro- 

‘ ‘ duce,  constitute  a State  dairy  bureau.  Period  of  office,  four  years;  no 

compensation.  Has  charge  of  inspection  of  live  stock  and  the  investigation  of 
dairies  and  creameries  for  unsanitary  conditions;  shall  include  statistical  matter 
in  annual  report.  Their  agent  receives  $1,800  salary  and  is  allowed  as  many  as 
twenty  assistants,  at  not  over  $4  per  day,  and  chemists  when  necessary.  Appro- 
priation for  bureau,  $7,500  for  fifty-first  fiscal  year  and  $5,000  for  fifty-second  fiscal 
year. 

The  sale  of  milk  which  is  impure  or  the  product  of  diseased  cows  is 
1 * forbidden. 

Butter.  Roll  butter  when  sold  must  be  full  weight. 

All  cheese  must  be  branded,  with  brands  procured  from  and  recorded  at 

(]ll6686* 

dairy  bureau,  ‘-California  full-cream  cheese,”  if  it  is  made  from  pure 

whole  milk  and  contains  at  least  30  per  cent  fat;  “ California  half-skim  cheese,” 

if  made  from  pure  milk  and  has  at  least  15  per  cent  fat;  “California  skim  cheese,” 

if  made  from  pure  skim  milk.  Fancy  cheeses  are  excepted. 

Imitation  butter  and  cheese  is  defined  as  any  article  not 
Imitation  butter  and  cheese.  , n „ ...  .,  . , 

produced  from  pure  milk  or  cream,  salt,  rennet,  and 

harmless  coloring  matter,  which  is  in  semblance  of  butter  or  cheese  and  designed 
as  a substitute  for  such.  Shall  not  be  colored  to  imitate  butter  or  cheese,  and 
must  be  in  such  form  as  will  advise  consumer  of  its  real  character.  Every  pack- 
age must  be  plainly  marked  “ Substitute  for  butter,”  or  “Substitute  for  cheese,” 
and  accompanied  by  a statement  giving  name  of  manufacturer,  ingredients,  etc., 


11 


a copy  of  which  must  be  given  to  each  purchaser,  with  verbal  notice  at  the  time 
of  sale,  in  connection  with  which  words  like  ‘•creamery,”  -‘dairy,”  etc.,  are  pro- 
hibited. Patrons  of  eating  places  shall  be  notified  if  substitutes  of  butter  or  cheese 
are  used.  Prohibited  in  State  charitable  institutions.  Process,  or  renovated,  but- 
ter.— Butter  made  from  stale,  rancid,  or  decomposed  butter  shall  be  plainly 
labeled  “ Process  butter”  or  “ Renovated  butter.” 

. „ State  veterinarian  may  order  slaughter  of  diseased  animals  at  expense 

Miscellaneous. 

of  owners. 

County  district  attorneys  shall  prosecute  offenders. 

COLORADO. 


„ The  dairy  commissioner,  appointed  by  the  governor,  shall  be 

Dairy  commissioner.  . . . , . . , £ ^ . .. 

a practical  dairyman;  period  of  office,  two  years;  salary,  $1,200. 

May  employ  a deputy  at  salary  of  $1,000  per  year  and  a chemist1  at  $10  per  day. 

State  appropriation  $2,000  per  annum  for  1895  and  1896. 

Milk.  (No  law.) 

Butter.  (No  law.) 

All  cheese  must  be  branded,  with  brands  procured  from  the  dairv  com- 

rhppsp  *■ 

missioner,  “Colorado  full-cream  cheese,”  if  not  less  than  35  per  cent  of 
total  solids  consists  of  butter  fat;  all  containing  less  than  this  amount  of  fat, 
“ Skim  cheese.” 

All  articles  not  produced  from  pure  milk  or  cream,  in 

Imitation  butter  and  cheese.  . ..  ..  , ..  , 

imitation  of  pure  cheese  or  yellow  butter,  are  prohibited; 
but  oleomargarine  and  filled  cheese  are  permitted  if  free  from  color  or  other 
ingredient  to  cause  them  to  look  like  butter  or  cheese.  They  must  be  made  in  such 
form  and  sold  in  such  manner  as  will  advise  the  consumer  of  their  real  character. 
Imitation  cheese.  —Cheese  containing  any  foreign  fats,  oleaginous  substances, 
rancid  butter,  etc.,  shall  be  branded  “ Imitation  cheese.” 

Miscellaneous.  (No  law. ) 

CONNECTICUT. 


Dairy  commissioner. 


The  dairy  commissioner  is  appointed  by  the  governor;  period 
of  office,  two  years;  salary,  $1,500  per  year.  He  may  appoint  a 
deputy  at  salary  of  $1,200  per  year.  (Office  expenses  limited  to  $1,000  per  year.2) 
Two  thousand  five  hundred  dollars  annually  appropriated  to  the  Connecticut 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  the  pure-food  act. 


Connecticut  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  may  fix  standard.  Skimmed 
milk. — Skimmed  milk  must  be  plainly  labeled.  Adulterated,  milk.  — The  sale 
or  delivery  of  adulterated,  tainted,  or  diseased  milk  to  a butter  or  cheese  factory 
is  prohibited. 

Butter.  Tub  butter  in  prints,  pats,  etc.,  must  be  labeled  “ Tub  butter.” 


Cheese.  (No  law.) 


I *t  t'  b tt  Imitation  butter,  defined  as  any  article  resembling  butter  in  ap- 
pearance and  not  made  wholly,  salt  and  coloring  matter  excepted, 
from  cow’s  milk,  is  prohibited;  but  oleomargarine  or  imitation  butter,  free  from 
color  or  other  ingredient  to  cause  it  to  look  like  butter,  and  made  in  such  form  and 
sold  in  such  manner  as  will  advise  consumer  of  its  real  character,  is  permitted. 
Words  like  “butter,”  “ dairy, ’’etc.,  shall  not;  form  a part  of  its  name  or  appear  on 
its  package.  Imitation  butter  shall  be  sold  only  in  labeled  packages,  or  registered 
places  which  display  signs  jjrovided  by  the  dairy  commissioner,  and  purchasers 


1 See  footnote,  page  40. 


2 See  footnote,  page  41. 


12 


shall  be  informed  orally  of  the  character  of  the  article  at  the  time  of  sale.  Use  of 
imitation  butter  in  public  eating  places,  bakeries,  etc.,  must  be  made  known  by 
signs. 


Imitation  cheese.  (No  law.  ) 

Miscellaneous.  (No  law.) 

„ „ , Any  article  of  food  or  drink  is  deemed  adulterated  if  any  inferior  or 

Pure  food*  ‘ J 

in  jurious  substance  has  been  added  to  it,  if  any  valuable  constituent  has 

been  removed,  if  it  is  an  imitation  of  or  sold  as  another  article,  if  it  is  colored  to 
conceal  inferiority,  if  it  contains  any  preservative  not  known  to  the  purchaser,  if 
it  is  decomposed  or  diseased,  or  the  product  of  a diseased  animal,  etc.  With 
certain  exceptions,  such  articles  are  prohibited. 

DELAWARE. 

Milk.  (No  law.) 

Butter.  (No  law.) 


Cheese.  (No  law.) 


, , The  manufacture  or  sale  of  any  article  not  produced 

Imitation  butter  and  cheese.  „ , . ....... 

from  unadulterated  milk  or  cream,  which  is  m imitation 

of  pure  yellow  butter  or  designed  to  take  the  place  of  pure  cheese,  is  prohibited; 
but  oleomargarine  is  permitted  if  in  a distinct  form,  free  from  butter  color,  and 
sold  in  such  manner  as  to  show  its  real  character.  It  shall  be  plainly  marked 
“ Oleomargarine.” 


Miscellaneous.  (No  law. } 


DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 


Milk  standard,  9 per  cent  solids  not  fat,  3^  per  cent  fat.  Permit  to  sell  milk 
must  be  obtained  from  health  officer,  who  issues  regulations  for  the  govern- 
ment of  dairies  and  the  sale  of  milk.  Skimmed  milk. — Skim-milk  standard,  9.3 
per  cent  total  solids.  Must  be  plainly  marked  Skim  milk.  ” Adulterated  milk. — 
Diseased  and  unwholesome  milk  is  prohibited.  Cream. — Cream  standard,  20  per 
cent  fat. 

Butter  and  cheese  shall  be  made  exclusively  of  milk  or  cream, 
Butter  an  c teese.  or  without  common  salt.  Butter. — Butter  standard,  83  per 

cent  fat  and  not  more  than  12  per  cent  water  or  5 per  cent  salt. 

Substances  in  semblance  of  butter  or  cheese,  not  made 
Imitation  butter  and  cheese.  ex(jluaive]y  of  milk  or  cream,  but  with  the  addition  of 

melted  butter  to  take  the  place  of  cream,  or  any  oil,  shall  be  plainly  branded  on 
each  package  ••  Oleomargarine,”  and  a label,  similarly  printed,  must  accompany 
each  retail  sale. 

Miscellaneous.  (No  law.) 

Any  food  or  drink  is  deemed  adulterated  if  any  inferior  or  injurious 
Pure  food.  substance  bas  been  miXed  with  it,  if  any  valuable  constituent  has  been 
removed,  if  it  is  an  imitation  of  or  sold  as  another  article,  if  it  is  decomposed  or 
diseased,  if  it  is  colored  to  conceal  inferiority,  etc.  With  certain  exceptions,  which 
shall  be  made  known  to  the  purchaser,  such  articles  are  prohibited. 

FLORIDA. 

Milk.  (No  law.) 

Butter.  (No  law.) 

Cheese.  (No  law.) 

The  sale  of  any  spurious  preparation,  purporting  to  be  butter,  is 
Imitation  butter.  prohibited.  Guests  at  hotels,  etc.,  must  be  notified  if  oleomarga- 
rine or  other  spurious  butter  is  used. 


13 


Imitation  cheese.  (No  law. ) 

Miscellaneous.  (No  law). 

The  sale  of  any  unwholesome  provisions  without  knowledge  of  the 
ur  ’ buyer  and  the  adulteration  of  any  food  with  substance  injurious  to 
health  are  misdemeanors. 

GEORGIA. 

Milk  standard.  3|  per  cent  fat,  8|  per  cent  solids  not  fat.  Skimmed  milk.— 
Skimmed  milk  is  defined  as  milk  below  the  standard.  Adulterated  milk. — 
The  sale  of  adulterated,  impure,  or  diseased  milk  is  prohibited. 

Butter.  (No  law.) 

Cheese.  (No  law). 

Imitation  butter  or  cheese  is  defined  as  any  article  not 

Imitation  butter  and  cheese.  _ , „ , 

produced  from  pure  milk  or  cream — salt,  rennet,  and 
coloring  matter  excepted — in  semblance  of  butter  or  cheese  and  designed  to  be 
used  as  a substitute  for  either.  Shall  not  be  colored  to  resemble  butter  or  cheese. 
Every  package  must  be  plainly  marked  “Substitute  for  butter”  or  “Substitute 
for  cheese,”  and  each  sale  shall  be  accompanied  by  verbal  notice  and  by  a printed 
statement  that  the  article  is  an  imitation,  the  statement  giving  also  the  name  of 
the  producer.  The  use  of  these  imitations  in  eating  places,  bakeries,  etc.,  must 
be  made  known  by  signs. 

Miscellaneous.  (No  law.) 

IDAHO. 

Milk.  (No  law.) 

Butter.  (No  law.) 

Cheese.  (No  law.) 

« 

I t r > butter  Oleomargarine,  butterine,  imitation  butter,  or  mixture  imitating 
butter  shall  be  branded  when  sold,  and  shall  not  be  sold  as  butter. 

Imitation  cheese.  (No  law.) 

Miscellaneous.  (No  law. ) 

The  adulteration  of  any  article  of  food  or  drink  with  fraudulent  intent, 
or  sale  of  same  as  unadulterated,  is  a misdemeanor. 

ILLINOIS. 

The  State  food  commissioner  is  anpointed  by  the  governor; 

State  food  commissioner.  , £ * . „ 

first  term  after  passage  of  law,  two  years;  thereafter  four 

years;  salary,  $2,500  per  annum.  He  may  appoint  two  assistant  commissioners, 
one  an  expert  on  dairy  products,  the  other  a chemist  to  be  known  as  State  analyst, 
at  $1,800  each  per  year,  and  not  exceeding  six  inspectors  at  $3  per  day.  His  au- 
thority extends  to  all  foods.  State  board  of  health  shall  assist  in  collecting  sam- 
ples, and  State’s  attorney  shall  prosecute  cases.  Annual  reports  are  made  to  the 
governor,  and  the  publication  of  monthly  bulletins  is  authorized.  One  thousand 
five  hundred  dollars  is  appropriated  for  the  establishment  of  a chemical  laboratory, 
and  $600  per  year  for  its  maintenance. 

Milk  standard,  12  per  cent  total  solids,  3 per  cent  fat  (must  be  from  healthy 
cows  and  free  from  preservative).1  Cans  and  vehicles  used  in  the  retail 
trade  of  milk  shall  be  marked  with  the  dealer's  name  and  the  locality  whence  milk 
comes.  Cream. — (Coffee  cream  shall  contain  at  least  15  per  cent  fat  and  whip- 
ping cream  22  per  cent  fat. ) 1 Skimmed  milk. — Skimmed  milk  may  be  sold  as  such, 
and  each  can  or  vessel  shall  be  plainly  marked  “Skimmed  milk.”  Condensed 
milk. — (Condensed  milk  shall  be  made  from  milk  containing  at  least  3 per  cent  of 
butter  fat  and  evaporated  to  one-third  or  less  of  original  volume.  The  word 


1 See  footnote,  page  45. 


14 


“cream  ” on  cans  is  evidence  of  fraud;  condensed  skim  milk  must  be  so  labeled. 
Canned  goods  must  be  labeled  to  show  grade,  and  name  of  manufacturer.)1  The 
addition  of  sugar  to  condensed  milk  is  permitted.  Adulterated  milk. — The  sale  of 
adulterated  or  diseased  milk,  or  its  delivery  to  a factory,  is  prohibited.  Adultera- 
tion after  delivery  to  a factory  is  a misdemeanor. 

Butter  (Shall  contain  at  least  80  per  cent  fat.)1 

Cooperative  creameries  and  butter  factories  shall  give  bond  in  the  penal 
sum  of  $6,000  and  keep  a monthly  report  of  their  operations  posted  conspicuously 
in  factory  for  the  inspection  of  patrons. 

(“Whole  milk”  cheese  must  contain  at  least  48  per  cent  fat  to  total 
Cheese.  v,  ..  ^ 

solids. ) 1 

imitation  butter  ^m^a^on  butter  is  defined  as  any  article  not  produced  from  pure 
milk  or  cream — salt,  rennet,  and  coloring  matter  excepted— in 
semblance  of  butter  and  designed  to  be  used  as  a substitute  for  it.  Shall  not  be 
colored  to  resemble  butter.  All  packages  must  be  plainly  branded  “Oleomarga- 
rine,” “ Butterine,”  “ Substitute  for  butter,”  or  “Imitation  butter.”  Each  sale 
shall  be  accompanied  by  notice  to  the  purchaser  that  the  substance  is  imitation 
butter.  (Imitation  butter  shall  not  be  sold  as  “ Creamery  ” or  “ Dairy.”) 1 
The  State’s  attorney  is  charged  with  enforcement  of  the  law  relating  to  “ Sub- 
stitutes for  butter.” 

imitation  cheese  Imitation  cheese  must  be  distinctly  marked  with  true  and  appro- 
priate name  of  the  article,  and  label  bearing  such  name  must  be 
delivered  with  same  when  sold. 

Miscellaneous.  Care  and  food  of  dairy  cows  regulated. 

An  article  of  food  is  diseased  and  adulterated  when  inferior  substances 
have*been  mixed  with  it;  when  any  valuable  constituent  has  been 
abstracted;  if  it  is  an  imitation  of  or  sold  as  another  article;  if  it  is  altered  to  con- 
ceal inferiority;  if  it  contains  any  poisonous  or  injurious  substance;  if  it  is  decom- 
posed or  from  an  unhealthy  animal,  etc.  With  certain  common  exceptions  and 
labeled  articles,  all  such  are  prohibited. 

INDIANA. 

The  State  health  officer  is  designated  State  inspector  of  foods 
inspector  of  foods.  an(j  ^rUgg>  -phe  State  board  of  health  investigates  adulterations 
of  foods  and  establishes  measures  for  enforcement  of  the  law.  Health  officers 
throughout  the  State  act  as  food  inspectors. 

(Milk  standard,  8 per  cent  fat,  9 per  cent  solids  not  fat.)2  Adulterated 
milk. — The  sale  of  adulterated,  diseased,  etc.,  milk  to  anyone  or  its  delivery 
to  a factory  is  prohibited.  (Use  of  any  coloring  matter  or  antiseptic  is  an  adul- 
teration: milk  from  a cow  near  time  of  parturition  or  diseased  or  improperly  fed 
is  considered  adulterated.)2 

(Butter  and  cheese  shall  be  made  exclusively  from  milk  and 

Buttftr  <md  ch©6S© 

cream , with  or  without  salt  or  [enumerated]  coloring  matters, 
etc.)2  The  use  of  poisonous  or  deleterious  substances  in  their  manufacture  is  pro- 
hibited. Butter. — (Defined,  shall  contain  at  least  80  per  cent  fat  and  not  over  15 
per  cent  water  or  6 per  cent  salt,  and  shall  contain  no  foreign  fat  nor  preserva- 
tive, etc.)2  Cheese. — (Cheese  containing  any  antiseptic  other  than  salt  shall  be 
considered  adulterated  unless  labeled  with  name  of  antiseptic.)2  Skimmed 
cheese. — (Cheese  containing  less  than  10  per  cent  fat  shall  be  plainly  marked 
‘ ‘ Skim-milk  cheese. ”) 2 


See  footnote,  page  45. 


2 See  footnote,  p.  48. 


15 


Batter  other  than  that  made  from  pure  milk,  when  sold  or  used 
Imitation  butter.  k0£eis  e£c  musfbe  plainly  labeled  “Oleomargarine.”  (Mar- 
garine is  defined;  considered  adulterated  if  it  contains  over  15  per  cent  water  or  6 
per  cent  salt  or  any  glucose  or  preservative  or  other  than  certain  colors. ) 1 

(Cheese  containing  any  other  fats  than  milk  fats  shall  be  plainly 

Imitation  cheese.  , n n , ,,, , 

marked  “ Filled  cheese.”)1 
Miscellaneous.  (No  law. ) 

Pur(  food  ar^c^e  deemed  adulterated  when  inferior  substances  have 

been  mixed  with  it;  when  any  valuable  constituent  has  been  abstracted; 
if  it  is  in  imitation  of  or  sold  as  another  article;  if  it  is  decomposed  or  from  an 
unhealthy  animal;  if  it  is  colored  to  conceal  inferiority;  if  it  contains  any  poison- 
ous or  injurious  substances,  etc.  With  certain  common  exceptions,  which  must 
be  labeled,  such  articles  are  prohibited.  (A  food  containing  an  antiseptic  shall  be 
considered  adulterated  unless  plainly  labeled  with  name  of  antiseptic  used.)1 


Dairy  commissioner. 


Milk. 


IOWA. 

The  dairy  commissioner  is  appointed  by  the  governor,  shall 
have  practical  knowledge  of  dairying;  term  of  office,  two  years; 
salary.  $1,500  per  annum;  shall  give  bond  for  $10,000.  He  may  employ  clerical 
help  at  $75  per  month  and  an  agent  at  $0  per  day  in  each  city  of  over  10,000  inhabi- 
tants to  collect  milk  samples.  (In  addition  to  salary  of  the  commissioner,  an 
appropriation  of  $4,000  is  made  for  the  conduct  of  the  office.)2 

Milk  standard,  12£  per  cent  solids,  3 per  cent  fat.  Milk  dealers  in  cities 
shall  register  with  the  dairy  commissioner  and  receive  permits  from  him. 
Tests  of  milk  in  factories,  etc.,  must  be  accurate;  certified  test  bottles  are  furnished 
by  the  commissioner.  Skimmed  milk. — Skimmed  milk  may  be  sold  as  such. 
Cream. — Standard,  15  per  cent  fat.  Adulterated  milk. — The  sale  of  adulterated, 
unwholesome,  and  diseased  milk,  or  delivery  to  a factory,  is  prohibited. 

Butter.  (No  law.) 

Cheese.  Skimmed-milk  cheese. — Skimmed-milk  cheese  shall  be  plainly  marked. 

Imitation  butter  and  cheese  is  defined  as  any  article  not 
produced  from  pure  milk  or  cream — salt,  rennet,  and 
coloring  matter  excepted — in  semblance  of  butter  or  cheese  and  designed  to  be  sold 
as  a substitute  for  either  of  them.  Shall  not  be  colored  to  resemble  butter  or 
cheese.  Every  package  shall  be  plainly  marked  “ Substitute  for  butter  ” or  “Sub- 
stitute for  cheese,”  and  each  sale  shall  be  accompanied  by  a verbal  notice  and  by 
a printed  statement  that  the  article  is  an  imitation,  the  statement  giving  also  the 
address  of  the  maker.  The  use  of  these  imitations  in  hotels,  bakeries,  etc.,  must 
be  made  known  by  signs. 

Persons  engaged  in  dairying  shall  keep  their  premises  in  hygienic 
condition  and  shall  report  statistics,  etc. , to  the  dairy  commissioner. 
Care  of  cows  is  regulated. 

KANSAS. 


Imitation  butter  and  cheese. 


Miscellaneous. 


Milk. 


Adulterated  milk.—  The  sale  of  adulterated,  skimmed,  tainted,  or  diseased 
milk,  or  its  delivery  to  any  butter  or  cheese  factory,  is  prohibited. 

Butter.  (No  law.) 

Cheese.  (No  law.) 

Imitation  butter.  (No  law.) 


See  footnote,  page  48. 


2 See  footnote,  page  49. 


16 


Imitation  cheese.  (No  law.) 

Miscellaneous.  (No  law.) 

Pure  food.  Any  article  of  food  or  drink  is  deemed  adulterated  if  any  injurious  or 
inferior  substance  has  been  added  to  it,  if  any  valuable  constituent  has 
been  removed,  if  it  is  an  imitation  of  or  sold  as  another  article,  if  it  is  diseased  or 
tainted,  if  it  is  colored  to  conceal  inferiority.  With  certain  exceptions,  which 
must  be  plainly  labeled,  such  articles  are  prohibited. 

KENTUCKY. 


Milk. 


Skimmed  milk—  Skimmed  milk  shall  not  be  sold  with  intent  to  defraud. 
Adulterated  milk.— Adulterated  milk,  or  milk  from  a diseased  animal  or  an 
animal  fed  on  “ brewers’  slop,”  etc.,  shall  not  be  sold  or  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  butter  or  cheese. 

Butter.  (No  law.) 

Cheese.  (No  law.) 

Imitation  butter  °leomargarine’  butterine,  or  kindred  compound,  made  in  such 
form  and  sold  in  such  manner  as  will  advise  the  customer  of  its 
real  character,  and  free  from  color  or  other  ingredient  to  cause  it  to  look  like 
butter,  is  permitted. 

Imitation  cheese.  (No  law.) 

Miscellaneous.  (No  law.) 

„ _ , An  article  of  food  or  drink  is  deemed  adulterated  if  any  inferior  or 

Pure  toon.  ...  t . . , , _ _ _ 

injurious  article  has  been  added  to  it,  if  it  is  an  imitation  of  or  sold  as 
another  article,  if  it  is  colored  to  conceal  inferiority,  if  it  is  diseased  or  decom- 
posed, etc.;  such  articles  are  prohibited.  Inspections  and  analyses  are  made 
under  the  supervision  of  the  Kentucky  Experiment  Station.  Falsely  branding 
products  to  be  sold  is  prohibited. 

LOUISIANA. 

Milk.  (No  law.) 

Butter  ind  cheese  Wholesale  packages  of  butter  and  cheese  and  packages  from 
which  these  are  sold  at  retail  shall  be  stamped  to  show  true 

Such  substances  as  oleomargarine,  butterine,  bogus  butter,  etc. , 
shall  be  plainly  labeled  to  indicate  their  composition.  They  shall 
not  be  sold  as  butter. 

Imitation  cheese.  (No  law.) 

Miscellaneous.  (No  law.) 

An  article  of  food  or  drink  is  deemed  adulterated  if  any  inferior  or  inju- 
rious substance  has  been  added  to  it,  etc.  Such  are  prohibited.  The 
State  board  of  health  is  charged  with  the  investigation  of  adulterations  of  foods; 
analyses  may  be  published. 

MAINE. 


quality. 


Imitation  butter. 


Milk. 


Milk  standard,  12  per  cent  solids,  3 per  cent  fat.  All  glassware  used  for 
testing  milk  delivered  at  factories  must  be  tested  for  accuracy  under  the 
direction  of  the  director  of  the  experiment  station.  Specific  gravity  of  sulphuric 
acid  used  in  testing  milk  or  cream  must  be  at  least  1.82.  Persons  using  the  Bab- 
cock test  for  apportioning  the  value  of  milk  or  cream  must  hold  a certificate  from 
the  superintendent  of  the  dairy  school  of  the  State  College  of  Agriculture. 
Skimmed  milk. — Skimmed  milk  must  not  be  sold  as  pure  milk.  Adulterated 
milk. — Sale  of  adulterated  and  diseased  milk,  and  that  from  cows  fed  on  distillery 
or  brewery  refuse,  etc.,  is  prohibited. 


17 


Milk  inspectors  shall  be  appointed  in  towns  of  more  than  3,000  inhabitants,  and 
may  be  appointed  in  smaller  towns.  They  are  required  to  keep  a record  of  the 
names  and  addresses  of  all  dealers. 

n itter  and  heesc  Butter  and  cheese  are  defined  as  the  products  usually  so  called, 
and  manufactured  exclusively  from  milk  or  cream,  with  salt  and 
rennet,  and  with  or  without  coloring  matter. 

. . . Any  article  in  imitation  of  yellow  butter  or  cheese  and 

Imitation  butter  and  cheese.  , , 

not  made  exclusively  of  milk  or  cream  is  prohibited. 

Miscellaneous.  (No  law.) 

MARYLAND. 

All  persons  supplying  milk  to  cities  and  towns  shall  register  their  cattle 
with  the  live  stock  sanitary  board. 

The  mayor  and  city  of  Baltimore  shall  make  regulations  for  the  sale  and  pro- 
vide by  ordinance  for  the  inspection  of  milk  and  food  products;  shall  provide  for 
and  fix  compensation  of  inspectors  and  analysts. 

Butter.  (No  law.) 

Cheese.  Cheese  made  from  pure  skimmed  milk  is  permitted. 

The  manufacture,  sale,  transfer,  etc.,  of  any  article  containing 

Imitation  butter.  ....  j 

any  fat  or  oil  not  produced  wholly  from  pure  milk  or  cream,  and 
which  is  in  imitation  of  pure  yellow  butter,  is  prohibited;  but  oleomargarine, 
free  from  color  to  cause  it  to  look  like  yellow  butter  and  made  in  such  form  and 
sold  in  such  manner  as  will  advise  the  purchaser  and  consumer  of  its  real  char- 
acter, is  permitted.  Placards  reading  “Oleomargarine  sold  here”  shall  be  dis- 
played where  it  is  sold;  it  shall  not  be  sold  as  butter;  it  shall  not  be  used  in'public 
eating  places,  hospitals,  schools,  etc.,  unless  guests  or  inmates  are  orally  informed 
and  signs  are  displayed  reading  “ Oleomargarine  used  and  served  here.” 

Imitation  cheese.  (No  law. ) 

M'sceif  eo  s hve  s^0c^  sanitary  board  shall  have  inspected,  at  least  annu- 

ally, all  premises  where  cows  are  kept  and  enforce  rules  for  sanitary 
conditions — proper  construction  of  stables,  cleanliness,  care  of  cows,  etc.  At 
request  of  owners  shall  furnish  certificates  of  health  when  the  rules  are  complied 
with.  Appropriation  for  expenses,  $3,000  annually. 

Diseased,  corrupted,  or  unwholesome  milk  or  other  foods  shall  not  be 
sold.  Mixing  or  coloring  any  article  of  food  or  drink  with  any  ingre- 
dient for  gain,  unless  same  is  handled  under  its  true  name  and  its  package  is 
plainly  marked,  etc.,  is  prohibited. 

State  board  of  health  is  given  special  powers  and  assistance  to  detect  and  expose 
adulterations  and  corruptions  of  foods  and  to  conduct  prosecutions.  Two  thou- 
sand five  hundred  dollars  are  annually  appropriated  for  making  chemical  and 
scientific  examinations  of  suspected  foods  and  drinks. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Dairy  bureau  £overnor  shall  appoint  three  members  of  the  board  of  agricul- 

ture to  constitute  a dairy  bureau;  term  of  office,  three  years;  com- 
pensation, $5  per  day  of  actual  service.  Secretary  of  board1  is  executive  officer  of 
the  bureau,  and  receives  therefor  $100  per  annum  in  addition  to  salary  from  board. 
Governor  may  appoint  an  assistant  to  the  secretary;  salary,  $1,200  per  annum. 
Agents,  assistants,  experts,  etc.,  may  be  employed  when  necessary.  Expenditures 
limited  to  $7,000  a year. 


1 See  first  footnote,  pa?e  53. 
Q 


10034— No.  26-00- 


18 


Milk  Milk  standard  from  April  to  September,  12  per  cent  total  solids— 9 per  cent 
solids  not  fat,  3 per  cent  fat;  in  other  months,  13  per  cent  total  solids — 9.3 
per  cent  solids  not  fat,  3.7  per  cent  fat.  Milk  dealers  are  registered  and  peddlers 
are  licensed.  Skimmed  milk.— Skimmed  milk  includes  that  below  the  standard 
for  pure  milk.  It  must  contain  at  least  9.3  per  cent  solids  not  fat  and  be  plainly 
marked  “Skimmed  milk.”  Condensed,  milk. — Condensed  milk  must  be  labeled 
with  name  of  manufacturer;  if  in  hermetically  sealed  packages,  brand  and  con- 
tents must  be  given.  Adulterated  milk. — The  sale  of  adulterated,  diseased,  or 
below-standard  milk,  or  its  possession  with  intent  to  sell,  is  prohibited.  Convic- 
tions for  selling  adulterated  milk  are  advertised  in  the  newspapers. 

Milk  inspectors  are  appointed  by  the  mayor  and  aldermen  of  cities  and  selectmen 
of  towns. 

Butter  and  cheese  -^or  PurPose  an  early  act,  butter  and  cheese  are  defined  as 
products  usually  known  by  these  names  and  made  exclusively 
from  milk  or  cream,  with  salt  or  rennet,  and  with  or  without  coloring  matter. 

imitati  » i utt  The  sale,  or  possession  with  intent  to  sell,  of  an  article  made 
wholly  or  partly  out  of  any  fat  or  oil,  etc.,  not  from  pure  milk 
or  cream  and  which  is  in  imitation  of  yellow  butter,  is  prohibited;  but  oleomar- 
garine. free  from  color  or  other  ingredient  to  cause  it  to  look  like  butter,  and 
made  in  such  form  and  sold  in  such  manner  as  will  advise  the  consumer  of  its 
real  character,  is  permitted.  It  shall  not  be  sold  as  butter,  nor  shall  words  like 
“dairy,”  “creamery.”  etc.,  or  the  name  of  any  breed  of  dairy  cattle  be  used  in 
connection  with  it.  All  packages  exposed  for  sale  must  be  plainly  marked  “ Oleo- 
margarine,” and  labels  similarly  marked  must  accompany  retail  sales.  Stores 
where  it  is  sold  and  wagons  used  for  delivery  must  display  signs,  and  hotels,  etc., 
using  it  must  notify  guests.  Persons  selling  oleomargarine  must  be  registered 
and  conveyers  licensed.  Renovated  butter. — Renovated  or  process  butter  shall  be 
plainly  labeled  “Renovated  butter.” 

Milk  inspectors  are  charged  with  the  inspection  of  imitation  butter. 

All  articles  in  imitation  of  or  intended  as  substitutes  for  cheese,. 
Imitation  cheese.  , n „ ...  , , , , . . 

not  made  exclusively  of  milk  or  cream,  etc.,  must  be  plainly- 

marked  “Imitation  cheese.”  Labels  similarly  marked  must  accompany  retail 

sales. 

Milk  inspectors  are  charged  with  the  inspection  of  imitation  cheese. 

Miscellaneous.  Feeding  garbage  to  milch  cows  is  prohibited. 


MICHIGAN. 


Dairy  and  food  commissioner. 


The  dairy  and  food  commissioner  is  appointed  by  the 
governor;  term  of  office,  two  years;  salary,  $1,200  per 
year;  must  give  bond  for  $10,000;  shall  appoint  a deputy  commissioner  at  $1,000 
and  a chemist  at  not  more  than  $1,200  per  year,  and  may  appoint  two  clerks  at 
$60  per  month  each,  six  inspectors  at  $3  per  day,  and  an  assistant  chemist  at  $1,000 
per  year.  Authority  extends  to  all  food  and  drink  products.  Commissioner  shall 
make  detailed  annual  reports  to  the  governor  and  issue  popular  monthly  reports 
on  foods,  adulterations,  etc.  Annual  appropriation,  $18,000. 


Milk  standard,  12£  per  cent  total  solids,  3 per  cent  fat,  specific  gravity, 
' * between  1.029  and  1.033.  Skimmed  milk. — The  specific  gravity  of  skimmed 
milk  must  be  between  1.032  and  1.037.  It  may  be  sold  for  what  it  is  from  cans 
plainly  labeled  “Skimmed  milk.”  Adulterated  milk. — The  sale  of  adulterated, 
diseased,  preserved,  etc.,  milk  to  any  person,  or  its  delivery  to  a factory,  is  pro- 
hibited. Milk  from  sick  cows  or  those  fed  on  distillery  refuse,  etc.,  is  forbidden. 

The  police  commissioners  of  Detroit  shall  appoint  an  officer  to  act  as  milk 
inspector  in  that  city.  He  shall  inspect  dairies,  milk  shops,  etc. , in  W ayne  County. 


19 


Common  councils  or  boards  of  trustees  in  cities  and  towns  may  appoint  and  fix 
the  compensation  of  milk  inspectors. 

Butter  and  cheese  shall  not  contain  any  poisonous  or  deleterious 
substance.  Proprietors  of  butter  and  cheese  factories  purchasing 
milk  from  more  than  three  persons  shall  register  with  the  dairy  and  food  commis- 
sioner. Cheese. — A registered  brand,  with  a suitable  device,  and  the  words 
“Michigan  full-cream  cheese,”  for  use  on  full-cream  cheese  and  their  packages, 
will  be  furnished  for  $1  to  factories  applying  to  the  commissioner.  False  brands 
are  prohibited. 

Oleomargarine  is  defined  as  any  substance  formerly  known  by  this 

Imitation  butter.  . ..  , . , , . , c ~ 

or  similar  name,  or  as  certain  extracts  or  mixtures  of  fats,  oils, 
etc.,  made  in  imitation  of  or  to  be  used  as  butter.  E ery  package  must  be  plainly 
labeled  with  true  name,  the  address  of  the  manu  acturer,  and  the  names  of  all 
ingredients.  The  use  of  dairy  terms  in  connection  with  its  sale  is  forbidden. 
Placards  must  be  displayed  where  it  is  sold  and  in  public  eating  places  where  it  is 
served.  Verbal  information  and  printed  notice  must  accompany  each  sale. 
Process  butter. — Process  butter  must  be  plainly  labeled. 

Any  article  in  semblance  of  pure  cheese,  containing  melted  butter 
Imitation  cheese.  ^ fats>  or  not  produced  from  milk,  is  prohibited. 

Miscellaneous.  (No  law. ) 

An  article  of  food  is  deemed  adulterated  when  inferior  substances  have 
been  mixed  with  it;  when  any  valuable  constituent  has  been  abstracted; 
if  it  is  in  imitation  of  or  sold  as  another  article;  if  it  is  decomposed  or  from  an 
unhealthy  animal;  if  it  is  colored  to  conceal  inferiority;  if  it  contains  any  poison- 
ous or  injurious  substances,  etc.  With  certain  common  exceptions,  such  articles 
are  prohibited. 

MINNESOTA. 


Dairy  anil  food  commissioner. 


The  dairy  and  food  commissioner  is  appointed  by  the 
governor.  Term  of  office,  two  years;  salary,  $1,800  per 
annum.  He  may  appoint  an  assistant  commissioner  at  a salary  of  $1,500  per  year, 
a chemist  at  $1,500  per  year,  a secretary  at  $1,200  per  year,  and  an  assistant  chem- 
ist and  necessary  inspectors  at  $100  per  month  each.  Biennial  reports  are  made 
to  the  legislature.  May  issue  bulletins.  His  authority  extends  to  other  foods. 
Fifteen  thousand  dollars  is  annually  appropriated  for  his  work. 


Milk  standard,  13  per  cent  solids,  per  cent  fat.  Persons  receiving  milk 
shipped  by  train  or  cars  must  empty  the  vessels  before  the  milk  is  sour  and 
immediately  clean  them.  Milk-testing  apparatus  must  be  standard.  Cream. — 
Cream  standard,  20  per  cent  fat.  Skimmed  milk. — Skimmed  milk  may  be  used 
for  making  skim  cheese.  Cans  containing  skimmed  milk  for  sale  must  be  plainly 
marked  “Skimmed  milk.”  Adulterated  milk. — Unclean,  unhealthy,  adulterated, 
etc.,  milk  includes  that  drawn  from  cows  near  the  time  of  parturition,  or  fed  on 
distillery  waste,  etc.  (ensilage  excepted).  Its  sale  or  exchange  or  delivery  to  any 
factory,  or  its  use  for  making  cream  or  any  food,  is  prohibited.  The  use  of  pre- 
servatives is  prohibited. 

Milk  shippers  and  sellers  shall  make  detailed  reports  to  commissioner. 

Milk  dealers  in  towns  of  more  than  1,000  inhabitants  shall  annually  obtain  from 
the  commissioner,  at  the  cost  of  $1,  a license  and  give  certain  information  regard- 
ing the  conduct  of  their  business. 

Any  city  council  may  provide  for  the  inspection  of  milk,  dairies,  and  herds 
supplying  milk  for  city  use. 


Butter  and  cheese. 


Use  of  preservatives  is  prohibited.  Unless  all  the  milk  delivered 
is  bought  by  a factory,  none  of  it  shall  be  used  by  the  operators 


20 


for  themselves  without  the  consent  of  the  owners.  Factories  shall  keep  a detailed 
account  of  their  operations,  open  to  the  inspection  of  patrons.  Factory  proprie- 
tors shall  make  detailed  reports  to  the  commissioner.  Cheese.  — At  least  45  per 

cent  of  the  total  solids  of  cheese  must  be  fat.  It  shall  not  be  falsely  branded. 
A registered  brand  with  a motto  and  the  words  ‘Minnesota  State  full-cream 
cheese/’  for  use  on  full-cream  cheese  and  their  packages,  is  issued  to  factories 
upon  application  to  the  commissioner.  Skim  cheese. — Skim  cheese  is  that  below 
the  standard  for  full-cream  cheese.  It  is  permitted  if  the  packages  are  plainly 
marked  “ Skim  cheese.”  A placard  must  be  displayed  where  it  is  sold. 

The  manufacture  or  sale  of  any  substance  in  imitation 
Imitation  butter  and  cheese.  „ , , , , 

of  butter  or  cheese  is  prohibited. 1 Coloring  oleomarga- 
rine to  resemble  butter  is  prohibited.  Notice  of  use  of  oleomargarine  in  public 
eating  places  must  be  given.  Patent  butter. — Butter  made  by  any  process  by 
which  casein  and  other  ingredients  of  milk  are  made  to  replace  pure  fat  shall  be 
plainly  marked  “Patent  butter,”  and  a printed  card  stating  its  ingredients  shall 
be  given  to  each  purchaser.  Renovated  butter. — Every  package  of  process,  or 
renovated,  butter  shall  be  plainly  labeled  “Renovated  butter.” 

Miscellaneous  Milch  cows  shall  not  be  kept  in  a crowded  or  unhealthy  condition 
nor  fed  unwholesome  food  or  any  that  produces  impure  milk. 

„ , The  adulteration  of  food  or  the  sale  of  adulterated  food  is  a misde- 

Pure  food. 

meanor. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Milk.  (No  law.) 

Butter.  (No  law.) 


Cheese.  (No  law.) 

Packages  of  oleomargarine  or  similarly  manufactured  butters 
imitation  butter.  gjia|j  piajniy  labeled  with  the  correct  name  of  their  contents, 
and  the  product  shall  be  sold  by  that  name.  A privilege  tax  of  $5  is  imposed 
upon  persons  selling  the  articles  named. 

Imitation  cheese.  (No  law.) 

It  is  unlawful  to  milk  the  cow  of  another,  or  to  confine  her  with 
Miscellaneous.  jn^enj.  take  jjgj.  miik?  without  the  consent  of  the  owner. 


MISSOURI. 

The  State  board  of  agriculture  is  charged  with  the  enf  orce- 
State  board  of  agriculture.  men^  ^he  act  relating  to  butter  substitutes  and  cheese 

branding.  (Appropriation,  $5,000  for  two  years.) 2 

All  cities  and  towns  have  power  to  license  dairies,  provide  for  inspection, 
etc. 


Milk. 


Butter.  (No  law.) 

Cheese  made  from  milk  testing  at  least  3 per  cent  fat,  or  cream  from  the 
Cheese*  same,  is  deemed  a full-cream  cheese.  Skim  cheese.— Any  cheese  not  made 
from  pure  milk  testing  at  least  3 per  cent  fat,  or  cream  from  the  same,  shall  be 
plainly  branded  “ Skimmed-milk  cheese”  or  “Not  full-cream  cheese,”  and  its  true 
name  given. 

Imitation  butter  is  defined  as  every  article  not  produced  wholly 
Imitation  butter.  frQm  pure  milk  or  cream?  made  in  semblance  of  and  designed  to 

be  used  as  a substitute  for  pure  butter;  it  shall  not  be  sold  as  butter;  shall  not  be 
colored  to  resemble  butter  unless  it  is  to  be  sold  outside  the  State;  original  pack- 
ages shall  be  plainly  stamped  “Substitute  for  butter;”  in  hotels,  etc.,  vessels  in 
which  it  is  served  must  be  marked  “ Oleomargarine,”  or  “Impure  butter.” 


1 See  footnote,  p.  62. 


2 See  footnote,  page  66. 


21 


Any  article;  not  produced  wholly  from  pure  milk  or  cream  and 
imitation  cheese*  (jesigne(j  to  take  the  place  of  cheese  shall  have  its  original  pack- 
ages stamped  with  its  true  name. 

Miscellaneous.  (No  law. ) 

MONTANA. 


Milk.  (No  law.) 

Butter.  (No  law.) 

Cheese.  (No  law.) 

Any  article  in  semblance  of  butter  or  cheese,  and  not 

Imitation  butter  and  cheese.  , , ..  „ ,,  , . . . , . , , , 

made  wholly  from  milk  or  cream,  must  be  plainly  labeled 
“ Oleomargarine ” or  “ Imitation  cheese, ’’and  a printed  label  bearing  the  same 
word  or  words  must  be  delivered  to  the  purchaser  with  retail  sales.  Places  where 
these  articles  are  sold  or  used  must  display  signs,  and  information  as  to  their 
character  be  given  if  requested.  Dealers  must  pay  a license  of  10  cents  a pound 
on  each  pound  sold. 

Cows  shall  not  be  kept  in  unsanitary  places  or  fed  food  that  pro- 

Miscellaneous. 

duces  unwholesome  milk. 


NEBRASKA. 


Deputy  food  commissioner. 


The  governor  of  the  State  is  food  commissioner  and  ap- 
points a deputy  at  a salary  of  $1,500.  The  latter  holds 
office  at  pleasure  of  the  governor  and  must  be  a person  with  knowledge  of  dairy 
products;  he  must  give  a bond  for  $3,000;  may  employ  a clerk  at  $75  per  month, 
and  a chemist;  reports  annually  to  the  governor;  authority  extends  to  vinegar 
and  cider.  Appropriation  $5,000,  but  shall  not  exceed  revenue  from  act. 


Milk  and  cream  standards  may  be  established  by  the  food  commissioner. 

Adulterated^  milk. — The  sale  of  adulterated,  skimmed,  diseased,  or  tainted 
milk,  or  its  delivery  to  a factory,  is  prohibited. 

No  poisonous  or  deleterious  matter  shall  be  used  in  the  manu- 
Butter  and  cheese.  facture  0£  butter  or  cheese.  Wholesale  dealers  in  butter  and 
cheese,  creameries,  cheese  factories,  and  skimming  stations  are  denned,  and  must 
pay  for  annual  permits  as  follows:  Wholesale  dealers,  $10;  creameries,  $10;  cheese 
factories,  $10;  skimming  stations,  $1.  Ladle  hither. —Manufacturers  of  ladle  but- 
ter are  defined;  must  pay  $15  for  annual  permits. 

Use  of  cream  by  employees  of  a factory  without  permission  of  patrons  is  pro- 
hibited. 

Imitation  butter  or  cheese  is  defined  as  any  article  made 

Imitation  butter  and  cheese.  . , , . , . ...  , 

in  semblance  of  and  designed  to  be  used  as  a substitute 
for  pure  butter  or  cheese,  and  not  produced  wholly  from  pure  milk  or  cream;  the 
use  of  salt,  rennet,  and  harmless  coloring  matter  are  permitted.  These  articles, 
including  any  having  melted  butter  added  to  them,  shall  not  be  colored  to  resem- 
ble butter  or  cheese;  shall  be  plainly  marked  “Imitation  butter  ” or  “Imitation 
cheese;'5  verbal  and  printed  information  of  the  character  of  the  articles  and  address 
of  the  maker  shall  be  given  at  time  of  sale;  signs  shall  be  displayed  in  public  eating 
places  where  used.  Manufacturers  and  dealers,  except  retailers,  shall  report 
monthly,  amounts  sold,  to  whom,  etc.  Manufacturers  and  dealers  in  imitations 
are  defined  and  must  pay  for  annual  permits  as  follows:  Manufacturers  of  imita- 
tion butter  or  cheese,  $100;  wholesale  dealers  in  imitation  butter  or  cheese,  $50 — 
this  not  required  from  manufacturers  who  sell  their  own  products  only;  retail 
dealers  in  imitation  butter  or  cheese,  $25. 


1 See  footnote,  page  67. 


99 


Miscellaneous.  (No  law.) 

Pure  food  Any  article  of  food  or  drink  is  deemed  adulterated  if  any  inferior  or 
injurious  substance  has  been  mixed  with  it,  if  any  valuable  constituent 
has  been  removed,  if  it  is  in  imitation  of  or  sold  as  another  article,  if  it  is  diseased, 
decomposed,  infected,  if  it  is  colored  to  conceal  inferiority,  etc.  With  certain 
exceptions,  which  shall  be  labeled,  such  articles  are  prohibited. 

NEVADA. 

Milk  milk. — Skimmed  milk  may  be  sold  as  such.  Adulterated  milk. — 

The  sale  or  exchange  of  adulterated  milk,  or  milk  from  cows  which  are 
improperly  cared  for,  or  fed  “swill*’  or  other  decomposed  matter,  is  a misde- 
meanor. 

Milk  inspectors  are  appointed  and  their  compensation  fixed  by  board  of  county 
commissioners.  They  shall  inspect  milk  sold  by  venders  and  prosecute  violations. 
Butter.  (No  law. ) 

Cheese.  (No  law.) 

, _ ^ Any  article  in  semblance  of  butter  but  not  made  exclusively  of 

milk  or  cream,  or  containing  melted  butter,  shall  be  m packages 
plainly  marked  “Oleomargarine.” 

Imitation  cheese.  (No  law.) 

Miscellaneous.  Care  of  cows  regulated. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

Miij_  Milk  standard,  13  per  cent  solids.  It  shall  be  sold  by  wine  measure,  and  the 
capacity  of  vessels  shall  be  marked  upon  them.  Skimmed  milk.— Milk  from 
which  any  cream  has  been  removed  can  be  sold  only  from  vessels  plainly  marked 
“ Skimmed  milk.  ” Adidterated  milk. — The  sale  of  adulterated,  unwholesome,  dis- 
eased, etc.,  milk,  and  that  from  cows  fed  on  brewery  refuse,  etc.,  is  prohibited. 

The  mayor  and  aldermen  of  cities  and  the  selectmen  of  towns  may  appoint  and 
fix  the  compensation  of  milk  inspectors.  In  towns  having  inspectors  all  milk 
dealers  must  register  and  obtain,  at  the  cost  of  50  cents  per  year,  a license  which 
gives  full  details  as  to  the  conduct  of  their  business.  Names  of  persons  convicted 
of  selling  adulterated  milk  are  published. 

k j h ^ '•Butter*'  and  “cheese”  are  understood  to  mean  the  products 

usually  known  by  those  names,  and  which  are  manufactured 
exclusively  from  milk  or  cream,  with  salt,  and  with  or  without  coloring  matter, 
and  if  cheese,  with  rennet. 

Any  article  not  made  wholly  from  unadulterated  milk  or 

Imitation  butter  and  cheese.  * , 

cream  which  is  m imitation  of  pure  yellow  butter  or 
cheese  is  prohibited,  unless  in  packages  plainly  marked  “Adulterated  butter,” 
“Oleomargarine,**  or  '-Imitation  cheese.”  A label  printed  with  the  words  on  the 
original  package  shall  be  delivered  with  each  retail  sale.  Oleomargarine  free 
from  color  or  ingredient  to  cause  it  to  look  like  butter,  and  made  in  such  form  and 
sold  in  such  manner  as  will  advise  the  consumer  of  its  real  character,  is  permit- 
ted. Notice  of  the  use  of  substitutes  for  butter  in  hotels,  etc.,  shall  be  given  to 
patrons. 

The  State  board  of  agriculture  is  in  charge  of  the  enforcement  of  the  laws  on. 
this  subject. 

Miscellaneous.  (No  law.) 


23 


NEW  JERSEY. 

Dairy  commissioner  is  appointed  by  State  board  of  health: 

Dairy  commissioner.  „ ,,  , nrvn  TT 

term  of  office,  three  years;  salary,  $2,000  per  annum.  He  may 
appoint  and  fix  the  compensation  of  such  assistants,  chemists,  agents,  clerks,  and 
counsel  as  are  necessary.  Expenses  are  limited  to  $10,000  per  year.  Authority  is 
extended  to  all  foods  and  drugs. 

Milk  standard,  12  per  cent  solids.  Skimmed  milk. — Skimmed  milk  shall  be 
sold  only  in  or  from  cans  plainly  marked  “ Skimmed  milk.’’  In  cities  of 
the  first  class  it  is  prohibited.  Adidterated  milk. — The  sale  of  adulterated  or 
unwholesome  milk  or  its  delivery  to  a cheese  factory  is  prohibited.  It  is  defined 
as  any  which  has  been  adulterated  by  the  addition  of  any  substance,  or  any  from 
cows  poorly  cared  for  or  fed  unwholesome  foods,  or  that  has  been  exposed  to 
infection  by  diseased  persons,  etc. 

It  is  unlawful  for  any  person  to  use  a milk  can  belonging  to  another  and  marked 
with  the  owner’s  name  or  initials  without  his  consent.  If  they  are  so  used  and 
found,  their  contents  may  be  emptied. 

Butter  and  heese  ^erms  naf  ural  butter  and  natural  cheese  are  taken  to  mean 

the  products  usually  so  called,  made  exclusively  from  milk  or 
cream,  with  salt  and  rennet  and  with  or  without  coloring  matter  or  sage.  Each 
butter  or  cheese  package  must  be  branded  with  its  weight  and  the  name  of  the 
manufacturer. 

_ _ , , Any  article  made  wholly  or  partly  out  of  any  fat,  oil, 

etc.,  not  from  pure  milk  or  cream,  artificially  colored  in 
imitation  of  pure  yellow  butter,  is  prohibited;  but  oleomargarine  and  imitation 
cheese  are  permitted  if  free  from  artificial  color  and  in  original  package,  encircled 
by  a wide  black  band  bearing  the  name  of  the  maker  and  having  the  name  of  the 
contents  plainly  branded  on  them  with  a hot  iron.  Retail  sales  shall  be  accom- 
panied by  a printed  card  on  which  the  name  of  the  substance  and  the  address  of 
the  maker  are  plainly  printed,  and  the  customer  shall  be  orally  informed  of  the 
character  of  the  article  at  the  time  of  sale. 

Cows  shall  be  properly  cared  for  and  fed.  Milch  cows  kept  in  towns 
Miscellaneous.  . , . r . .. 

shall  be  registered.  State  dairy  commissioner  shall  be  notified  when 

any  of  them  are  supposed  to  be  diseased. 

A commission  of  five  is  appointed  by  the  president  of  the  State  board  of  agri- 
culture to  investigate  tuberculosis.  Owners  are  paid  half  value  of  condemned 
animals. 

Pure  food  ar^e  f°°d  or  drink  deemed  to  be  adulterated  if  any  inferior 
or  injurious  substance  has  been  added  to  it,  if  any  valuable  constituent 
has  been  removed,  if  it  is  an  imitation  of  or  sold  as  another  article,  if  it  is  diseased 
or  decomposed,  if  it  is  colored  to  conceal  inferiority,  etc.  With  the  exception  of 
articles  named  by  the  board  of  health  and  ordinary  articles  of  food,  which  shall 
be  branded,  such  articles  are  prohibited. 

NEW  MEXICO. 

City  councils.  City  councils  shall  provide  for  the  inspection  of  dairy  products. 

Milk.  (No  law.) 

Butter.  (No  law.) 

Cheese.  (No  law.) 

Imitation  butter.  (No  law.) 

Imitation  cheese.  ( N O law. ) 

Miscellaneous.  (No  law.) 


24 


Pure  food  Any  artic^e  of  fooc^  or  shall  not  be  knowingly  sold  if  it  is 

unhealthy,  or  if  any  valuable  constituent  has  been  removed  from  it,  or 
if  it  contains  ingredients  not  asked  for,  unless  notice  is  given  to  the  purchaser. 
The  use  of  an  injurious  coloring  matter  or  any  diseased  or  decomposed  substance 
in  the  manufacture  of  food  is  prohibited. 


NEW  YORK. 


Commissioner  of  agriculture. 


Commissioner  of  agriculture  is  appointed  by  the  gov- 
ernor; term  of  office,  three  years;  salary,  $4,000  per 
annum.  He  may  appoint  assistant  commissioners,  chemists,  clerks,  agents,  and 
counsel  necessary  for  the  work  of  his  office  and  fix  their  compensation;,  also  may 
appoint  five  expert  butter  and  cheese  makers  to  inspect  factories,  give  instruc- 
tion, etc. 


Milk  standard,  12  per  cent  solids,  3 per  cent  fat.  Pure  milk  is  defined  as 

sweet  and  unadulterated;  pure  cream  is  that  taken  from  such  milk.  Milk 
shall  not  be  kept  in  unclean  vessels  nor  in  unsanitary  places.  All  cans,  etc.,  con- 
taining milk  to  be  sold  in  counties  other  than  where  produced,  must  be  plainly 
branded  with  name  of  the  county  of  production;  vehicles  from  which  it  is  sold 
must  be  similarly  marked.  Glass  bottles  are  excepted  from  the  provision,  but 
they  must  bear  the  name  of  the  vender.  Skimmed  milk. — Skim  milk  may  be 
delivered  to  skim-cheese  factories,  and,  except  in  New  York  and  Kings  counties, 
it  may  be  sold  as  skimmed  milk  for  use  in  the  county  where  it  is  produced  or  an 
adjoining  county.  Condensed  milk. — Condensed  milk  must  be  made  from  pure 
and  wholesome  milk,  and  its  proportion  of  milk  solids  shall  be  in  quantity  the 
equivalent  of  12  per  cent  of  milk  solids  in  crude  milk,  of  which  25  per  cent  shall 
be  fat.  All  packages  of  condensed  milk  shall  be  labeled  with  name  of  manu- 
facturer, etc.  Adulterated  milk.—  Adulterated  milk  is  defined  as  any  below  the 
standard,  or  which  has  been  altered,  or  any  from  cows  poorly  cared  for  or  fed 
certain  unwholesome  foods.  Its  sale,  exchange,  delivery  to  a butter  or  cheese 
factory,  or  use  for  any  food  is  prohibited.  Pure  skim  milk  is  excepted  as  above. 
Preservatives  and  poisonous  colors  are  prohibited. 

„ ^ , Butter  and  cheese  are  defined  as  the  products  of  the  dairy  usu- 

ButiPr  Riid  rliposp  47 

ally  known  by  those  terms,  manufactured  exclusively  from  pure 
unadulterated  milk  or  cream,  with  or  without  salt,  rennet,  coloring  matter,  or. 
sage.  False  brands  are  prohibited.  County  trade-marks  may  be  adopted  by 
county  dairymen’s  associations.  Preservatives  and  poisonous  colors  are  pro- 
hibited. Cheese. — A registered  brand,  with  the  words  “New  York  State  full 
cream  cheese,”  for  use  on  full  milk  cheese  and  their  packages,  will  be  furnished 
to  factories  applying  to  the  commissioner  of  agriculture.  Skim  cheese. — Pure 
skim  cheese  may  be  made  from  clean,  pure  skim  milk. 

Unless  factory  operator  buys  all  the  milk  delivered,  he  shall  not  use  any  of  it 
or  its  products  without  consent  of  the  owners,  and  he  must  keep  an  account  of  all 
factory  operations  for  the  inspection  of  his  patrons. 

Imitations  shall  not  be  sold  as  butter  or  cheese.  The 
Imitation  butter  and  cheese.  , . , .....  , . 

terms  oleomargarine,  buttenne,  imitation  butter,  or 

imitation  cheese  mean  any  article  in  the  semblance  of  butter  or  cheese  not  the 
usual  product  of  the  dairy  and  not  made  exclusively  from  unadulterated  milk,  or 
having  any  oil,  lard,  melted  butter,  etc. , as  a component  part.  Imitation  butter. — 
The  manufacture  of  oleomargarine  or  any  article  in  imitation  of  butter  wholly  or 
partly  from  fats  or  oils  not  produced  from  milk,  or  the  sale  or  the  use  in  hotels, 
etc.,  of  such  articles,  is  prohibited.  No  article  intended  as  an  imitation  of  butter 
and  containing  oils,  fats,  etc.,  not  from  milk,  or  melted  butter  in  any  condition, 
shall  be  colored  yellow.  Renovated  butter. — Butter  produced  by  melting  original 


25 


packing  stock,  etc.,  shall  be  plainly  labeled  “Renovated  butter.”  Imitation 
cheese. — The  manufacture  or  sale  of  any  article  in  imitation  of  pure  cheese,  into 
which  any  animal  fat,  oil,  or  butter,  etc.,  is  introduced  is  prohibited. 

M.  Milch  cows  shall  not  be  kept  in  an  unsanitary  condition  nor  be  fed 

distillery  waste,  spoiled  feeds,  or  any  food  that  injures  milk;  silage 

is  permitted. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Milk.  (No  law.) 

Butter  is  defined  as  the  product  manufactured  from  fresh  and  pure  milk 

Butter. 

and  cream. 

Cheese.  (Nolaw.) 

Oleomargarine  and  butterine  are  defined  as  articles  manufactured 

Imitation  butter.  ......  „ , , , , , , 

m imitation  of  butter,  and  which  are  composed  of  any  ingredient 
or  ingredients  in  combination  with  butter.  Original  packages  shall  be  labeled 
with  names  of  chemical  ingredients  and  their  proportions. 

District,  county,  and  city  attorneys  shall  prosecute  offenders  against  oleomar- 
garine law. 

Imitation  cheese.  (No  law. ) 

Miscellaneous.  (No  law. ) 

An  article  of  food  or  drink  is  deemed  adulterated  if  any  inferior  or 
1 ’ injurious  substance  has  been  added  to  it,  if  any  valuable  constituent 

has  been  removed,  if  it  is  an  imitation  of  or  sold  as  another  article,  if  it  is  col- 
ored to  conceal  inferiority,  if  it  is  decomposed  or  unfit  for  food,  if  it  is  misbranded, 
etc.  With  the  exception  of  mixtures,  etc.,  known  by  distinctive  names,  labeled 
as  mixtures,  or  containing  matter  unavoidably  or  necessarily  added  in  prepara- 
tion for  commerce,  such  articles  are  prohibited.  No  conviction  when  defendant 
can  prove  written  guaranty  of  purity  from  supplier. 

The  board  of  agriculture  shall  fix  standards  of  foods,  beverages,  and  condi- 
ments, and  publish  results  of  examinations  made  by  the  chemists  of  the  depart- 
ment of  agriculture.  Upon  evidence  from  the  commissioner  of  agriculture, 
solicitors  shall  conduct  prosecutions  under  pure-food  law. 


NORTH  DAKOTA. 


Assistant  dairy  and  food  commissioner. 


The  commissioner  of  agriculture  appoints  a 
deputy  known  as  the  assistant  dairy  and  food 
commissioner,  who  is  familiar  with  the  manufacture  of  dairy  products;  term, 
same  as  commissioner's;  salary,  $600  per  year.  One  thousand  dollars  annually 
and  the  fines  collected  in  prosecutions  are  appropriated  for  his  work.  Detailed 
reports  are  made  biennially.  He  acts  also  as  director  of  farmers’  institutes. 


^ Milk  standard,  12  per  cent  solids,  3 per  cent  fat.  Venders  in  cities  or  towns 
of  more  than  1,000  inhabitants  must  furnish  certain  information  to  the 
assistant  commissioner  and  obtain  license  from  him.  Cream. — Cream  shall  con- 
tain at  least  15  per  cent  fat.  Skimmed  milk. — Skimmed  milk  shall  be  sold  for 
what  it  is.  Impure  milk. — The  disposal  or  use  in  any  human  food  of  unhealthy, 
adulterated,  etc.,  milk,  or  cream  from  same,  is  prohibited. 


Butter  and  cheese  ^or  PurPose  one  ac^  butter  and  cheese  are  defined  as  the 
products  usually  known  by  those  names  and  which  are  manufac- 
tured exclusively  from  milk  or  cream.  Creameries  shall  brand  each  package  of 
butter  and  cheese,  showing  quality  of  product,  number  of  factory,  etc.  The 
brands  are  registered  with  the  assistant  commissioner.  Managers  of  creameries 
and  cheese  factories  shall  make  annual  reports  on  blanks  furnished  for  the  pur- 
pose. Skimmed-milk  cheese. — Cheese  made  from  milk  which  has  been  skimmed 
shall  be  plainly  marked,  on  itself  and  on  the  package,  “ Skimmed-milk  cheese.” 


26 


Imitation  butter  A ny  article  in  imitation  of  pure  yellow  butter  and  not  made  from 
pure  milk  is  prohibited;  but  oleomargarine,  free  from  color  to 
cause  it  to  look  like  butter,  and  made  in  a distinct  form  and  sold  in  such  manner 
as  will  advise  consumers  of  its  real  character,  is  permitted.  Notice  of  its  use  in 
public  eating  places  must  be  given  to  patrons.  Imitations  shall  be  distinctly 
marked  and  sales  shall  be  accompanied  by  a printed  card  giving  names  of  the 
ingredients.  Renovated  and  patent  butters. — Butter  made  from  melted  packing 
stock,  etc.,  shall  be  plainly  labeled  “Renovated  butter,”  and  that  made  by  any 
process  by  which  casein  of  milk  or  other  ingredients  are  made  to  take  the  place 
of  pure  butter  fat  shall  be  plainly  marked  “ Patent  butter.” 

Imitation  cheese  Prostitutes  for  pure  cheese,  including  filled  cheese,  shall  be  plainly 
labeled  so  their  character  and  quality  will  be  shown.  Sales  shall 
be  accompanied  by  a printed  card  giving  names  of  ingredients. 

Miscellaneous.  Cows  shall  be  well  stabled  and  fed  pure  feed. 

OHIO. 


Dairy  and  food  commissioner. 


State  dairy  and  food  commissioner  is  elected  at  the  gen  - 


Milk. 


eral  elections;  term  of  office,  two  years:  salary,  $2,000 
per  year.  He  shall  give  bond  for  $5,000.  M ay  appoint  two  assistant  commissioners 
at  salaries  of  $1,000  per  year;  also  appoint  and  fix  the  compensation  of  experts, 
chemists,  agents,  etc.,  as  a>re  necessary.  Detailed  annual  report  shall  be  made  to 
the  governor.  Authority  extends  to  all  foods  and  drugs.  (Appropriation  for  1900, 
$50,340. 1 

Milk  standard,  12  per  cent  solids,  3 per  cent  fat;  in  May  and  June,  11|  per 
cent  solids.  Skimmed  milk. — Skimmed  milk  shall  not  be  sold  as  pure  milk, 
but  it  may  be  used  for  making  skimmed  cheese:  cans  containing  it  shall  be  plain"  y 
marked  “Skimmed  milk.”  Condensed  milk. — Condensed  milk  shall  be  made  from 
pure  fresh  milk;  the  proportion  of  milk  solids  shall  be  equivalent  to  12  per  cent  in 
crude  milk,  of  which  25  per  cent  shall  be  fat;  package  containing  same  shall  be 
plainly  labeled  with  true  name  and  brand,  and  name  of  manufacturer.  Adulter- 
ated milk. — The  sale  of  adulterated,  skimmed,  unclean,  unhealthy,  etc.,  milk,  and 
that  from  sick  cows,  or  its  delivery  to  a factory,  is  prohibited. 

Butter  and  cheese  are  defined  as  the  prod  ucts  usually  known  by 
Butter  and  cheese.  ... 

those  names,  and  made  wholly  from  pure  milk  or  cream,  with 

salt,  and  with  or  without  harmless  coloring  matter,  and,  if  cheese,  with  or  with- 
out rennet  and  sage.  False  brands  are  prohibited.  Keeping  false  account  of  milk 
delivered  to  a factory  is  prohibited.  Butter. — Standard  for  butter,  80  per  cent  fat. 
Cheese. — Must  contain  at  least  20  per  cent  fat.  Registered  brands  with  the  words 
“Ohio  State  full  cream  cheese”  are  issued  to  factories  for  use  on  full  milk  cheese 
and  their  packages  upon  application  to  the  dairy  and  food  commissioner  and  pay- 
ment of  fee  of  $1.  Skimmed  cheese. — Cheese  as  above  defined,  and  containing 
less  than  20  per  cent  fat,  shaR  be  plainly  marked,  and  have  its  package  marked, 
“Skimmed  cheese;”  packages  sold  at  retail  shall  be  accompanied  by  a label 
similarly  marked;  exposed  contents  of  a package  shall  be  labeled  as  above  with  a 
placard,  and  a sign  “Skimmed  cheese  sold  here”  shall  be  posted  where  it  is  sold; 
delivery  wagons  shall  display  similar  signs;  notice  shall  be  given  of  its  use  in 
public  eating  places. 

With  the  exceptions  noted  below,  any  article  in  imitation 
of  natural  butter  or  cheese,  and  containing  animal  or 
vegetable  oils  not  produced  from  milk,  or  acids,  is  prohibited.  Any  other  sub- 
stance not  made  wholly  from  pure  milk  or  cream,  salt,  and  harmless  coloring 


Imitation  butter  and  cheese. 


See  footnote,  page  81. 


27 


matter,  and  appearing  to  be  butter  or  cheese,  may  be  sold  only  under  its  true 
name.  Each  roll  or  package  shall  be  idainly  marked  with  its  name  and  the  names 
of  its  ingredients,  and  the  same  shall  be  on  a label  delivered  with  each  sale,  in 
connection  with  which  the  use  of  such  words  as  “ butter,’’  “dairy,’’  etc.,  or  false 
brands,  are  prohibited;  information  as  to  the  substance  shall  be  given  at  all  retail 
sales;  it  shall  not  be  packed  so  as  to  be  concealed  by  a finer  grade  of  butter;  its 
use  in  State  charitable  and  penal  institutions  is  prohibited.  Signs  shall  be  used 
as  described  below.  Oleomargarine. — Oleomargarine  is  defined  as  any  substance 
not  pure  butter  of  not  less  than  80  per  cent  butter  fat  and  made  for  use  as  butter. 
It  is  permitted  if  free  from  coloring  matter  or  other  ingredient  to  cause  it  to  look 
like  butter,  and  made  in  such  form  and  sold  in  such  manner  as  will  advise  the  con- 
sumer of  its  real  character.  Filled  cheese.—  Any  article  in  imitation  of  cheese  and 
not  made  wholly  of  milk  or  cream,  etc.,  and  containing  any  fats,  oils,  etc.,  not 
produced  from  milk  or  cream,  shall  be  plainly  marked  and  have  its  package  or 
the  exposed  contents  of  any  package  marked  “Filled  cheese;”  each  retail  sale 
shall  be  accompanied  by  a label  similarly  marked;  it  shall  not  be  sold  as  cheese. 
Signs. — The  signs  “Oleomargarine  sold  here”  or  “Filled  cheese  sold  here ’’shall 
be  displayed  wherever  these  articles  are  sold,  and  signs  and  verbal  information 
are  required  in  public  eating  places  where  the  articles  are  used;  wagons  delivering 
filled  cheese  shall  display  signs. 

Miscellaneous  ^fi^li  cows  shall  not  be  kept  in  a cramped  or  unhealthy  condition, 
nor  fed  unhealthy  food,  or  food  which  produces  unwholesome  milk. 

p e food  ^-ny  al‘ticle  food  or  drink  is  adulterated  if  any  inferior  or  poisonous 
substance  has  been  mixed  with  it;  if  any  valuable  ingredient  has  been 
removed;  if  it  is  an  imitation  of  or  sold  under  the  name  of  another  article;  if  it  is 
decomposed,  infected,  or  from  a diseased  animal;  if  it  is  colored  to  conceal  inferi- 
ority, etc.  Such  articles  are  prohibited;  but  certain  common  mixtures  are  per- 
mitted if  packages  are  labeled  with  names  of  ingredients,  etc. 


OKLAHOMA. 


M>ik  Adulterated  milk. — Milk  from«a  cow  not  in  'proper  condition  of  health,  or 
any  milk  adulterated  by  water  or  a deleterious  substance,  or  colored,  shall 
not  be  sold  or  delivered. 

Butter.  (No  law.) 

Cheese.  (No  law.) 

Imitation  butter.  • (No  lawO 
Imitation  cheese.  (No  law.) 

Miscellaneous.  (Nolaw.) 

Pure  food  adulteration  of  food  or  drink  with  fraudulent  intent  is  a misde- 

meanor. Buyer  shall  be  informed  if  provisions  are  diseased  or  unwhole- 
some. Board  of  health  shall  destroy  any  impure  article  of  food  offered  for  sale. 

OREGON. 


Dairy  and  food  commissioner. 


After  June,  1900,  the  dairy  and  food  commissioner,  who 
shall  be  well  qualified  in  dairy  matters,  will  be  chosen 
by  the  electors  of  the  State;  term  of  office,  four  years;  salary,  $1,000  per  year; 
shall  enforce  the  law,  inspect  creameries,  and  give  dairy  instruction;  may  appoint 
and  fix  compensation  of  one  deputy  in  each  county;  reports  to  the  legislature. 
^Chemist  of  State  agricultural  college  shall  make  analyses. 


Milk  standard,  not  more  than  88  per  cent  water,  nor  less  than  3 per  cent  fat, 
nor  less  than  8 per  cent  solids  other  than  fat,  nor  less  than  1.038  specific 
gravity  after  cream  has  been  removed.  Impure  milk. — Milk  from  cows  fed  un- 


28 


wholesome  feeds  or  near  time  of  parturition  is  deemed  impure.  Cream.— Standard, 
20  per  cent  fat.  Condensed  milk. — Standard,  “ 12  per  cent  of  milk  solids  in  pure 
milk,  25  per  cent  of  which  shall  be  pure  fat.” 


. , , , Manufacturers  of  more  than  25  pounds  of  butter  or  cheese  per 

week  shall  make  detailed  annual  reports  to  the  commissioner. 
Butter. — Butter  standard,  not  more  than  14  per  cent  water.  Process  butter. — 
Reworked  or  mixed  butter  shall  be  marked  “ Process  butter,”  and  not  “ Creamery- 
butter.”  Tub  butter. — Tub  or  packed  butter,  remolded  into  prints,  etc.,  shall  be 
marked  ‘-Tub  butter,”  and  not  “Creamery  butter.”  The  use  of  boxes  or  brands 
of  one  creamery  or  dairy  for  selling  the  butter  of  another  is  prohibited.  Cheese. — 
Standard,  40  per  cent  fat  as  compared  with  total  solids. 

T ..  ..  . . , Sales  of  oleomargarine  and  all  imitations  of  dairy  prod- 

ucts  shall  be  recorded  and  records  shall  be  open  to  the 

commissioner. 


Miscellaneous. 


Milch  cows  shall  be  allowed  800  cubic  feet  of  air  space  each  in  sta- 
bles; when  facing  each  other  shall  not  be  closer  than  6 feet,  unless 
separated  by  air-tight  partitions  at  least  4 feet  high.  Stables  shall  be  well  venti- 
lated and  kept  in  a healthful  condition. 


Pure  food  artic*e  °f  or  drink  is  deemed  adulterated  if  any  inferior  sub- 
stance has  been  mixed  with  it,  if  any  valuable  constituent  has  been 
removed,  if  it  is  in  imitation  of  or  sold  as  another  article,  if  it  is  colored  to  con- 
ceal inferiority,  etc.  Salt  and  annotto,  or  butter  color  in  which  annotto  is  the  prin- 
cipal ingredient,  are  not  adulterants  of  dairy  products.  Such  articles  shall  not 
be  sold  unless  plainly  marked  to  show  their  true  character,  nor  served  in  public 
eating  places  unless  notice  of  their  use  is  given. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

„ . The  dairy  and  food  commissioner,  who  shall  have  prac- 

Dairy  and  food  commissioner.  , . , ‘ , . . . „ n . 

tical  experience  in  the  manufacture  of  dairy  products,  is 
appointed  by  the  governor;  term  of  office,  four  years;  salary,  $2,500  per  year.  He 
shall  have  a clerk,  appointed  by  the  governor;  salary,  $1,500  per  year.  Authority 
extends  to  other  foods.  Commissioner  shall  make  a detailed  annual  report. 
Moneys  paid  into  the  treasury  under  the  provisions  of  the  1899  oleomargarine  law 
constitute  a special  fund  for  enforcement  of  that  law. 

Milk  standard  in  cities  of  the  second  and  third  class,  12-J  per  cent  solids, 
3 per  cent  fat,  specific  gravity  at  60°  F.  between  1.029  and  1.033.  In  towns 
of  over  1,000  population,  vehicles  from  which  milk  is  vended  shall  be  marked 
with  names  of  vendors  and  locality  of  production;  and  in  cities  of  the  second  class 
dairies  and  milk  depots  shall  be  registered  by  the  bureau  of  health.  Skimmed 
milk. — Skimmed-milk  standard  in  cities  of  the  second  and  third  class,  6 per  cent 
cream  by  volume,  2-£  per  cent  fat  by  weight,  specific  gravity  at  60°  F.  between 
1.032  and  1.037;  milk  from  which  any  cream  has  been  taken  shall  not  be  sold 
unless  in  a vessel  plainly  marked  “ Skimmed  milk.”  Adulterated  milk. — The  sale 
of  adulterated,  impure,  or  unwholesome  milk  is  a misdemeanor.  The  addition  of 
water  or  ice  to  milk  is  an  adulteration,  and  milk  from  animals  fed  on  distillery 
waste  or  any  substance  in  a state  of  putrefaction,  or  from  sick  or  diseased  cows, 
is  declared  to  be  impure  and  unwholesome.  The  sale  of  milk  for  human  consump- 
tion which  contains  boracic  acid  salt,  salicylic  acid,  or  other  drug  is  prohibited. 

Councils  of  cities  and  boroughs  may  provide  for  milk  inspection. 

Butter.  (No  law.) 

All  cheese  is  divided  into  five  grades,  and  each  cheese  and  its  package 
shall  be  plainly  branded  with  the  address  of  the  maker  and  the  words 


Cheese. 


29 


“ Full  cream  ” if  it  contains  not  less  than  32  percent  of  butter  fat:  “ Three-fourths 
cream  ” if  it  contains  not  less  than  24  per  cent  butter  fat:  “ One-half  cream  ’’  if  it 
contains  not  less  than  16  per  cent  butter  fat;  “ One-fourth  cream”  if  it  contains 
not  less  than  8 per  cent  butter  fat;  and  “ Skimmed  cheese  ” if  it  contains  less  than 
8 per  cent  butter  fat.  Fancy  cheese  weighing  less  than  five  pounds,  and  pot  cheese, 
are  excepted. 

. . The  manufacture  or  sale  of  any  article  not  made  from  pure  milk 

Imitation  butter.  . . „ ,,  , , . 

or  cream  and  m imitation  of  pure  yellow  butter  is  prohibited;  but 
oleomargarine,  butterine,  or  similar  substance  is  permitted  if  free  from  color  or 
other  ingredient  to  make  it  look  like  butter,  and  made  in  such  form  and  sold  in 
such  manner  as  will  advise  the  consumer  of  its  real  character,  and  if  the  manu- 
facturer or  dealer  shall  have  a license.  Every  package  or  parcel  shall  be  plainly 
labeled  “ Oleomargarine”  or  “ Butterine,”  and  signs  obtained  from  the  dairy  com- 
missioner shall  be  displayed  where  it  is  made  or  sold.  Wagons  of  peddlers  shall 
be  plainly  marked.  License  fees  are  as  follows  per  year:  Manufacturers,  $1,000; 
wholesalers,  $500;  retailers,  $100;  restaurant  keeper  or  hotel  proprietor,  $50,  and 
boarding  house  keeper,  $10;  the  different  classes  are  defined.  Imitation  butter 
shall  not  be  used  in  any  State  charitable  or  penal  institution.  Renovated  butter. — 
Butter  made  from  melted  packing  stock,  etc.,  as  “boiled”  or  “process”  butter 
shall  be  plainly  labeled  ‘ * Renovated  butter  ” before  sold  or  offered  for  sale,  whether 
in  small  or  large  packages. 

, , Cheese  not  produced  wholly  from  pure  milk  or  cream  is  pro- 

Imitation  cheese.  * 

hibited. 

Miscellaneous.  (No  law.) 

Pure  food  ar^c^e  f°°d  or  drink  *s  deemed  adulterated  if  any  inferior  or 

injurious  substance  has  been  mixed  with  it;  if  any  valuable  constituent 
has  been  removed;  if  it  is  in  imitation  of  or  sold  as  another  article;  if  it  is  diseased, 
decomposed,  infected;  if  it  is  colored  to  conceal  inferiority,  etc.  With  certain 
exceptions,  which  shall  be  labeled,  such  articles  are  prohibited. 

RHODE  ISLAND. 

Milk  standard,  12  per  cent  solids,  2|  per  cent  fat;  shall  be  sold  by  wine 

measure;  vessels  to  be  sealed  by  the  sealer  of  weights  and  measures. 
Skimmed  milk. — Skimmed  milk  is  that  which  has  been  skimmed,  or  is  below  the 
standard.  It  shall  be  sold  only  from  cans  plainly  marked  “Skimmed  milk.” 
Adulterated  milk. — The  sale  or  exchange  of  adulterated  or  diseased  milk  or  that 
from  diseased  cattle  or  cows  fed  on  distillery  refuse,  etc.,  is  prohibited. 

The  mayor  and  aldermen  of  any  city  and  the  council  of  any  town  may  elect 
and  fix  the  compensation  of  milk  inspectors.  In  Providence  this  is  compulsory. 
Inspectors  may  appoint  collectors  of  samples.  All  persons  engaged  in  selling 
milk  must  register  with  the  inspector  and  have  their  names  on  their  wagons,  etc. 
Names  of  persons  convicted  are  published. 

Butter.'  All  butter  tubs  shall  be  marked  with  their  weights  and  maker’s  initials. 
Cheese.  (No  law.) 

Imitation  butter  article  not  made  wholly  from  milk  or  cream,  but  containing 

any  melted  butter  to  take  the  place  of  cream,  or  animal  oil  or  fat 
not  the  product  of  milk,  shall  be  plainly  marked  “Oleomargarine,”  and  a label 
similarly  printed  shall  be  delivered  with  all  retail  sales. 

Imitation  eheese.  (No  law.) 

Miscellaneous.  (No  law.) 

Pure  food.  The  authority  of  milk  inspectors  extends  to  other  foods. 


30 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Milk  standard,  3 per  cent  fat,  8£  per  cent  other  solids.  Skimmed  milk. — 
Skimmed  milk  is  that  below  the  standard.  It  and  buttermilk  may  be  sold 
under  their  own  name.  Adulterated  milk. — The  sale  of  unclean,  diseased,  adul- 
terated, etc.,  milk,  or  its  delivery  for  domestic  use,  or  to  be  converted  into  any 
human  food,  is  prohibited. 

Butter.  (No  law.) 

Cheese.  (No  law.) 

, x.  , _ , Imitation  butter  and  cheese  are  defined  as  every  article 

Imitation  butter  and  cheese.  J J 

not  produced  from  pure  milk  or  cream,  with  or  witnout 

salt,  rennet,  and  harmless  coloring  matter,  which  is  in  semblance  of  and  designed 
to  be  used  as  a substitute  for  butter  or  cheese.  They  shall  not  be  colored  to  resem- 
ble butter  or  cheese.  Original  packages  shall  be  marked  “ Substitute  for  butter,” 
or  “ Substitute  for  cheese;  ” shall  not  be  sold  as  genuine  butter  or  cheese,  nor  used 
in  hotels,  etc. , unless  signs  are  displayed. 

Statement  of  the  chemist  of  the  State  college  shall  be  accepted  as  evidence  of 
analysis  of  imitation  butter  and  cheese. 

Miscellaneous.  (No  law.) 

SOUTH  DAKOTA. 

Milk  Adulterated  milk. — The  sale  of  unwholesome,  diseased,  or  adulterated  milk 
as  the  pure  article  is  prohibited. 

Butter  -md  cheese  Butter  and  cheese  are  defined  as  the  products  usually  known  by 
those  names,  and  which  are  made  wholly  from  milk  or  cream  or 
both,  with  salt  and  rennet,  and  with  or  without  coloring  matter. 

Imitation  butter  Any  art^c^e  not  ma(^e  wholly  from  pure  milk  or  cream,  and  in 
imitation  of  pure  butter,  is  prohibited;  but  oleomargarine,  colored 
pink,  and  made  in  such  form  and  sold  in  such  manner  as  will  advise  the  consumer 
of  its  real  character,  is  permitted;  notice  of  its  use  in  public  eating  places  must 
be  given. 

Health  officers,  sheriffs,  etc.,  shall  institute  complaints,  etc. 

Imitation  cheese.  (No  law.) 

Miscellaneous.  (No  law. ) 

Pure  food  Any  art^c^e  f°0<^  *s  deemed  adulterated  if  any  inferior  or  injurious 
substance  has  been  added  to  it,  if  any  valuable  ingredient  has  been 
removed,  if  it  is  an  imitation  of  or  sold  as  another  article,  if  it  is  colored  to  con- 
ceal inferiority,  etc.;  such  an  article  shall  not  be  offered  for  sale  unless  labeled 
“adulterated”  and  with  its  own  common  name  and  name  of  the  manufacturer. 
No  unwholesome  food  shall  be  sold  without  making  its  character  known  to  the 
buyer. 

TENNESSEE. 

Milk.  (No  law.) 

Butter.  (No  law.) 

Cheese.  (No  law.) 

Any  article  which  is  in  imitation  of  yellow  butter  and  not  made 

Imitation  butter.  . , .. 

exclusively  from  pure  milk  or  cream  is  prohibited;  but  oleomarga" 
rine,  free  from  color  or  other  ingredient  to  cause  it  to  look  like  butter,  and  made 
in  such  form  and  sold  in  such  manner  as  will  advise  the  consumer  of  its  true 
character,  and  other  imitations  if  uncolored  and  labeled  with  their  correct  names, 
are  permitted;  wholesale  packages  shall  be  plainly  labeled,  and  a label  shall 
accomxiany  retail  sales. 


31 


Imitatio  i ees  Imitation  cheese  may  be  manufactured  under  its  true  name;  each 
package  and  its  contents  shall  be  stamped  with  the  correct  name, 
and  a label,  similarly  printed,  shall  be  delivered  with  retail  sales. 

Miscellaneous.  (No  law. ) 

Any  article  of  food  or  drink  is  adulterated  if  inferior  substances  have 
been  added  to  it;  if  any  valuable  constituent  has  been  abstracted;  if  it 
is  an  imitation  of  or  sold  as  another  article;  if  it  contains  any  poisonous  substance; 
if  it  is  decomposed  or  diseased  or  from  an  unhealthy  animal,  etc.  With  certain 
common  exceptions,  such  articles  and  all  misbranded  articles  are  prohibited. 

TEXAS. 

Milk.  (No  law.) 

Butter.  (No  law.) 

Cheese.  (No  law.) 

Imitation  butter.  (No  law.) 

Imitation  cheese.  (No  law.) 

Miscellaneous  Corporations  may  be  formed  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  and 
carrying  on  the  work  of  dairies  and  creamery  companies. 

UTAH. 

The  dairv  and  food  commissioner  is  appointed  by  the 
Dairy  and  food  commissioner.  ‘ , ,,  „ , 

governor;  term  ot  office,  two  years;  salary,  $600;  ex- 
penses limited  to  $300;  authority  extends  to  all  foods  and  drinks;  biennial  reports 
are  made  to  the  governor.  County  attorneys  shall  give  legal  assistance. 

Milk  Skimmed  milk. — Skimmed  milk  includes  all  from  which  any  cream  has  been 
removed.  It  shall  contain  not  less  than  9 per  cent  of  solids  not  fat,  and  may 
be  sold  only  from  vessels  plainly  marked  “ Skimmed  milk.”  Adulterated  milk.— 
Milk  which  has  been  diluted  or  that  taken  from  a cow  in  an  unnatural  condition, 
etc.,  shall  not  be  sold  or  de  ivered.  Preservatives  shall  not  be  used.  Standard 
tests  and  lactometers  may  be  used  to  determine  adulteration. 

Butter.  Preservatives  shall  not  be  used. 

Skim  cheese. — Cheese  made  from  milk  from  which  some  fat  has  been 

tiippsp 

removed  shall  be  in  size  between  9 and  11  inches  in  diameter  and  not  less 
than  9 inches  high.  Preservatives  shall  not  be  used. 

Imitation  butter  ar^c^e  n°t  made  wholly  from  unadulterated  milk  or  cream, 

which  is  an  imitation  of  pure  yellow  butter,  is  prohibited.  But 
oleomargarine,  free  from  color  or  other  ingredient  to  cause  it  to  look  like  butter, 
and  made  in  such  form  and  sold  in  such  manner  as  will  advise  the  consumer  of  its 
real  character,  and  free  from  misleading  marks,  is  permitted.  It  shall  not  be  sold 
as  butter.  It  shall  be  plainly  marked  ‘‘  Oleomargarine  ” when  exposed  for  sale, 
signs  must  be  displayed  where  it  is  sold,  and  in  public  eating  places  guests  must 
be  notified  of  its  use.  Butter  not  made  from  pure  milk  shall  not  be  used  in  State 
charitable  or  penal  institutions. 

Imitation  cheese  ^^eese  ma(Ie  from  skimmed  milk  to  which  foreign  fats  have  been 
added  is  prohibited.  Cheese  not  made  from  pure  milk  shall  not  be 
used  in  State  charitable  or  penal  institutions. 

Miscellaneous.  (No  law. ) 

VERMONT. 

Milk  standards,  12|  per  cent  solids,  9£  per  cent  solids  not  fat;  in  May  and 
June,  12  per  cent  total  solids.  Standard  measure  is  wine  measure.  Pay- 
ment for  milk  at  factories  is  to  be  based  on  milk  testing  4 per  cent  fat.  Adulter- 
ated milk. — The  sale  of  adulterated  or  skim  milk  or  milk  below  the  standard,  or 


32 


its  delivery  to  a factory,  or  the  delivery  of  tainted  milk  to  a factory,  is  prohibited. 
Result  of  analysis  by  the  State  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  shall  be  deemed 
competent  evidence  in  prosecutions. 

Glassware  used  for  testing  milk  to  determine  amount  to  be  paid  for  it  shall  be 

examined  for  correctness  and  marked  under  the  direction  of  the  State  Agricultural 

College;  any  person  making  such  a test  shall  hold  a certificate  from  the  college. 

„ , , , Butter  or  cheese  shall  not  be  marked  “ Creamery,-’  unless  made 

Butter  ami  cheese.  . 

m a creamery;  marking  “Private  creamery”  is  permitted  if 
name  of  maker  is  given. 

Operators  of  factories  shall  not  use  any  cream  except  with  consent  of  owners. 
Detailed  monthly  statements  shall  be  given  to  patrons  of  creameries  and  cheese 
factories  showing  amount  of  milk  delivered,  test,  and  butter  or  cheese  made 
therefrom,  and  payments  shall  be  based  on  amounts  of  these  products.  Milk  sold 
at  creameries  shall  be  tested  to  determine  amount  of  butter  thus  disposed  of. 
Monthly  statements  of  milk  received  and  butter  produced  shall  be  posted  in 
creameries. 

Imitation  b tter  1 Any  article  made  in  imitation  of  or  as  a substitute  for  butter,  and 
not  made  wholly  of  milk  or  cream,  may  be  sold  when  plainly 
labeled  “imitation  butter,”  “ oleomargine,”  or  “butterine,”  as  the  case  may  be. 
Wrappers  for  retail  packages  shall  be  similarly  marked.  The  word  “dairy”  or 
“creamery  ” or  the  name  of  any  breed  of  dairy  cattle  on  labels  is  prohibited. 

The  State’s  attorney  is  given  special  power  for  enforcing. 

i Any  article  made  in  imitation  of  or  as  a substitute  for  cheese 
mi  a ion  dieese.  may  ^ wjien  plainly  labelled  “ imitation  cheese.”  Wrappers 

for  retail  packages  shall  be  similarly  marked. 

The  State's  attorney  is  given  special  power  for  enforcing. 

Miscellaneous.  (Xo  law.) 

Pure  foo  l ^ laboratory  is  conducted  by  the  State  board  of  health  for  the  exami- 
* * nation  of  water,  milk,  and  foods,  and  the  study  of  diseases. 

VIRGINIA. 

Adulterated  milk.— The  sale  of  adulterated,  skimmed,  tainted,  etc.,  milk, 

1 or  its  delivery  to  any  creamery  or  cheese  factory,  is  prohibited. 

Butter  inspectors  shall  brand  lots  of  butter  offered  for  inspection  accord- 
Butter.  . , 

ing  to  quality. 

Factory  employees  shall  not  use  cream  without  consent  of  its  owners. 

Skimmed  cheese.  —Skimmed  cheese  may  be  made  from  pure  skimmed  milk. 
Cheese.  p<ac^ory  employees  shall  not  use  cream  without  consent  of  its  owners. 

The  manufacture  or  sale  of  any  article  made  wholly  or  partly 
Imitation  butter.  from  any  fat  or  oil  not  produced  from  unadulterated  milk  or  cream, 

and  which  is  in  imitation  of  pure  yellow  butter,  is  prohibited;  but  oleomargarine, 
butterine,  or  kindred  compound,  made  in  such  form  and  sold  in  such  manner  as 
will  advise  the  consumer  of  its  real  character,  and  free  from  color  or  other  ingre- 
dient to  cause  it  to  lookdike  butter,  is  permitted.  Signs,  with  the  words  “ Imita- 
tion butter  used  here,”  shall  be  displayed  in  eating  places,  bakeries,  etc.,  where 
the  articles  above  named  are  used. 

The  manufacture  or  sale  or  use  in  public  eating  places  of  any 
imitation  diet  s< . ai.^cje  imitation  of  and  designed  to  take  the  placeof  pure  cheese, 

and  not  made  wholly  from  milk  or  cream,  is  prohibited. 

Miscellaneous.  (Nolaw.) 

The  board  of  agriculture  may  establish  standards  for  foods  and,  assisted 
Pure  food.  ^ experts  of  the  department  of  agriculture,  examine  foods  to  protect 


See  footnote,  page  95. 


33 


against  adulteration  and  misbranding;  may  prescribe  liow  compounds  shall  be 
branded;  may  publish  results  of  examinations;  commonwealth's  attorneys  assist 
in  prosecutions.  An  article  of  food  is  deemed  adulterated  if  any  inferior  or  injuri- 
ous substance  has  been  added  to  it  or  any  valuable  constituent  has  been  removed 
from  it  so  it  will  deceive  the  purchaser,  if  it  is  an  imitation  of  or  sold  as  another 
article,  if  it  is  colored  to  conceal  inferiority,  if  it  is  labeled  to  mislead  the  pur- 
chaser, if  it  is  diseased  or  decomposed,  etc.  With  the  exception  of  certain  well- 
known  or  labeled  articles,  etc.,  no  person  shall  knowingly  manufacture  or  sell 
such  articles  of  food. 

WASHINGTON. 

Dairy  and  food  commissioner  is  appointed  by  the  gov- 

Dairy  and  food  commissioner.  ‘ ^ ._AA  , 

ernor;  term  of  office,  four  years;  salary,  $1,500;  must 
give  bond  for  $5,000.  He  may  appoint  six  deputies  at  $3  per  day,  but  no  one  is  to 
be  employed  at  the  cost  of  the  State  more  than  30  days  in  a year;  the  services  of 
chemists  of  State  institutions  are  available;  attorney-general  and  county  prosecut- 
ing attorneys  shall  assist,  but  special  counsel  may  be  employed.  Appropriation, 
$3,000  per  year  in  the  interest  of  dairying  and  $1,000  in  the  interest  of  pure  food. 
A “State  board  of  dairy  and  food  commission”  is  constituted  of  the  secretary  of 
state,  professor  of  agriculture  at  the  agricultural  college,  and  dairy  commissioner; 
members  receive  no  salary,  but  are  allowed  traveling  expenses;  they  report  to  the 
governor  biennially. 

Milk  standard,  3 per  cent  fat,  8 per  cent  solids  not  fat.  Cream. — Cream 

shall  contain  at  least  18  per  cent  fat.  Skimmed  milk . — Skimmed  milk  shall 
be  sold  onlyfrom  cans  plainly  marked.  Adulteratedmilk. — Adulterated,  skimmed, 
diseased,  impure,  etc. , milk  is  defined  as  any  below  the  standard;  or  which  has  been 
altered  in  any  way;  or  is  from  cows  diseased,  near  the  time  of  parturition,  or 
poorly  cared  for,  or  fed  unwholesome  foods;  or  has  been  exposed  to  infection  by 
disease  germs;  or  has  borax  or  salycylic  acid  added  to  it  to  prevent  souring,  etc. 
It  shall  not  be  sold  nor  delivered  as  pure  milk. 

Persons  selling  milk  from  stores  or  wagons  shall  annually  procure  license  from 
commissioner — fee,  $1  for  each  store  or  wagon. 

Owners  of  dairies  and  milk  venders  shall  annually  report  amount  of  business 
done  on  blanks  furnished  by  the  commissioner. 

Cans  used  by  milk  purchasers  shall  have  their  capacity  marked  upon  them. 

Butter  Commissioner  issues  to  manufacturers  of  creamery  butter,  and  makes 
regulations  for  the  use  of,  brands  with  suitable  device  and  words  “Wash- 
ington Creamery  Butter  ” and  registered  numbers  of  the  factories,  and  these  shall 
be  used  on  wrapper  and  outside  of  every  package,  but  not  on  any  other  than  Wash- 
ington creamery  butter.  Owners  of  creameries  shall  report  annually  on  blanks 
furnished  by  the  commissioner. 

Cheese  Commissioner  issues  to  cheese  manufacturers,  and  makes  regulations  for 
the  use  of,  stencils  with  words  “ Washington  State  Full  Cream  Cheese,” 
and  registered  numbers  of  factories,  and  these  shall  be  used  only  on  full  cream 
cheese  (and  packages  for  same)  containing  30  per  cent  fat  and  made  wholly  from 
pure  milk.  Skimmed  cheese. — Cheese  containing  from  15  to  30  per  cent  of  butter 
fat  shall  be  plainly  marked  “ Skimmed  cheese.”  The  manufacture  of  cheese  con- 
taining less  than  15  per  cent  butter  fat  is  prohibited.  Fancy  cheese. — Edam,  Pine- 
apple, Swiss,  and  other  fancy  cheese  are  not  included  in  the  above  regulations. 
Owners  of  cheese  factories  shall  report  annually  on  blanks  furnished  by  the  com- 
missioner. 

Imitation  butter  ar^c^e  which  *s  in  imitation  of  pure  yellow  butter  and  is  not 
made  wholly  from  pure  milk  or  cream,  with  or  without  harmless 
coloring  matter,  shall  be  manufactured,  sold,  or  used  in  any  public  eating  house, 
10034— No.  26—00 3 


34 


or  eleemosynary,  or  penal  institution,  etc.;  but  oleomargarine,  free  from  color  or 
other  ingredient  to  make  it  look  like  butter,  and  made  in  such  form  and  sold  in 
such  manner  as  will  advise  the  consumer  of  its  real  character,  is  permitted  and 
may  be  used  in  public  eating  places  when  signs  are  displayed.  Renovated  butter. — 
Process  butter  shall  be  plainly  marked  “Renovated  butter.” 

T , Any  cheese  not  made  wholly  from  pure  milk  or  cream  or  skimmed 

milk,  with  salt,  rennet,  and  harmless  coloring  matter,  is  prohibited. 
Miscellaneous.  (No  law.) 

„ „ . Any  article  of  food  or  drink  is  deemed  to  be  adulterated  if  any  inferior 

or  injurious  substance  has  been  added  to  it,  if  any  valuable  constituent 
has  been  removed,  if  it  is  an  imitation  of  or  sold  as  another  article,  if  it  is  diseased 
or  decomposed  or  (if  milk)  the  product  of  a diseased  animal,  if  it  is  colored  to  con- 
ceal inferiority,  etc.  With  the  exception  of  mixtures  or  compounds  recognized 
as  ordinary  foods  or  parts  of  foods  which  shall  be  labeled  with  the  names  of  their 
ingredients,  and  are  not  injurious  to  health,  such  articles  are  prohibited. 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 


Milk.  Skimmed  milk.— Skimmed  milk  may  be  used  in  the  manufacture  of  cheese. 
„ ^ , , Salt,  rennet,  and  harmless  coloring  matter  are  permitted  in  the 

Butter  and  cheese.  . „ , _ , r 

manufacture  of  butter  and  cheese. 

_ ..  . . , Any  substance  in  semblance  of  butter  or  cheese,  and  not 

Imitation  butter  and  cheese.  _ , . ...  , 

made  wholly  from  pure  milk  or  cream,  and  packages 
containing  such  substances,  shall  be  plainly  marked;  printed  statements  explain- 
ing the  character  of  the  substance  must  be  given  to  consumers.  Oleomargarine. — 
Oleomargarine  and  artificial  and  adulterated  butter  shall  be  colored  pink. 
Miscellaneous.  (No  law. ) 

Pure  food.  The  adulteration  of  any  article  of  food  or  drink  is  a misdemeanor. 

WISCONSIN. 


Dairy  and  food  commissioner. 


Dairy  and  food  commissioner  is  appointed  by  the  gov- 
ernor; term  of  office,  two  years;  salary,  $2,500  per 
annum.  He  may  appoint  as  assistant  commissioner  an  expert  on  dairy  products 
at  a salary  of  $1,600,  a chemist  at  $1,800,  and  a clerk  at  $900  per  annum;  also  an 
inspecting  agent  at  $3  per  day.  Authority  extends  to  all  foods,  drinks,  and  drugs. 
County  district  attorneys  shall  assist  in  prosecutions  and  special  counsel  may  be 
employed.  Laboratory  for  analytical  work  is  provided.  Commissioner  shall 
make  biennial  reports;  governor  may  authorize  him  to  assist  at  farmers’  insti- 
tutes, etc. 


Milk  standard,  3 per  cent  fat  and  pure.  Milk  for  city  trade  must  be  pro- 
duced from  cows  fed  wholesome  food  and  kept  in  clean  stables;  it  must  be 
handled  in  clean  utensils.  Adulterated  milk. — The  sale  or  delivery  of  milk  or 
cream  that  contains  any  foreign  substance  as  color  or  preservative  (viscogen  may 
be  used  if  milk  is  labeled),  or  the  product  of  cows  that  are  diseased  or  improperly 
cared  for  or  fed  slops,  is  prohibited,  and  the  sale  or  delivery  of  adulterated  or 
unwholesome  milk,  or  milk  from  cows  near  the  time  of  parturition,  as  the  pure 
article,  is  prohibited.  Standard  tests  may  be  made  for  proving  adulteration. 

Butte  Use  koracic  and  salycylic  acids  and  injurious  antiseptics  in  the  manu- 
facture of  butter  are  prohibited. 

An  account  of  daily  operations  must  be  kept  in  creameries.  Milk  or  cream  must 
not  be  used  at  factories  for  benefit  of  any  person  to  whom  it  does  not  belong. 


35 


Unlawful  to  use  false  brands  on  cheese.  Stencil  bearing  suitable  device 
and  words  “Wisconsin  full  cream  cheese”  and  registered  number  of  fac- 
tory is  issued  by  commissioner  to  any  factory  applying  for  use  on  bandages  and 
packages  of  full  cream  cheese  under  regulations  prescribed  by  the  commissioner. 
Skimmed  cheese. — Skimmed  cheese  must  be  10  inches  in  diameter  and  9 inches  high. 

Account  of  daily  operations  must  be  kept  in  cheese  factories.  Milk  or  cream 
shall  not  be  used  at  factories  for  benefit  of  any  person  to  whom  it  does  not  belong. 

I rtat’o  i tte  ^ny  ar^c^e  ma(^e  Partly  or  wholly  out  of  any  fat  or  oil,  etc.,  not 
from  pure  milk  or  cream,  and  in  imitation  of  yellow  butter,  is 
prohibited;  but  oleomargarine,  free  from  color  or  other  ingredient  to  make  it  look 
like  butter,  and  made  in  such  form  and  sold  in  such  manner  as  will  advise  the 
consumer  of  its  real  character,  is  permitted.  It  shall  not  be  sold  as  butter.  All 
packages  exposed  for  sale  must  be  plainly  marked  “Oleomargarine;”  signs  must 
be  displayed  in  selling  places  and  on  wagons.  Hotels,  etc.,  using  it  must  notify 
guests.  Use  not  permitted  in  charitable  or  penal  institutions.  Renovated  butter. — 
Every  package  or  parcel  of  butter  which  has  been  melted,  renovated,  and  prepared 
in  imitation  of  creamery  butter  shall  be  plainly  marked  “Renovated  butter.” 
Imitation  cheese  Manufacture  or  sale  or  use  in  charitable  or  penal  institutions  of 
cheese  made  from  skimmed  milk  to  which  fat  foreign  to  milk  has 
been  added  is  prohibited. 

Miscellaneous.  (Nolaw.) 

Pure  food  article  of  food  or  drink  shall  be  deemed  adulterated  if  any  injuri- 

ous or  inferior  substance  has  been  added  to  it ; if  any  valuable  ingredient 
has  been  removed;  if  it  is  an  imitation  of  or  sold  as  another  article;  if  it  is  diseased, 
infected,  decomposed;  if  it  is  colored  to  conceal  inferiority,  etc.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  certain  ordinary  foods,  which  shall  be  plainly  labeled,  such  articles  are 
prohibited. 

WYOMING. 

Milk.  Milk  is  exempted  from  the  list  of  articles  that  can  not  be  sold  on  Sundays. 
Butter.  (No  law.) 

Cheese.  (No  law.) 

Imitation  butter.  (No  law.) 

Imitation  cheese.  (No  law. ) 

Miscellaneous.  (No  law.) 

p -e  food  ac^u^era^^on  any  article  of  food  or  drink  with  fraudulent  intent 

or  sale  of  same  or  knowingly  selling  any  unwholesome  article  of  food 
or  drink  is  a misdemeanor. 


CANADA. 


Milk. 


Deteriorated  milk. — Deteriorated  milk,  meaning  that  which  is  adulterated 
or  partly  skimmed,  or  milk  which  is  tainted  or  from  a diseased  cow,  shall 
not  be  sold  to  a cheese,  butter,  or  condensed  milk  factory.  Competent  person 
may  use  lactometer  or  cream  gauge  or  other  proper  test  for  inferior  milk. 

Every  package  of  butter  and  cheese,  and  cheese  itself,  for  export, 
Bu  ter  an  t u tse.  piain]y  marked  “ Canadian,”  “Canadien,”  or  “ Canada,” 

and  the  mutilation  of  these  marks,  or  their  use  on  articles  not  made  in  Canada,  is 
prohibited.  No  package  containing  butter  or  cheese  shall  be  marked  with  the 
name  of  any  month  except  the  month  in  which  the  product  was  made.  Butter  or 
cheese  made  in  a foreign  country  before  being  offered  for  sale  must  be  branded 
with  the  name  of  the  country  where  produced.  Skim  cheese. — All  cheese  made 


36 


from  skimmed  milk  shall  be  marked  “Skim-milk  cheese,”  and  packages  contain- 
ing same  shall  be  similarly  marked.  It  is  unlawful  to  remove  or  deface  these 
marks. 

Any  person  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  butter  or  cheese  may  register  with 
the  minister  of  agriculture,  upon  giving  certain  information,  and  have  a number 
for  exclusive  use  on  his  products  allotted  to  his  factory  or  creamery. 

1 'tat'on  b tter  ^ie  manu;fac^i:ire  oleomargarine,  or  other  substitute  for  butter. 

from  any  animal  substance  except  milk,  or  the  sale  of  same,  is 

prohibited. 

Cheese  made  from  skimmed  milk  to  which  foreign  fat  has  been 
Imitation  cheese.  n ..  , 

added  is  prohibited. 

The  governor  in  council  may  make  such  regulations  as  he  considers 

Miscellaneous 

necessary  to  enforce  the  law  regarding  dairy  products. 


FULL  TEXTS  OF  DAIRY  LAWS. 


The  dairy  laws  which  were  printed  in  1898  in  the  Fourteenth  Annual 
Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  and  are  now  in  force,  are 
referred  to  below  by  title.  Laws  enacted  since  the  report  named  was 
issued,  and  a few  which  were  inadvertently  omitted  from  that  report, 
are  given  in  full. 

UNITED  STATES. 

See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  556-563,  for — 

Forty-ninth  Congress,  Session  I,  1886,  chapter  840 1 (sections  1-21). — An  act 
defining  butter,  also  imposing  a tax  upon  and  regulating  the  manufacture, 
sale,  importation,  and  exportation  of  oleomargarine.  (Approved  August  2,1886.) 

Fifty-first  Congress,  Session  I,  1890,  chapter  1244,  sections  41  and  53.— An  act  to 
reduce  the  revenue  and  equalize  duties  on  imports,  and  for  other  purposes. 
(Approved  October  1,  1890.) 

Fifty-fourth  Congress,  Session  I,  1896,  chapter  337  (sections  1-19). — An  act 
defining  cheese,  and  also  imposing  a tax  upon  and  regulating  the  manufacture, 
sale,  importation,  and  exportation  of  “ filled  cheese.”  (Approved  June  6,  1896.) 

Fifty-fifth  Congress,  Session  I,  chapter  11,  schedule  G-,  236-239. — An  act  to  pro- 
vide revenue  for  the  Government  and  to  encourage  the  industries  of  the  United 
States.  (Approved  July  24,  1897.) 

ALABAMA. 

See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
page  563,  for — 

Acts  of  1894-95,  No.  408  (sections  1 and  2). — An  act  to  prevent  deception  in  the 
manufacture  and  sale  of  imitation  butter.  (Approved  February  18,  1895.) 


ARIZONA. 

(No  dairy  laws.) 

ARKANSAS. 

See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
page  564,  for — 

Acts  and  resolutions  of  1885,  act  127  (sections  1-6). — An  act  to  prevent  decep- 
tion in  the  sale  and  use  of  butter.  ( Approved  April  2,  1885.) 


1 A bill  providing  for  reducing  the  tax  on  uncolored  oleomargarine  and  increasing  the  tax  on 
the  article  when  colored  to  resemble  butter,  was  before  the  last  Congress  and  will  be  given  early 
consideration  in  the  next. 


37 


38 


CALIFORNIA. 

See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  564-568,  for — 

Statutes  of  1893,  chapter  137  1 (section  1). — An  act  entitled  an  act  to  prevent 
the  sale  of  short- weight. rolls  of  butter.  (Approved  March  11,  1893.) 

Statutes  of  1897,  chapter  76  (sections  1-7). — An  act  defining  the  different  grades 
of  cheese  and  for  branding  the  same  manufactured  in  the  State  of  California. 
(Approved  March  4,  1897.) 

Statutes  of  1897,  chapter  75  (sections  1-19). — An  act  to  prevent  deception  in  the 
manufacture  and  sale  of  butter  and  cheese,  to  secure  its  enforcement,  and  to 
appropriate  money  therefor.  (Approved  March  4,  1897.) 

Recently  enacted: 


Statutes  of  1899,  Chapter  25. 


Process  or  renovated  butter 
to  be  labeled. 


AN  ACT  to  prevent  deception  in  the  sale  of  process  or  renovated  butter.  (Became  a law,  under 
constitutional  provision,  without  governor’s  approval,  February  23,  1899.) 

Section  1.  No  person  or  persons,  firms  or  corporation, 
shall  sell,  or  offer  for  sale,  or  have  in  his  or  their  posses- 
sion for  sale,  any  butter  manufactured  by  boiling,  melt- 
ing, deodorizing,  or  renovating,  which  is  the  product  of  stale,  rancid,  or  decom- 
posed butter,  or  by  any  other  process  whereby  stale,  rancid,  or  decomposed  butter 
is  manufactured  to  resemble  or  appear  like  cream’ery  or  dairy  butter,  unless  the 
same  is  plainly  stenciled  or  branded  upon  each  and  every  package,  barrel,  firkin, 
tub,  pail,  square,  or  roll,  in  letters  not  less  than  one  half  inch  in  length,  “process 
butter,”  or  “renovated  butter,”  in  such  a manner  as  the  purchaser  will  be  advised 
of  the  real  character  of  such  “process”  or  “renovated”  butter. 

Sec.  2.  Whoever  shall  violate  any  of  the  provisions  or  sections  of  this  act  shall 
be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor. 

. , Sec.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  district  attornev  of 

is  ric  a ornej  o prosecu  . eac^  an(j  eVery  county  of  this  State,  upon  application. 

to  attend  to  the  prosecution  in  the  name  of  the  State  of  any  action  brought  for 
the  violation  of  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  within  his  district. 

„ Sec.  4.  The  State  dairy  bureau,  by  its  agent  and  assist- 
a e airy  ureau  o en  orce.  an£  agenf-s>  js  hereby  authorized  and  directed  to  enforce 

all  of  the  provisions  of  this  act.  All  fines  and  penalties  for  the  violation  of  this 
act  shall  be  paid  to  the  agent  or  assistant  agents  of  the  State  dairy  bureau,  and 
by  said  bureau  paid  to  the  State  treasurer. 

Sec.  5.  All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  with  the  provisions 
of  this  act  are  hereby  repealed. 


Repealing  clause. 


In  effect.  Sec.  6.  This  act  shall  take  effect  on  and  after  its  passage. 


Statutes  of  1899,  Chapter  136.2 


AN  ACT  to  provide  for  the  inspection  of  dairies,  factories  of  dairy  products,  and  of  dairy  prod- 
ucts as  to  their  sanitary  condition,  and  as  to  the  health  of  stock;  to  prevent  the  sale  of  milk, 
and  the  products  of  milk  drawn  from  diseased  animals;  to  prevent  the  spread  of  infectious 
and  contagious  diseases  common  to  stock,  and  to  appropriate  money  therefor.  (Approved 
March  22,  1899.) 


- o.  i-i  •„  <v  .1-11  Section  1.  No  person  or  persons,  firms  or 

..co  impure  or  < iseaset  mi  oi  i ( en.  corp0ration,  shall  sell  or  offer  for  sale,  or  have 

in  his  or  their  possession  for  sale,  any  impure  or  unwholesome  milk,  or  any  arti- 
cle of  food  manufactured  therefrom,  or  of  any  cream  from  the  same,  or  milk  drawn 
from  cows,  either  fifteen  days  before  or  five  days  following  parturition,  or  from 
cows  fed  on  unwholesome  food,  or  from  cows  affected  with  any  disease  of  live 
stock,  contagious,  infectious,  or  otherwise  capable  of  producing  such  patholog- 
ical changes  as  will  cause  the  products  from  said  animals  to  become  unwhole- 
some for  food. 


1 This  act  is  said  to  he  obsolete  and  violations  of  it  disregarded. 

2 The  principal  difficulty  in  the  way  of  the  enforcement  of  this  law  is  that  a formal  complaint 
must  be  made  before  the  bureau  has  authority  to  act,  according  to  opinion  of  attorney-general. 


39 


Cattle,  liorses,  and  liogs  to  be  inspected. 


..  . . . . . ,.  Sec.  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  dairy  bureau, 

3 1 by  its  general  agent  and  assistant  agents,  from  time 

to  time,  as  maybe  required,  upon  complaint  made  to  it  of  the  existence  of  any 
disease  among  dairy  stock,  or  of  unsanitary  conditions,  as  mentioned  and  referred 
to  in  this  act,  to  inspect  all  the  dairies  and  creameries  in  the  state  so  complained 
of,  and  to  carefully  investigate  the  sanitary  conditions  of  the  same.  Said  bureau, 

by  its  agents  and  assistant  agents,  shall  at  the 
same  time  inspect  all  cattle,  horses,  and  hogs, 
belonging,  in  use  by,  or  appurtenant  to  such  dairies  and  creameries,  for  infec- 
tious and  contagious  diseases,  such  as  are  enumerated  in  section  one  of  this  act; 
and  after  such  inspection,  if  said  agent  or  assistant  agent  believes,  or  has  reason 
to  believe,  that  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease  exists  among  the  stock 
inspected,  he  shall  immediately  notify  the  State  veterinarian  of  the  same,  setting 
forth  the  facts  of  the  case,  and  he«shall  forthwith  act  upon  such  report. 

. . . , . , , , Sec.  3.  The  State  dairy  bureau  shall,  and  they  are 

Appointment  of  assistant  agents.  hereby  directed  to  ap'oint,  (r01n  time  to  time,  as 

many  assistant  agents,  not  exceeding  twenty,  as  in  their  judgment  may  be  required 
to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  this  act.  and  to  fix  their  compensation,  not  to  exceed 
four  dollars  per  day  while  actually  employed,  exclusive  of  their  actual  and  neces- 
sary expenses.  W henever  competent  assistant  agents  can  be  found  in  counties  or 
districts  where  such  inspection  is  to  be  made,  the  State  dairy  bureau,  by  its  gen- 
eral agent,  shall  appoint  an  assistant  agent  as  inspector,  who  is  not  an  owner  of 
nor  interested  in  any  dairy,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  bureau,  and  such 
appointment  shall  be  entered  on  the  minutes  of  the  bureau;  provided , that  such 
assistant  agent  shall  have  had  practical  experience  in  the  manufacture  of  dairy 
products  and  the  care  and  handling  of  stock. 

„ . , ..  , Sec.  4.  All  persons  employed  by  the  bureau  to  carry 

on  i y repor  s rom  mp  y s.  ouj.  provisions  Gf  this  act  shall  render,  under  oath, 
to  the  State  dairy  bureau,  on  or  before  the  fifth  day  of  each  and  every  month,  an 
itemized  statement  of  the  number  of  days  they  were  actually  employed  during  the 
preceding  month;  also,  an  itemized  statement  of  their  actual  expenses,  with 
receipted  vouchers  attached  thereto,  for  all  sums  exceeding  one  dollar,  excepting 
railroad  fares. 

...  ..........  Sec.  5.  Whenever  in  the  judgment  of  the  State 

® veterinarian  it  shall  for  the  purposes  of  this  act 

be  necessary  to  slaughter  any  animal  or  animals  reported  to  him  by  said  agent  or 
assistant  agent,  he  shall  certify  his  reasons  therefor  to  the  agent  ordering  such 
inspection.  The  agent  or  assistant  agent  shall  notify  the  owner  or  owners,  or  the 
person  or  persons  in  charge  of  the  animal  or  animals,  of  the  decision  of  said  State 
veterinary  surgeon,  and  shall  order  the  animal  or  animals  specified  in  the  veteri- 
nary surgeon’s  certificate  to  be  slaughtered  immediately.  Any  animal  or  animals 
so  slaughtered  shall  not  be  sold  or  removed,  but  shall  be  destroyed  at  the  expense 
of  the  owner  or  owners,  or  the  person  or  persons  in  charge  of  such  animal  or  ani- 
mals, under  the  direction  and  supervision  of  the  agent  or  assistant  agent  ordering 
the  animal  or  animals  slaughtered,  as  may  be  specified  by  the  State  veterinarian. 

.......  . , Sec.  6.  Whenever  the  agent  or  assistant  agents 

gen  s o m ica  e necessary  lmprovemen  s.  bureau  inspects  any  dairy,  creamery,  or 

any  other  place  where  milk  is  produced,  or  where  products  are  manufactured 
from  the  same,  including  barns,  corrals,  hog  yards,  and  places  used  for  stock  pur- 
poses, and  utensils  used  in  dairies  and  creameries,  and  finds  the  same  not  in  good 
sanitary  condition,  he  shall  direct  in  writing  such  changes  to  be  made  as  will  put 
the  same  in  good  sanitary  condition.  Such  written  directions  shall  be  served  on 
the  owner  or  owners,  or  upon  the  person  or  persons  having  charge  of  the  premises, 
giving  the  parties  so  notified  thirty  days  to  make  such  changes  as  directed.  If 
such  changes  are  not  made  within  thirty  days,  the  person  or  persons  refusing  or 
neglecting  to  make  such  changes  as  directed  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misde- 
meanor, and  upon  conviction  shall  be  punished  as  hereinafter  prescribed. 

„ „ , . Sec.  7.  Whenever  any  infectious  or  contagious  dis- 

Suppression  of  contagious  diseases.  ^ affecting.  dairy  /tock  shall  be  brought  into  or 

break  out  in  this  State,  the  State  dairy  bureau,  by  its  agent  and  assistant  agents, 
shall  take  prompt  measures  to  suppress  the  same,  and  to  prevent  such  disease 
from  spreading,  and  for  that  purpose  shall  immediately  notify  the  State  veterina- 
rian, and  he  shall  forthwith  inspect  the  matters  so  reported  and  act  thereon. 


Authority  to  inspect  stock. 


Sec.  8.  The  agent  or  assistant  agents  shall  also  have  the 
power  to  require  each  and  every  person,  firm  or  corpora- 


40 


tion,  haying  any  stock  in  his  or  their  possession,  or  under  his  or  their  control,  to 
drive  the  same  into  corrals  or  small  inclosures,  for  the  purpose  of  inspection. 
Said  agent  shall  give  at  least  twenty-four  hours’  notice  to  the  parties,  of  the  time 
he  requires  such  stock  to  be  corralled;  provided, , that  where  it  is  impracticable  to 
corral  stock  on  large  stock  ranges,  the  owner  or  the  person  or  persons  having  con- 
trol of  the  same  shall  go  with  the  agent  or  send  some  person  to  point  out  the  stock 
to  be  inspected. 


District  attorney  to  prosecute. 


Sec.  9.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  district  attorney  of 
each  and  every  county  of  this  State,  upon  application 
of  the  agent  or  assistant  agents  of  the  State  dairy  bureau,  to  attend  to  the  prose- 
cution. in  the  name  of  the  State,  of  any  action  brought  for  the  violation  of  any  of 
the  provisions  of  this  act,  within  his  district. 


Sec.  10.  Any  person  or  persons,  firms  or  corporations, 
refusing  or  neglecting  to  comply  with  or  conform  to  the 
provisions  of  this  act,  when  required  to  do  so  by  the  agent  or  assistant  agents  of 
the  State  dairy  bureau,  or  who  shall  in  any  manner  interfere  with  them  in  the 
performance  of  their  duties  under  this  act,  shall  be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor.  Who- 
ever shall  violate  any  of  the  provisions  or  sections  of  this  act  shall  be  guilty  of  a 
itienncitini.  nffi  misdemeanor.  All  fines  collected  under  the  provisions  of  this 
1 IU  " act  shall  be  paid  to  the  agent  of  the  State  dairy  bureau,  and  by 

said  bureau  paid  into  the  State  treasury. 


Violation  a misdemeanor. 


Annual  renort  to  contain  statistical  matter  SEC*  1 1 * For  the  PnrPose  of  obtaining  aCCU- 

Annuai  1 eport  to  contain  statistical  matter.  rate  inf ormation  regarding  the  dairy  indus- 

tries of  the  State,  the  dairy  bureau  shall  annually  require  in  writing  from  each 
owner  or  manager  of  a dairy,  owning  or  controlling  any  dairy  stock  exceeding  one 
dozen  cows  in  number,  a report  showing  location  of  dairy,  number  and  breed  of 
all  dairy  stock  in  use  or  appurtenant  thereto,  together  with  such  other  pertinent 
information  as  said  bureau  may  require.  Information  thus  obtained  shall  be 
embraced  in  the  annual  report  of  the  dairy  bureau. 

, . . . . „ Sec.  12.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  dairy  bureau 

now  provided  by  law,  by  its  general  agent,  to  enforce 
the  provisions  of  this  act.  Such  agent  shall  receive  an  additional  salary  of 
Bolo  , ..  , fifty  dollars  per  month,  payable  out  of  the  money  appropriated  for 

rj  o ageu  . enforcement  of  this  act. 


. . . Sec.  13.  There  is  hereby  appropriated  for  the  use  of  the  State  dairy 

ppropria  ion.  kureau?  jn  enforcing  and  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act, 
out  of  any  money  in  the  State  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  the  sum  of  one 
thousand  dollars  ($1,0(J0)  for  the  remainder  of  the  fiftieth  fiscal  year;  three  thou- 
sand seven  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  ($3,750)  for  the  first  six  months  of  the  fifty- 
first  fiscal  year;  three  thousand  seven  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  ($3,750)  for  the 
last  six  months  of  the  fifty-first  fiscal  year;  and  five  thousand  dollars  ($5,000)  for 
the  fifty-second  fiscal  year. 

Disbursements  Sec.  salaries,  fees,  costs,  and  expenses  shall  be  drawn  from 

is  ursemcn  s.  ^he  moneys  so  appropriated,  and  the  State  controller  shall  draw  his 
warrant  on  the  State  treasury  in  lavor  of  the  person  or  persons  entitled  to  the 
same;  provided , that  the  State  board  of  examiners  are  hereby  specially  prohibited 
from  granting  or  allowing  any  deficiency  to  the  State  dairy  bureau  for  the  pur- 
poses of  this  act;  and  provided  further,  that  in  no  event  shall  there  be  more 
agents  or  assistant  agents  employed,  or  expenses  incurred  under  this  act  than  the 
appropriations  herein  made  will  pay  for  the  respective  periods  for  which  they  are 
made. 

In  effect.  Sec.  15.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 


COLORADO. 

See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  568-570,  for: 

Laws  of  1895,  chapter  19  (sections  1-18). 1 — An  act  to  create  the  office  of  State 
dairy  commissioner  and  to  define  his  duties;  and  to  regulate  the  manufacture  and 
sale  of  all  products  of  the  dairy  and  all  imitations  thereof;  and  to  provide  the  pen- 
alty for  violations  thereof;  and  making  appropriations  therefor;  and  to  repeal  an 
act  entitled  “An  act  to  regulate  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  oleomargarine,  cre- 


1 Section  2 of  this  act  provides  for  the  employment  of  a practical  chemist,  but  no  appropria- 
tion is  made  for  paying  for  such  services,  and  private  donations  have  to  be  depended  upon. 


41 


ating  the  office  of  State  dairy  commissioner  and  defining  his  duties,  and  making 
appropriation  therefor,”  approved  April  12,  1893,  and  all  acts  and  parts  of  acts 
inconsistent  with  the  provisions  of  this  act.  (Approved  April  1,  1895.) 


CONNECTICUT. 

See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  570-574,  for: 

General  statutes,  revision  of  1887,  sections  2614-2619  and  2658-2664.1 — Concern- 
ing imitation  butter,  appointment  of  dairy  commissioner,  and  impure  milk. 

Public  Acts  1897,  chapter  145  (sections  1-3). — An  act  concerning  the  selling  of 
tub  butter.  (Approved  May  5,  1897.) 

Public  Acts  1895,  chapter  235  (sections  1-10). — An  act  regulating  the  manufac- 
ture and  sale  of  food  products.  (Approved  June  26,  1895.)  [See  amendment  fol- 
lowing:] 

Sections  recently  amended  : 


Public  Acts  of  1895,  Chapter  235 

Sec.  4.  (As  amended  by  section  1,  chapter  22  of 
Connecticut  Agricultural  Experiment  pub]jc  Acts  of  1 899. ) The  Connecticut  Agricultural 
station  to  make  analyses.  Experiment  Station  shall  make  analyses  of  food 

products  on  sale  in  Connecticut,  or  kept  in  Connecticut  for  export,  to  be  sold  with- 
out the  State,  suspected  of  being  adulterated.  Samples  of  food  products  for 
analysis  shall  be  taken  by  the  duly  authorized  agents  of  the  station,  or  by  th  > 
dairy  commissioner  or  his  deputy,  at  such  times  and  places  and  to  such  an  extent 
as  in  the  judgment  of  the  officers  of  said  experiment  station  and  of  the  dairy 
„ . . . . commissioner  shall  seem  expedient.  The  dairy  com- 

Powers  of  dairy  commissioner.  missioner  or  Ws  deputy  shall  have  full  access  at  all 

reasonable  hours  to  any  place  wherein  it  is  suspected  that  there  is  kept  for  sale  or 
for  export,  as  above  specified,  any  article  of  food  adulterated  with  any  deleterious 
or  foreign  ingredient  or  ingredients,  and  said  dairy  commissioner  or  his  deputy, 
upon  tendering  the  market  price  of  such  article,  may  take  from  any  person,  firm, 
„ , , . . or  corporation,  samples  of  the  same.  The  said  experiment  station 

oo*  s a,l(ill<  s-  may  adopt  or  fix  standards  of  purity,  quality,  or  strength,  when 
such  standards  are  not  specified  by  law. 

Sec.  5.  (As  amended  by. section  1,  chapter  22 
of  Public  Acts  of  1899.)  Whenever  said  ex- 
periment station  shall  find  by  its  analysis  that  adulterated  food  products  have 
been  on  sale  in  the  State,  or  kept  in  the  State  for  export,  for  sale  without  the  State, 
it  shall  forthwith  transmit  the  facts  so  found  to  the  dairy  commissioner,  who  shall 
make  complaint  to  the  proper  prosecuting  officer,  to  the  end  that  violators  of  the 
law  relating  to  the  adulteration  of  food  products  shall  be  prosecuted. 


Commissioner  to  l>e  notified  of  adulteration. 


DELAWARE. 

See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  574-576,  for: 

Laws  of  1887,  chapter  231  (sections  1-4). — An  act  for  the  protection  of  the  pub- 
lic health  and  to  prevent  adulteration  of  dairy  products  and  fraud  in  the  sale 
thereof.  (Passed  April  15,  1887.) 

Laws  of  1895,  chapter  209  (sections  1-5). — An  act  to  prevent  deception  in  the 
manufacture  and  sale  of  imitation  butter.  (Passed  May  8,  1895.) 


DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  576-581,  for: 

Fifty-third  Congress,  Session  III,  chapter  164  (sections  1-15). — An  act  to  regu- 
late the  sale  of  milk  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  for  other  purposes. 
(Approved  March  2,  1895.) 2 


1 81,000  is  appropriated  for  the  expenses  of  the  office  of  the  dairy  commissioner. 

2 The  health  officer's  regulations  in  force  under  this  act  are  dated  July  31, 1897. 


42 


Forty-fifth  Congress,  Session  III,  chapter  22  (sections  1-3).— An  act  for  the  pro- 
tection of  dairymen,  and  to  prevent  deception  in  sales  of  butter  and  cheese  in  the 
District  of  Columbia.  (Approved  January  25,  1879.) 

Fifty-fifth  Congress,  Session  II,  chapter  25  (sections  1-10).— An  act  relating  to 
the  adulteration  of  foods  and  drugs  in  the  District  of  Columbia.  (Approved 
February  17,  1898.) 

FLORIDA. 


[The  following  Revised  Statutes  include  the  dairy  law  published  in  the  Four- 
teenth Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  (page  581),  and  other 
sections  which  might  apply  to  dairy  products:] 


Adulteration  of  any  substance 
intended  for  food;  penalty. 


Sec.  2659.  Whoever  knowingly  sells  any  kinds 
meat  or  drink;  penalty.  of  diseased,  corrupted  or  unwholesome  pro- 

visions, whether  for  meat  or  drink,  without 
making  the  same  fully  known  to  the  buyer,  shall  be  punished  by  imprisonment 
not  exceeding  six  months,  or  by  fine  not  exceeding  two  hundred  dollars. 

Sec.  2660.  Whoever  fraudulently  adulterates,  for  the 
purpose  of  sale,  bread  or  any  other  substance  intended 
for  food,  with  any  substance  injurious  to  health,  shall 
be  punished  by  imprisonment  not  exceeding  one  year,  or  by  fine  not  exceeding 
three  hundred  dollars;  and  the  articles  so  adulterated  shall  be  forfeited  and 
destroyed  under  the  direction  of  the  court. 

„ , , . Sec. -2662.  Whoever  knowingly  and  willfully  sells  or 

bSSS  “ causes  to  be  soW  as  bntter  any  spurious  preparation 
purporting  to  be  butter,  whether  known  as  oleomar- 
garine, or  by  any  other  name,  shall  be  punished  by  imprisonment  not  exceeding 
thirty  days,  or  by  fine  not  exceeding  one  hundred  dollars. 

IT  . . . . . • . . . Sec.  2663.  Any  keeper  of  any  hotel  or  board- 

’ ’ mg  house  who  shall  knowingly  and  willfully, 

without  giving  notice  to  guests  at  the  table,  supply  oleomargarine  or  other 
spurious  preparation  purporting  to  be  butter,  for  the  use  of  guests,  shall  be  sub- 
ject to  the  same  penalty. 

GEORGIA. 


See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  581-583,  for — 

Acts  of  1895,  part  1,  title  7,  No.  207  (sections  1-14). — An  act  to  regulate  the  sale 
of  milk,  butter,  and  cheese,  and  to  prescribe  penalties  for  the  unlawful  sale  or 
offering  for  sale  of  any  watered  or  adulterated  or  unwholesome  milk,  and  imita- 
tions or  adulterations  of  butter  and  cheese.  (Approved  December  16,  1895.) 

IDAHO. 


See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
page  583,  for — 

General  Laws,  1884-85,  page  61  (sections  1-2). — An  act  to  prevent  the  sale  of 
oleomargarine,  butterine,  mixtures  imitating  or  adulterated  butter.  (Approved 
January  27,  1885.) 

Revised  Statutes  of  1897,  section  6918. — Concerning  adulterated  foods,  etc. 

ILLINOIS. 

See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  583-588,  for — 

Laws  of  1879,  page  111  (sections  1-7)  (=  Hurd’s  Revised  Statutes,  chapter  38, 
sections  9-9e). — An  act  to  regulate  the  sale  of  milk  and  to  provide  penalties  for  the 
adulteration  thereof.  (Approved  May  29,  1879.) 

Laws  of  1883,  page  54  (sections  1-4)  (=  Revised  Statutes,  chapter  5,  sections 
29-32). — An  act  to  require  operators  of  butter  and  cheese  factories  on  the  cooper- 
ative plan  to  give  bonds,  and  to  prescribe  penalties  for  the  violation  thereof. 
(Approved  June  18,  1883.) 


43 


Laws  of  1879,  page  11  (sections  1-3)  (=  Revised  Statutes,  chapter  38,  sections 
39a-39c).^An  act  to  prevent  frauds  in  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  butter  and 
cheese.  ( Approved  May  31 , 1879. ) 

Laws  of  1881.  page  74  (sections  1 and  2)  (=  Revised  Statutes,  chapter  38,  sec- 
tions 9f,  9g). — An  act  to  prevent  the  adulteration  of  butter  and  cheese,  or  the  sale 
or  disposal  of  the  same,  or  the  manufacture  or  sale  of  any  article  as  a substitute 
for  butter  or  cheese,  or  any  article  to  be  used  as  butter  and  cheese.  (Approved 
June  1,  1881.) 

Laws  of  1881,  page  75  (sections  1,  3-8)  (=  Revised  Statutes,  chapter  38,  sec- 
tions 9h-9o). — An  act  to  prevent  and  punish  the  adulteration  of  articles  of  food, 
drink,  and  medicine,  and  the  sale  thereof  when  adulterated.  (Approved  June 
1,  1881.) 

Laws  of  1897,  page  3 (sections  1-11)  (=Revised  Statutes,  chapter  38,  sections 
39d-39n). — An  act  to  regulate  the4manufacture  and  sale  of  substitutes  for  butter. 
(Approved  June  14,  1897.) 

Laws  of  1885,  page  207  (sections  1 and  3)  (=Revised  Statutes,  chapter  38,  sec- 
tions 104a-104c). — An  act  to  protect  the  public  from  imposition  in  relation  to 
canned  or  preserved  food.  (Approved  June  27,  1885.) 

Additional  laws  are  as  follows : 


Laws  of  1897,  page  268. 

AN  ACT  to  fix  the  standard'of  analysis  of  milk.  (Approved  June  7, 1897.) 

.„  . dard  That  the  standard  of  analysis  for  milk  in  this  State  as  to  ingredi- 
i s an<ar< . en^g  an(j  pr0p0rtj0ns  shall  be  water,  eighty-eight  per  centum,  milk 
solids,  twelve  per  centum,  and  said  milk  solids  shall  contain  not  less  than  three 
per  centum  of  butter  fat. 

When  contracts  are  made  for  milk  purchased  within  this  State  for  delivery 
within  or  without  this  State  no  other  standard  shall  be  used  except  by  special  con- 
tract in  writing. 

Laws  of  1899,  page  368. 


AN  ACT  to  provide  for  the  appointment  of  a State  Pood  Commissioner  and  to  define  his  powers 
and  duties  and  fix  his  compensation,  and  to  prohibit  and  prevent  adulteration,  fraud,  and 
deception  in  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  articles  of  food,  and  to  repeal  certain  acts  or  parts 
of  acts  herein  named.  (Approved  April  24, 1899.) 

„ . . . , , Section  1.  That  the  office  of  State  Food  Commis- 

Food  commissioner;  term,  salary.  for  the  gtate  of  lllinois  is  hereby  created. 

Within  thirty  days  after  this  act  shall  take  effect  such  commissioner  shall  be 
appointed  by  the  Governor,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate, 
and  his  term  of  office  shall  be  for  two  (2)  years  from  the  date  of  his  appointment 
and  until  his  successor  is  appointed  and  qualified.  Thereafter  the  term  of  office 
of  the  commissioner  shall  be  for  four  years  and  until  his  successor  is  qualified. 
The  salary  of  the  commissioner  shall  be  twenty-five  hundred  dollars  ($2,500)  per 
annum  an  d his  necessary  and  actual  expenses  in  the  discharge  of  his  official  duties 

Sec.  2.  Such  commissioner  may,  with  the  advice  and  con- 
sent of  the  Governor,  appoint  two  assistant  commissioners, 
each  of  acknowledged  standing,  ability  and  integrity,  one  of  whom  shall  be  an 
expert  in  the  matter  of  dairy  products,  and  the  other  of  whom  shall  be  a practical 
and  analytical  chemist,  who  shall  be  known  as  the  State  analyst.  The  salaries 
of  such  assistants  shall  not  exceed  eighteen  hundred  dollars  ($1,800)  each 
per  annum  and  their  necessary  and  actual  expenses  incurred  in  the  dis- 
charge of  their  official  duties.  In  case  of  the  absence  or  inability  of  the  State 
analyst  to  perform  all  the  duties  of  his  office,  the  commissioner  may  appoint 
some  competent  person  to  assist  in  the  same  temporarily. 

. . . . „ . , Sec.  3.  The  food  commissioner  shall  have  authority  to 

ppom  men  o mspec  ors.  app0jnt  necessary  inspectors  not  exceeding  six  in  number 
to  assist  in  the  work  of  the  food  commissioner,  at  such  times  and  for  such  periods 
of  time  as  may  be  required  in  the  enforcement  of  the  dairy  and  food  laws  of  the 
State.  Such  inspectors  shall  have  the  same  right  of  access  to  places  to  be  inspected 
as  the  commissioner.  The  compensation  of  such  inspectors  shall  be  three  dollars 
($3.00)  per  day  for  each  day  of  actual  service,  and  their  necessary  and  actual 
expenses  when  so  employed. 


Assistant  commissioners. 


Salaries. 


44 


Powers  of  food  commissioner. 


. . . Sec.  4.  It  shall  he  the  duty  of  the  commissioner  to  enforce  all 

ii  j o commissioner.  jaws  that  now  exist  Gr  that  may  hereafter  be  enacted  in  this 
State  regarding  the  production,  manufacture,  or  sale  of  dairy  products,  or  the 
adulteration  of  any  article  of  food,  and  personally  or  by  his  assistants  to  inspect 
any  article  of  food  made  or  offered  for  sale  within  this  State,  which  he  may, 
through  himself  or  his  assistants,  suspect  or  have  reason  to  believe  to  be  impure, 
unhealthful,  adulterated,  or  counterfeit,  and  to  prosecute,  or  cause  to  be  prose- 
cuted, any  person  or  persons,  firm  or  firms,  corporation  or  corporations,  engaged 
in  the  manufacture  or  sale  of  any  adulterated  or  counterfeit  article  or  articles  of 
food  contrary  to  the  laws  of  this  State. 

. . . „ . . ,.  , Sec.  5.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  food  commissioner 

Analysis  of  suspected  articles.  to  carefully  inquire  into  the  quality  of  the  dairy  and 

food  products,  and  the  several  articles  which  are  foods  or  the  necessary  constitu- 
ents of  food  which  are  manufactured  for  sale  or  sold  or  exposed  or  offered  for  sale 
in  this  State,  and  he  may  in  a lawful  manner  procure  samples  of  the  same,  and 
direct  the  State  analyst  to  make  due  and  careful  examination  of  the  same  and 
report  to  the  commissioner  the  results  of  the  analysis  of  all  or  any  such  food  or 
dairy  products  as  are  adulterated,  impure  or  unwholesome,  in  contravention  of 
the  laws  of  this  State,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  commissioner  to  make  com- 
plaint against  the  manufacturer  or  vendor  thereof  in  the  proper  county,  and  fur- 
nish the  prosecuting  attorney  with  the  evidence  thereon  and  thereof  to  obtain  a 
conviction  for  the  offense  charged.  The  food  commissioner  or  his  assistants,  or 
any  person  by  him  duly  appointed  for  that  purpose, 
shall  have  power  in  the  performance  of  their  duties  to 
enter  any  dairy,  creamery,  cheese  factory,  store,  saleroom,  warehouse  (except 
bonded  warehouses  for  the  storage  of  distilled  spirits),  where  goods  are  stored  or 
exposed  for  sale,  or  place  where  they  have  reason  to  believe  food  is  stored  or 
offered  for  sale,  and  open  any  cask,  tub,  jar,  bottle,  or  package  containing  or  sup- 
posed to  contain  any  article  of  food,  and  examine  or  cause  to  be  examined  the 
contents  thereof,  and  take  therefrom  samples  for  analysis.  The  person  making 
k'  / such  inspection  shall  take  such  sample  of  such  article  or  product 

•i  mg  samp  es.  -n  presence  of  at  least  one  witness,  and  he  shall,  in  the  pres- 
ence of  such  witness,  mark  or  seal  such  sample  and  shall  tender,  at  the  time  of 
taking,  to  the  manufacturer  or  vendor  of  such  product,  or  to  the  person  having 
the  custody  of  the  same,  the  value  thereof,  but  if  the  person  from  whom  such 
sample  is  taken  shall  request  him  to  do  so,  he  shall  at  the  same  time,  and  in  the 
presence  of  the  person  from  whom  such  property  is  taken,  securely  seal  up  two 
samples  of  the  article  seized  or  taken,  the  one  of  which  shall  be  for  examination 
or  ana  ysis  under  the  direction  of  the  commissioner,  and  the  other  of  which  shall 
be  delivered  to  the  person  from  whom  the  article  was  taken.  Any  person  who 
t shall  obstruct  the  commissioner  or  any  of  his  assistants  by 
ena  y or  mu  ranee.  refusjng  to  allow  him  entrance  to  any  place  which  he  desires 
to  enter  in  the  discharge  of  his  official  duty,  or  refuse  to  deliver  to  him  a sample 
of  any  article  of  food  made,  sold,  offered  or  exposed  for  sale  by  such  person,  when 
the  same  is  requested,  and  when  the  value  thereof  is  tendered,  shall  be  guilty  of 
a misdemeanor,  punishable  by  a fine  of  not  exceeding  fifty  (50)  dollars  for  the 
first  offense,  and  not  exceeding  five  hundred  (500)  dollars  or  less  than  fifty  dollars 
($50)  for  each  subsequent  offense. 

, . . Sec.  6.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State’s  attorney  in  any 

a e s a orneys  o assis  . county  the  state,  when  called  upon  by  the  commissioner 
or  any  of  his  assistants,  to  render  any  legal  assistance  in  his  power  to  execute  the 
laws  and  to  prosecute  cases  arising  under  provisions  of  this  act. 

...  , . , .....  . , . Sec.  7.  The  State  board  of  health  may  submit 

State  board  of  health  to  furnish  samples.  , . , ,.  . . J . , , 

F to  the  commissioner  or  to  any  of  his  assistants 

samples  of  food  or  drink  for  examination  or  analysis,  and  shall  receive  special 
reports  showing  the  result  of  such  examination  or  analysis. 

Sec.  8.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  the  State  analyst, 
while  he  holds  his  office,  to  furnish  to  any  individual, 
firm  or  corporation  any  certificate  as  to  the  purity  or  excellence  of  any  article  man- 
ufactured or  sold  by  them  to  be  used  as  food  or  in  the  preparation  of  food. 

„ ....  , Sec.  9.  The  salary  of  the  commissioner  shall  be  paid 

ajincii  o saanesam  expenses.  from  the  fund  appropriated  for  the  payment  of  the 

salaries  of  State  officers,  and  his  assistants  shall  be  paid  out  of  the  State  treasury 
from  the  same  fund  and  in  the  same  manner  as  the  salaries  of  other  employes  of 
the  State  are  paid,  and  their  official  expenses  shall  be  paid  at  the  end  of  each  cal- 


Certificates  of  analysis  forbidden. 


45 


endar  month  upon  bills  duly  itemized  and  approved  by  the  Governor,  and  the 
amount  necessary  to  pay  such  salaries  and  expenses  is  hereby  appropriated. 


, ...  Sec.  10.  The  commissioner  may,  under  the  direc- 

lemica  a »ora  ory  appropna  ion.  f.|on  Qf?  ttie  Q-overnor,  fit  up  a laboratory  with  suffi- 
cient apparatus  for  making  the  analysis  contemplated  in  this  act,  and  for  such 
purpose  the  sum  of  fifteen  hundred  dollars  ($1,500),  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be 
necessary,  is  hereby  appropriated;  and  for  the  purpose  of  providing  materials,  and 
for  necessary  expenses  connected  with  the  making  of  such  analysis,  there  is  also 
hereby  appropriated  so  much  money  as  may  be  necessary,  not  exceeding  six  hun. 
dred  dollars  ($000)  annually.  The  appropriation  provided  for  in  this  section  shall 
be  drawn  from  the  State  treasury  upon  certified  bills  approved  by  the  Governor 

, , „ . . Sec.  11.  The  commissioner  shall  make  an  annual  report 

Annual  report  of  ro,nn„SS,o„or.  ^ the  Q.overnor  on  or  be(ore  the  ttrst  day  of  j anuar‘y  in 

each  year,  which  shall  be  printed  and  published.  Such  report  shall  cover  the 
doings  of  his  office  for  the  preceding  year  and  shall  show,  among  other  things,  the 
number  of  factories,  creameries  and  other  places  inspected,  and  by  whom;  the  num- 
ber of  specimens  of  food  articles  analyzed  and  the  State  analyst’s  report  upon  each 
one  when  the  analysis  indicates  the  same  to  be  contrary  to  law;  the  number  of 
complaints  entered  against  persons  for  violation  of  the  laws  relative  to  the  adul- 
teration of  food;  the  number  of  convictions  had  and  the  amount  of  fines  imposed 
therefor,  together  with  such  recommendations  relative  to  the  statutes  in  force  as 


Monthly  bulletin. 


his  experience  may  justify.  The  commissioner  may  also  prepare, 
print  and  distribute  [to]  the  newspapers  of  the  State,  and  to  such 
persons  as  may  be  interested,  or  may  apply  therefor,  a monthly  bulletin  contain- 
ing the  results  of  inspections,  the  results  of  analysis  made  by  the  State  analyst  of 
articles  of  food  offered  by  [for]  sale  contrary  to  law,  with  proper  explanation  of 
the  same,  and  such  other  information  as  may  come  to  him  m his  official  capacity 
relating  to  the  adulteration  of  food  and  drink  products  and  of  dairy  products,  so 
far  as  he  may  deem  the  same  of  benefit  and  advantage  to  the  public;  also  a brief 
summary  of  all  the  work  done  during  the  month  by  the  commissioner  and  his 
assistants  in  the  enforcement  of  the  laws  of  the  State,  but  not  more  than  ten  thou- 
sand copies  of  each  of  such  monthly  bulletins  shall  be  printed:  Provided,  the  neces- 
State  rinter  sary  printing  shall  be  done  by  the  State  printer,  and  all  expenses  for 
a e pi m ei.  stationery  and  printing  shall  be  audited,  and  paid  from  the  same 
fund  and  in  the  same  manner  as  other  State  printing  and  stationery. 
f-  * tn  «+  to  t , All  fines,  penalties  and  costs  recovered  for  violations  of  this 
llies  a 1 urj ' act  and  other  acts  now  enacted  or  hereafter  to  be  enacted 
prohibiting  or  regulating  the  adulteration  of  foods,  shall  be  paid  into  the  State 
treasury  to  the  credit  of  the  general  fund  of  the  State. 

„ . i p i i+  + a 4>  i Sec.  12.  No  person  shall,  within  this  State, 

Manufacture  or  sale  of  adulterated  food.  c \.  ’ 

manufacture  for  sale,  have  m his  possession 

with  intent  to  sell,  offer  for  sale,  or  sell,  any  article  of  food  which  is  adulterated 
within  the  meaning  of  this  act. 

Food  defined  Sec.  ^he  term  “food,”  as  used  herein,  shall  include  all  articles, 
n * whether  simple,  mixed  or  compound,  used  for  food,  candy,  drink  or 
condiment  by  man  or  domestic  animals. 

Sec.  14.  An  article  shall  be  deemed  to  be  adulterated  within 
the  meaningof  this  act: 1 First — If  any  substance  or  substances 


Adulteration  defined. 


1 The  State  food  commissioner  has  published  the  following  rules: 

All  milk  offered  for  sale  must  be  from  healthy  cows  of  clean  and  wholesome  character,  unadul- 
terated, free  from  preservative,  and  must  contain  not  less  than  three  per  cent  of  butter-fat. 

The  use  of  the  word  “Cream”  on  condensed  milk  cans  is  deemed  prima  facie  evidence  of 
intent  to  commit  fraud. 

Condensed  milk  shall  be  made  from  milk  containing  at  least  the  legal  standard  of  three  per 
cent  butter-fat  and  evaporated  to  one-third  or  less  of  its  original  volume. 

Condensed  skim  milk  must  be  plainly  labeled  as  such. 

Imitation  butter  must  not  be  marked  and  sold  as  “ Creamery  ” or  “ Dairy,”  but  each  should 
be  marked  plainly  with  its  own  name,  but  must  be  branded  “ Imitation  Butter.” 

Oleomargarine,  bt  tterine  and  imitation  butter  can  be  manufactured  and  sold  under  their 
appropriate  names  and  color  when  appropriately  labeled.  Each  tub,  package  or  parcel  shall 
have  distinctly  and  durably  painted,  stamped  or  marked  thereon  the  true  and  appropriate  name 
of  such  substance  in  ordinary  bold-faced  capital  letters,  not  less  than  five  lines  pica. 

“Whole  milk  ” cheese,  commonly  miscalled  “full  cream  ” cheese,  must  contain  at  least  forty- 
eight  per  cent  of  fat  to  total  solids. 

Butter  shall  contain  at  least  80  per  cent  of  fat. 

“Coffee  cream”  shall  contain  at  least  15  per  cent  of  fat,  and  “whipping  cream  ” at  least  33 
per  cent. 

Canned  goods  must  be  labeled  with  grade  or  quality  of  the  goods  and  the  name  and  address 
of  the  seller  or  manufacturer. 


.46 


has  or  have  been  mixed  with  it  so  as  to  depreciate,  lower  or  injuriously  affect  its 
quality,  strength,  or  purity.  Second — If  any  inferior  or  cheaper  substance  or 
substances  has  or  have  been  substituted  wholly  or  in  part  for  the  article.  Third — 
If  any  valuable  necessary  constituent  or  ingredient  has  been  wholly  or  in  part 
abstracted  from  it.  Fourth — If  it  be  an  imitation  of  and  sold  under  the  name  of 
another  article.  Fifth — If  it  is  mixed,  colored,  coated,  polished  or  powdered, 
whereby  damage  or  inferiority  is  concealed,  or  if  by  any  means  it  is  made  to 
appear  better  or  of  greater  value  than  it  really  is.  Sixth — If  it  contains  any  added 
substance  or  ingredient  which  is  poisonous  or  injurious  to  health.  Seventh — If  it 
consists  wholly  or  in  part  of  a decomposed,  putrid,  infected,  tainted  or  rotten  ani- 
mal or  vegetable  substance  or  article,  whether  manufactured  or  not,  or  if  it  is  the 
product  of  a diseased  animal,  or  if  of  an  animal  that  has  died  otherwise  than  by 
slaughter:  Provided , that  an  article  of  food  which  does  not  contain  anyingedient 
injurious  to  health,  and  in  the  case  of  mixtures  or  compounds,  which  maybe  now, 
or  from  time  to  time  hereafter,  known  as  articles  of  food  under  their  own  distinc- 
tive names,  or  which  shall  be  labeled  so  as  to  plainly  indicate  that  they  are  mix- 
tures, combinations,  compounds,  or  blends,  and  not  included  in  definition  fourth 
of  this  section,  shall  not  be  deemed  to  have  been  adulterated:  Provided  farther, 
that  all  manufactured  articles  of  food  offered  for  sale  shall  be  distinctly  labeled, 
marked  or  branded  with  the  name  of  the  manufacturer  and  place  of  manufacture, 
or  the  name  and  address  of  the  packer  or  dealer  who  sells  same. 

******* 

r . . , Sec.  20.  No  packer  or  dealer  in  preserved  or  canned  fruits  and  vege- 

s s'  tables,  or  other  articles  of  food,  shall  sell  or  offer  for  sale  such  canned 
or  preserved  fruits  and  vegetables  or  other  articles  of  food,  unless  they  shall  be 
entirely  free  from  substances  or  ingredients  deleterious  to  health,  and  unless  such 
articles  bear  a mark,  stamp,  brand,  or  label,  bearing  the  name  and  address  of  the 
firm,  person,  or  corporation  that  packs  same,  or  dealer  that  sells  same.  All  soaked 
or  bleached  goods  or  goods  put  up  from  products  dried  before  canning,  shall  be 
plainly  marked,  branded,  stamped,  or  labeled  as  such,  with  the  words  “‘soaked” 
or  • ■ bleached  goods  ” in  letters  not  less  than  two-line  pica  in  size,  showing  the  name 
of  the  article  and  the  name  and  address  of  the  packer  or  dealer  who  sells  same. 
******* 


F-  if  i,  • nds  Sec.  Whoever  shall  falsely  brand,  mark,  stencil,  or  label  any  article 
a se  »ranc  . Qr  product  required  by  this  act  to  be  branded,  marked,  stenciled,  or 
labeled,  or  shall  remove,  alter,  deface,  mutilate,  obliterate,  imitate,  or  counterfeit 
any  brand,  mark,  stencil,  or  label  so  required,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misde- 
meanor, and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be  punished  by  a fine  of  not  less  than 
Penalt  twenty-five  nor  more  than  two  hundred  dollars  and  costs  of  prosecution, 
I,a  5*  or  by  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  for  not  less  than  thirty  days  nor 
more  than  ninety  days,  or  by  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment,  in  the  discretion 
of  the  court,  for  each  and  every  offense. 


, . , , . . Sec.  24.  The  taking  of  orders,  or  the  making  of  agree- 

a ms  on  ers  eeme  a sa  e.  menf.g  or  contracts,  by  any  person,  firm,  or  corporation, 

or  by  any  agent  or  representative  thereof,  for  the  future  delivery  of  any  of  the 
articles,  products,  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise  embraced  within  the  provisions 
of  this  act,  shall  be  deemed  a sale  within  the  meaning  of  this  act. 


Sample  for  analysis  to  be  furnished. 


Sec.  25.  Every  person  manufacturing,  offering,  or 
exposing  for  sale  or  delivery,  to  a purchaser  any 
article  intended  for  food,  shall  furnish  to  any  person  or  analyst  or  other  officer 
or  agent  appointed  hereunder  who  shall  apply  to  him  for  the  purpose,  and  shall 
tender  him  the  value  of  the  same,  a sample  sufficient  for  the  analysis  of  any  such 
article  which  is  in  his  possession.  Whoever  hinders,  obstructs,  or  in  any  way  inter- 


Penalty. 


feres  with  any  inspector,  analyst  or  other  officer  appointed  hereunder  in 


the  performance  of  his  duty,  and  whoever  wilfully  neglects  or  refuses  to 
do  any  of  the  acts  or  things  enjoined  by  this  act,  or  in  any  way  violates  any  of  the 
provisions  of  this  act.  shall  be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  shall, 
where  no  specific  penalty  is  prescribed  by  this  act.  be  punished  by  a fine  not 
exceeding  two  hundred  nor  less  than  twenty-five  dollars,  or  by  imprisonment  in 
the  county  jail  for  a period  not  exceeding  ninety  days,  or  by  both  such  fine  and 
imprisonment  in  the  discretion  of  the  court. 


Repeal. 


Sec.  26.  All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  with  this  act,  and  section  6 1 
of  an  act  entitled  ‘“An  act  to  prevent  the  adulteration  of  butter  and  cheese, 


1 The  act  named  and  referred  to  above  has  but  two  sections. 


47 


or  the  sale  or  disposal  of  the  same,  or  the  manufacture  or  sale  of  any  article  as  a 
substitute  for  butter  or  cheese,  or  any  article  to  be  used  as  butter  and  cheese,” 
approved  June  1,  1881,  be,  and  they  are  hereby,  repealed. 

Sec.  27.  For  the  purpose  of  enabling  dealers  in  products  affected 
l enaities  suspended.  this  act  to  dispose  of  same  without  loss,  it  is  hereby  expressly 
provided  that  the  penalties  of  this  act,  and  prosecution  under  same,  are  suspended 
until  the  first  day  of  July,  1900. 


INDIANA. 


See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
page  589,  for — 

Horner’s  Revised  Statutes,  1897,  sections  2071  and  2071a. — Concerning  sale  of 
adulterated  and  impure  milk,  butter  and  cheese,  and  oleomargarine. 

Recently  enacted: 


Acts  of  1899.  Chapter  121. 1 


AN  ACT  forbidding  the  manufacture,  sale  or  offering  for  sale  of  any  adulterated  foods  or  drugs, 
defining  foods  and  drugs,  stating  wherein  adulteration  of  foods  and  drugs  consist  and  defining 
the  duties  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  in  relation  to  foods  and  drugs,  their  inspection,  purity, 
adulteration,  declaring  penalties  for  the  violation  of  the  laws,  rules,  and  ordinances  con- 
cerning foods  and  drugs,  also  liquors  used  or  intended  for  drink,  repealing  acts  in  conflict 
therewith.  (S.  54.  Approved  February  28,  1899.  In  force  April  28, 1899. ) 


Adulterated  food  forbidden. 


Food  defined. 


Section  1.  That  no  person  shall,  within  this  State,  manu- 
facture for  sale,  offer  for  sale,  or  sell  any  drug  or  article 
of  food  which  is  adulterated  within  the  meaning  of  this  act.  The  term  “drug ” 
as  used  in  this  act,  shall  include  all  medicines  for  internal  oi  external  use,  anti- 
septics, disinfectants,  and  cosmetics.  The  term  “food”  as  used 
herein,  shall  include  confectionery,  condiments,  and  all  articles  used 
for  food  or  drink  by  man.  An  article  shall  be  deemed  to  be  adulterated  within 
. . the  meaning  of  this  act:  (a)  In  case  of  drugs  * * * (b) 

(u  era  ion  <e  net.  jn  the  case  of  food,  (1 ) if  any  substance  or  substances  have  been 
mixed  with  it,  so  as  to  reduce,  or  lower,  or  in]  uriously  affect  its  quality  or  strength; 
(2)  if  any  inferior  or  cheaper  substance  or  substances  have  been  substituted  wholly 
or  in  part  for  it;  (8)  if  any  valuable  constituent  has  been  wholly  or  in  part 
abstracted  from  it;  (4)  if  itis  an  imitation  of  or  sold  under  the  name  of  another  arti- 
cle; (5)  if  it  consists  wholly  or  in  part  of  a diseased,  decomposed,  putrid,  orrotten 
animal  or  vegetable  substance,  whether  manufactured  or  not,  or,  in  the  case  of 
milk,  if  it  is  the  product  of  a diseased  animal;  (6)  if  it  is  colored,  coated,  polished, 
or  powdered,  whereby  damage  is  concealed,  or  if  it  is  made  to  appear  better  or  of 
greater  value  than  it  really  is;  (7)  if  it  contains  any  added  poisonous  ingredient, 
or  any  ingredient  which  may  render  it  injurious  to  the  health  of  the  person  con- 
suming it.  The  provisions  of  this  act  sha.l  not  apply  to  mixtures  or  compounds 
,.  recognized  as  ordinary  articles  of  food  or  drink:  Provided , That  the 

xcep  ions.  same  are  nof.  injuri0us  to  health,  and  are  distinctly  labeled  as  mix- 
tures or  compounds;  and  no  prosecutions  shall  at  any  time  be  maintained  under 
said  act  concerning  any  drug,  the  standard  of  strength  of  purity  whereof  has  been 
raised  since  the  issue  of  the  last  edition  of  the  United  States  Pharmacopeia,  unless 
and  until  such  change  of  standard  has  been  published  throughout  the  State. 

Sec.  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  Board  of 
Health  to  enforce  the  laws  of  the  State  governing  food 
and  drug  adulteration;  and  the  State  Health  Officer  shall  be  the  State  inspector  of 
i t rf  l,  foods  and  drugs.  The  State  Board  of  Health  shall  take  cognizance 
nspec  oro  oo<  s.  tlie  interests  of  the  public  health  relating  to  the  sale  of  drugs 
and  foods,  and  the  adulteration  of  the  same,  and  shall  make  all  necessary  investiga- 
tion and  inquiries  in  reference  thereto,  and  for  these  purposes  the  State,  county, 
city,  and  town  Health  Officers  shall  be  food  and  drug  inspectors,  subordinate  to 
the  State  Board  of  Health.  Within  ninety  days  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  the 


State  Board  of  Health  to  enforce. 


1 This  law  is  not  strictly  enforced  because  necessary  appropriation  for  enforcement  has  not 
been  made. 


48 


State  Board  of  Health  shall  adopt  such  measures 1 as  may  he  necessary  to  facilitate 


Rules  concerning  adulteration. 


the  enforcement  hereof,  and  shall  prepare  rules  and 


ordinances  where  and  when  necessary  regulating  mini- 
mum standards  for  foods  and  drugs,  defining  specific  adulteration  and  declaring 
the  proper  methods  of  collecting  and  examining  drugs  and  articles  of  food.  Every 
person  offering  or  exposing  for  sale  or  delivering  to  a purchaser  any  drug  or  arti- 
cle of  food  included  in  the  provisions  of  this  act,  shall  furnish  to  any  analyst  or 
other  officer  or  agent  appointed  hereunder,  who  shall  apply  to  him  for  the  purpose 
i <•  . i • . antl  shall  tender  to  him  the  value  of  the  same,  a sample  suffi- 

. .imp  es  or  ana  j ms.  cjen^  for  t]ie  pUrpOSe  of  the  analysis  of  any  such  drug  or  article 
of  food  which  is  in  his  possession.  Whoever  hinders,  obstructs,  or  in  any  way 
interferes  with  any  inspector,  analyst  or  other  officer  appointed  hereunder  in  the 
performance  of  his  duty,  and  whoever  violates  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act, 
Penalties  s^a^’  uPon  conviction,  be  fined  in  any  sum  not  exceeding  $100.  Who- 
ena  les.  ever  frau(juiently  adulterates,  for  the  purpose  of  sale,  bread  or  any 
other  substance  intended  for  food  with  any  substance  injurious  to  health, 
or  knowingly  Darters,  gives  away,  sells  or  has  in  his  possession  with  intent 


1 Rules  of  the  Indiana  State  hoard  of  health , according  to  chapter  121,  acts  of  1899 , establishing 

minimum  standards  and  defining  specific  adulterations  of  foods  and  drugs.  ( Passed  October  13 , 

1899.) 

MILK. 

Rule  1.  Pure  cow’s  milk  shall  have  the  following  minimum  composition:  Fat,  3 per  cent; 
solids,  not  fat,  9 per  cent. 

Rule  2.  Water  existing  in  cow’s  milk  in  excess  of  88  per  cent  shall  be  an  adulteration.  Any- 
coloring  matter  added  for  any  purpose  whatsoever  shall  be  an  adulteration.  Any  chemical  anti- 
septic whatever  added  for  any  purpose  whatsoever  shall  be  an  adulteration. 

Rule  3.  Milk  sold  or  offered  for  human  consumption  that  is  taken  from  a cow  that  has  calved 
within  four  (4)  days,  or  from  a cow  that  will  come  in  or  calve  inside  of  twenty-one  (21)  days,  is 
polluted,  and  shall  be  considered  as  adulterated. 

Rule  4.  Milk  sold  or  offered  for  human  consumption  that  is  taken  from  a cow  fed  with  dam- 
aged food,  or  any  food  which  will  impart  a disagreeable  flavor,  is  impure,  and  shall  be  considered 
as  adulterated. 

Rule  5.  Milk  sold  or  offered  for  human  consumption  that  is  taken  from  any  sick  or  diseased 
cow,  or  any  cow  that  is  given  polluted  water  to  drink,  or  which  is  kept  under  conditions  con- 
trary to  the  rules  of  the  State  board  of  health  governing  dairies,  is  impure,  and  shall  be  consid- 
ered as  adulterated. 

BUTTER. 

Rule  6.  The  word  “butter”  shall  mean  the  substance  usually  known  as  butter,  made  exclu- 
sively from  milk  or  cream,  with  or  without  salt  or  coloring  matter,  and  shall  contain  not  less 
than  80  per  cent  of  pure  milk  fats. 

Rule  7.  If  any  of  the  following-named  substances  are  found  in  butter,  they  shall  be  consid- 
ered adulterants:  Water  in  excess  of  15  per  cent;  salt  in  excess  of  6 per  cent;  salicylic  acid, 
borax,  boric  acid,  saltpeter,  formaldehyde,  glucose,  sodium  carbonate  or  bicarbonate,  or  any 
other  added  chemical,  or  any  other  fat  than  butter  fat,  any  other  coloring  matter  than  is  natu- 
ral to  butter,  except  annotto,  saffron,  safflower,  turmeric,  and  harmless  coal-tar  colors. 

MARGARINE. 

Rule  8.  The  word  “margarine  ” shall  mean  all  substances,  whether  compounds  or  otherwise, 
prepared  in  imitation  of  butter,  and  whether  mixed  with  butter  or  not. 

Rule  9.  If  any  of  the  following  named  substances  are  found  in  “ margarine  ” they  shall  be 
considered  adulterants:  Water  in  excess  of  15  per  cent;  salt  in  excess  of  6 per  cent;  glucose, 
paraffin,  salicylic  acid,  borax,  boric  acid,  saltpeter,  formaldehyde,  sodium  carbonate  or  bicar- 
bonate, or  any  chemical  preservative.  Any  coloring  matter  or  mixture  of  coloring  matters 
other  than  annotto,  saffron,  safflower,  and  turmeric  and  other  harmless  vegetable  colors,  and  the 
harmless  coal-tar  colors  shall  be  considered  adulterants. 

CHEESE. 

Rule  10.  Cheese  not  made  wholly  from  milk  or  cream,  salt,  and  harmless  coloring  matter 
shall  be  considered  adulterated. 

Rule  11.  Cheese  containing  less  than  10  per  cent  of  milk  fats  shall  be  considered  adulterated 
unless  plainly  labeled  “ Skim-milk  cheese  ” in  letters  not  less  than  1 inch  long,  the  label  to  be 
plainly  exposed. 

Rule  12'.  Cheese  containing  any  other  fats  than  milk  fats  shall  be  considered  adulterated 
unless  plainly  labeled  “Filled  cheese.” 

Rule  13.  Cheese  containing  any  coloring  matter  other  than  annotto,  safflower,  saffron,  tur- 
meric, or  harmless  coal-tar  colors  shall  be  considered  as  adulterated. 

Rule  14.  Cheese  containing  any  chemical  antiseptic  other  than  common  salt  shall  be  consid- 
ered as  adulterated,  unless  plainly  labeled  with  the  name  of  the  antiseptic  it  contains. 

* * * * * * * 

Rule  31.  Food  inspectors,  when  securing  samples  of  food  or  drugs  for  analysis,  shall,  if  the 
quantity  procured  be  sufficient  in  amount,  divide  said  sample  into  three  equal  parts,  marking 
each  one  with  date  of  collection,  name  and  residence  of  vender,  name  and  residence  of  inspector, 
and  shall  number  the  several  portions  1,  2,  3.  No.  1 shall  be  left  with  the  vender,  No.  2 retained 
by  the  inspector,  and  No.  3 reserved  for  or  sent  to  the  chemist  selected  to  make  the  analysis. 
All  these  samples  or  portions  shall  be  so  sealed  as  to  show  upon  sight  any  breaking  of  said  seal. 

Rule  32.  Whoever  violates  any  of  the  provisions  of  these  rules  shall,  upon  conviction,  be  fined 
in  any  sum  not  exceeding  $100,  as  is  provided  in  section  2,  Chapter  CXX1,  of  an  act  approved 
February  28, 1899. 


49 


to  sell  any  substance  injurious  to  health,  shall  be  fined  in  any  sum  not  exceed- 
ing $100,  and  the  article  so  adulterated  shall  be  forfeited  and  destroyed  under 
the  direction  of  the  court.  Whoever  adulterates,  for  the  purpose  of  sale, 
liquor  used  or  intended  for  drink,  and  whoever  knowingly  sells  any  such  liquor 
so  adulterated,  shall  be  punished  by  fine  of  not  less  than  one  hundred  nor  more 
than  five  hundred  dollars,  and  the  article  so  adulterated  shall  be  forfeited,  and 
destroyed  according  to  the  order  of  the  court. 

R j Sec.  3.  All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  in  conflict  with  the  provisions  of  this 
<>I)ea  ‘ statute  are  hereby  repealed. 

IOWA. 

See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  589-592,  for — 

Code  of  1897,  title  12,  chapter  13,  sections  2515-2528. ’—Concerning  dairy  com- 
missioner, testing  apparatus,  imitation  butter  and  cheese,  dairy  premises,  milk 
tests,  permits  to  sell  milk,  appropriation,  etc. 

Code  of  1897,  title  24,  chapter  10,  sections  4989-4991. — Concerning  milk  standard, 
care  of  cows,  skimmed-milk  cheese,  adulteration,  etc. 

KANSAS. 

See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  593-594,  for — 

General  statutes,  1897,  volume  2,  sections  322-325,  327-331.— Concerning  impure 
milk  and  adulteration  of  food. 

KENTUCKY. 


See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  594  and  595,  for — 

Acts  of  1891,  1892,  and  1893,  chapter  182,  sections  144  and  151. — Concerning 
adulterated  milk  and  false  brands.  (Approved  April  10,  1893.) 

Acts  of  1898,  chapter  52  (sections  1-11).— An  act  regulating  the  manufacture  and 
sale  of  food. 

LOUISIANA. 


See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
page  596,  for — 

Acts  of  1886,  No.  81  (sections  1-3). — An  act  to  prohibit  the  sale  in  this  State  of 
oleomargarine,  butterine,  or  other  substances  as  butter,  and  to  provide  a penalty 
for  the  violation  of  the  same.  (Approved  July  8,  1886.) 

The  following  also  refers  to  dairy  products: 


Acts  of  1882,  No.  82. 


AN  ACT  to  define  and  punish  adulteration  of  drugs,  food  and  drink,  providing  for  stamping 
articles  manufactured,  sold  or  offered  for  sale  within  this  State,  and  prescribing  punishment 
for  its  violation,  and  prescribing  certain  duties  of  the  Board  of  Health  relative  to  samples, 
and  their  analysis  and  fees  therefor.  (Approved  July  5,  1882.) 


. , ,,  . . . . _ . Section  1,  No  person  shall,  within  this  State,  manufac- 

A<  U p roih ib ft e d ^en al ty .rU ^ S ture,  have,  offer  for  sale,  or  sell  any  article  of  food  or 
drugs  which  is  adulterated,  and  any  person  violating  this 
provision  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  shall  be 
punished  by  a fine  not  exceeding  fifty  dollars  for  the  first  offense,  and  not  exceed- 
ing one  hundred  dollars  for  each  subsequent  offense. 


Adulteration  defined. 


Sec.  2.  An  article  shall  be  deemed  adulterated  within  the 
meaning  of  this  act,  in  the  case  of  drugs  * * * and  in  the 


1 The  appropriation  named  in  section  2528  is  now  $4,000,  in  addition  to  the  salary  of  the 
commissioner . 

10034— No.  26-00- 


-4 


50 


case  of  food  or  drink,  if  any  substance  has  been  mixed  with  it,  so  as  to  lower  or 
injuriously  affect  its  quality  or  strength,  or  if  any  inferior  or  cheaper  substance 
or  substances  have  been  substituted  wholly  or  in  part  for  the  pure  article,  or  to 
mix  any  substance  in  food  or  drink  so  sold,  or  to  sell  the  same  so  mixed,  which  by 
its  use  will  affect  in  any  extent  the  public  health  or  injure  the  health  of  the  con- 
sumer of  said  food  or  drink. 

w.  , , , „ . Sec.  3.  No  person  shall  manufacture,  sell,  or  offer 

Wholesale  etc-  for  sale  within  this  State,  any  drugs,  groceries, 

such  as  sugar,  coffee,  tea,  butter,  cheese,  or  any 
other  article  to  be  consumed  as  food  or  drink,  unless  the  package  when  sold  at 
wholesale  or  the  package  from  which  it  is  taken,  when  sold  at  retail  be  stamped 
in  plain  large  letters,  showing  the  true  quality  and  kind  of  the  articles  sold  within 
the  meaning  of  this  act,  and  every  person  violating  the  provisions  of  this  section 
Penalty  slmll  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  shall  upon  conviction  pay 
• ' a fine  of  not  less  than  twenty-five  dollars,  nor  more  than  fifty  dollars,  or 
be  sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  not  more  than  ten  days  or  both  at  the  discretion 
of  the  court. 

False  labels- nenaitv  Sec*  4<  That  Person  who  knowingly  sells  any  article  of 
• 1 ‘ ‘ * food  or  drink  with  a stamp  as  provided  aforesaid,  and  the 

article  so  sold  is  not  the  article  it  purports  to  be,  or  inferior  quality,  shall  be 
deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  shall  pay  a fine  not  exceed- 
ing one  hundred  dollars. 

Sec.  5.  The  State  Board  of  Health  shall  take 
cognizance  of  the  interests  of  the  public 
health  as  it  relates  to  the  sale  of  food  and 
drugs,  and  the  adulteration  of  the  same,  and  make  all  necessary  investigations 
and  inquiries  relative  thereto;  and  at  any  time,  when  in  their  judgment  neces- 
sary, they  shall  chemically  analyze  any  drug  or  drugs,  articles  of  food  and  drink, 
and  shall  publish  the  results  of  their  analysis  together  with  the  name  of  the 
article  or  articles  analyzed,  in  case  the  game  be  deleterious  to  the  public  health, 
and  to  warn  the  public  against  its  consumption.  On  application  of  any  citizen, 
they  shall  also  analyze  the  article  or  articles  presented  for  analysis  by  him;  but 
in  this  case  he  shall  pay  such  fees,  for  said  analysis,  as  the  Board  of  Health  may  fix. 

.,  , „ Sec.  6.  On  application  of  the  Board  of  Health 

Samples  for  analys.s  to  be  furnished.  throngh  the  ^ficer  to  be  selected  by  them,  every 

person  manufacturing  or  selling  any  article  of  food  or  drugs,  shall  be  bound  to 
furnish  a sample  of  the  said  articles  so  manufactured,  or  sold  to  the  said  Board, 
sufficient  in  quantity  to  serve  the  purpose  of  analysis,  under  a penalty  of  not  more 
than  twenty  dollars,  to  be  recovered  before  any  court  of  competent  jurisdiction. 

, , Sec.  7.  That  this  act  shall  take  effect  sixty  days  after  the  promulgation 

thereof. 

MAINE. 


State  Board  of  Health  to  examine  foods  and 
publish  results. 


See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  596-598,  for — 

Revised  Statutes  of  1883,  chapter  38,  sections  44-47. — Concerning  milk  inspectors; 
adulterated  milk,  and  milk  measures. 

Public  Laws  of  1895,  chapter  144  (one  section). — An  act  relating  to  health  and 
boards  of  health.  (Approved  March  26,  1895.) 

Public  Laws  of  1895,  chapter  169  (sections  1-5). — An  act  for  the  protection  of 
dairymen.  (Approved  March  27,  1895.) 

Revised  Statutes  of  1883,  chapter  128,  sections  3-6. — Concerning  sale  of  imitations 
of  butter  and  cheese. 


MARYLAND. 


See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  958-601  for — 

Laws  of  1890,  chapter  604  (=  sections  48,  49,  51-57  of  article  43  of  Code  of  Pub- 
lic General  Laws). — An  act  to  add  additional  sections  to  article  forty-three  of 
the  Code  of  Public  General  Laws,  title  “Health.”  to  be  numbered  “sections 
forty-eight,  fort3^-nine,  fifty,  fifty-one,  fifty-two,  fifty-three,  fifty-four,  fifty-five, 
fifty  six,  and  fifty-seven,”  so  as  to  provide  for  the  prevention  of  the  adulteration 


51 


of  articles  of  food  and  drink  and  the  sale  thereof  when  adulterated  or  unwhole- 
some. (Approved  April  8,  1890.) 

Laws  of  1894,  chapter  53  (sections  1 and  2). — An  act  to  authorize  the  mayor  and 
city  council  of  Baltimore  to  provide  for  the  inspection  and  regulation  of  the  sale 
of  milk  or  any  or  all  other  food  products  offered  for  sale  in  the  city  of  Baltimore, 
or  intended  for  consumption  therein.  (Approved  March  7,  1894.) 

[Public  General  Laws,  1888,  article  27,  sections  88-91,  were  repealed  and  reen- 
acted, amended,  as  below.] 

Recently  enacted : 

Laws  of  1898,  Chapter  306,  p.  871. 


New  sections  added  to  Article  58  of  Code 
of  Public  General  Laws. 


AN  ACT  to  add  certain  new  sections  to  Article  58  of  the  Code  of  Public  General  Laws,  title 
“Live  Stock,”  under  the  new  sub-title  “Dairies,”  to  follow  Section  18  in  proper  numerical 
order.  (Approved  April  9, 1898. ) 

Section  1.  That  certain  new  sections  be  and  the 
same  are  hereby  added  to  Article  58  of  the  Code 
of  Public  General  Laws,  title  “Live  Stock,” 
under  the  new  sub-title  “Dairies,”  to  follow  section  18  of  said  Article  in  proper 
numerical  order,  and  to  read  as  follows: 

_ 19.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  all  dairymen  or  herdsmen  or  private 

Cattle  to  be  registered . in^ivi(juais  supplying  milk  to  cities,  towns  and  villages  to 
register  their  herds  or  cattle  with  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board,  in  vio- 
Pena  ty.  jatjon  0f  which  the  parties  offending  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  $1  nor 
more  than  $20  for  each  offence. 


Dairy  premises  to  be  inspected. 


20.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary 
Board,  to  have  inspected  at  least  annually,  without 
notice  to  the  owner  or  those  in  charge  of  any  dairy  or  parties  supplying  milk,  as 
named  in  section  19  of  this  article,  the  premises  wherein  cows  are  kept,  and  if  such 
premises  are  found  in  any  unsanitary  condition,  the  said  board  may  prohibit  the 
sale  and  shipment  of  milk  from  such  premises  until  such  time  as  the  premises  shall 
conform  to  the  following  sanitary  rules: 


Construction  of  stables. 


Rule  1.  No  building  or  shed  shall  be  used  for  stabling  cows 
for  dairy  purposes,  which  is  not  well  lighted  and  well  ven- 
tilated, and  which  is  not  provided  with  sufficient  feed  trough  or  box,  and  suitable 
floor,  laid  with  proper  grades  and  channels  to  immediately  carry  off  all  drainage; 
and  if  a public  sewer  abuts  the  premises  upon  which  such  building  is  situated, 
they  shall  be  connected  therewith  wlienec  er  the  inspector  considers  such  sewer 
connection  necessary. 

IT  .,  ....  , ...  . Rule  2.  No  water-closet,  privy,  cesspool,  urinal, 

Unsanitary  conditions  not  permitted.  inhabited  r00m  or  work-shop  shall  be  located 

within  any  building  or  shed  used  for  stabling  cows  for  dairy  purposes  or  for  the 
storage  of  milk  or  cream;  nor  shall  any  fowl,  hog,  sheep,  or  goat  be  kept  in  any 
room  used  for  such  purposes. 

Cleanliness-  whitewash  RuLE  3-  Xt  sha11  be  the  duty  of  each  Person  using  any  prem- 
’ 1 ises  for  keeping  cows  for  dairy  purposes,  to  keep  such  prem- 

ises thoroughly  clean  and  in  good  repair  and  well  painted  or  whitewashed  at  all 
times. 


„ , . , , , Rule  4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  each  person  using  any 

b 1 premises  for  keeping  cows  for  dairy  purposes,  to  cause  the 

building  in  which  the  cows  are  kept  to  be  thoroughly  cleaned,  and  remove  all  dung 
from  the  premises  so  as  to  prevent  its  accumulation  in  great  quantities. 


Milk  vessels-  care  RuLE  5*  Any  Person  usinS  any  premises  for  keeping  cows  for 
’ * dairy  purposes,  shall  provide  and  use  a sufficient  number  of  recep- 

tacles, made  of  nonabsorbent  materials  for  the  reception,  storage  and  delivery  of 
milk,  and  shall  cause  them  at  all  times  to  be  cleaned  and  purified,  and  shall  cause 
all  milk  to  be  removed  without  delay  from  the  rooms  in  which  cows  are  kept. 


Care  of  cows  RuLE  6-  Every  person  keeping  cows  for  the  production  of  milk  for 
ai  cows.  gaje  cause  every  such  cow  to  be  cleaned  every  day,  and  to  be 

properly  fed  and  watered  with  abundance  of  pure,  clean  water. 


Inclosures  to  be  drained. 


Rule  7.  Any  inclosure  in  which  cows  are  kept  shall  be 
graded  and  drained,  so  as  to  keep  the  surface  reasonably 


52 


dry;  no  garbage,  fecal  matter,  or  similar  matter  shall  be  placed  or  allowed  to 
remain  in  such  inclosure  unless  sufficient  straw  or  similar  good  absorbent  mate- 
rials be  used  to  keep  the  inclosure  clean  at  all  times,  and  no  open  drains  shall  be 
allowed  to  run  through  it. 

Penalty  -^nd  any  Person  w^°  sllaH  ship  or  sell  milk  contrary  to  the  aforesaid 
} ' order  of  said  board  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon 
conviction  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  one  dollar  nor  more  than  twenty  dollars  for 
each  day  during  which  shipments  shall  be  made  after  notice  of  such  order. 


Certificates  of  health  for  cattle. 


21.  The  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  shall,  at  the  request 
of  the  owner  or  owners  of  dairy  herds,  furnish  them 
with  a certificate  of  health  whenever  the  provisions  of  this  article  are  complied 
with,  and  there  is  no  visible  sign  of  disease  amongst  such  herd,  such  certificates 
shall  be  revocable  in  the  discretion  of  the  Board. 


innrnnriafinn  ^ or  tlle  purpose  of  paying  the  expenses  required  in  carrying 

' 1 1 1 ' out  the  provisions  of  this  sub-title,  the  sum  of  three  thousand  dol- 

lars is  here  appropriated  annually,  or  so  much  thereof  as  is  necessary  out  of  the 
moneys  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  and  the  Comptroller  is  author- 
ized and  directed  to  draw  his  warrant  on  the  treasury  for  such  sum  as  the  said 
board  shall  produce  vouchers  for,  not  exceeding  the  amount  appropriated,  pay- 
able monthly. 


in  effect.  Sec.  2.  That  this  Act  shall  take  effect  from  the  date  of  its  passage. 


Laws  of  1900,  Chapter  496. 

AN  ACT  to  repeal  sections  88,  89,  90  and  91  of  article  27  Code  of  Public  General  Laws — title, 
“Crimes  and  Punishments;”  subtitle,  “Frauds — Butter— Oleomargarine ” — and  to  reenact  the 
same  with  amendments,  so  as  to  read  as  follows:  (Approved  April  7, 1900.) 


Oleomargarine  permitted. 


Reieai  Section  1.  That  Sections  88,  89,  90  and  91  of  Article  27  Code  of  Public 
p a ' General  Laws,  title, — “Crimes  and  Punishments”,  sub-title,  “Frauds — 
Butter — Oleomargarine”  be  and  the  same  are  hereby  repealed  and  reenacted,  so 
as  to  read  as  follows: 

Imitations  of  batter  prohibited.  SeP'  88-  Thf  ‘ 110  Per?on  b>'  himself,  his  agents  or  serv- 

ants,  or  as  the  agent  or  servant  of  any  other  person, 
shall  render  or  manufacture,  sell  or  exchange,  offer  for  sale  or  exchange,  expose 
for  sale  or  exchange,  take  orders  for  the  future  delivery  of,  have  in  his  possession, 
keep  in  storage,  distribute,  deliver,  transfer,  or  convey  with  intent  to  sell  within 
this  State,  any  article,  product,  or  compound  made  wholly  or  partly  out  of  any  fat, 
oil,  or  oleaginous  substance  or  compound  thereof  not  produced  directly  and  wholly 
from  unadulterated  milk  or  cream  from  the  same,  which  shall  be  in  imitation  or 
semblance  of  yellow  butter  produced  from  pure  unadulterated  milk  or  cream  from 
the  same;  provided , that  nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  construed  to  prohibit  the 
manufacture  or  sale  of  oleomargarine  in  a separate  form, 
and  in  such  manner  as  will  advise  the  purchaser  and  con- 
sumer of  its  real  character  free  from  coloration  or  ingredient  which  causes  it  to 
look  like  yellow  butter.  Whoever  violates  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  section, 
p ..  . shall  be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  shall  be  punished  by  a fine  of  not 
ena  } ’ less  than  one  hundred  dollars  nor  more  than  three  hundred  dollars  for  the 
first  offense,  and  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  two  hundred  nor  more  than  five  hundred 
dollars  or  by  such  fine  and  three  months  imprisonment  for  each  subsequent  offense. 

, . . . - , Sec.  89.  That  whoever  sells  oleomargarine  free 

Placards  where  oleomargarine  is  sold.  ->  , • v . , 

from  coloration  or  an/  ingredient  that  causes  it 

to  look  like  yellow  butter,  as  provided  in  the  previous  section  from  any  dwelling, 
store,  office,  or  public  market  shall  have  conspicuously  posted  therein  a placard  or 
sign  in  plain  Roman  letters  not  less  than  four  inches  in  length  “Oleomargarine 
Sold  Here.”  Any  person  neglecting  or  failing  to  post  the  placard  herein  provided 
p for,  shall  be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor  and  shall  be  punished  by  fine  of  not 

ena  J‘  less  than  one  hundred  dollars,  nor  more  than  three  hundred  dollars  for 
the  first  offense,  and  one  hundred  dollars  for  each  days  neglect  so  to  post  or  placard 
thereafter,  and  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  two  hundred  dollars  nor  more  than  five 
hundred  dollars,  or  by  such  fine  and  three  months  imprisonment  foy  each  subse- 
quent offense. 

...  ...  ..  ..  , . . Sec.  90.  That  whoever  by  himself,  or  his  servants 

bale  of  imitation  a,  butters  penalty.  Qr  agents>  Qr  ag  the  serv8;nt  or  agent  of  any  other 

person,  sells  or  offers  for  sale  to  any  person  whoasks,  sends,  or  inquires  for  butter, 
any  oleomargarine,  butterine,  or  any  substance  made  in  imitation  or  semblance 
of  butter,  not  made  entirely  of  milk,  or  cream  from  the  milk,  of  cows,  with  or 


53 


without  coloring  matter,  shall  be  guilty  of  fraud  and  shall  be  punished  by  fine 
of  one  hundred  dollars  for  the  first  offense,  and  by  imprisonment  of  three  months 
for  each  subsequent  offense. 

_ ^ , Sec.  91.  That  no  person  by  himself,  his  servants  or 

Use  of  nnitations^m  eating  places,  agentSi  0r  as  the  servant  or  agent  of  any  other  per- 

p ’ * son,  shall  serve  to  patrons,  guests,  boarders,  or 

inmates  of  any  hotel,  eating  house,  restaurant,  cafe,  or  any  place  of  public  enter- 
ta.nment  or  boarding  house  or  public  or  private  hospital,  asylum,  school,  or  penal 
institution,  or  help  employed  therein,  any  article  or  substance  made  in  violation 
of  the  provisions  of  section  88  of  this  act,  or  any  food  made  of  the  same  or  cooked 
in  the  same.  Whoever  by  himself,  his  servants  or  agents,  serves  to  any  patron  or 
guest  or  boarder,  or  inmate  of  any  hotel,  eating  house, 
U u c s ts , etc . , to  i> e in  fora e jl  of  restaurant,  cafe,  or  any  place  of  public  entertainment, 
or  boarding  house,  or  public  or  private  hospital,  asy- 
lum, school,  or  penal  institution  or  help  employed  therein,  oleomargarine  free 
from  coloration  or  any  ingredient  to  make  it  look  like  yellow  butter  as  provided 
in  section  88  of  this  act,  in  the  place  or  stead  of  butter,  shall  orally  notify  said 
guests,  patrons,  inmate,  or  help  that  the  substance  so  furnished  is  not  butter,  and 
shall  in  addition  conspicuously  display  at  all  times  on  each  and  every  side  of  the 
room  where  the  same  is  served  a sign  in  plain  Roman  letters  not  less  than  four 
inches  in  length  “ Oleomargarine  Used  and  Served  Here.”  Any  person  violating 
the  provisions  of  this  section  by  neglecting  or  failing  to  give  the  oral  notice  and 
keeping  the  signs  conspicuously  posted  on  the  walls  of  the  room  where 
ena  y‘  the  meals  are  served  shall  be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  shall  be 
punished  by  a fine  of  fifty  dollars  for  the  first  offense,  and  by  a fine  of  one  hun- 
dred dollars,  and  imprisonment  of  one  month  for  each  subsequent  offense. 


Repeal. 


Sec.  2.  That  all  laws  or  parts  of  laws  inconsistent  with  this  act  shall  be, 
and  the  same  are  hereby,  repealed. 

_ ..  , , . _ , , Sec.  8.  That  all  indictments  under  the  act  of  1888,  chap. 

Indictments  to  be  prosecuted.  ^ codified  as  sec.  88>  89>  90>  and  91  o(  Article  XXVII, 

shall  be  prosecuted  as  though  the  same  were  not  repealed. 

in  effect.  Sec.  4.  That  this  law  shall  take  effect  from  the  date  of  its  passage. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  pp. 
601-608,  for— 

Acts  of  1891,  chapter  412,  sections  6-11. 1 — Concerning  Dairy  Bureau.  (June  11, 
1891.) 

Public  Statutes,  chapter  57 2 (sections  1-11). — Concerning  milk,  licenses,  and 
inspectors.  [Section  9 of  this  act  has  been  amended  as  below.] 

Acts  of  1885,  chapter  352,  section  8. — Concerning  skimmed  milk.  (June  18, 
1885.) 

Acts  of  1886,  chapter  318,  sections  3 and  4. — Concerning  sealed  samples.  (In 
effect  June  23,  1886.) 

Acts  of  1894,  chapter  425  (one  section). — Concerning  samples.  (May  22,  1894.) 

Acts  of  1896,  chapter  264  (sections  1-3). — Concerning  canned  milk. 

Public  statutes,  chapter  56,  sections  17-21. — Concerning  imitation  butter  and 
cheese  and  inspections. 

Acts  of  1886,  chapter  317,  sections  3-5. — Concerning  dairy  nomenclature  and 
licenses  for  selling  imitation  butter,  etc. 

Acts  of  1891,  chapter  58 3 (secs.  1-3). — Concerning  oleomargarine  and  inspections. 

Acts  of  1891,  chapter  412  (secs.  1-5).— Concerning  oleomargarine.  (June  11, 
1891.) 


1 Section  6 is  repealed  by  chapter  368,  acts  of  1900,  and  a new  section,  which  was  not  received 
in  time  for  publication  in  this  bulletin,  provides  for  a general  agent  of  the  dairy  bureau. 

2 By  chapter  240,  section  38,  acts  of  1899,  the  city  board  of  health  of  Somerville  is  authorized  to 
appoint  its  own  milk  inspectors.  Sections  5 and  6,  as  amended  by  sections  1 and  2 of  chapter  300, 
acts  of  1900,  were  not  received  in  time  for  publication  in  this  bulletin— their  wording  and  penal- 
ties have  been  slightly  changed. 

3 Most  of  the  prosecutions  for  selling,  oleomargarine  illegally  are  under  this  act. 


54 


Acts  of  1889,  chapter  326  (one  section). — Concerning  feeding  garbage  to  cows. 
(Approved  May  9,  1889.) 

Acts  of  1882,  chapter  263,  section  6. — Concerning  samples.  (In  effect  May  26, 
1882.) 

Recent  amendment  and  enactments: 

Public  Statutes,  chapter  57. 

„...  , , , Sec.  9 (as  amended  by  section  6 of  chapter  352  of  the  acts  of  the  year 

i s an  ai  . and  section  2 of  chapter  318  of  the  acts  of  the  year  1886,  and 

by  section  2,  chapter  398,  acts  of  1896  and  by  section  1,  chapter  223,  acts  of  1899). 
In  all  prosecutions  under  this  chapter,  if  the  milk  is  shown  upon  analysis  to  con- 
tain less  than  thirteen  per  cent  of  milk  solids,  or  to  contain  less  than  nine  and 
three- tenths  per  cent  of  milk  solids  exclusive  of  fat,  or  to  contain  less  than  three 
and  seven-tenths  per  cent  of  fat,  it  shall  be  deemed  for  the  purposes  of  this  act  to 
be  not  of  good  standard  quality,  except  during  the  months  of  April,  May,  June, 
July,  August  and  September,  when  milk  containing  less  than  twelve  per  cent  of 
milk  solids,  or  less  than  nine  per  cent  of  milk  solids  exclusive  of  fat,  or  less  than 
three  per  cent  of  fat,  shall  be  deemed  to  be  not  of  good  standard  quality. 

Acts  of  1899,  chapter  169  (sections  1 and  2). 

AN  ACT  relative  to  the  inspection  of  milk.  (Approved  March  18,  1899. ) 

„ . . Section  1.  Whenever  the  State  board  of  health,  dairy  bureau,  or 

epor  o ana  ysis.  g^ate  or  city  authority,  obtains  a sample  of  milk  for  in- 

spection, by  taking,  purchase,  or  otherwise,  the  analysis  of  said  sample  shall  within 
ten  days  of  the  procurement  thereof,  be  sent  to  the  person  from  whom  the  sample 
was  obtained. 

Sec.  2.  This  act  shall  take  effect  upon  its  passage. 


Acts  of  1899,  chapter  340. 


Renovated  butter  to  be  labelled. 


Section  1.  Whoever,  by  himself  or  his  agents,  or  as 
the  servant  or  agent  of  any  other  person,  sells,  exposes 
for  sale,  or  has  in  his  custody  or  possession  with  intent  to  sell,  any  article  or  com- 
pound which  is  produced  by  taking  original  packing  stock  or  other  butter,  or  both, 
and  melting  the  same,  so  that  the  butter  fat  can  be  drawn  off,  then  mixing  the 
said  butter  fat  with  skimmed  milk,  or  milk,  or  cream,  or  other  milk  product,  and 
rechurning  the  said  mixture:  or  which  is  produced  by  any  similar  process  and  is 
commonly  known  as  process  butter,  shall  have  the  words  “Renovated  Butter” 
conspicuously  stamped,  labelled,  or  marked  in  a straight  line  in  printed  letters  of 
plain,  uncondensed  Gothic  type,  not  less  than  half  an  inch  in  length,  so  that  said 
words  can  not  easily  be  defaced,  upon  the  top,  side  and  bottom  of  every  tub,  firkin, 
box,  or  package  containing  said  article  or  compound. 


R tail  ales  Sec.  case  t^e  re^a^  sa1e  °f  sa^  article  or  compound  not  in  the 

e ai  sa  es.  orjgjnai  package,  the  seller  shall,  by  himself  or  his  agents,  attach  to 
each  package  so  sold,  and  shall  deliver  therewith  to  the  purchaser,  a label  or 
wrapper  bearing  in  a conspicuous  place  upon  the  outside  of  the  package  the  words 
“Renovated  Butter,”  in  printed  letters  in  a straight  line  of  plain,  uncondensed 
Gothic  type,  not  less  than  half  an  inch  in  length. 

p It  r Sec.  3.  Whoever  violates  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  pun- 
ena  5’  ished  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  one  hundred  dollars  nor  more  than  five 
hundred  dollars,  or  by  imprisonment  in  the  house  of  correction  for  a term  not 
exceeding  one  year. 


MICHIGAN. 


See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  608-617,  for — 

Public  Acts,  1893,  No.  211  (sections  1-12). — An  act  to  provide  for  the  appoint 
ment  of  a dairy  and  food  commissioner,  and  to  define  his  powers  and  duties  and 
fix  his  compensation.  (Approved  June  2,  1893.)  [Sections  6,  7,  9,  11,  and  12  of 
this  act  have  been  amended  as  below.  ] 

Public  acts,  1895,  No.  193,  sections  1-8  and  17-21.— An  act  to  prohibit  and  pre- 
vent adulteration,  fraud,  and  deception  in  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  articles 
of  food  and  drink.  (Approved  May  22,  1895.) 


55 


Public  acts  of  1873,  No.  26  (one  section)  ( = Howell's  Annotated  Statutes,  2244) 
( = Compiled  Laws,  vol.  3,  page  3405).— An  act  to  prevent  and  punish  offenders  for 
the  adulteration  of  milk,  and  the  products  made  therefrom,  and  to  repeal  an  act 
entitled  “An  act  to  prevent  the  adulteration  of  milk,  and  to  prevent  the  traffic  in 
impure  and  unwholsomemilk,”  approved  March  thirty-first,  eighteen  hundred  and 
seventy-one.  (Approved  March  12,  1875.) 

Public  acts,  1887,  No.  246  (sections  1-14)  ( = Howell’s  Annotated  Statutes,  1690m- 
1690z)  ( = Compiled  Laws.  vol.  3,  page  3406). — An  act  to  prevent  the  sale  of  impure, 
unwholesome,  adulterated,  or  swill  milk  in  the  State  of  Michigan,  and  to  provide 
for  inspectors.  (Approved  June  25,  1887.) 

Public  acts  of  1891,  No.  45  (sections  1 and  2). — An  act  to  prohibit  the  use  of 
oleomargarine,  butterine,  or  any  other  substitute  for  butter  in  any  of  the  public 
institutions  of  this  State,  and  to  provide  the  punishment  therefor.  (Approved 
April  29,  1891.) 

fit  is  reported  that  the  oleomargarine  law  printed  below  repeals  the  three  fol- 
lowing acts:  Public  acts  of  1897,  No.  76;  public  acts  of  1887,  No.  166  ( = Howell’s 
Annotated  Statutes,  1690j);  and  public  acts  of  1881,  No.  34  (=  Howell’s  Annotated 
Statutes,  2245)]. 

Recent  amendments  and  enactments : 


Public  Acts  of  1893,  No.  211. 


Duties  of  commissioner. 


Powers  of  officers. 


Sec.  6.  (As  amended  by  Act  No.  245,  Public  Acts,  1895;  and 
by  Act  No.  154,  Public  Acts,  1897;  and  by  Act  No.  268,  Pub- 
lic Acts,  1899.)  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Dairy  and  Food  Commissioner  to  care- 
fully inquire  into  the  quality  of  the  dairy  and  food  and  drink  products,  and  the 
several  articles  which  are  foods  or  the  necessary  constituents  of  foods,  which  are 
manufactured  or  sold  or  exposed  or  offered  for  sale  in  this  State,  and  he  may  in  a 
lawful  manner  procure  samples  of  the  same  and  direct  the  State  analyst  to  make 
due  and  careful  examination  of  the  same,  and  report  to  the  commissioner  the 
rt  suit  of  the  analysis  of  all  or  any  of  such  food  and  drink  products  or  dairy  prod- 
ucts. as  is  adulterated,  impure  or  unwholesome,  in  contravention  of  the  laws  of 
this  State,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  commissioner  to  make  complaint  against 
the  manufacturer  or  vender  thereof,  in  the  proper  county,  and  furnish  the  evidence 
thereon  and  thereof  to  obtain  a conviction  of  the  offense  charged.  The  Dairy  and 
Food  Commissioner,  or  his  deputy,  or  any  person  by  him  duly  appointed  for  that 
purpose,  may  make  complaint  and  cause  proceedings  to  be  commenced  against 
any  person  for  the  violation  of  any  of  the  laws  relative  to  adulterated,  impure,  or 
unwholesome  food,  and  in  such  case  he  shall  not  be  obliged  to  furnish  security  for 
costs;  and  shall  have  power  in  the  performance  of  their  duties  to 
enter  into  any  creamery,  factory,  store,  salesroom,  drug  store,  or 
laboratory,  or  place  where  they  have  reason  to  believe  food  or  drink  are  [is]  made, 
prepared,  sold  or  offered  for  sale,  and  to  open  any  cask,  tub,  jar,  bottle,  or  pack- 
age containing  or  supposed  to  contain  any  article  of  food  or  drink  and  examine  or 
cause  to  be  examined  the  contents  thereof,  and  take  therefrom  samples  for  analy- 
„ , . .1.  sis.  The  person  making  such  inspection  shall  take  such  sample 

. amp  es  o >e  a en.  sucb  aiqicie  Gr  product,  in  the  presence  of  at  least  one  wit- 
ness, and  he  shall  in  the  presence  of  such  witness  mark  or  seal  such  sample  and 
shall  tender  at  the  time  of  taking  to  the  manufacturer  or  vender  of  such  product, 
or  to  the  person  having  the  custody  of  the  same,  the  value  thereof,  and  a state- 
ment in  writing  of  the  reason  for  taking  such  sample. 

Proseoutiiiff  attorneys  to  assist  Sec*  7*  (As  amended  by  Act  No.  245,  Public  Acts, 
Prosecuting  attorneys  to  assist.  1895;  and  by  Act  No.  268,  Public  Acts,  1899.)  It 

shall  be  the  duty  of  each  prosecuting  attorney  when  called  upon,  to  render  any 
legal  assistance  in  his  power,  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  or  any  subsequent 
act  relative  to  the  adulteration  of  food  for  the  sale  of  impure  or  unwholesome  food 
or  food  products. 

. . . , , „ Sec.  9.  (As  amended  by  Act  No.  245,  Public  Acts.  1895;  and 

Annual  report;  content,  of.  byAct  Nq>  154ipubli/Acts,  1897;  and  byActNo.  268,  Pub- 

lie  Acts,  1899. ) The  commissioner  shall  make  an  annual  report  to  the  Governor  on 
or  before  the  first  day  of  July  in  each  year,  and  which  shall  be  printed  and  pub- 
lished on  or  before  the  first  day  of  September  next  thereafter,  which  report  shall 
cover  the  doings  of  his  office  for  the  preceding  fiscal  year  which  shall  show,  among 
other  things,  the  number  of  manufactories  and  other  places  inspected  and  by 
whom,  the  number  of  specimens  of  food  articles  analyzed,  and  the  State  analyst's 


56 


report  upon  each  one;  the  number  of  complaints  entered  against  persons  for  viola- 
tion of  the  laws  relative  to  the  adulteration  of  food,  the  number  of  convictions  had, 
and  the  amount  of  fines  imposed  therefor,  together  with  such  recommendations 
relative  to  the  statutes  in  force  as  his  experience  may  justify.  The  commissioner 
shall  also  prepare,  print,  and  distribute  to  all  the  papers  of  the  State,  and  to  such 
M nthl  bulletins  Persons  as  may  be  interested  or  may  apply  therefor,  a monthly 
.on  i ) u e ms.  jn  suitable  paper  covers,  containing  results  of  inspections, 

the  results  of  analyses  made  by  the  State  analyst,  with  popular  explanation  of  the 
same,  and  such  other  information  as  may  come  to  him  in  his  official  capacity 
relating  to  the  adulteration  of  food  and  drink  products  and  of  dairy  products,  so 
far  as  he  may  deem  the  same  of  benefit  and  advantage  to  the  public;  also  a brief 
summary  of  all  the  work  done  during  the  month  by  the  commissioner  and  his 
assistants  in  the  enforcement  of  the  laws  of  the  State,  but  not  more  than  ten 
thousand  copies  of  each  of  such  monthly  bulletins  shall  be  printed. 

. ...  Sec.  11.  (As  added  by  Act  No.  245,  Public  Acts,  1895;  and  amended  by 

Appropriation.  ActNo<  154?  Public  Acts,  1897;  and  by  Act  No.  268,  Public  Acts,  1899.) 
There  shall  be  appropriated  each  year  the  sum  of  eighteen  thousand  dollars,  out 
of  which  shall  be  paid  in  such  manner  as  other  similar  salaries,  expenses,  and 
accounts  are  allowed  and  paid,  all  the  salaries  and  expenses  provided  for  in  this 
act:  Provided , That  all  expenses  for  stationery  and  printing  shall  be  audited  and 
paid  in  the  same  manner  as  other  State  printing  and  stationery. 

, Sec.  12.  (As  added  by  Act  No.  245,  Public  Acts,  1895;  and  amended  by  Act 
ax  eT5'  No.  154,  Public  Acts,  1897;  and  by  Act  No.  268,  Public  Acts,  1899.)  The 
Auditor-General  is  hereby  directed  to  annually  add  to  and  incorporate  into  the 
State  tax,  to  be  levied  each  year,  the  sum  of  eighteen  thousand  dollars,  to  be  levied, 
assessed  and  collected  as  in  case  of  other  taxes  for  general  purposes,  upon  all  the 
property  of  the  State,  and  when  the  tax  is  so  levied  and  collected,  the  same  shall 
be  paid  into  and  become  a part  of  the  general  fund  to  reimburse  such  fund  for  the 
amounts  appropriated  to  carry  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  act. 


Act  No.  167,  Public  Acts,  1899. 

AN  ACT  in  relation  to  the  Powers  and  Duties  of  the  Dairy  and  Food  Commissioner  of  the  State 

of  Michigan. 


, , . . , „.  . . Section  1.  That  any  person  who  shall  obstruct  the 

Misdemeanor  to  obstruct  an  ofiinal.  Dairy  ^ F(X)d  Co^mi8sionerj  or  his  deputy!  or 

any  of  his  duly  appointed  inspectors,  by  refusing  to  allow  him  entrance  to  any 
place  where  he  is  authorized  to  enter  in  the  discharge  of  his  official  duty,  or 
refuses  to  deliver  to  him  a sufficient  sample  for  the  analysis  of  any  article  of  food 
or  drink  sold,  offered  or  exposed  for  sale,  or  in  his  possession  for&the  purpose  of 
sale,  wherever  the  same  may  be  found,  when  the  same  is  requested  and  when  the 
value  thereof  is  tendered,  shall  be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction 
, thereof  shall  be  punished  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  twenty- five  dollars 
e,,a  y*  or  more  than  one  hundred  dollars  and  the  costs  of  prosecution,  or  hy 
imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  not  less  than  ten  days  or  more  than  ninety  days, 
or  by  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment,  in  the  discretion  of  the  court,  for  each 
and  every  offense. 

in  effect.  This  act  is  ordered  to  take  immediate  effect. 


Act  No.  106,  Public  Acts,  1899. 


AN  ACT  in  relation  to  the  sale  and  delivery  of  milk. 

. . u . . , Section  1.  No  person  shall  offer  or  expose  for  sale, 

u era  e or  preserve  mi  . sep  .exchange,  or  deliver,  or  have  in  his  possession  with 
intent  to  sell,  exchange,  or  deliver,  any  milk  to  which  water,  chemicals,  or  pre- 
servatives, or  any  other  foreign  substance  has  been  added.  The  term  milk  as 
used  in  this  act  shall  include  all  skimmed  milk,  buttermilk,  cream  and  milk  in 
its  natural  state,  as  drawn  from  the  cow. 


p . Sec.  2.  Whoever  shall  do  any  of  the  acts  or  things  prohibited,  or  neglects 
emi  J'  or  refuses  to  do  any  of  the  acts  or  things  enjoined  by  this  act,  or  in  any 
way  violates  any  of  its  provisions,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and 
shall  be  punished  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  one  dollar  nor  more  than  one  hundred 
dollars  and  the  costs  of  prosecution,  or  by  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  not 
more  than  ninety  days,  or  by  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment,  in  the  discretion 
of  the  court. 

in  effect.  This  act  is  ordered  to  take  immediate  effect. 


57 


Act  No.  254,  Public  Acts,  1899. 


AN  ACT  to  regulate  the  sale  of  butter  produced  by  taking  original  packing  stock  and  other 
butter  and  melting  the  same,  so  that  the  butter  oil  can  be  drawn  off,  mixed  with  skimmed 
milk  or  other  material  and  by  emulsion  or  other  process  produce  butter,  and  butter  produced 
by  any  similar  process,  and  commonly  known  as  “Process”  Butter;  Providing  for  the  enforce- 
ment thereof,  and  punishment  for  the  violation  of  the  same.  (In  effect  September  22, 1899.) 

„ ...  . , * , i , Section  1.  That  no  person,  firm  or  corporate  body 

Process  butter  must  be  labeled.  ghaU  w;thin  tMg  sell>  or  offier  0£  expose  for 

sale,  or  have  in  his,  her,  or  their  possession  with  intent  to  sell,  any  butter  not 
labeled  in  compliance  with  the  provisions  of  this  act.  Butter  produced  by  taking 
original  packing  stock  and  other  butter  and  melting  the  same,  so  that  the  butter 
oil  can  be  drawn  off,  mixed  with  skim  milk  or  other  material,  and  by  emulsion  or 
other  process  produce  butter,  and  butter  produced  by  any  similar  process,  and 
commonly  known  as  “Process"  butter,  shall  before  sale,  and  before  being  offered 
and  exposed  for  sale,  and  while  in  the  possession  of  any  person,  firm,  or  corporate 
body  with  intent  to  sell  the  same  be  plainly  labeled  “Process  Butter,"  in  the 
manner  prescribed  by  this  act.  If  sold,  offered  or  exposed  for  sale,  or  in  possession 
of  any  person,  firm,  or  corporate  body  with  intent  to  sell,  the  prints  or  rolls  shall 
be  covered  by  wrappers,  on  which  shall  be  printed  in  conspicuous  letters  the 
words  “Process  Butter.”  If  packed  in  tubs  or  other  receptacles,  and  sold  or 
offered  or  exposed  for  sale,  or  held  in  the  possession  of  any  person,  firm,  or  corpo- 
rate body  with  intent  to  sell  the  same,  the  said  words  shall  be  printed  in  one  inch 
letters  on  the  top  and  two  sides  of  the  tub  or  receptacle;  if  uncovered  and  not 
contained  in  a tub  or  other  re.  eptacle,  and  sold  or  offered  or  exposed  for  sale,  or 
held  in  the  possession  of  any  person,  firm,  or  corporate  body  with  intent  to  sell 
the  same,  a placard  containing  the  said  words  shall  be  attached  to  the  mass,  in  a 
manner  making  them  plain  and  prominent. 


Penalty. 


Sec.  2.  Every  person,  firm,  or  corporate  body  who  shall  violate  any  of 


the  provisions  of  this  act  shall,  for  every  such  offense,  forfeit  and  pay 
not  less  than  twenty-five  dollars  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars,  which  shall 
be  recoverable  with  costs,  including  expense  of  inspection  and  analysis,  by  any 
person  suing  in  the  name  of  the  People  of  the  State  of  Michigan,  as  debts  of  like 
, „ amount  are  by  law  recoverable:  Provided , That 

Commissioner  and  deputies  to  enforce;  the  Dairy  and  Food  Commissioner,  together 

with  the  deputies,  agents  and  assistants,  shall  be 
charged  with  the  enforcement  of  this  act,  and  shall  have  full  access  to  all  places 
of  business,  factories,  buildings,  carriages,  cars,  vessels,  barrels,  and  packages  of 
whatever  kind,  used  in  the  manufacture  and  transportation  and  sale  of  any  but- 
ter or  any  adulteration  or  imitation  thereof.  They  shall  also  have  power  and 
authority  to  open  any  package,  barrel,  or  vessel  containing  any  butter,  or  any 
adulteration  or  imitation  thereof,  which  may  be  manufactured,  sold,  or  offered 
or  exposed  for  sale,  or  held  in  possession  with  intent  of  the  holder  to  sell;  and 
they  shall  also  have  full  power  and  authority  to  take  the  samples  thereof  for  anal- 
ysis, upon  tendering  the  value  of  said  samp.es.  And  ail  charges,  accounts,  and 
„ . „ „ , expenses  of  the  department  for  the  enforcement  of  this 

‘ act,  through  the  said  commissioner,  and  his  deputies, 

agents,  assistants,  chemists,  and  counsel  employed  by  him  in  carrying  out  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act,  shall  be  paid  by  the  treasurer  of  the  State  out  of  the  appro- 
priation for  the  support  of  the  Dairy  and  Food  Department. 

Sec.  3.  Every  person  who  violates  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall 
be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be 
punished  by  a fine  of  not  more  than  one  hundred  dollars,  or  by  imprisonment  in 
the  county  jail  for  not  more  than  thirty  days,  or  both  fine  and  imprisonment,  for 
the  first  offense;  and  a fine  of  one  hundred  dollars  and  imprisonment  for  thirty 
days,  for  every  subsequent  offense:  Provided , That  all  fines  and 
costs,  including  the  expense  of  inspection  and  analysis  imposed 
under  this  section,  shall  be  covered  into  the  State  Treasury,  as  provided  by  sec- 
tion two  of  this  act;  and  all  butter  sold  or  offered  or  exposed  for  sale,  or  held  in 
the  possession  of  anyone  with  intent  to  sell  the  same  in  violation  of  the  provisions 
of  this  act  shall  be  subject  to  forfeiture  and  spoliation. 

Justices  of  the  neace  to  act  SEa  4‘  JusticeS  of  the  Peace  throughout  this  State  shall 
p * have  jurisdiction  to  hear  and  determine  actions  arising 

for  violations  of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and  to  hold  for  court  or  to  impose  the 
penalties  imposed  therein,  subject  to  appeal  as  the  law  shall  direct. 


Penalty. 


Disposition  of  fines. 


58 


Act  No.  147,  Public  Acts,  1899. 

AN  ACT  in  relation  to  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  oleomargarine  or  imitation  butter. 

...  -411111  Section  1.  No  person  shall  sell,  expose  or  offer  for  sale 

Oleomargarine  to  be  labeled.  , - u-  • , ,, 

* or  exchange,  or  have  in  his  possession  with  intent  to  sell 

or  exchange,  any  oleomargarine  or  other  substance  made  in  imitation  of  butter, 
and  which  is  intended  to  be  used  as  a substitute  for  butter,  unless  each  and  every 
vessel,  package,  roll,  or  parcel  of  such  substance  has  distinctly  and  durably  printed, 
stamped,  or  stenciled  thereon  in  black  letters  the  true  name  of  such  substance,  in 
ordinary  bold-faced  capital  letters,  not  less  than  five-line  pica  in  size;  and  also  the 
name  and  address  of  the  manufacturer,  together  with  the  name  of  each  and  every 
article  or  ingredient  used  or  entering  into  the  composition  of  such  substance,  in 
ordinary  bold-faced  letters,  not  less  than  pica  in  size. 


verbal  not a with  sain  Sec*  2*  No  Person  sha11  sel1’  exchange,  or  deliver  any  oleo- 
margarine or  other  substance  made  in  imitation  of  butter, 
and  which  is  intended  to  be  used  as  a substitute  for  butter,  unless  he  shall  dis- 
tinctly inform  the  purchaser  by  a verbal  notice  at  the  time  of  the  sale  that  the 
same  is  a substitute  for  butter,  and  shall  also  deliver  to  the  purchaser  of  each  and 
every  roll,  package,  or  parcel  of  such  oleomargarine  or  other  substance,  at  the 
i-ii  -ti  - i > time  of  the  delivery  of  the  same,  a separate  and  distinct  label,  on 
a e m i sa  e.  wj1jc]1  js  plainly  and  legibly  printed  in  black  ink  in  ordinary  bold- 
faced capital  letters  not  less  than  five-line  pica  in  size,  the  true  name  of  such  sub- 
stance and  also  the  name  and  address  of  the  manufacturer,  together  with  the  name 
of  each  article  used  and  entering  into  the  composition  of  such  substance,  in  ordi- 
nary bold-faced  letters  not  less  than  pica  in  size. 


Placards  in  eating  places  and  stores. 


Sec.  3.  The  proprietor  or  keeper  of  any  store, 
hotel,  restaurant,  eating  saloon,  boardinghouse, 
or  other  place  where  oleomargarine  is  sold  or  furnished  to  persons  paying  for  the 
same,  shall  have  placed  on  the  walls  of  every  store  or  room  where  oleomargarine 
is  sold  or  furnished,  a white  placard  on  which  is  printed  in  black  ink,  in  plain 
Roman  letters  of  not  less  than  three  inches  in  length,  and  not  less  than  two  inches 
in  width,  the  words  ‘-Oleomargarine  Sold  or  Used  Here,”  and  shall  at  all  times 
keep  the  same  exposed  in  such  conspicuous  place  as  to  be  readily  seen  by  any  and 
all  persons  entering  such  store  or  other  room  or  rooms. 


Dairy  terms  for  oleomargarine  forbidden. 


Sec.  4.  No  person  shall  use  in  any  way,  in 
connection  or  association  with  the  sale  or  ex- 
posure for  sale  or  advertisement  of  any  substance  designed  to  be  used  as  a sub- 
stitute for  butter,  the  word  “ Butter,”  “ Creamery,”  or  -‘Dairy,”  or  the  name  or 
representation  of  any  breed  of  dairy  cattle,  or  any  combination  of  such  word  or 
words  and  representation,  or  any  other  words  or  symbols  or  combinations  thereof 
commonly  used  in  the  sale  of  butter. 


Butter  defined  ®EC*  For  PurPose  of  this  act  the  word  ‘-butter”  shall  be 
u ei  < e «e< . un(jersto0d  to  mean  the  food  product  usually  known  as  butter,  and 
which  is  made  exclusively  from  milk  or  cream,  or  both,  with  or  without  common 
salt,  and  with  or  without  additional  coloring  matter. 

...  . . „ . Sec.  6.  For  the  purposes  of  this  act  certain  manufactured 

eomargarme  < e ne< . sukstances?  certain  extracts,  and  certain  mixtures  and  com- 
pounds, including  such  mixtures  and  compounds  with  butter,  shall  be  known 
and  designated  as  “Oleomargarine,”  namely:  All  substances  heretofore  known 
as  oleomargarine,  oleo,  oleomargarine  oil,  butterine,  lardine,  suine,  and  neu- 
tral; all  mixtures  and  compounds  of  oleomargarine,  oleo,  oleomargarine  oil,  but- 
terine, lardine,  suine,  and  neutral;  all  lard  extracts  and  tallow  extracts;  and  all 
mixtures  and  compounds  of  tallow,  beef  fat,  suet,  lard,  lard  oil,  vegetable  oil, 
butterine,  lardine,  suine  and  neutral;  all  lard  extracts  and  tallow  extracts;  and 
all  mixtures  and  compounds  of  tallow,  beef  fat,  suet,  lard,  lard  oil,  vegetable  oil, 
intestinal  fat,  and  offal  fat,  made  in  imitation  or  semblance  of  butter,  or,  when 
so  made,  calculated  or  intended  to  be  sold  or  used  as  butter  or  for  butter. 


p ( ..  Sec.  7.  Whoever  violates  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  deemed 
e,ia  y‘  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be  punished 
by  a fine  of  not  less  than  fifty  dollars,  nor  more  than  five  hundred  dollars,  and  the 
costs  of  prosecution,  or  by  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  or  State  House  of 
Correction  and  Reformatory  at  Ionia,  for  not  less  than  six  months  nor  more  than 
three  years,  or  by  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment  in  the  discretion  of  the  court, 
in  each  and  every  offense.  All  acts  or  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  with  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act  are  hereby  repealed, 
in  effect.  This  act  is  ordered  to  take  immediate  effect. 


59 


MINNESOTA. 


See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  622-623,  for — 

General  Laws  of  1887,  chapter  141  (sections  1 and  2).— An  act  to  prevent  fraud 
in  dairy  products  and  to  preserve  health. 

General  Laws  of  1895,  chapter  202  (sections  1-5). — An  act  to  preserve  the  public 
health  by  requiring  dealers  in  certain  cases  to  empty  and  wash  cans,  bottles,  and 
vessels  used  in  transporting  milk  or  cream.  (Approved  April  25,  1895.) 

General  Laws  of  1895,  chapter  203  (sections  1-3). —An  act  relating  to  the 
inspection  of  milk  and  of  dairies  and  dairy  herds,  and  to  provide  for  the  licensing 
and  regulation  of  the  sale  of  milk  in  cities.  (Approved  April  26,  1895.) 

[General  Laws  of  1885,  chapter  149,  as  amended  and  supplemented  by  chapter 
140,  General  Laws  of  1887  and  chapter  247.  General  Laws  of  1889;  and  General 
Laws  of  1891,  chapter  11,  have  been  superseded  by  General  Laws  of  1899,  chapter 
295,  below.] 


Recently  enacted : 

General  Laws  1899,  Chapter  295. 


Other  officers  and  salaries. 


AN  ACT  to  prevent  fraud  in  the  sale  of  dairy  products,  their  imitations  or  substitutes,  to  pro- 
hibit and  prevent  the  manufacture  or  sale  of  unhealthy  or  adulterated  dairy  products,  and  to 
preserve  the  public  health.  (Approved  April  19,  1899. ) 

......  , . . , Section  1.  The  governor  shall  appoint  a com- 

State  dairv  and  food  commissioner;  salary.  ■ , in,  , 1 r , , 0,  , 

J ’ 3 nnssioner  who  shall  be  known  as  the  State 

Dairy  and  Food  Commissioner,  who  shall  be  a citizen  of  this  State,  and  who  shall 
hold  his  office  for  a term  of  two  years,  or  until  his  successor  is  appointed,  and  who 
shall  receive  a salary  of  $1,800  per  annum  and  his  necessary  expenses  incurred  in 
the  discharge  of  the  duties  required  of  him  by  law,  and  shall  be  charged  with  the 
enforcement  of  the  various  laws  coming  under  his  department.  It  shall  be 
u J*  the  duty  of  the  said  commissioner  to  enforce  all  laws  that  now  exist  or  that 
hereafter  may  be  enacted  in  this  State  regarding  the  production,  manufacture,  and 
sale  of  dairy  products,  their  imitations  and  substitutes  and  food  prepared  there- 
from, the  production,  manufacture,  sale,  or  adulteration  of  which  is  made  subject 
to  this  or  other  laws,  and  to  prosecute  or  cause  to  be  prosecuted  any  person,  firm, 
or  corporation  or  agent  thereof,  engaged  in  the  manufacture  or  sale  of  any  impure, 
adulterated,  or  counterfeit  dairy  products  that  are  produced,  offered  for  sale,  or 
sold,  contrary  to  the  laws  of  this  State.  Said  commissioner  may  be  removed  from 
office  at  the  pleasure  of  the  governor  and  a successor  appointed  in  his  stead. 

The  said  commissioner  is  hereby  authorized  and  empow- 
ered to  appoint  a secretary,  whose  salary  shall  be  $1,200  per 
annum,  one  assistant  commissioner,  whose  salary  shall  be  $1,500  per  annum,  one 
chemist,  whose  salary  shall  be  $1,500  per  annum,  one  assistant  chemist  when  needed, 
to  be  paid  not  to  exceed  $100  per  month,  and  such  number  of  inspectors  as  may  by 
him  be  deemed  necessary,  to  be  paid  at  the  rate  of  $100  per  month  and  the  neces- 
sary expenses  incurred  in  the  performance  of  their  duties,  and  to  employ  such 
A > >ro  ri  ition  counsel  as  may  be  deemed  necessary.  The  sum  of  $15,000  annually 
ppropna  ion.  -g  appropriated  to  be  paid  for  the  execution  of  the  dairy  laws, 

out  of  any  money  in  the  State  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated.  All  charges, 
accounts,  and  expenses  authorized  by  this  act  shall  be  paid  by  the  treasurer  of  the 
State  upon  the  warrant  of  the  State  auditor.  The  said 
commissioner  shall  make  biennial  reports  to  the  legisla- 
ture not  later  than  the  fifteenth  day  of  January  of  his  work  and  proceedings,  and 
shall  report  in  detail  the  number  of  inspectors  he  has  appointed  and  employed, 
with  their  expenses  and  disbursements,  and  the  amount  of  salary  paid  the  same, 
and  he  may  from  time  to  time  issue  bulletins  of  information,  when  in  his  judg- 
Office  and  laboratory.  the  interests  of  the  State  would  be  promoted  thereby  The 

J said  commissioner  shall  have  rooms  m the  capitol,  to  be  set 
apart  for  his  use  by  the  governor,  and  a laboratory  in  the  capitol  where  all  chem- 
ical analyses  for  the  department  shall  be  conducted.  This  section  shall  not  affect 
the  tenure  of  office  of  the  present  commissioner,  and  he  shall  be  regarded  as  hav- 
ing been  appointed  under  the  provisions  of  this  act. 


Biennial  reports  and  bulletins. 


„ c Sec.  2.  The  said  commissioner  and  assistant  commissioner  and 

i o^crs  or  o Ilicers.  ^ . -i  • , -*  i . 

such  inspectors,  agents,  experts,  chemists,  and  counsel  as  they 
shall  duly  authorize  for  the  purpose,  shall  have  access,  ingress,  and  egress  to  all 
places  of  business,  factories,  farms,  buildings,  carriages,  and  cars  used  in  the  man- 


60 


ufacture  and  sale  or  transport  of  any  dairy  product  or  any  substitute  therefor,  or 
imitation  thereof,  and  also  into  all  restaurants,  dining  halls,  cafes,  hotels  and  all 
rooms  thereof,  and  all  other  places  wherein  food  is  prepared,  stored  or  served  to 
patrons.  They  shall  also  have  power  and  authority  to  open  any  package,  can  or 
vessel  containing  such  article  which  maybe  manufactured,  sold,  or  exposed  for 
sale  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  or  laws  that  now  exist  or  that  may 
hereafter  be  enacted  in  this  State,  and  may  inspect  the  contents  thereof,  and  may 
Assistance  to  be  siren  take  saraPles  therefrom  for  analysis.  All  dealers,  clerks,  book- 
° * keepers,  express  agents,  railroad  officials,  employes,  or  common 

carriers  shall  render  to  them  all  the  assistance  in  their  power  when  so  required  in 
tracing,  finding,  or  discovering  the  presence  of  any  article  prohibited  by  law. 


Failure  to  assist  Sec.  refusal  or  neglect  on  the  part  of  such  dealers,  clerks, 

bookkeepers,  express  agents,  railroad  officials,  employes,  or  com- 
mon carriers  to  render  such  friendly  aid  shall  be  deemed  a misdemeanor  and  shall 
be  punished  as  hereinafter  provided. 


impure  milk  prohibited.  ?ec.  4.‘  No  person,  firm,  or  corporation  shall  offer  or  expose 
for  sale,  or  sell  or  deliver  for  sale  or  consumption,  or  have 
in  his  possession  with  intent  to  sell,  any  unclean,  impure,  unhealthful,  unwhole- 
some, or  adulterated  milk  or  cream  from  the  same,  or  any  milk,  or  cream  from 
the  same,  which  has  not  been  well  cooled,  aerated,  or  to  which  preservatives  of 
anv  kind  have  been  added. 


Care  of  cows  Sec.  -^°  Pers0Ib  firm,  or  corporation  shall  keep  cows  for  the  pro- 
* C0"N-  duction  of  milk  for  market  or  for  sale  or  exchange,  or  for  manufac- 

turing the  same,  or  cream  from  the  same,  into  articles  of  food,  in  a crowded 
condition,  or  in  stables  which  are  not  perfectly  ventilated  or  which  are  filthy  from 
TT  ...  „ , «•  + . an  accumulation  of  animal  refuse  or  from  any 

other  cause.  Nor  shall  milk  for  such  purposes 
be  drawn  from  cows  which  are  themselves  in  a condition  of  filth  or  uncleanness, 
or  from  cows  which  are  affected  with  tuberculosis,  ulcers,  running  sores,  or  any 
other  form  of  disease,  or  from  cows  which  are  fed,  either  wholly  or  in  part,  upon 
distillery  waste,  or  brewery  grains,  or  the  waste  of  vinegar,  or  that  of  sugar  fac- 
tories, not  properly  preserved  in  silos,  or  upon  any  other  form  of  food  which  will 
produce  milk  which  is  unhealthful  or  unwholesome;  or  from  cows  within  filteen 
days  before  and  five  days  after  parturition;  and  all  milk  thus  produced  is  hereby 
declared  to  be  unclean,  impure,  unhealthful,  and  unwholesome  milk,  and  any  milk 
......  „„  . .,  which  is  shown  by  analysis  to  contain  any  substance  or 

Addition  of  foreign  matter.  sub.tances  of  any  Jhara'tel.  whatever  not  natural  or  nor- 

mal  constituents  of  milk,  or  to  have  been  deprived  either  wholly  or  in  part  of  any 
Milk  standard  constituent  naturally  or  normally  contained  in  milk  or  which  is 
i s an  art . gjlown  contain  more  than  eighty-seven  per  centum  of  water  fluids 
or  less  than  thirteen  per  centum  of  milk  solids,  of  wThich  not  less  than  three  and 
one-half  per  centum  shall  be  fat,  is  hereby  declared  to  be  adulterated  milk.  This 
section  shall  not  be  construed  to  prevent  the  feeding  of  ensilage  from  silos.  The 
having  in  possession  by  any  person,  firm  or  corporation  producing  milk  for  mar- 
ket or  for  sale  or  exchange,  or  for  manufacturing  the  same,  or  cream  from  the 
same  into  articles  of  food,  of  distillery  waste  or  brewery  grains,  or  the  waste  of 
vinegar,  or  that  of  sugar  factories  not  preserved  as  aforesaid,  or  any  other  form 
of  food  which  will  produce  milk  which  is  unhealthy  or  unwholesome,  shall  be  con- 
sidered for  the  purposes  of  this  act  as  prima  facie  evidence  of  an  intent  to  use 
the  same  contrary  to  the  provisions  of  this  act. 


Manufacture  of  any  food  from  unhealthy  milk. 


Sec.  6.  No  person,  firm,  or  corporation 
shall  manufacture  from  unclean,  impure, 
unhealthful,  or  unwholesome  milk,  or  of  cream  from  the  same,  any  article  of  food. 

Sec.  7.  No  person,  firm,  or  corporation  shall  sell  or  offer  for  sale  or 
ream  s ant  ar< . kave  j^g  possession  with  intent  to  sell,  any  cream  taken  from 
impure,  unwholesome,  or  diseased  milk  or  cream  that  contains  less  than  twenty 
per  centum  of  fat. 

„. . ...  ......  Sec.  8.  No  person,  firm,  or  corporation  shall  sell  or  expose 

stini  milk  must  be  labeled.  for  ^ or^ave  in  hlg  posseSsion,  with  intent  to  sell,  in 

any  store  or  place  of  business,  or  on  any  wagon  or  other  vehicle  used  in  trans- 
porting or  selling  milk  from  which  cream  has  been  removed,  or  milk  commonly 
called  “skimmed milk,”  without  first  marking  the  can,  vessel,  or  package  contain- 
ing said  milk  with  the  words  “skimmed  milk,”  in  large,  plain,  black  letters  upon 
a light-colored  background,  each  letter  being  at  least  one  inch  high  and  one-half 
inch  wide;  said  words  shall  be  on  the  top  or  side  of  said  can,  vessel,  or  package 
where  they  can  be  easily  seen. 


61 


. . . _ . ...  Sec.  9.  The  State  standard  milk  measures  or  pi- 

Standurd  apparatus  or  tes  in^  mi  pe^es  shan  have  for  milk  a capacity  of  seventeen 

and  six-tenths  cubic  centimeters,  and  for  cream  shall  have  a capacity  of  eighteen 
cubic  centimeters,  and  the  State  standard  test  tubes  or  bottles  for  milk  shall  have  a 
capacity  for  two  cubic  centimeters  of  mercury  at  a temperature  of  sixty  degrees 
Fahrenheit  between  “zero”  and  ten  on  the  graduated  scale  marked  on  the  necks 
thereof;  and  the  standard  test  tubes  or  bottles  f or  cream  shall  have  a capacity  of 
six  cubic  centimeters  of  mercury  at  a temperature  of  sixty  degrees  Fahrenheit 
between  “zero”  and  thirty  on  the  graduated  scale  marked  on  the  necks  thereof, 
and  it  is  hereby  made  a misdemeanor  to  use  any  other  size  of  milk  measure, 
pipette,  test  tube,  or  bottle  to  determinate  the  per  cent  of  butter  fat,  where  milk 
or  cream  is  purchased  by,  or  furnished  to,  creameries  or  cheese  factories,  and  where 
the  value  of  said  milk  or  cream  is  determined  by  the  per  cent  of  butter  fat  con- 
tained in  the  same.  Any  manufacturer,  merchant,  dealer,  or  agent  in  this  State 
. who  shall  offer  for  sale  or  sell,  a cream  or  milk  pipette  or  measure  test 
ena  y*  tube  or  bottle  which  is  not  correctly  marked  or  graduated  as  herein  pro- 
vided shall  be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be 
punished  as  provided  in  section  80  of  this  act. 

Sec.  10.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  the  owner,  manager,  agent  or  any 
employe  of  a creamery  or  cheese  factory  to  manipulate  or  under-read 
the  Babcock  test,  or  any  other  contrivance  used  for  determining  the  quality  or 
value  of  milk. 

„ . „ ..  ......  Sec.  11.  No  person,  firm,  or  corporation  shall 

Sal«  or  use  of  preserves  profited.  manutac1;ure1for  sale,  advertise,  offer  or  expose 

for  sale,  of  sell,  any  mixture  or  compound  intended  for  use  as  an  adulterant  of  or 
preservative  of  milk,  butter,  or  cheese,  nor  shall  any  person,  firm,  or  corporation 
add  to  milk  or  butter  or  cheese,  or  during  the  process  of  their  manufacture,  any 
borax,  boric  acid,  salicylic  acid,  formaldehyde,  formalin,  or  any  other  substance 
or  substances  in  the  nature  of  adulterants,  antiferments,  or  preservatives.  Pro- 
vid'd, however,  that  this  section  shall  not  apply  to  pure  salt  added  to  butter  and 
cheese. 


False  tests. 


Licenses  to  peddle  milk.' 


Sec.  12.  Whoever  by  himself  or  his  agents  conveys  milk  in 
carriages,  carts,  or  other  vehicles,  or  in  any  manner,  for  the 
purpose  of  selling  the  same,  in  any  city  or  town  of  1,000  inhabitants  or  more, 
shall  annually  on  the  first  day  of  May,  or  within  thirty  days  thereafter,  be  licensed 
by  the  State  Dairy  and  Food  Commissioner  to  sell  milk  within  the  limits  of  said 
city  or  town,  and  shall  pay  to  the  said  State  Dairy  and  Food  Commissioner  the 
sum  of  one  dollar  for  each  and  every  carriage,  cart,  or  other  vehicle  thus  employed, 
to  the  use  of  said  dairy  and  food  commissioner.  Licenses  shall  be  used  only  in 
the  names  of  the  owners  of  carriages,  carts,  or  other  vehicles,  and  shall  for  the 
purpose  of  this  act  be  prima  facie  evidence  of  ownership.  All  licenses  shall  ter- 
minate on  the  first  day  of  May  of  each  and  every  year.  No  licenses  shall  be  sold, 
assigned  or  transferred.  Each  license  shall  record  the  name,  residence,  place  of 
business,  number  of  carriages,  carts,  or  other  vehicles  used  (where  more  than  one 
is  employed),  the  name  and  residence  of  any  driver,  or  other  person  engaged  in 
selling  or  delivering  said  milk,  the  number  of  the  carriage,  cart,  or  other  vehicle, 
„ . , „ ..  where  he  has  more  than  one,  and  the  number  of  license. 

Requirements  of  licenses.  Each  lioensee  shaU;  betore  engaging  in  the  sale  of  milk, 

cause  his  name,  the  number  of  his  license,  and  the  number  of  the  carriage,  cart, 
or  other  vehicle,  where  he  has  more  than  one,  and  his  place  of  business  to  be  legi- 
bly placed  on  each  outer  side  of  all  carriages,  carts,  or  other  vehicles  used  by  him 
in  the  conveyance  or  sale  of  milk  and  he  shall  report  to  the  State  dairy  and  food 
commissioner  any  change  of  driver,  or  other  person  employed  by  him,  which  may 
occur  during  the  term  of  his  license.  Any  person  keeping  not  more  than  one 
cow  shall  be  exempted  from  the  provisions  of  this  section. 


Licenses  to  sell  at  stores,  etc.,  required. 


Sec.  18.  Every  person,  firm,  or  corporation 
before  selling  milk  or  offering  it  for  sale,  or 
having  it  in  his  possession,  with  intent  to  sell  in  a store,  booth,  stand,  creamery, 
cheese  factory,  or  any  other  place,  in  the  respective  towns  or  cities,  as  designated 
in  section  13  of  this  &ct,  shall  procure  a license  from  the  State  Dairy  and  Food 
Commissioner,  or  his  authorized  agents,  and  shall  pay  therefor  the  sum  of  one 
dollar.  Every  such  license  shall  terminate  on  the  first  day  of  May  in  each  and 
every  year.  No  license  shall  be  sold  or  transferred. 

...  , ..  , .,  . , ...  Sec.  14.  No  person  by  himself  or  his  agents  or  servants 

1 shall  sell,  supply,  or  bring  to  be  manufactured,  to  any 

butter  or  cheese  manufactory  any  milk  diluted  with  water  or  any  other  substance 


62 


whatever,  or  any  unclean,  impure,  unhealthy,  adulterated,  or  unwholesome  milk, 
or  milk  from  which  any  cream  has  been  taken  (except  pure  skim  milk  to  skim 
cheese  factories) , or  shall  keep  back  any  part  of  the  milk  commonly  known  as 
“strippings,”  or  shall  bring  or  supply  milk  which  is  sour,  to  any  butter  or  cheese 
manufactory  (except  pure  skim  milk  to  skim  cheese  factories).  No  butter  or 
cheese  manufactories  except  those  which  buy  all  the  milk  they  use  shall  use  for 

Use  of  milk  for  benefit  of  operators.  their  ow“  benefit  ort  allow  an^°A.theiT,  eraPloyes 

or  any  other  person  to  use  any  of  the  milk  or  cream 

brought  to  said  manufactories,  or  the  product  thereof,  without  the  consent  of  the 
owners  thereof.  Every  butter  and  cheese  manufacturer,  except  those  who  buy  all 

Record  of  operations  of  factories.  *be  m?'k  .th7  shall  keep  a correct  record  ot  all 

the  milk  daily  received,  and  of  the  number  of  pounds 
and  packages  of  butter,  the  number  and  aggregate  weight  of  cheese  made  each 
day,  the  number  of  packages  of  cheese  and  butter  disposed  of,  which  record  shall 
be  open  to  inspection  to  every  person  who  delivers  milk  to  such  manufacturer. 

....  ...  , Sec.  15.  No  person  by  himself  or  his  agents  or  servants 

^ 1 ^ s^Iu tt er* or°ci/ee s<f. S<>1<1  siia^  manufacture  for  sale,  have  in  his  possession  with 
intent  to  sell,  offer  or  expose  for  sale,  or  sell  as  butter  or 
as  cheese  any  substance  not  the  exclusive  and  legitimate  product  of  milk  or  cream. 


¥ .,  ,.  , - .. ..  i Sec.  16.  No  person  by  himself  or  his  agents, 

or  his  agents  or  servants  shall  manufacture 
for  sale,  have  in  his  possession  with  intent  to  sell,  expose  or  offer  for  sale,  or  sell 
as  butter  or  as  cheese,  or  as  substitutes  for  butter  or  cheese,  or  as  imitations  of 
butter  or  cheese,  under  any  name  or  title  whatsoever,  any  mixture  or  compound, 
which  is  designed  to  take  the  place  of  butter  or  of  cheese,  and  which  is  made  from 
animal  or  vegetable  oils  or  fats,  or  by  the  mixing  or  compounding  of  the  same,  or 
any  mixture  or  compound  consisting  in  part  of  butter  or  of  cheese  in  mixture  or 
combination  with  animal  or  vegetable  oils  or  fats,  nor  shall  any  person  mix,  com- 
pound with  or  add  to  milk,  cream,  butter,  or  cheese  any  animal  or  vegetable  oils 
or  fats,  with  design  or  intent  to  make  or  produce  any  article  or  substance  in  imi- 
tation of  butter  or  cheese,  nor  shall  any  person  coat,  powder,  or  color  with  annotto 
or  with  any  other  coloring  matter  whatever,  butterine,  or  oleomargarine  or  any 
mixture  or  compound  of  the  same,  or  any  article  or  compound  made  wholly  or  in 
part  from  animal  or  vegetable  oils  or  fats  not  produced  from  milk  or  cream, 
whereby  the  said  article  or  compound  shall  be  made  to  resemble  butter  or  cheese, 
nor  shall  any  person  offer  or  expose  for  sale  or  sell  any  article,  substance,  or  com- 
pound made,  manufactured,  or  produced  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of  this 
section,  whether  such  article,  substance,  or  compound  shall  have  been  made,  man- 
ufactured, or  produced  within  this  State  or  in  any  other  State  or  country;  and  the 
having  in  possession  by  any  person,  firm,  or  corporation  of  any  article,  substance, 
or  compound  made,  manufactured,  or  produced  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of 
this  section  shall  be  considered  as  prima  facie  evidence  of  an  intent  to  sell  the 
same  as  butter  or  as  cheese  contrary  to  the  provisions  of  this  section.1 


Cheese  br  inds  ®ec.  Minnesota  State  Dairy  and  Food  Commissioner  is  hereby 

ieese  r.m  s.  authorized  and  directed  to  procure  and  issue  to  the  cheese  manufac- 
turers of  the  State,  and  under  such  regulations  as  to  the  custody  and  use  thereof 
as  he  may  prescribe,  a uniform  stencil  brand  bearing  a suitable  device  or  motto, 
and  the  words  “Minnesota  State  Full  Cream  Cheese.”  Every  brand  issued  shall 
be  used  upon  the  outside  of  the  cheese,  and  also  upon  the  package  containing  the 
same,  and  shall  bear  a different  number  for  each  separate  manufactory,  and  the 
commissioner  shall  keep  a book  in  which  shall  be  registered  the  name,  location, 
and  number  of  each  manufactory  using  the  said  brand,  and  the  name  or  names  of 
the  persons  at  each  manufactory  authorized  to  use  the  same.  It  shall  be  unlawful 
to  use  or  permit  such  stencil  brand  to  be  used  upon  any  other  than  full  cream 
cheese,  or  packages  containing  the  same. 

r.  , . , All  cheese  branded  as  “ Minnesota  State  Full  Cream  Cheese”  shall 

ieese  s an  ar  . con^ajn  not  iess  than  forty-five  per  centum  of  fats  to  total  solids, 
and  all  cheese  purporting  to  be  full  cream  cheese  which  contains  less  than  forty- 
five  per  centum  of  fats  to  total  solids,  shall  be  deemed,  for  the  purpose  of  this  act, 
to  be  adulterated. 


1 Circuit  Court,  D,  (District  Judge  Lochren).  Minnesota.  September  21,  1899.  “Oleomarga- 
rine is  a lawful  subject  of  commerce,  and  a State  statute  (Act  Minn.  April  19, 1899,  § 16)  which 
prohibits  the  sale  of  oleomargarine  so  colored  as  to  resemble  butter  is  unconstitutional  and  void 
in  so  far  as  it  applies  to  a sale  within  the  State  of  oleomargarine  manufactured  in  another  State, 
and  imported  by  the  agent  of  the  manufacturer,  and  sold  by  him  in  the  original  and  unbroken 
packages  of  importation,  stamped  and  marked  as  required  by  the  act  of  Congress  of  August  2, 
1886,  the  product  being  composed  of  the  materials  described  in  said  act  as  constituting  lawful 
oleomargarine  of  commerce.”  (From  Federal  Reporter,  November  21, 1899,  p.  963.) 


63 


^ , . , Sec.  18.  All  cheese  which  contains  less  than  forty-five 

Skim  <:  icese;  a c require  . per  cen£um  Qf  fats  total  solids  is  hereby  declared  to 

be  “ skim  cheese,”  and  it  is  hereby  required  and  directed  that  the  same  shall  be 
marked  with  a stencil  or  brand  with  the  words  “Skim  Cheese,”  in  plain  black  let- 
ters, not  less  than  one  and  one-half  inches  in  length  and  of  proportionate  width, 
upon  the  circumference  of  the  cheese,  and  upon  the  outer  surface  of  the  box  or 
package  containing  the  same;  and  any  dealer  or  trader  who,  by  himself,  or  as  the 
servant  or  agent  of  another  person,  has  in  his  possession  with  intent  to  sell,  offers 
or  exposes  for  sale,  or  sells  any  skim  cheese  as  hereinbefore  defined,  which  is  not 
stenciled  or  branded  as  hereinbefore  required  and  directed,  shall  be  deemed  to  be 
guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  shall  be  subject  to  the  penalties  provided  in  this  act. 

Every  dealer  or  trader  who  offers  or  exposes  for  sale 
Sign  o e<  isp  aye<  w lerei  is.  so  < . or  geps  skjm  cheese  as  hereinbefore  defined,  shall 

cause  to  be  kept  continuously  posted  in  a conspicuous  position  upon  the  walls  of 
the  room  wherein  such  skim  cheese  is  offered  or  exposed  for  sale  or  sold,  cards 
upon  the  face  of  which  is  distinctly  and  legibly  printed  in  the  English  language, 
and  in  letters  of  sufficient  size  to  be  visible  from  all  parts  of  the  room,  the  words 
“Skim  Cheese  Sold  Here.” 

„ , . , ...  ......  Sec.  19.  No  person,  by  himself  or  agent,  shall  sell  or 

offer  or  expose  for  sale,  or  have  in  his  possession  with 
intent  to  sell,  cheese  branded  or  labeled  with  a false  brand  or  label  as  to  the  quality 
of  the  article,  or  as  to  the  county  or  State  in  which  the  article  is  made. 


Notice  of  use  of  oleomargarine. 


Sec.  20.  Every  proprietor,  keeper,  landlord,  or  steward 
of  any  hotel,  restaurant,  dining  car,  eating  house, 
boarding  house,  or  lumber  camp,  either  public  or  private,  who  shall  supply  the 
guests  or  boarders  of  such  hotel,  restaurant, diningcar,  eatinghouse,  boardinghouse, 
or  lumber  camp  with  any  oleaginous  substance  or  substances  or  any  compound 
of  the  same,  or  any  other  compound  other  than  that  produced  from  unadulterated 
milk,  or  of  cream  from  the  same,  or  any  article  designed  to  take  the  place  of  but- 
ter, shall  cause  to  be  plainly  printed  upon  every  bill  of  fare  used  in  said  hotel,  res- 
taurant, eating  house,  boarding  house,  or  lumber  camp,  when  such  adulterated 
compound  is  used  immediately  under  the  title  thereof  and  before  the  naming  of 
any  article  of  food  thereon,  in  capital  letters,  no  smaller  than  those  known  as  non- 
pariel  Celtic,  in  the  English  language,  the  words  “Oleomargarine  (or  butterine) 
used  as  a substitute  for  butter.”  In  case  no  bill  of  fare  is  used  in  said  hotel,  res- 
taurant, dining  car,  eating  house,  boarding  house,  or  lumber  camp,  then  the  pro- 
prietor or  keeper  thereof  shall  cause  to  be  posted  upon  each  and  every  side  of  the 
dining  room  or  eating  room,  in  a position  where  the  same  can  be  seen  irom  any 
part  of  said  room,  and  in  letters  large  enough  to  be  distinctly  seen  and  read  from 
any  part  of  said  room,  a card  containing  the  words  in  the  English  language  “Oleo- 
margarine (or  butterine)  used  as  a substitute  for  butter,”  and  shall  keep  the  same 
continuously  posted  as  aforesaid,  so  long  as  said  compounds,  or  either  of  them,  are 
kept  and  used.  The  provisions  of  this  section  shall  not  be  construed  as  in  anywise 
amending  or  invalidating  any  of  the  provisions  of  sections  fifteen  (15)  or  sixteen 
(16,  of  this  act. 

Sec.  21.  The  commissioner  shall  provide  blanks 
which  shall  be  furnished  to  all  proprietors  or 
managers  of  creameries  and  cheese  factories 
within  the  State  for  the  purpose  of  making  a report  of  the  amount  of  milk  and 
dairy  goods  handled,  and  embodying  such  other  statistical  information  as  the  com- 
missioner may  require,  and  all  owners  or  managers  of  said  creameries  and  cheese 
factories  shall,  on  the  first  day  of  November  of  each  year,  send  to  the  dairy  and 
food  commissioner  a fuil  and  accurate  report  of  the  amount  of  business  done  dur- 
ing the  year,  including  the  statistical  information  required  by  said  commissioner. 


Statistical  reports  from  creameries  and 
cheese  factories. 


Seizure  of  unlawful  products. 


Sec.  22.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  commissioner,  assist- 
ant commissioners,  inspectors,  and  agents  at  any  and  all 
times  to  seize  and  take  possession  of  any  and  all  food  and  dairy  products,  or  sub- 
stitutes therefor,  or  imitations  thereof,  kept  for  sale  or  for  a purpose,  or  held  in 
possession  or  under  control,  contrary  to  the  provisions  of  this  act,  or  other  laws 
which  now  exist,  or  may  be  hereafter  enacted'  Such  seizure  may  be  had  without 
a warrant  and  said  commissioner,  assistant  commissioners,  and  all  inspectors  and 
agents  appointed  pursuant  to  law  are  hereby  given  full  power  and  authority  of 
constables.  Any  court  having  jurisdiction,  upon  receiving  proof  of  probable  cause 
for  believing  in  the  concealment  of  any  food  or  dairy  products  or  substitutes 
therefor,  or  imitations  thereof,  kept  for  sale  or  for  a purpose,  or  had  in  possession 
or  under  control,  contrary  to  the  provisions  of  this  act,  or  other  laws  which  now 
exist  or  may  be  hereafter  enacted,  shall  issue  a search  warrant  and  cause  a search 


64 


to  be  made  in  anyplace  therefor,  and  to  that  end  may  cause  any  building,  enclos- 
ure. wagon,  or  car  to  be  entered,  and  any  apartment,  chest,  box,  locker,  tub,  jar, 
crate,  basket,  or  package  to  be  broken  open  and  the  contents  thereof  examined. 


Search  warrants  Sec.  such  warrants  shall  be  directed  to  said  commissioner, 

'or  assistant  commissioners,  or  any  inspector  or  agent  appointed 
pursuant  to  law,  or  the  sheriff  or  constable,  commanding  such  commissioner, 
assistant  commissioners,  inspector,  agent,  or  officer  to  search  the  house  or  place 
where  such  food  or  dairy  product  or  substitute  therefor  or  imitation  thereof  for 
which  he  is  required  to  search  is  believed  to  be  concealed,  which  place  and  the 
property  to  be  searched  for  shall  be  designated  in  the  warrant,  and  to  bring  such 
food  or  dairy  product,  or  substitutes  therefor  or  imitations  thereof,  when  found, 
and  the  person  in  whose  possession  the  same  is  found,  before  the  magistrate  who 
issued  the  warrant,  or  before  some  other  court  or  magistrate  having  jurisdiction 
of  the  case. 


Disposition  of  seized  .roods  Sec*  24>  Wllen  the  officer  in  the  execution  of  any  search 
p 8 * warrant  issued  under  this  act  finds  and  seizes  any  food  or 

dairy  product,  or  substitute  therefor  or  imitation  thereof,  all  the  property  or  things 
so  seized  shall  be  safely  kept  by  the  direction  of  the  court  or  magistrate  so  long  as 
is  necessary  for  the  purpose  of  being  produced  in  evidence  in  any  trial,  and  on 
such  trial,  it  being  found  that  such  food  or  dairy  product,  or  any  substitute  there- 
for or  imitation  thereof,  is  being  kept  for  sale  or  for  a purpose,  or  held  in  posses- 
sion or  under  control,  contrary  to  the  provisions  of  this  act,  or  other  laws  which 
now  exist  or  may  be  hereafter  enacted,  the  court  shall,  in  addition  to  the  other 
penalties  prescribed  by  this  act,  order  that  said  property  be  forfeited  to  the  State 
of  Minnesota,  and  shall  order  the  same  sold  for  any  purpose  other  than  to  be  used 
for  food,  and  the  proceeds  thereof  paid  into  the  State  treasury  and  placed  to  the 
credit  of  the  State  Dairy  and  Food  Commissioner’s  fund.  The  Dairy  and  Food 
Commissioner,  his  agent  or  inspector  is  authorized  to  take  samples  from  products 
seized  for  the  purpose  of  analysis. 


Fiffacement  of  marks,  etc. 


Sec.  25.  No  person  shall  efface,  erase,  cancel,  or  remove  any 
mark,  statement,  or  label  provided  for  by  this  act  with  the 
intent  to  mislead,  deceive,  or  to  violate  any  provisions  of  this  act. 

.......  ..  Sec.  26.  No  action  shall  be  maintained  on  account  of  any 

Unlanlul  sales;  no  acfon.  ^ Qr  Qther  contract  made  jn  violation  of , or  with  intent 

to  violate,  any  provisions  of  this  act. 

„ Sec.  27.  The  doing  of  anything  prohibited,  and  the  not  doing 

,vi  diceo  vio  a ion.  ^ any^ng  directed  to  be  done  by  this  act,  shall  be  prima 
facie  evidence  of  a willful  intent  to  violate  the  different  sections  and  provisions 
hereof. 


Sec.  28.  In  all  prosecutions  arising  under  this  act  the  certificate  of  the  chemist 
making  the  analysis,  when  duly  sworn  to  by  such  analyst,  shall  be  prima  facie 
evidence  of  the  fact  or  facts  therein  certified. 


„ . . ......  Sec.  29.  All  moneys  received  from  license 

Fees,  fines,  etc,  go  to  commissioner’s  fund.  ^ ^ ^ for  the  violation  of 

laws  relating  to  food  or  dairy  products,  their  imitations  or  substitutes,  and  the 
proceeds  from  all  goods  confiscated  and  sold  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  and 
other  laws  relating  to  dairy  or  food  products,  their  imitations  or  substitutes,  shall 
be  paid  into  the  State  treasury  and  placed  to  the  credit  of  the  Dairy  and  Food 
Commissioner  s fund. 


Sec.  30.  Whoever  violates  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be 
ena  }’  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be  punished 
for  each  offense  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  twenty-five  nor  more  than  one  hundred 
dollars,  or  by  imprisonment  of  not  less  than  thirty  days,  nor  more  than  ninety 
days. 

„ . Sec.  31.  Chapter  11,  General  Laws  of  1891,  and  all  acts  and  parts  of  acts 

epea  ' inconsistent  with  the  provisions  hereof  are  hereby  repealed. 


In  effect. 


Sec.  32.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its 
passage. 

General  Laws  1899,  Chapter  257. 


AN  ACT  to  prevent  the  use  of  chemical  agents  as  preservatives  in  milk,  cream,  cheese,  and 
butter.  (Approved  April  18,  1899.) 


Use  of  preservatives  prohibited. 


Section  1.  Any  person,  firm,  or  corporation  who  shall 
sell,  or  offer  for  sale,  or  consign,  or  have  in  his  pos- 


65 


session  with  intent  to  sell  to  any  person  or  persons,  any  milk,  cream,  butter,  cheese, 
or  any  other  dairy  products,  or  who  shall  deliver  to  any  creamery  or  cheese  fac- 
tory, milk  or  cream  to  be  manufactured  into  butter  or  cheese,  to  which  has  been 
added  any  preparation  in  powdered  or  liquid  form,  known  as  preservatives,  or 
any  other  compounds  containing  antiseptics,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misde- 
p . meanor,  and  upon  conviction  therefor  be  punished  by  a fine  of  not  less  than 
ena  J"  twenty- five  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars  for  each  and  every  offense. 

This  shall  not  be  construed  to  prohibit  the  use  of  salt  in  butter. 


Commissioner  to  enforce. 


Sec.  2.  The  State  Dairy  and  Food  Commissioner  and  his 
assistants,  experts,  and  chemists. by  him  appointed,  shall  be 
charged  with  the  proper  enforcement  of  all  the  provisions  of  this  act. 


„ . „ Sec.  3.  In  all  prosecutions  under  this  act  the  costs  shall  be  paid  in 

os  s an  nes.  ^ manner  now  provided  by  law.  and  the  fines  resulting  there- 
from shall  be  paid  into  the  State  treasury  and  placed  to  the  credit  of  the  State 
Dairy  and  Food  Commissioner’s  Fund. 


Sec.  4.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  pas- 
n e ec  ' sage. 


General  Laws  1899,  Chapter  94. 


AN  ACT  to  prevent  fraud  in  the  branding  and  sale  of  process  and  renovated  butter.  (Ap- 
proved March  23, 1899. 


Butter  from  melted  packing  stock,  etc.,  to 
be  branded. 


Section  1.  No  person,  firm,  corporation, 
agent,  or  employe  shall  manufacture,  sell, 
offer  or  expose  for  sale,  in  this  State,  any 
butter  that  is  produced  by  taking  original  packing  stock  butter,  or  other  butter, 
or  both,  and  melting  the  same  so  that  the  butter  fat  can  be  drawn  off  or  extracted, 
then  mixing  the  said  butter  fat  with  skimmed  milk,  or  milk,  or  cream,  or  other 
milk  product,  and  rechurning  or  reworking  the  said  mixture,  or  that  produced 
by  any  process  that  is  commonly  known  as  boiled,  process  or  renovated  butter, 
unless  the  same  is  branded  or  marked  as  provided  in  section  2 of  this  act. 


“RpnnvatPd  in.ttpr  ” Sec*  3-  No  Person>  firm,  corporation,  agent,  or  employe  shall 
sell,  offer  or  expose  for  sale,  or  deliver  to  purchaser,  any  boiled, 
process  or  renovated  butter,  as  defined  in  section  1 of  this  act,  unless  the  words 
“ Renovated  Butter”  shall  be  plainly  branded  with  Gothic  or  bold-faced  letters  at 
least  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  length,  on  the  top  and  sides  of  each  tub  or  box  or 
pail,  or  other  kind  of  a case  or  package,  or  on  the  wrapper  of  prints  or  rolls  in 
PH  ird  which  it  is  put  up.  If  such  butter  is  exposed  lor  sale  uncovered,  or  not 
acar  ’ in  a case  or  package,  a placard  containing  the  label  so  printed  shall  be 
attached  to  the  mass  of  butter  in  such  manner  as  to  easily  be  seen  and  read  by  the 
purchaser. 

The  branding  or  marking  of  all  packages  shall  be  in  the  English  language,  and 
in  a conspicuous  place,  so  as  to  be  easily  seen  and  read  by  the  purchaser. 


Commissioner  shall  enforce. 


Sec.  3.  The  State  Dairy  and  Food  Commissioner  and  his 
assistants,  experts,  and  chemists,  by  him  appointed,  shall 
be  charged  with  the  proper  enforcement  of  all  the  provisions  of  this  act.  When 
complaint  is  made  by  the  said  Dairy  and  Food  Commissioner,  his  assistants, 
employes,  and  chemists,  or  by  any  other  person  authorized  by  the  said  Dairy  and 
Food  Commissioner,  security  for  costs  shall  not  be  required  of  the  complainant 
in  any  case  at  any  stage  of  the  prosecution  on  trial. 


p j.  . Sec.  4.  Whoever  violates  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  deemed 
ena  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  shall  for  each  offense,  upon  conviction 
thereof,  be  subject  to  a fine  of  not  less  than  twenty-five  dollars,  nor  more  than 
fifty  dollars  and  costs,  or  by  imprisonment  not  to  exceed  two  months. 

.......  . . , Sec.  5.  The  said  commissioner  and  his  assistants,  experts,  chem- 

y in  p c . an(j  agen£g5  ke  duly  authorize  for  the  purpose,  shall 
have  access  and  ingress  to  all  places  of  business,  factories,  stores,  and  buildings 
used  for  the  manufacture  or  sale  of  butter.  They  also  shall  have  power  and 
authority  to  open  any  tub,  box,  pail,  or  other  kind  of  case  or  package,  containing 
any  butter  that  may  be  manufactured,  sold,  or  exposed  for  sale,  in  violation  of  the 
provisions  of  this  act. 


in  effect  ®EC>  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  pas- 
sage. 

10034— No.  26—00 5 


6G 


Provision  of  the  Penal  Code. 


Sec.  331  (section  6625,  Statutes  1894).  A person  who  either — 

Adulteration  of  food  or  drink.  Yith  <*«  fame  “ay  be  sold  as  unadulter- 

ated  or  undiluted,  adulterates  or  dilutes  wine,  milk, 
distilled  spirits,  or  malt  liquor,  or  any  drug,  medicine,  food,  or  drink,  for  man  or 
beast;  or, 

2.  Knowing  that  the  same  has  been  adulterated  or 
diluted,  offers  for  sale  or  sells  the  same  as  unadulter- 
ated or  undiluted,  or  without  disclosing  or  informing  the  purchaser  that  the  same 
has  been  adulterated  or  diluted,  in  a case  where  special  provision  has  not  been 
otherwise  made  by  statute  for  the  punishment  of  the  offense, 

Misdemeanor.  — Is  guilty  of  a misdemeanor. 


Sale  of  adulterated  food  or  drink. 


MISSISSIPPI. 


See  Fourteenth  Animal  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  623  and  624,  for — 

Laws  of  1882,  chapter  50  (sections  1-3). — An  act  to  regulate  thesaleof  oleomar- 
garine and  to  promote  the  public  health.  (Approved  March  9,  1882.) 


Privilege  taxes  and  other  revenue  laws  in  force  1898,  chapter  5 (one  section). — 
An  act  creating  privilege  taxes  on  certain  industries  in  Mississippi,  and  repealing 
all  laws  in  conflict  with  same. 


Annotated  Code  of  1892,  section  1187  (2912). — Concerning  the  treatment  of  the 
cow  of  another. 


MISSOURI. 


See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  624-627,  for — 

Laws  of  1891,  page  163  (sections  1 and  2). — An  act  to  empower  cities  and  towns, 
by  ordinance,  to  license  and  regulate  milk  dairies  and  the  sale  of  milk,  and  provide 
for  the  inspection  thereof,  and  to  repeal  an  act  entitled  ‘‘An  act  to  prevent  the 
adulteration  of  milk  and  cream  in  all  cities  that  now  have  or  may  hereafter  have 
a population  of  three  hundred  thousand  inhabitants  or  over,”  approved  June  14, 
1889.  (Approved  April  18,  7891.) 

Laws  of  1897,  page  104  (sections  1-8). — An  act  requiring  the  branding  or  label- 
ing of  skim-milk  cheese  when  offered  for  sale.  (Approved  March  24,  1897.) 

Revised  Statutes  of  1889,  sections  3885  and  3886  (Revised  Statutes  1899,  sections 
2276  and  2277). — Concerning  butter  and  cheese  substitutes. 

Laws  of  1895,  page  26  (sections  1-12). ’—An  act  prohibiting  the  coloring  yellow 
of  any  substance  designed  to  be  used  as  a substitute  for  butter;  to  prohibit  the 
manufacture,  sale,  keeping  for  sale,  and  fraudulent  use  of  substances  designed  as 
imitation  butter;  to  regulate  the  manufacture,  sale,  and  keeping  for  sale  of  any 
substance  designed  to  be  used  as  a substitute  for  butter,  and  making  an  appro- 
priation for  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act.  (Approved  April  19, 1895.) 

MONTANA. 


See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  627  and  628,  for — 

Codes  and  Statutes,  Penal  Code,  1895,  sections  684-686  and  1095,  and  Political 
Code,  section  4064. — Concerning  substitutes  for  butter  and  c1'  esc,  and  care  of 
cows. 

NEBRASKA. 


See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  628-632,  for — 

Compiled  Statutes,  1897,  part  3,  chapter  22,  6898  (section  234). — Concerning 
impure  milk. 


Appropriation  for  enforcing  this  act  in  years  1899  and  1900,  $5,000. 


Compiled  Statutes,  1897,  part  3,  chapter  23,  6927-6940  (sections  245k-249n). — 
Concerning  impure  milk  and  imitations  of  butter  and  cheese. 

General  Laws  of  1897,  chapter  99  (sections  1-5). — An  act  to  provide  against  the 
adulteration  of  food,  prohibiting  the  sale,  or  offering  for  sale,  of  adulterated  food 
and  providing  a penalty  for  the  violation  thereof.  (Approved  April  12,  1897.) 

Recently  enacted: 

Laws  op  1899,  Chapter  35. 1 


AN  ACT  creating  a Food  Commission;  defining  its  powers  and  duties  and  of  the  officers  and 
agents  thereof ; regulating  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  foods  including  “imitation  butter” 
and  “imitation  cheese  ” and  dairy  products;  providing  for  a system  of  reports,  inspection  and 
permits  and  fixing  fees  for  the  same;  providing  penalties  for  violations  of  this  act;  making  an 
annual  appropriation  for  carrying  this  act  into  effect;  and  repealing  all  acts  and  parts  of  acts 
in  conflict  herewith.  (Approved  April  3, 1899.) 


„ , . . Section  1.  There  is  hereby  created  a Food  Ccmmission 

oo<  commission,  o ce.  headquarters  at  the  Capitol,  for  which  office-room, 

stationery,  postage,  expressage,  printing,  and  other  usual  facilities  for  transact- 
ing business  shall  be  furnished,  the  same  as  for  other  executive  departments. 


. . . Sec.  2.  The  Governor  of  this  state  is  hereby  made  the 

Food  Commissioner  of  said  Commission.  Said  Food 
‘p  ‘ ’ ' **  Commissioner  shall  have  the  power  to  appoint  a Deputy 

Food  Commissioner  at  a salary  of  Fifteen  Hundred  Dollars  ($1500.00)  per  annum, 
payable  monthly,  together  with  his  expenses  actually  and  necessarily  incurred  in 
discharging  the  "duties  of  his  office. 

It  is  further  provided  that  a complete  and  itemized  account  of 
is  ies  am  au  ion  y.  ajj  eXpenses  shall  be  kept  by  said  Deputy  Food  Commissioner 
and  filed  monthly  with  the  Auditor  of  Public  Accounts  after  being  duly  verified 
by  him. 

Said  Deputy  Food  Commissioner  shall  hold  his  office  at  the  pleasure  of  the 
Governor,  and  when  acting  for  and  instead  of  said  Food  Commissioner,  shall  and 
may  exercise  equal  power  and  authority  subject  to  the  approval  of  said  Food 
Commissioner. 

0 ,.  The  Deputy  Food  Commissioner  so  appointed  shall  be  a person  of 

qua  i ca  ions.  recognized  standing,  experience,  ability  and  knowledge  in  and  con- 
cerning dairy  and  other  food  products. 


B ml  f <ie  ut  Sec.  ^he  sa*d  Deputy  Food  Commissioner  shall,  before  entering 
om  o t epu  j.  Up0n  ^he  discharge  of  his  duties,  give  a bond  in  the  sum  of  Three 
Thousand  ($3,000)  Dollars  with  sureties  as  provided  by  law,  to  be  approved  by 
the  Governor  and  conditioned  for  the  faithful  discharge  of  his  duties  and  the 
a counting  for  all  money  and  other  property  that  may  come  into  his  hands  by 
virtue  of  his  office. 

Clerk  The  said  Deputy  Food  Commissioner  may  employ  a clerk,  if  found  neces- 
er  * sary,  whose  salary  shall  not  exceed  Seventy-five  Dollars  ($75)  per  month. 
. . The  said  Deputy  Food  Commissioner  shall  make  an  annual  report 

nnua  lep  r . tQ  Qoverrior  same  as  other  State  officers,  on  or  before  the  first 
day  of  November,  of  each  year,  giving  in  a concise  manner,  in  said  report,  a full 
statement  of  the  condition  of  the  food  and  dairy  interests  of  the  State,  and  making 
such  recommendations  as  he  may  deem  best  to  improve  the  same,  including 
receipts  and  disbursements  of  his  office;  and  such  report  shall  be  printed  and  pub- 
lished and  distributed  same  as  reports  of  other  State  officers. 


n , r ..  . . Sec.  4.  The  said  Food  Commission,  through  its  duly  accredited 

u j o c mmissi  n.  0fficers^  shan  pe  charged  with  the  enforcement  of  this  act  and 
all  other  acts  and  laws  heretofore  passed, /or  that  may  hereafter  be  passed,  con- 
cerning butter,  cheese,  “imitation  butter,”  “imitation  cheese,”  milk  and  cream, 
vinegar,  cider,  and  all  laws  concerning  dairy  products,  cider  or  vinegar,  or  any 
imitation  or  adulteration  thereof. 

„ ...  . , i * , , The  said  Food  Commissioner  shall  have  control 

over  the  subject  of  testing  milk  and  cream  in  the 
State  of  Nebraska,  on  the  farm,  in  the  factory,  skimming  station,  milk  or  cream 
depot,  milk  or  cream  wagon,  or  any  otner  place  where  milk  or  cream  is  bought  or 
sold,  and  may  make  such  regulations  concerning  the  subject  of  testing  milk  and 


1 Practical  operations  under  this  act  have  been  nullified,  as  the  salary  of  the  deputy  commis- 
sioner can  not  he  paid,  because  the  act  contravenes  a section  in  the  constitution  providing  that 
bills  making  appropriations  for  salaries  shall  contain  no  provisions  on  other  subjects. 


68 


cream  as  he  may  deem  reasonable  and  just,  and  shall  have  power  to  establish  a 
minimum  standard  of  butter  fat  in  milk  and  cream. 

Ai.ti.nr.-iv  for  insmWim.s  The  said  Food  Commission  and  its  duly  accredited  officers, 
5 1 * such  as  shall  be  duly  authorized  for  the  purpose,  shall  have 

full  access,  ingress,  and  egress  to  all  creameries,  cheese  factories,  skimming  sta- 
tions, cider  manufactories,  vinegar  manufactories,  farms,  buildings,  carriages, 
cars,  vessels,  packages,  or  cans,  used  in  the  manufacture  or  sale  of  any  dairy  prod- 
uct. cider  or  vinegar,  or  any  imitation  thereof.  They  shall  also  have  power  and 
authority  to  open  any  package,  can,  or  vessel  containing  such  dairy  product,  cider 
or  vinegar,  or  any  imitation  or  adulteration  thereof  which  they  may  have  reason 
to  believe  may  be  manufactured,  sold,  or  exposed  for  sale  in  violation  of  the  provi- 
sions of  this  act  or  other  acts  in  relation  thereto,  and  may  inspect  the  contents 
AntivttPg  nr  therein,  and  may  take  therefrom  samples  for  analysis,  and  have 

y‘  p the  same  analyzed  by  a competent  chemist,  for  which  the  chem- 

ist shall  be  allowed  a reasonable  fee  not  to  exceed  Five  Dollars  ($5.00>  for  each 
analysis,  and  the  findings  of  such  chemist  shall  be  taken  prima  facie  evidence  in 
court,  and  in  all  prosecutions  under  this  act  when  such  analysis  has  been  made 
and  given  in  evidence,  the  said  fees  and  expenses  of  the  chemist  making  the  same. 
Penalty  s^ad  taxed  as  costs  in  the  case,  the  same  as  other  costs  are  taxed.  All 
persons  knowingly  violating  this  act  shall  be  dealt  with  as  provided  in 

this  act. 

......  .,  . . . Sec.  5.  Every  person,  firm,  or  corporation  in  this 

I.mtat.on  butter  an^cheese,  reports  on  state  manufacturing  or  dealing,  excepting  re- 

tailer  in  “imitation  butter”  or  “imitation 
cheese”  or  both,  shall,  on  or  before  the  tenth  day  of  each  month,  on  blanks  pro- 
vided by  said  Food  Commissioner,  make  a report  in  writing  to  said  Food  Commis- 
sioner, showing  the  amount  of  “ imitation  butter”  or  “imitation  cheese”  or  both, 
sold  by  them  during  the  preceding  month,  size  of  packages  used,  to  whom  and 
when  sold,  business  location  of  the  purchaser,  amount  of  “imitation  butter”  or 
“imitation  cheese”  or  both  on  hand  at  the  close  of  the  month’s  business,  and 
such  other  items  and  facts  as  may  be  required  by  said  Food  Commissioner,  veri- 
fying the  same  under  oath  and  specifying  particularly  that  they  have  complied 
„ . , ...  . with  all  the  State  laws  in  regard  to  such  “imitation 

Retailers  not  required  to  report.  bntter„  Qr  ..jmltation  cheeS?  ” or  both,  as  the  Case 

may  be:  Provided,  That  the  retailer  shall  not  be  required  to  state  to  whom  sold 
nor  location  of  purchaser. 

Definitions  Sec.  Fyery  person,  firm,  or  corporation  who  in  any  manner  pro- 
1,1  1 DS*  duces  “imitation  butter”  or  “imitation  cheese”  or  both,  as  the  same 
M is  now  defined,  or  may  hereafter  be  defined  in  the  stat- 

anu  ac  urers  o mu  a ions.  uf.eg  g^a^  pe  considered  a manufacturer  of 

“ imitation  butter  ” or  “ imitation  cheese  ” or  both. 

,iri  , , , . . . ..  ..  Every  person,  firm,  or  corporation  who  sells  or  offers 

Wholesale  dealer  .»  mutations.  for  ^ or  hag  ln  his  passion  for  sale  “imitation 

butter  ” or  “ imitation  cheese  ” or  both,  as  the  same  is  now  defined  in  the  statutes  of 
this  State,  or  hereafter  may  be  defined,  in  packages  containing  ten  pounds  or  more, 
shall  be  deemed  a wholesale  dealer  in  “imitation  butter  ” or  “imitation  cheese” 
or  both,  as  the  case  may  be. 

tj  . .,  . , ......  Every  person,  firm,  or  corporation  who  sells  or  offers  for 

ai  tea  er  in  mu  a ions.  gaie  or  jiag  ^ ^-g  p0ssessi0n  for  sale  ‘‘imitation  butter” 

or  “imitation  cheese”  or  both,  as  the  same  is  now  defined  or  may  hereafter  be 
defined  in  the  statutes  of  this  State,  in  packages  containing  less  than  ten  pounds 
each,  shall  be  deemed  a retail  dealer  in  “ imitation  butter  ” or  “ imitation  cheese  ” 
or  both. 

„ . ..  Every  person,  firm,  or  corporation  buying,  reworking, 
anuac  urero  a.  e u ei.  an(j  handling  the  product  commonly  known  and  called 
“ store”  or  “ dairy  ” butter,  and  making  out  of  the  same  what  is  generally  known 
and  termed  “ladle”  or  “factory”  butter,  shall  be  deemed  a manufacturer  of 
“ladle”  butter. 


Wholesale  dealer  in  butter  and  cheese. 


Every  person,  firm,  or  corporation  buying  and 
selling  butter  and  cheese  or  both,  in  original 
packages  not  of  his  own  production,  whether  on  commission  or  otherwise,  shall 
be  deemed  a wholesale  dealer  in  butter  or  cheese  or  both,  as  the  case  may  be. 


c , For  the  purposes  of  this  act,  a creamery  shall  be  defined  as  “ factory 
rcamerj . crearQ  f r0m  milk  with  or  without  the  addition  of  salt  and  color- 

ing matter  is  churned  into  butter.” 


69 


Cheese  factory. 


Skimming  station. 


Some  manufacturers  excepted. 


A cheese  factory  shall  be  defined  as  “ a factory  where  .milk  with 
or  without  the  addition  of  salt,  rennet,  and  coloring  matter,  is  manu- 
factured into  cheese.” 

A skimming  station  ” shall  be  defined  as  “a  place  where  milk, 
from  not  less  than  five  patrons,  is  skimmed  by  machinery  and  the 
cream  resulting  therefrom  is  taken  to  a creamery  to  be  churned.” 

„ . Sec.  7.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  manufac- 
Permit  necessary  tn  make  or  sell  limta-  ^urer,  wholesale  or  retail  dealer  in  ‘‘imitation 

butter”  or  “imitation  cheese”  or  both,  to  enter 
up^on  or  engage  in  the  business  of  producing,  manufacturing,  handling,  or  having 
in *his  possession  for  sale,  or  selling  “imitation  butter”  or  “imitation  cheese”  or 
both,  without  first  procuring  from  said  Food  Commissioner  an  annual  permit,  said 
permit  describing  the  occupation  and  place  of  business  of  the  person,  firm,  or 
corporation  receiving  the  same,  and  conditioned  on  a faithful  observance  of  the 
laws  of  the  State  by  him. 

Provided , That  any  manufacturer  of  “imitation  but- 
ter” or  “imitation  cheese”  or  both,  who  sells  only 
“imitation  butter”  or  “imitation  cheese”  or  both,  of  his  own  production  at  the 
place  of  manufacture  in  the  original  packages  shall  not  be  required  to  take  out  a 
permit  as  a wholesaler. 

It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person,  firm,  or 
1’erml‘I,,ake  or  sell1  0r  corporation  to  manufacture  -‘ladle  ’ butter 

or  to  carry  on  the  business  of  manufacturing 
“ladle”  butter  or  to  carry  on  business  as  a wholesale  dealer  in  butter  or  cheese 
or  both  * * * or  to  operate  any  creamery  or  cheese  factory  or  skimming  sta- 
tion, or  to  do  any  business  in  producing,  manufacturing,  handling,  or  selling  the 
product  so  made,  without  first  procuring  from  said  Food  Commissioner  an  annual 
permit,  said  permit  describing  the  occupation  and  place  of  business  of  the  person, 
firm,  or  corporation  receiving  the  same  and  conditioned  on  a faithful  observance 
of  the  laws  of  the  State  by  him. 

. _ .,  All  applications  for  permits  under  this  act  shall  be  in  writ- 

pp  ica  ions  or  pernn  s.  lng  a(j(3resse(j  to  the  said  Food  Commissioner,  verified  by 
the  applicant,  stating  that  after  this  act  shall  become  a law  he  has  not  violated 
any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

. ..  .,  ...  ,.  It  is  further  provided  that  the  said  Food  Commission 

u ion  y or  mspec  ions,  through  its  accredited  officers  shall  have  the  right  at  any 
and  all  times  to  inspect  the  premises,  methods,  and  processes  of  any  creamery, 
cheese  factory,  skimming  station,  station,  manufacturer  of  ladle  butter,  whole- 
sale dealer  in  butter  or  cheese  or  both,  * * * manufacturer  of  “ imitation 
butter”  or  “imitation  cheese”  or  both,  who  esale  dealer  or  retail  dealer  in  “imi- 
tation butter  ” or  “imitation  cheese”  or  both,  within  this  State,  within  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act  or  other  acts  relating  to  dairy  products,  cider  or  vinegar,  or 
any  imitation  or  adulteration  thereof. 


Charge  for  permits  and  inspections. 


Sec.  8.  For  said  permits  and  the  services  performed 


in  connection  therewith,  including  the  inspection 
as  provided  by  this  act,  there  shall  be  charged  and  collected  annually  as  follows: 
From  each  manufacturer  of  “imitation  butter”  or  “imitation  cheese ’’the  sum 
of  One  Hundred  Dollars  ($100.00);  from  each  wholesale  dealer  in  “imitation  but- 
ter” or  “imitation  cheese,”  Fifty  Dollars  ($50.00);  from  each  retail  dealer  in 
“imitation  butter  ” or  “ imitation  cheese,”  Twenty-five  Dollars  ($25.00) : * * * 
from  each  creamery,  Ten  Dollars  ($10.00);  from  each  cheese  factory.  Ten  Dollars 
($10.00);  from  each  skimming  station,  One  Dollar  ($1.00);  from  each  manufac- 
turer of  “ladle”  butter,  Fifteen  Dollars  ($15.00);  and  from  each  wholesale  dealer 
in  butter  or  cheese.  Ten  Dollars  ($10.00),  payable  in  each  and  every  case  into  the 
Treasury  of  the  State  of  Nebraska,  as  provided  by  law,  in  advance  of  the  issuance 
of  said  permit. 

location  ofpern.lt  for  violation.  Sec/  9-  If  W Ve*son-  firm  or  corporation  to  whom 
F such  permit  has  been  issued  shall  be  convicted  of  a 

wilful  violation  of  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  such  conviction  shall  there- 
upon “ipso  facto”  work  a revocation  of  such  permit  and  the  same  shall  hereafter 
be  held  and  deemed  null  and  void. 

County  attorneys  to  prosecute.  SEC‘  10;  “ abaUbe  *h®  ' ^ ?f  ,al1  c0"nty  attorneys  on 
request  of  the  Food  Commissioner  to  represent  and 
prosecute,  on  behalf  of  the  State  within  their  respective  counties,  all  offenses  aiis- 
ing  under  the  provisions  of  this  act. 


70 


Penalt  Sec.  Person'  firm,  or  corporation  violating  any  provision  of  this 

n y*  act  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a mis  lemeanor  and  on  conviction  thereof 
shall  be  punished  for  each  offense  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  Ten  Dollars  ($10.00) 
nor  more  than  One  Hundred  Dollars  ($100.00), in  the  discretion  of  the  court.  It 
is  further  provided  that  each  day's  failure  in  taking  out  the  permit  described 
above,  shall  constitute  in  each  of  the  above  cases  a separate  and  distinct  offense. 

Appropriation  Sec.  ^^ere  is  hereby  annually  appropriated  out  of  the  funds  of 
ppi  .in.  state  not  otherwise  appropriated,  for  the  purpose  of  carrying 
into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  act.  the  sum  of  Five  Thousand  Dollars  ($5,000!00) : 
Provided . Thar  the  amount  paid  out  shall  in  no  case  exceed  the  amount  received 
by  the  State,  as  provided  for  in  this  act. 

Repeal.  Sec.  13.  All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  in  conflict  herewith  are  hereby  repealed. 

NEVADA. 

See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  632  and  633,  for — 

General  Statutes.  1885  (Baily  and  Hammond),  4801-4805  (sections  1-5). — An 
act  to  prevent  the  adulteration  of  milk  and  to  prevent  traffic  in  impure  and 
unwholesome  milk.  (Approved  February  17,  1879.  36.) 

General  Statutes,  1885  (Baily  and  Hammond),  4806-4809  (sections  1-4),  Supple- 
ment.— Concerning  milk  inspector.  (Approved  February  26,  1881.  79.  ) 

General  Statutes,  1885  (Baily  and  Hammond),  4810-4812  (sections  1-3). — An 
act  to  punish  and  prevent  deception  in  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  butter. 
(Approved  February  4,  1881.  24.) 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  633-636,  for — 

Public  Statutes,  1891,  chapter  127  (sections  1-24). — Concerning  milk  inspectors, 
licenses,  milk  standards,  etc. 

Laws  of  1893,  chapter  37  (sections  1 and  2). — An  act  in  amendment  of  chapter 
127  of  the  Public  Statutes  relating  to  the  sale  of  adulterated  butter,  oleomargarine, 
and  imitation  cheese.  (Approved  March  23,  1893.) 

Laws  of  1895,  chapter  115  (sections  1-4). — An  act  in  amendment  of  chapter  127 
of  the  Public  Statutes  relating  to  the  sale  of  adulterated  butter,  oleomargarine, 
and  imitation  cheese.  (Approved  March  29,  1895.) 

Recently  enacted : 

Laws  of  1899,  Chapter  58. 


AN  ACT  providing  additional  duties  for  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture.  (Approved  March  9, 

1899. ; 


State  board  of  agriculture  shall  enforce. 


Section  1.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State 
board  of  agriculture  to  cause  the  provisions  of 
chapter  115  of  the  laws  of  1895  relating  to  the  sale  of  adulterated  butter,  oleo- 
margarine, and  imitation  cheese,”  to  be  enforced. 


NEW  JERSEY. 

See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  636-650,  for — 

Public  Laws  of  1865,  chapter  275  (section  1).  (= General  Statutes,  1895,  Dairy, 

section  3). — An  act  to  protect  butter  and  cheese  manufacturers.  (Approved 
March  23,  1865. ) 

Public  Laws  of  1882,  chapter  82  (sections  1-11).  (^General  Statutes,  1895, 
Dairy,  sections  33-43). —An  act  to  prevent  the  adulteration  and  to  regulate  the 
sale  of  milk.  (Approved  March  14,  1882.) 


71 


Public  Laws  of  1884,  chapter  90  (sections  1-5).  (=General  Statutes,  1895, 
Dairy,  sections  44-48.) — Supplement.— Concerning  trial  by  jury.  (Approved 
April  2,  1884.) 

Public  Laws  of  1886,  chapter  186  (1  section.  '!  ( ^General  Statutes,  1895,  Dairy, 

section  49.)— Supplement.— Concerning  dairy  commissioner.  (Approved  Feb- 
ruary 20,  1886.) 

Public  Laws  of  1887,  chapter  2 (1  section).  (=General  Statutes,  1895,  Dairy, 
section  50.) — Supplement.— Concerning  milk  analysis.  (Approved  February  24, 
1887.) 

Public  Laws  of  1888,  page  461  (section  2)  (=  General  Statutes,  1895,  Agricul- 
ture, section  81). — An  act  to  provide  for  the  construction  of  a State  laboratory  tor 
the  State  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  (Approved  April  S3,  1888.) 

Public  Laws  of  1891,  chapter  210  (sections  1-4)  (—General  Statutes.  1895. 
Dairy,  sections  51-54).  Supplement. — Concerning  milk  testing.  (Approved 
April  14,  1891.) 

Public  Laws  of  1883,  chapter  185  (sections  1 and  2)  (=  General  Statutes,  1895, 
Dairy,  sect  ons  65  and  66). — An  act  to  prohibit  the  sale  of  adulterated  and  skimmed 
milk  in  cities  of  this  State.  (Approved  March  23,  18o3. ) 

Public  Laws  of  1883,  chapter  68  (sections  1-10)  (= General  Statutes,  1895,  Dairy, 
sections  55-64). — An  act  for  the  protection  of  producers  and  shippers  of  milk. 
(Approved  March  8,  1883.) 

Public  Laws  of  1891,  chap  ter  257  (sections  1-7)  (=General  Statutes,  1895,  Dairy, 
sections  67-73).— An  act  in  relation  to  milk  cans.  (Approved  April  16,  1891.) 

Public  Laws  of  1864,  chapter  370  (sections  1 and  2)  (= General  Statutes,  1895, 
Dairy,  sections  1 and  2 ). — An  act  to  regulate  the  tare  of  butter  and  cheese  firkins, 
tubs,  and  vessels.  (Approved  April  i , 1864.) 

Public  Laws  of  1886,  chapter  84  (sections  1-20)  (=  General  Statutes,  1895,  Dairy, 
sections  4-22). — An  act  to  prevent  deception  in  the  sale  of  oleomargarine,  butter- 
ine,  or  any  imitation  of  dairy  products,  and  to  preserve  the  public  health. 
(Approved  March  22,  1886. ) 

Public  Laws  of  1887,  chapter  149  (sections  1-6)  (=  General  Statutes,  1895,  Dairy, 
sections  23-28).  Supplement. — Concerning  oleomargarine  and  additional  duties 
of  dairy  commissioner.  (Approved  April  21,  1887.) 

Public  Laws  of  1895,  chapter  332  (sections  1 and  2)  (=General  Statutes,  1895, 
Dairy,  sections  29  and  30).  Supplement. — Concerning  imitation  butter.  (Ap- 
proved March  25,  1895. ) 

Public  Laws  of  1895,  chapter  418  (sections  1 and  2)  (=  General  Statutes,  1895, 
Dairy,  sections  31  and  32). — An  act  relative  to  the  dairy  commissioner.  (Ap- 
proved June  13,  1895.) 

Public  Laws  of  1893,  chapter  207  (sections  1-4)  (^General  Statutes,  1895,  ani- 
mals, sections  113-115). — Supplement  to  an  act  entitled  “An  act  concerning  con- 
tagious and  infectious  diseases  among  animals,  and  to  repeal  certain  acts  relating 
thereto,”  approved  April  4,  1886.  (Approved  March  16,  1893.) 

Public  Laws  of  1881,  page  283  (sections  1-8)  (=General  Statutes,  1895,  Dairy, 
sections  74-81). — An  act  to  prevent  the  adulteration  of  food  or  drugs.  (Approved 
March  25,  1881.) 

Public  Laws  of  1883,  page  185  (sections  1-10)  (=  General  Statutes,  1895,  Dairy, 
sections  8i-90).  Supplement. — Concerning  adulterated  food  and  inspectors. 
(Approved  March  23,  1883.)  [Section  7 of  this  act  is  repealed  by  section  2 of 
Public  Laws  of  1895,  chapter  418]  (=  General  Statutes,  1895,  Dairy,  sections  31 
and  32. ) 

Public  Laws  of  1897,  supplement  to  chapter  93  (sections  1 and  2). — Concerning 
food  samples.  ( Approved  April  8,  1897.) 

Public  Laws  of  1887,  chapter  126,  page  160  (sections  1 and  2)  (^General  Stat- 
utes 1895,  Dairy,  section  91).  Supplement. — Concerning  enforcement  of  the  law. 
(Approved  April  11,  1887.) 


72 


Additional: 


Laws  of  1894,  Chapter  317. 


Supplement  to  an  act  entitled  “An  act  concerning  contagious  and  infectious  disease  among 
animals  and  to  repeal  certain  acts  relating  thereto,1'  approved  May  fourth,  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  eighty-six.  (Approved  May  22d,  1894.)- 


Section  1.  That  the  president  of  the  State  board  of 
Investigation^of  ^tuberculosis  by  agrjcuiture  shall  appoint  five  persons  citi-ens  and 

taxpayers  of  this  State,  who,  together  with  himself  and 
the  secretary  of  the  State  board  of  agriculture,  shall  constitute  a commission  who 
shall,  at  the  request  of  two  members  of  the  State  board  of  health  or  the  State  dairy 
commissioner  or  any  owner  of  suspected  animals  investigate  the  existence  of  tuber- 
culosis, or  cause  the  same  to  be  investigated,  and  if  any  such  disease  is  found  to 

T,  . ..  exist,  to  enforce  such  regulations  in  relation  to  the  same  as  the  said 
Regulations.  commission  may  adopt.  6 


Payment  for  condemned  animals. 


Sec.  2.  That  when  any  animal  or  animals  shall  be 
slaughtered  by  direction  of  said  commission,  the 
value  of  the  same  shall  be  ascertained  and  appraised  by  three  disinterested  free- 
holders, resident  in  this  State,  who  shall  make  and  sign  certificates  thereof  in  the 
presence  of  a witness  who  shall  attest  the  same;  such  appraisement  shall  be  made 
on  the  basis  of  the  market  value  of  the  animal  or  animals  slaughtered,  just  prior 
to  the  time  when  they  became  so  diseased,  and  shall  be  limited  to  the  sum  of  one 
hundred  dollars  for  registered  animals  and  to  forty  dollars  to  all  others;  one-half  of 
the  valuation  so  ascertained  shall  be  paid  by  the  State  on  the  presentation  of  such 
certificate,  with  the  approval  of  the  said  commission  indorsed  thereon,  to  the 
owner  or  owners. 


. Sec.  3.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  commission  to  keep  a full 

nnua  lepor  . an(j  complete  record  of  all  their  proceedings  under  this  a.  t,  and 
report  the  same  annually  to  the  State  board  of  agriculture,  and  such  a report  shall 
be  printed  in  and  form  a part  of  the  annual  reportof  the  State  board  of  agriculture. 


A r riati  n Sec.  That  the  sum  of  five  thousand  dollars  is  hereby  annually 
ppropria  ion.  appropriated  to  said  commission  to  defray  its  expenses  and  the 
value  of  the  cattle  to  be  slaughtered  by  its  direction:  Provided , That  no  other  com- 
pensation shall  be  allowed  said  commission  than  the  expenses  actually  incurred 
in  the  execution  of  the  duties  hereby  imposed. 

p , ......  Sec.  5.  That  all  bills  for  money  expended  under  this  act  shall  be 

a> men  o 1 s.  au(jjte(j  the  comptroller  of  this  State  and  then  submitted  to  the 
governor  for  his  approval,  and  after  being  thus  audited  and  approved  by  the  gov- 
ernor shall  be  paid  by  the  State  treasurer  upon  the  warrant  of  the  comptroller. 


, _ , Sec.  6.  That  this  act  shall  be  deemed  a public  act  and  shall  take  effect 

ln  effect‘  immediately. 

NEW  MEXICO. 


See  Fourteenth  Animal  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  650-652,  for — 

Compiled  Laws  of  1897,  sections  1244,  1246,  and  1248-1257. — Concerning  foods 
and  drugs. 

Compiled  Laws  of  1897,  title  28,  chapter  2,  section  2402.— Concerning  sales  and 
inspection  of  provisions. 

NEW  YORK. 

See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  652-658,  for — 

Laws  of  1893.  chapter  338  (chapter  33  of  the  General  Laws,  article  1.  sections 
1-12.  and  article  2,  sections  20-37). — An  act  in  relation  to  agriculture,  constituting 
articles  1,  2,  3,  4,  and  5 of  chapter  33  of  the  General  Laws.  (Approved  April  10, 
1893.) 

Sections  recently  amended  and  added : 

, Sec.  12  (as  amended  by  section  1 of  chapter  557  of  the 

Samples^Her  inmng,  to  be  Uwg  ot  1898).  When  the  commissioner  of  agriculture, 
an  assistant  commissioner,  or  any  person  or  officer  author- 


ized  by  the  commissioner,  or  by  this  chapter,  to  examine  or  inspect  any  product 
manufactured  or  offered  for  sale  shall  iu  discharge  of  his  duties  take  samples  of 
such  product,  he  shall,  before  taking  a sample,  request  the  person  delivering  the 
milk  or  who  has  charge  of  it  at  the  time  of  inspection,  to  thoroughly  stir  or  mix 
the  said  milk  before  the  sample  is  taken.  If  the  person  so  in  charge  refuses  to 
stir  or  mix  the  milk  as  requested,  then  the  person  so  requesting  shall  himself  so 
stir  and  mix  the  milk  before  taking  the  sample,  and  the  defendant  shall  thereafter 
be  precluded  from  introducing  evidence  to  show  that  the  milk  so  taken  was  not  a 
fair  sample  of  the  milk  delivered,  sold,  offered  or  exposed  for  sale  by  him.  The 
person  taking  the  sample  of  milk  for  analysis  shall  take  duplicate  samples  thereof 
in  the  presence  of  at  least  one  witness,  and  he  shall  in  the  presence  of  such  wit- 
ness seal  both  of  such  samples,  and  shall  tender,  and.  if  accepted,  deliver  at  the 
time  of  taking  one  sample  to  the  manufacturer  or  vendor  of  such  product,  or  to 
the  person  having  custody  of  the  same,  with  a statement  in  writing  of  the  cause 
of  the  taking  of  the  sample.  In  taking  samples  of  milk  for  analysis  at  a cream- 
ery, factory,  platform,  or  other  place  where  the  same  is  delivered  by  the  producer 

. , , . for  manufacture,  sale,  or  shipment,  or  from  a milk  vendor 

Later  sample  for  comparison.  who  produc0s  the  milk  wh‘ich  he  sellSi  with  a view  of 

prosecuting  the  producer  of  such  milk  for  delivering,  selling,  or  offering  for  sale 
adulterated  milk,  the  said  commissioner  of  agriculture  or  assistant,  or  his  agent 
or  agents,  shall  within  ten  days  thereafter,  with  the  consent  of  the  said  producer, 
take  a sample  in  a like  manner  of  the  mixed  milk  of  the  herd  of  cows  from  which 
the  milk  first  sampled  was  drawn  and  shall  deliver  the  duplicate  sample  to  the 
said  producer  and  shall  cause  the  sample  taken  by  himself  or  his  agent  to  be 
analyzed.  If  the  sample  of  milk  last  taken  by  the  commissioner  of  agriculture 
or  his  agent  or  agents  shall  upon  analysis  prove  to  contain  no  higher  percentage 
of  milk  solids,  or  no  higher  percentage  of  fat  than  as  the  sample  taken  at  the 
creamery,  factory,  platform,  or  other  place,  then  no  action  shall  lie  against  the 
said  producer  for  violation  of  subdivisions  one,  two,  three,  seven,  and  eight  of 
section  twenty  of  the  agricultural  law.  In  taking  a second  sample  as  above  set 
forth  from  the  mixed  milk  of  the  herd,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  commissioner 
of  agriculture  to  have  an  assistant,  agent,  or  agents  present  during  the  entire  time 
in  which  the  said  cattle  are  being  milked  to  observe  closely  so  as  to  be  sure  that 
the  milk  thus  to  be  sampled  is  not  adulterated  and  to  see  that  it  is  thoroughly 
mixed  so  that  the  sample  taken  shall  be  a fair  sample  of  the  average  quality  of 
the  mixed  milk  of  the  entire  dairy  or  herd  of  cows  of  said  producer.  If,  how- 
ever, the  said  producer  refuses  to  allow  such  examination  of  the  milk  produced 
by  his  dairy,  then  he  shall  be  precluded  from  offering  any  evidence  whatever  tend- 
ing to  show  that  the  milk  delivered  by  him  at  the  said  creamery,  factory,  plat- 
form. or  other  place  was  just  as  it  came  from  the  cow.  If  the  said  producer  does 
permit  such  examination,  the  commissioner  of  agriculture  shall,  upon  receiving 
application  therefor,  send  to  said  jmoducer  a copy  of  the  analysis  of  each  of  the 
samples  of  milk  so  taken  and  analyzed  as  above  provided. 


T ..  , , . , , , . Sec.  27  (as  amended  by  section  1 of  chapter 

Imitations  not  to  be  sold  as  butter  or  cheese.  -<  .c  .li  i ..  10nn\  -\t  £ n 

149  of  the  laws  of  1899).  No  person  shall 

manufacture,  mix,  or  compound  with  or  add  to  natural  milk,  cream,  or  butter  any 
animal  fats  or  animal  or  vegetable  oils,  nor  make  or  manufacture  any  oleaginous 
substance  not  produced  from  milk  or  cream,  with  intent  to  sell  the  same  as  butter 
or  cheese  made  from  unadulterated  milk  or  cream  or  have  the  same  in  his  posses- 
sion with  such  intent;  nor  shall  any  person  solicit  or  take  orders  for  the  same  or 
offer  the  same  for  sale,  nor  shall  any  such  article  or  substance  or  compound  so 
made  or  produced  be  sold  as  and  for  butter  or  cheese,  the  product  of  the  dairy. 
„ . . , . . - , No  person  shall  coat,  powder,  or  color  with 

annotto  or  any  coloring  matter  whatever  but- 
terine  or  oleomargarine  or  any  compound  of  the  same  or  any  product  or  manu- 
facture made  in  whole  or  in  part  from  animal  fats  or  animal  or  vegetable  oils  not 
produced  from  unadulterated  milk  or  cream  by  means  of  which  such  product, 
manufacture,  or  compound  shall  resemble  butter  or  cheese,  the  product  of  the 
dairy;  nor  shall  he  have  the  same  in  his  possession  with  intent  to  sell  the  same  nor 
„ „ ...  , . . . shall  he  sell  or  offer  to  sell  the  same.  No 

p^,on  “f-  hivg?,nts’ or  emP!ors 

shall  manufacture,  sell,  offer  or  expose  for 
sale  butter  that  is  produced  by  taking  original  packing  stock  or  other  butter  or 
both  and  melting  the  same,  so  that  the  butter  fat  can  be  drawn  off,  then  mixing 
the  said  butter  fat  with  skimmed  milk  or  milk  or  cream  or  other  milk  product  and 
rechurning  the  said  mixture,  or  that  is  produced  by  any  similar  process  and  is 
commonly  known  as  boiled  or  process  butter,  unless  he  shall  plainly  brand  or  mark 


74 


the  package  or  tub  or  wrapper  in  which  the  same  is  put  up  in  a conspicuous  place 
with  the  words  “renovated  butter/'  If  the  same  shall  be  put  up,  sold,  offered  or 
exposed  for  sale  in  prints  or  rolls,  then  the  said  prints  or  robs  shall  be  labeled 
plainly  with  printed  letters  in  a conspicuous  place  on  the  wrapper  with  the  words 
••renovated  butter/'  If  the  same  is  packed  in  tubs  or  boxes  or  pails  or  other  kind 
of  a case  or  package,  the  words  “ renovated  butter  ” shall  be  printed  on  the  top  and 
side  of  the  same  in  letters,  at  least  one  inch  in  length,  so  as  to  be  plainly  seen  by 
the  purchaser.  If  such  butter  is  exposed  for  sale,  uncovered,  not  in  a package  or 
case,  a placard  containing  the  label  so  printed  shall  be  attached  to  the  mass  of 
butter  in  such  manner  as  to  easily  be  seen  and  read  by  the  purchaser.  No  person 

Preservatives  inhibited  sha11  sel1’  offer  or  exP°>  e for  sale>  any  butter  or  other  dairy 
1 ‘ product  containing  a preservative,  but  this  shall  not  he  con- 

strued to  prohibit  the  use  of  salt  in  butter  or  cheese,  or  spiritous  liquors  in  club  or 
other  fancy  cheese  or  sugar  in  condensed  milk. 


Manufacture,  sale,  and  use  of  poisonous 
coloring  matter  prohibited. 


Sec.  29a  (as  added  by  section  1 of  chapter  518 
of  the  laws  of  1899).  No  person  or  persons  shall 
manufacture,  sell  or  expose  for  sale  any  poison- 
ous coloring  matter  for  the  coloring  of  food  products  of  any  kind,  nor  shall  any 
person  or  persons  use  any  poisonous  coloring  matter  manuiactured.  sold,  offered 
or  exposed  for  sale  within  this  State;  nor  shall  any  person  or  persons  sell,  offer  or 
expose  for  sale  any  food  product  containing  such  poisonous  coloring  matter.  The 
Anal  sis  hoard  of  health  shall  cause  samples  of  coloring  matter  that  are 

y exposed  for  sale  upon  the  market  for  use  in  food  products  to  be  analyzed 
and  report  the  results  of  such  analysis  to  the  legislature  at  the  next  session. 

w . „ ....  ...  . Sec.  38  (as  amended  by  section  1 of  chapter  559  of  the 

Brands  for  full-milk  cheese.  , .c  iono\  . 

laws  of  1898).  Every  manufacturer  of  lull-milk  cheese 

may  put  a brand  upon  each  cheese  indicating  “ full-milk  cheese,"  and  the  date  of 
the  month  and  year  when  made;  and  no  person  shall  use  such  a brand  upon  any 
cheese  made  from  milk  from  which  any  of  the  cream  has  been  taken.  The  com- 
missioner of  agriculture  shall  procure  and  issue  to  the  cheese  manufacturers  of 
the  State,  on  proper  application  therefor,  and  under  such  regulations  as  to  the 
custody  and  use  thereof  as  he  may  prescribe,  a uniform  stencil  brand,  bearing  a 
suitable  device  or  motto,  and  the  words,  “New  York  State  full-cream  cheese/’ 
Every  such  brand  shall  he  used  upon  the  outside  of  the  cheese  and  shall  bear  a 
different  number  for  each  separate  factory.  The  commissioner  shall  keep  a book, 
in  which  sha  1 be  registered  the  name,  location,  and  number  of  each  manufactory 
using  the  brand  and  the  name  or  names  of  the  persons  at  each  manufactory 
authorized  to  use  the  same.  No  such  brand  shall  be  used  upon  any  other  than 
full-cream  cheese  or  packages  containing  the  same. 

„ ...  . . . ..  Sec.  37  (as  amended  by  section  1 of  chapter  554  of  the  laws 

Penalties  and  violations.  Qf  ^ ^ |)y  chapte'  ^ Qf  the  law/of  1898?  and  by  gec_ 

tion  1 of  chapter  435  of  the  laws  of  1899).  Every  person  violating  any  of  the  provi- 
sions of  articles  two  and  three  and  sections  ninety-one  and  ninety-two  of  the  agri- 
cultural law  and  chapter  four  hundred  and  ninety-one  of  the  laws  of  eighteen 
hundred  and  ninety-eight,  shall  forfeit  to  the  people  of  the  State  of  New  York  a 
sum  not  less  than  twenty-five  dollars  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars  for  every 
such  violation.  When  such  violation  consists  of  the  manufacture  or  production 
of  any  prohibited  article,  each  day  during  which  or  any  part  of  which  such  manu- 
facture or  production  is  carried  on  or  continued,  shall  be  deemed  a separate  vio- 
lation of  the  provisions  of  this  article.  When  the  violation  consists  of  the  sale, 
or  the  offering  or  exposing  for  sale  or  exchange,  of  any  prohibited  article  or  sub- 
stance, the  sale  of  each  one  of  several  packages  shall  constitute  a separate  viola- 
tion, and  each  day  on  which  any  such  article  or  substance  is  offered  or  exposed, 
for  sale  or  exchange,  shall  constitute  a separate  violation  of  this  article.  When 
the  use  of  any  such  article  or  substance  is  prohibited,  each  day  during  which  or 
any  part  of  which  said  article  or  substance  is  so  used  or  furnished  for  use,  shall 
constitute  a separate  violation,  and  the  furnishing  of  the  same  for  use  to  each  per- 
son to  whom  the  same  may  be  furnished  shall  constitute  a separate  violation. 
Whoever  by  himself  or  another  violates  any  of  the  provisions  of  articles  two  and 
three  and  sections  ninety-one  and  ninety-two  of  the  agricultural  law  shall  be  guilty 
of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  shall  be  punished  by  a fine  of  not  less 
than  twenty-five  dollars,  nor  more  than  two  hundred  dollars,  or  by  imprisonment 
of  not  less  than  one  month  nor  more  than  six  months  or  by  both  such  fine  and 
imprisonment,  for  the  first  offense;  and  by  six  months’  imprisonment  for  the  second 
offense. 


75 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 

See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  658  and  659,  for — 

Public  Laws  of  1895,  chapter  106  (sections  1-6). — An  act  defining  butter  and  to 
regulate  the  sale  thereof.  (Ratified  February  28,  1895.) 

[Public  Laws  of  1895,  chapter  122,  was  repealed  by  section  12  of  the  following.] 

Recently  enacted : 


Public  Laws  of  1899,  Chapter  80. 


AN  ACT  to  prevent  the  sale  of  adulterated  and  unbranded  food,  and  to  amend  and  make  more 
effective  the  provisions  of  Chapter  122,  Laws  of  1895.  (Ratified  Feb  13,  1899.) 


Board  of  Agriculture  to  have  foods,  beverages, 
and  condiments  examined  and  publish  re- 
sults. 


Section  1.  That  for  the  purpose  of  protect- 
ing the  people  of  the  State  from  imposition 
by  the  adulteration  anti  misbranding  of 
articles  of  food,  the  Board  of  Agriculture 
shall  cause  to  be  procured  from  time  to  time,  and  under  rules  and  regulations  to 
be  prescribed  by  them,  in  accordance  with  section  nine  of  this  act,  samples  of  food, 
beverages,  and  condiments  offered  for  sale  in  the  State,  and  shall  cause  the  same 
to  be  analyzed  or  examined  microscopically  or  otherwise  by  the  chemists  or  other 
experts  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture.  The  Board  of  Agriculture  is  hereby 
authorized  to  make  such  publications  of  the  results  of  the  examinations,  analyses, 
and  so  forth  as  they  may  deem  proper. 


Adulterated  foods  prohibited. 


Penalty. 


Disposition  of  fines. 


Chemists  of  Department  of  Agriculture 
to  make  examinations. 


Sec.  2.  That  no  person,  by  himself  or  agent,  shall  know- 
ingly manufacture,  sell,  expose  for  sai*e,  or  have  in  his 
possession  with  intent  to  sell,  any  article  of  food  which  is  adulterated  or  mis- 
branded within  the  meaning  of  this  act;  and  any  person  who  shad  violate  any  of 
the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor  and  for  such  offense 
shall  be  fined  not  exceeding  two  hundred  dollars  tor  the  first  offense, 
and  for  each  subsequent  offense  not  exceeding  three  hundred  dollars  or 
be  imprisoned  not  exceeding  one  year,  or  both,  in  the  discretion  of  the  Court; 

and  such  fines,  less  legal  costs  and  charges,  shall  be  paid  into 
the  treasury  of  the  State  for  the  benefit  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture,  to  be  used  exclusively  in  executing  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

Sec.  8.  That  the  chemisls  or  other  experts  of 
the  Department  of  Agriculture  shall  make, 
under  rules  and  regulations  prescribed  by  the 
Board  of  Agriculture,  examinations  of  specimens  of  food,  beverages,  and  condi- 
ments offered  for  sale  in  North  Carolina  which  may  be  collected  from  time  to  time 
under  their  directions  in  various  parts  of  the  State.  If  it  shall  appear  from  such 
examination  that  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  have  been  violated,  the  Com- 
missioner of  Agriculture  shall  at  once  certify  the  facts  to  the  proper  solicitor, 
and  furnish  that  officer  a copy  of  the  result  of  the  analysis  duly  authenticated  by 
the  analyst  under  oath. 

, Sec.  4.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  every  solicitor  to  whom 
o ici  ors  s a.  prosecn  e.  (jommissioner  of  Agriculture  shall  report  any  violation 

of  this  act,  to  cause  proceedings  to  be  commenced  and  prosecuted  without  delay 
for  the  fines  and  penalties  in  such  cases  provided. 

Sec.  5.  That  the  term  “ food  ” as  used  herein  shall 
include  all  articles  used  for  food — candy,  condi- 
ment, or  drink,  by  man  or  domestic  animals,  whether  simple,  mixed,  or  compound. 
The  term  ‘-misbranded”  as  herein  used  shall  include  all  articles  of  food  or  articles 
which  enter  into  the  composition  of  food,  the  package  or  label  of  which  shall  bear 
any  statement  purporting  to  name  any  ingredients  or  substances  as  being  contained 
or  not  being  contained  in  such  article,  which  statement  shall  be  false  in  any 
particular. 


“Food”  and  “misbranded”  defined. 


Adulteration  defined. 


Sec.  6.  That  for  the  purpose  of  this  act  an  article  of  food  shall 
be  deemed  adulterated — 

First.  If  any  substance  or  substances  has  or  have  been  mixed  or  packed  with  it, 
so  as  to  reduce  or  lower  or  injuriously  affect  its  quality  or  strength  so  that  such 
product  when  offered  for  sale  shall  deceive  or  tend  to  deceive  the  purchaser. 


76 


Second.  If  any  inferior  substance  or  substances  has  or  have  been  substituted 
wholly  or  in  part  for  the  article  so  that  the  product  when  sold  shall  deceive  or  tend 
to  deceive  the  purchaser. 

Third.  If  any  valuable  constituent  of  the  article  has  been  wholly  or  in  part 
abstracted  so  that  the  product  when  sold  shall  deceive  or  tend  to  deceive  the 
purchaser. 

Fourth.  If  it  be  an  imitation  of,  and  sold  under  the  specific  name  of,  another 
article. 

Fifth.  If  it  be  mixed,  colored,  powdered,  coated,  polished,  or  stained  in  a manner 
whereby  damage  or  inferiority  is  concealed,  so  that  such  product  when  sold  shall 
deceive  or  tend  to  deceive  the  purchaser. 

Sixth.  If  it  contain  any  added  poisonous  ingredient  or  any  ingredient  which 
may  render  such  article  injurious  to  the  health  of  the  person  consuming  it. 

Seventh.  If  it  be  labeled  or  branded  so  as  to  deceive  or  mislead  the  purchaser,  or 
purport  to  be  a foreign  product  when  branded  so,  or  in  an  imitation  either  in  pack- 
age or  label  of  an  established  proprietary  product,  which  has  been  trade-marked 
or  patented. 

Eighth.  If  it  consists  of  the  whole  or  any  part  of  a diseased,  filthy,  decomposed, 
or  putrid  animal  or  vegetable  substance,  or  any  portion  of  an  animal  unfit  for 
food,  whether  manufactured  or  not.  or  if  it  is  the  product  of  a diseased  animal  or 
of  an  animal  that  has  died  otherwise  than  by  slaughter. 

Ninth.  That  candies  and  chocolate  may  be  deemed  to  be  adulterated  if  they  con- 
tain terra  alba,  barytes,  talc,  chrome  yellow,  or  other  mineral  substances,  or  poison- 
ous colors  or  flavors,  or  other  ingredients  deleterious  or  detrimental  to  health:  Pro- 
Exce  tions  vided , That  an  article  of  food,  beverage,  or  condiment  which  does  not 
,\c( p is.  contain  any  added  poisonous  ingredient  shall  not  be  deemed  to  be 
adulterated  in  the  following  cases: 

First.  In  the  case  of  articles,  mixtures,  or  compounds  which  may  be  now,  or 
from  time  to  time  hereafter,  known  as  articles  of  food,  beverages,  or  condiments 
under  their  own  distinctive  names,  and  not  included  in  definition  fourth  of  this 
section. 

Second.  In  the  case  of  articles  labeled,  branded,  or  tagged  so  as  to  plainly  indi- 
cate that  they  are  mixtures,  compounds,  combinations,  imitations,  or  blends. 

Third.  When  any  matter  or  ingredient  has  been  added  to  the  food,  beverage,  or 
condiment  because  the  same  is  required  for  the  production  or  preparation  thereof 
as  an  article  of  commerce  in  a state  fit  for  carriage  or  consumption,  and  not 
f raudulently  to  increase  the  bulk,  weight,  or  measure  of  the  food,  beverage,  or  con- 
] abels  ret  uired  diment.  or  conceal  the  inferior  quality  thereof:  Provided,  That  the 
1 * same  shall  be  labeled,  branded,  or  tagged  as  prescribed  by  the  Board 

of  Agriculture,  so  as  to  show  them  to  be  compounds  and  the  exact  character 
thereof:  And  provided  further,  That  nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  construed  as 
requiring  or  compelling  proprietors  or  manufacturers  of  proprietary  foods  to  dis- 
close their  trade  formulas  except  in  so  far  as  the  provisions  of  this  act  may  require 
to  secure  freedom  from  adulteration  or  imitation:  Provided  further,  That  nothing 
in  this  act  shall  be  construed  to  apply  to  proprietary  or  patent  medicines. 

Fourth.  Where  the  food,  becerage,  or  condiment  is  unavoidably  mixed  with 
some  harmless  extraneous  matter,  in  the  process  of  collection  or  preparation; 

.......  . , Provided  further.  That  no  person  shall  be  con- 

No  conT.ot.onrf  punty  wm  guaranteed  victed  u,ger  the  provisions  of  this  act  when  he 

is  able  to  prove  a written  guaranty  of  puritj'  in 
a form  approved  by  the  Board  of  Agriculture  as  published  in  their  rules  and  reg- 
ulations. signed  by  the  wholesale  jobber,  manufacturer,  or  other  party  from  whom 
he  purchased  said  article. 

„ . ......  . . Sec.  7.  That  the  Board  of  Agriculture  is  hereby 

Compound  products  to  be  branded.  anthorize(j  to  cause  all  comp0und,  mixed,  Or  blended 

products  to  be  properly  branded  and  prescribe  how  this  shall  be  done. 

^ , ...  , , ...  . i Sec.  8.  That  it  shall  the  duty  of  the  Board  of  Agri- 

\ mp  e<  ar  le  es  o e pu  is  le  . cup.ure  to  prepare  and  publish  from  time  to  time 

lists  of  the  articles,  mixtures,  or  compounds  declared  to  be  exempt  from  the  provi- 

, „ sions  of  this  act  in  accordance  with  section  six. 
Food  standards  to  be  fixed  by  Board  of  goar(j  0f  Agriculture  shall  also  from  time  to 

time  fix  and  publish  the  limits  of  variability  per- 
missible in  any  article  of  food,  beverage,  or  condiment,  and  these  standards  when 
so  published  shall  remain  the  standards  before  all  courts:  Provided , That  when 
standards  have  been  or  may  be  fixed  by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  of  the  United 
States,  they  shall  be  accepted  by  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and  published  as  the 
standards  for  North  Carolina. 


77 


. _ . . Sec.  9.  That  every  person  who  exposes  for  sale  or  delivers  to  a 

. amp  es  or  ana  ysis.  pnrcb  .,ser  any  condiment,  beverage,  or  article  of  food  shall 
furnish,  within  business  hours,  and  upon  tender  and  full  payment  of  the  selling 
price,  a sample  of  such  condiments,  beverages,  or  articles  of  food  to  any  person 
duly  authorized  by  the  Board  of  Agriculture  to  secure  the  same  and  who  shall 
apply  to  such  manufacturer  or  vender  or  person  delivering  to  a purchaser  such 
beverage  or  article  of  food,  for  such  samp’e  for  such  use  in  sufficient  quantity  for 
the  analysis  of  such  article  or  articles  in  his  possession. 

. , . . Sec.  10.  That  any  manufacturer  or  dealer  who  refuses 

’ ’ to  comply  upon  demand  with  the  requirements  of 

section  nine  of  this  act,  or  any  manufacturer,  dealer,  or  person  who  shall  impede, 
obstruct,  hinder,  or  otherwise  prevent  or  attempt  to  prevent  any  chemist,  inspector, 
or  other  person  in  the  performance  of  his  duty  in  connection  with  this  act  shall 
Penait  be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor  and  shall  upon  conviction  be  fined  not  less 

ena  than  ten  dollars  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars,  or  be  imprisoned 

not  more  than  one  hundred  days,  or  both,  in  the  discretion  of  the  Court,  and  said 
fines,  less  the  legal  costs,  shall  be  paid  into  the  treasury  of  the  State  for  the  benefit 
of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  to  be  used  exclusively  in  executing  the  provi- 
sions of  this  act. 

, . . . „ ...  Sec.  11.  That  this  act  shall  not  be  construed  to 

Act  not  to  interfere  with  commerce.  . , „ . , . 

interfere  with  commerce,  or  any  interstate  com- 
merce laws  of  the  United  States. 


R , Sec.  12.  That  chapter  one  hundred  and  twenty-two,  Public  Laws  of  one 
epea  . thousand  eight  hundred  and  ninety- five,  be  and  the  same  is  hereby  repealed. 

In  ff  t Sec.  ^at  this  act  shall  be  in  force  from  the  first  day  of  August,  one 
n e ec  ’ thousand  eight  hundred  and  ninety-nine. 


NORTH  DAKOTA. 


See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  660  and  661,  for: 

Laws  of  1895,  chapter  49,  sections  1-12. — An  act  entitled  “An  act  to  protect 
dairy  interests  of  the  State  of  North  Dakota,  and  to  prevent  fraud  in  dairy  prod- 
ucts, and  to  regulate  traffic  in  adulterated  butter  and  cheese.”  (Approved  March 
16,  1895.)  [Most,  if  not  all,  of  this  act  appears  to  be  replaced  by  the  following.] 

Recently  enacted : 

Laws  of  1899,  Chapter  72. 

AN  ACT  to  regulate  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  dairy  products  and  imitations  and  substitutes 
therefor,  prescribing  penalties  for  violations,  to  create  a deputy  commissioner  of  agriculture, 
prescribing  his  duties,  and  fixing  his  salary.  (Approved  March  9,  1899.) 

Section  1.  In  order  to  secure  the  better  enforce- 
Assistant  food  commissioner;  menfc  0f  ^he  provisions  of  this  act,  and  to  pro- 

mote the  improvement  of  the  products  of  the 
dairy,  the  commissioner  of  agriculture,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
governor,  shall  appoint  one  deputy  in  his  department  to  be  known  officially  as 
assistant  dairy  and  food  commissioner,  who  shall  have  a practical  knowledge  of 
and  experience  in  the  manufacture  of  dairy  products,  and  hold  his  office  during 
the  term  of  the  commissioner  of  agriculture,  subject  to  removal  from  office  for 
inefficiency,  neglect,  or  violation  of  duty.  The  said  assistant  commissioner 
shall  receive  a salary  of  six  hundred  dollars  per  annum  and  his 
, a ary  an  ( u les.  actuai  an(j  necessary  expenses  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties  under 
this  act,  and  shall  be  charged  under  the  direction  of  the  commissioner  of  agricul- 
ture with  the  enforcement  of  the  various  provisions  thereof. 

. . The  sum  of  one  thousand  dollars  annually  is  hereby  appropriated,  to 
ppropria  ton.  wjlicj1  shau  -fog  added  the  amount  in  fines  collected  in  the  enforce- 
ment of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  to  be  paid  for  such  purpose-;  out  of  any  moneys 
in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  and  any  money  so  appropriated  not 
expended  in  the  enforcement  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  revert  to  the  State 
school  fund.  All  charges,  accounts  and  expenses  authorized  by  this  act  shall  be 
paid  by  the  treasurer  of  the  State  upon  the  warrant  of  the  State  auditor.  The  entire 
expense  of  said  assistant  commissioner  shall  not  exceed  the  sum  appropriated  for 
the  purpose  of  this  act. 


78 


Biennial  Report  Sec.  2*  Tke  biennial  report  of  commissioner  of  agriculture  shall 
1 ' contain  a detailed  report  of  the  work  and  proceedings,  together 

with  an  account  of  expenses  and  disbursement  of  said  assistant  commissioner, 
since  the  preceding  report,  with  such  facts  and  statistics  in  regard  to  the  produc- 
tion, manufacture,  and  sale  of  daily  products  with  such  suggestions  as  he  may 
regard  of  public  importance  connected  therewith. 


Sec.  3.  The  said  assistant  commissioner  and  such  persons  as  shall  be  duly 
Authority  for  inspecting,  authorized  for  the  purpose  shall  have  access,  ingress,  and 
egress  to  all  places  ot  business,  factories,  farms,  buildings, 
carriages,  cars,  vessels,  and  cans  used  in  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  any  dairy 
products  or  any  imitation  thereof.  They  also  shall  have  power  and  authority  to 
open  any  package,  can,  or  vessel  containing  such  articles  which  may  be  manufac- 
tured, sold,  or  exposed  for  sale  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and  may 
inspect  the  contents  therein  and  may  take  samples  therefrom  for  analysis.  All 
Assistance  from  others.  clerks’  book-keepers,  express  agents,  railroad  officials,  em- 
ployes, or  common  carriers  shall  render  to  them  any  assist- 
ance in  their  power  when  so  requested,  in  tracing,  finding,  or  discovering  the 
presence  of  any  prohibited  article  named  in  this  act. 


Refusal  to  aid  a misdemeanor.  Sec  4 . Any  refusal  or  neglect  on  the  part  of  such 
clerks,  book-keepers,  express  agents,  railroad  officials, 
common  carriers,  or  employes  to  render  such  friendly  aid  shall  be  deemed  a 
Penalty  misdemeanor  and  be  punished  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  twenty  dollars 
■ ’ nor  more  than  fifty  dollars  for  each  and  every  offense. 

, x „ . Sec.  5.  The  said  assistant  commissioner  shall  provide 

Anuual  reports  from  creamer, us,  blanks  which  shall  be  furnished  to  all  proprietors  or 
managers  of  creameries,  cheese  factories,  and  all  the 
venders  or  peddlers  of  milk  who  shall  be  licensed  under  the  provisions  of  this  act, 
for  the  purpose  of  making  a report  of  the  amount  of  milk  and  dairy  goods  han- 
dled and  all  owners  or  managers  of  such  creameries,  cheese  factories,  and  venders 
or  peddlers  of  milk,  shall  on  the  first  day  of  November  of  each  year,  send  to  the 
assistant  dairy  and  food  commissioner  a full  and  accurate  report  of  the  amount  of 
business  done  during  the  year  as  designated  under  the  different  headings  of  such 
printed  blanks. 

False  re  »orts  Sec.  ^ny  ne^ect  or  failure  or  false  statement  on  the  part  of  any 
se  rep  s.  owner  or  manager  of  such  creamery,  cheese  factory,  or  any  vender 
Pen-lit  ■ or  Pe^dler  of  milk  shall  be  consider  a misdemeanor  and  be  punished  by 
ena  5 * fine  of  not  less  than  ten  nor  more  than  fifty  dollars. 


, . , , „ , . Sec.  7.  Every  creamery,  cheese  factory,  or  combined 

Creameries  and  cheese  factories  creamery  and  cheese  factory  engaged  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  butter  and  cheese  shall  procure  a stencil  or 
brand  bearing  a suitable  device  and  words  which  shall  clearly  designate  the 
quality  of  the  product  manufactured,  and  the  number  and  location  of  the  factory, 
and  may  contain  a special  or  private  brand  or  name  of  said  factory;  every  brand 
shall  be  used  upon  the  outside  of  the  cheese  and  also  upon  the  package  containing 
the  same,  but  in  the  case  of  butter  on  the  package  only  and  shall  on  the  first  day 
of  November  of  each  year  report  to  the  assistant  dairy  and  food  commissioner 
the  name,  location,  and  number  of  each  factory  using  said  brand,  and  the  name  or 
names  of  the  persons  at  each  factory  authorized  to  use  the  same  together  with  a 
copy  of  each  stencil  or  brand  and  the  said  assistant  commis- 


Brands  to  be  registered. 


sioner  shall  keep  a book  in  which  shall  be  registered  the  same. 


. Any  neglect  or  failure  to  comp  y with  the  provisions  of  this 

ena  y or  no  a ion.  seo^jon  shall  be  considered  a misdemeanor  and  shall  be  punish- 
able by  a fine  of  not  le«s  than  ten  dollars  and  not  more  than  fifty  dollars  for  each 
and  every  offense. 


, Sec.  8.  Every  person  who  sells  milk  from  a dairy  of 
1 five  or  more  cows,  and  conveys  the  same  m carriages, 

carts,  or  other  vehicles  for  the  purpose  of  such  sale,  in  any  city  or  town  of  one 
thousand  inhabitants  or  more,  in  the  State  of  North  Dakota  shall  on  the  first  day 
of  June  of  each  year,  or  within  thirty  days  thereafter  be  licensed  by  the  assistant 
dairy  and  food  commissioner  to  sell  milk  within  the  limits  of  said  city  or  town, 
and  shall  pay  to  the  said  assistant  commissioner  the  sum  of  one  do  lar  each  to  the 
use  of  said  dairy  and  food  commissioner.  But  any  person  des.ring  to  engage  in 
such  dairy  business  shall  first  procure  a license  as  aforesaid  which  shall  be  valid 
until  the  firs  day  of  June  next  succeeding  the  issue.  Licenses  shall  be  used  only 
in  the  names  of  the  owners  of  carriages,  carts,  and  other  vehicles,  and  shall,  for 


79 


the  purpose  of  the  act,  be  conclusive  evidence  of  ownership.  No  license  shall  be 
sold,  assigned,  or  transferred. 

Each  license  shall  record  the  name,  residence,  place  of  business, 
a a on  icenses.  number  Gf  carriages,  carts,  or  other  vehicles  used,  the  name  and 
residence  of  every  driver  or  other  persons  engaged  in  selling  said  milk,  and  the 
..  number  of  the  license.  Each  licensee  shall,  before  engaging 
\e  lu-ies  to  >e  mar  e< . gaje  cause  his  name,  the  number  of  his  license, 

and  place  of  business  to  be  legibly  placed  on  each  outer  side  of  all  carriages,  carts, 
or  other  vehicles  used  by  him  in  the  conveyance  and  sale  of  milk,  and  he  shall 
report  to  the  said  assistant  commissioner  any  change  of  driver  or  other  persons 
employed  by  him  which  may  occur  during  the  term  of  his  license. 

„ . . . Whoever  without  being  first  licensed  under  the  provisions  of 

ena  y or  V1°  a ,on’  this  section,  sells  milk,  or  exposes  it  for  sale  from  carriages, 
carts,  or  other  vehicles,  or  has  in  his  custody  or  possession  with  intent  to  sell,  and 
whoever  violates  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  section,  shall  be  punished  by  a fine 
of  not  less  than  ten  dollars  and  not  more  than  fifty  dollars  for  each  and  every 
offense. 


Stores,  etc.,  to  be  licensed. 


Sec.  9.  Every  person  before  selling  milk  or  offering  it 
for  sale  in  a store,  booth,  stand,  or  market  place  in  the 
respective  towns  or  cities  as  designated  in  this  act  shall  procure  a license  from 
the  assistant  dairy  and  food  commissioner  and  shall  pay  to  said  assistant  commis- 
„ ...  sioner  the  sum  of  one  dollar.  Whoever  neglects  to  procure 

i enaity  tor  vioiat.on.  gaid  licenge  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor  and  shall 

be  punished  by  a fine  not  exceeding  twenty  dollars  for  each  and  every  offense. 


. „.  . ...  ......  Sec.  10.  If  any  person  shall  sell,  exchange,  or 

isposa  o impure  mi  pro  n i e . expQge  for  saie  or  exchange,  or  to  be  converted  into 

any  product  of  human  food  any  unclean,  unhealthy,  adulterated,  unwholesome, 
or  skimmed  milk,  or  milk  from  which  has  been  held  back  what  is  commonly 
known  as  strippings,  or  milk  taken  from  an  animal  having  disease,  sickness,  ulcers, 
abscess,  or  running  sores,  or  which  has  been  taken  from  an  animal  within  15  days 
before  or  5 days  after  parturition;  or  if  any  person  having  cows  for  the  purpose  of 
_ producing  milk  or  cream  for  sale  shall  stable  them  in  an 

are  o cowsreguae  . un}ieaithy  place  or  crowded  manner,  or  shall  knowingly  eed 
them  food  which  produces  impure,  unwholesome  miik,  or  upon  any  substance  in 
a state  of  putrefaction  or  rottenness  or  of  unhealthy  nature,  or  shall  sell  or  offer 
, ~ , . , , for  sale  cream  which  has  been  taken  from  milk  the  sale  of 

impure  cream  forb.doeu.  which  has  been  prohibited,  or  shall  sell  or  offer  for  sale  as 
cream  -an  article  which  shall  contain  less  than  the  amount  of  butter  fat  as  pre- 
... . . ...  . ......  scribed  in  this  act;  or  if  any  person  shall  sell  or  offer 

for  sale  any  cheese  manufactured  from  skimmed 
milk,  or  from  milk  that  is  partly  skimmed  without  the  same  being  plainly  branded, 
stamped,  or  marked  on  the  side  or  top  of  both  cheese  and  package  in  a durable 
manner  in  the  English  language  the  words,  “skimmed  milk  cheese,’"  the  letters 
of  the  words  to  be  not  less  than  one  inch  in  height  and  one-half  inch  in  width — he 
p ...  f .....  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  twenty  nor  more  than  fifty  dollars; 

ena  y oi  vio  a ion.  but  tbe  provisions  Gf  this  section  shall  not  apply  to  skimmed 
milk  when  sold  as  such  and  in  the  manner  and  subject  to  the  regulations  pre- 
scribed in  this  act. 


Sec.  11.  For  the  purpose  of  this  act  the  addition  of  water 
or  any  other  substance  or  thing  to  whole  milk , or  skimmed 
milk,  or  partially  skimmed  milk  is  hereby  declared  an  adulteration,  and  milk 
which  is  obtained  from  animals  fed  upon  any  substance  of  an  unhealthy  nature, 
Milk  standard  *s  here^y  declared  impure  and  unwholesome,  and  milk  which  has 
i i s . n ar  been  proved  by  any  reliable  method  or  test  or  analysis  to  contain 
less  than  twelve  per  cent  of  milk  solids  to  the  hundred  pounds  of  milk,  or  than 
three  pounds  of  butter  fat  to  one  hundred  pounds  of  milk  shall  be  regarded  as 
skimmed  or  partially  skimmed  milk,  and  every  article  not  contain- 
ing fifteen  per  cent  or  more  of  butter  fat  shall  not  be  regarded  as 

cream. 


Adulteration  of  milk  defined. 


Cream  standard. 


Dair ' inspection  ^ *s  hereby  made  the  duty  of  the  assistant  dairy  and  food  com- 
airj  p n*  missioner  to  inspect  such  dairies  as  he  shall  deem  necessary  and 
enforce  the  provisions  of  the  two  preceding  sections. 


...  . ....  . Sec.  12.  No  person  by  himself  or  his  agents  or 

nn  a ions  o ye  ow  u er  pro  n i e< . gervantg  shall  render  or  manufacture,  sell,  offer 

for  sale,  expose  for  sale,  take  orders  for  the  future  delivery  of,  have  in  his  posses- 
sion, keep  in  storage,  distribute,  deliver,  transfer,  or  convey  with  intent  to  sell 
within  this  State  any  article,  product,  or  compound  made  wholly  or  partly  out  of 


80 


any  fat,  oil,  or  oleaginous  substance  or  compound  thereof,  not  produced  from 
unadulterated  milk  or  cream  from  the  same,  which  shall  be  imitation  of  yellow 
butter  produced  from  pure  unadulterated  milk  or  cream  of  the  same. 

Provided,  that  nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  construed  to  pro- 


Oleomargarine  permitted. 


hibit  the  manufacture  or  sale  of  oleomargarine  in  a sepa- 


rate and  distinct  form,  and  in  such  manner  as  will  advise  the  consumer  of  its  real 
character  free  from  coloration  or  ingredient  that  causes  it  to  look  like  butter. 

. r Whoever  violates  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  section  shall  be  punished 
ena  5 * by  a fine  of  not  less  than  twenty-five  dollars  nor  more  than  one  hundred 
dollars  for  each  and  every  offense. 

„ . „ . . . . Sec.  13.  Whoever  exposes  for  sale  oleomarga- 

rarn  or  o comargarine,  e c.,  iequne< . butterine,  orany  substance  made  in  imita- 

tion or  semblance  of  pure  butter  in  tubs,  firkins,  or  other  original  packages  not 
distinctly,  legibly,  and  durably  branded,  stamped,  or  marked  in  a conspicuous 
place  with  the  word  “ oleomargarine’’  or  “butterine”  or  * ‘ imitation  butter,’’ a3 
the  case  may  be,  in  letters  not  less  than  one  inch  in  length  and  one-half  inch  in 
width,  or  in  retail  packages  not  plainly  and  conspicuously  labeled  with  said  words 
“ oleomargarine”  or  “butterine”  or  “imitation  butter,”  as  the  case  may  be,  shall 
. be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor  and  punished  by  a fine  of  not  less 
ena  }‘  than  twenty-five  dollars  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars  for  each  and 
every  offense. 

“ Process”  butter  to  be  labeled  “renovated.”  Sec-.14'  Whoever  by  himself,  his  agents,  or 

employes  shall  manufacture,  sell,  offer,  or 
expose  for  sale  butter  that  is  produced  by  taking  original  packing  stock  or  other 
butter,  or  both,  and  melting  the  same,  so  that  the  butter  fat  can  be  drawn  off, 
then  mixing  the  said  butter  fat  with  skimmed  milk,  or  milk,  or  cream,  or  other 
milk  product,  and  rechurning  the  said  mixture;  or  that  is  produced  by  any  simi- 
lar process  and  is  commonly  known  as  boiled  or  process  butter,  unless  the  tub, 
firkin,  or  other  original  package  in  which  the  same  may  be  put  up,  be  distinctly, 
legibly,  and  durably  branded,  stamped,  or  marked  in  a conspicuous  place  with  the 
words  ••  renovated  butter  ” in  printed  letters  not  less  than  one  inch  in  length  and 
one  half  inch  in  width,  in  prints,  boxes,  or  rolls  not  plainly  and  conspicuously 
labeled  on  the  wrapper  thereof  with  said  words  ‘ ‘ renovated  butter  ” in  printed  let- 
ters not  less  than  one-half  inch  in  length  and  one-quarter  inch  in  width  sha  1 be 
deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor  and  punished  by  a fine  of  not  less  than 
eiia  } * twenty-five  dollars  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars  for  each  and  every 
offense. 

Sec.  15.  Whoever  furnishes  or  causes  to  be 
furnished  in  any  hotel,  restaurant,  boarding 
house,  or  at  any  lunch  counter  oleomargarine, 
or  butterine  to  any  guest  or  patron  of  such  hotel,  restaurant,  boarding  house,  or 
lunch  counter  in  the  place  or  stead  of  butter  shall  notify  said  guest  or  patron  that 
the  substance  so  f urnisned  is  not  butter  and  any  party  so  furnishing  without  such 
notice  shall  be  punished  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  five  dollars  nor  more 
than  ten  dollars  for  each  and  every  offense. 


Notice  to  be  given  of  use  of  oleomargarine 
in  public  eating  places. 


Penalty. 


Substitute  or  filled  cheese  to  be  labeled. 


Sec.  16.  Any  person  or  firm  who  shall  sell  or 
offer  for  sale  or  make  or  manufacture  out  of  any 
oleaginous  substance  or  substances  or  any  compound  of  the  same  or  any  other 
compound  other  than  that  produced  from  unadulterated  milk  any  article  designed 
to  take  the  place  of  cheese,  produced  from  pure  milk  or  any  article  termed  “ filled- 
cheese  ” shall  stamp  each  package  of  the  same  on  the  top  and  side  with  lamp  black 
and  oil  the  words  “ filled-cheese  ” or  words  that  shall  designate  the  exact  character 
and  quality  of  the  product  in  printed  letters  at  least  one  inch  long  and  one-half 
inch  wide.  Whosoever  violates  the  provisions  of  this  section  is  guilty  of 
ena  5 ‘ a misdemeanor  and  shall  be  punished  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  twenty- 
five  dollars  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars  for  each  and  every  offense. 

Sec.  17.  The  assistant  dairy  and  food  com- 
missioner shall  be  director  of  farmers’  insti- 
tutes in  the  State  and  have  charge  of  all  mat- 
ters relating  thereto.  He  shall  arrange  for  holding  as  many  farmers’  institutes 
during  the  year  as  possible  and  in  connection  with  local  committee  where  insti- 
tute is  to  be  held  shall  prepare  program  and  provide  lor  speakers  and  lectures. 
The  expense  of  such  institutes  shall  be  limited  to  the  actual  expense  of  travel  and 
entertainment  for  speakers  and  lecturers. 

Sec.  18.  All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  or  in  conflict  with  the 
provisions  of  this  act  are  hereby  repealed. 


Assistant  commissioner,  director  of  farmers 
institutes. 


Repeal. 


81 


OHIO. 

See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  661-669,  for — 

Ohio  Laws,  volume  83,  page  120 1 (sections  1-4)  (=  Giauque,  8847-8850).  —An  act 
to  create  the  office  of  dairy  and  food  commissioner,  provide  for  his  election,  term 
of  office,  duties,  salaries,  expenses,  office,  dispositition  of  fines  collected,  annual 
reports,  etc.  (Passed  and  took  effect  May  8,  1886.) 

Ohio  Laws,  volume  88,  page  74  (section  1 ).— An  act  to  require  the  Ohio  dairy  and 
food  commissioner  to  give  bond.  (Passed  and  took  effect  March  4,  1891.) 

Ohio  Laws,  volume  86,  page  229  (sections  1-4)  (=-  Giauque,  8837-8840). — An  act 
to  regu.ate  the  sale  of  milk.  (Passed  and  took  effect  April  10, 1889.) 

Ohio  Laws,  volume  83,  page  178  (sections  1-17) 2 (=  Giauque,  8821-8834,  8836).— 
An  act  to  prevent  adulteration  of  and  deception  in  the  sale  of  dairy  products,  and 
supplementary  to  Chapter  II,  Title  I,  part  4,  of  the  Revised  Statutes.  (Passed  and 
took  effect  May  17,  1886.) 

Ohio  Laws,  volume  87,  page  51  (sections  1-3) 2. — An  act  to  prevent  deception  in 
the  sale  of  dairy  products  and  to  preserve  the  public  health.  (Passed  March  7, 
1890;  took  effect  May  1,  1890.) 

Ohio  Laws,  volume  91,  page  274  (sections  1-7).— An  act  to  prevent  fraud  and 
deception  in  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  oleomargarine  and  promote  public  health 
in  the  State  of  Ohio.  (Passed  and  took  effect  May  16,  1894.) 

Ohio  Laws,  volume  92,  page  51  (sections  1-10). — An  act  to  prevent  fraud  in  the 
manufacture  and  sale  of  imitations  of  cheese  or  substitutes  for  cheese,  and  to  regu- 
late the  branding  of  cheese  in  the  State  of  Ohio.  (Passed  and  took  effect  March 

3,  1893.) 

Ohio  Laws,  volume  81.  page  67  (sections  1-5). — An  act  to  provide  against  the 
adulteration  of  food  and  drugs.  (Passed  March  20,  1884;  took  effect  forty  days 
later. ) 

Following  should  he  added : 


Ohio  Laws,  Volume  91,  page  412. 

AN  ACT  to  amend  sections  [section  ?]  3718a  of  the  Revised  Statutes  of  Ohio.  (Passed  and  took 

effect  May  21,  1894.) 

Section  1.  That  section  3718a  of  the  Revised  Statutes  of  Ohio,  be  and  the  same 
is  hereby  amended  to  read  as  follows: 

, Sec.  3718a.  Any  justice  of  the  peace,  within  his  county 
Jurfood  and  dair^laws"  °f  and  cit3b  IJ(,lice  Judge  or  mayor  of  any  city  or  village,  within 
y his  city  or  village,  shall  have  jurisdiction  in  case  of  viola- 

tion of  the  laws,  to  prevent  adulteration  of  food  and  drink,  the  adulteration  and 
deception  in  the  sale  of  dairy  products,  and  drugs  and  medicines,  and  any  viola- 
tion or  the  law  for  the  prevention  of  cruelty  to  animals,  or  under  section  sixty- 
nine  hundred  and  eighty-four  of  the  Revised  Statutes,  or  section  sixty-nine  hun- 
dred and  eighty-four-a  thereof  as  herein  enacted.  If  such  prosecutions  be  before 
a justice  of  the  peace,  and  a trial  by  jury  be  not  waived,  the  said  justice  shall 
issue  a venire  to  any  constable  of  the  county,  containing  the  names  of  sixteen 
electors  of  the  county  to  serve  as  jurors  to  try  such  case  and  make  due  return 
thereof.  Each  party  shall  be  entitled  to  two  peremptory  challenges,  and  shall  be 
subject  to  the  same  challenges  as  jurors  are  subject  to  in  criminal  cases  in  the 
court  of  common  pleas.  If  the  venire  of  sixteen  names  be  exhausted  without 
obtaining  the  required  number  to  fill  the  panel,  the  justice  may  direct  the  con- 
stable to  summon  any  of  the  bystanders  to  act  as  jurors:  Provided,  That  in  all 
cases  prosecuted  under  the  provision  of  this  section  no  costs  shall  be  required  to 
be  advanced  or  paid  by  the  person  or  persons  authorized  under  the  law  to  prose- 
cute such  cases:  And  provided  further , That  in  all  cases  brought  under  the  pro- 
vision of  this  section,  if  the  defendant  be  acquitted,  or  if  convicted  a:  d committed 
n default  of  paying  fine  and  costs,  the  costs  of  each  case  shall  be  certified  under 


1 Appropriation  for  1900,  $50,340. 

2 The  supreme  court  of  Ohio  has  upheld  the  law  requiring  that  oleomargarine  shall  not  be 
colored  to  resemble  butter. 


10034— No.  26—00 6 


82 


oath  to  the  county  auditor,  who,  after  correcting  the  same,  shall  issue  [a]  warrant 
on  the  county  treasurer  in  iavor  ot  the  person  or  persons  to  whom  such  cost  and 
fees  shall  be  paid. 

And  in  cases  brought  for  any  violation  of  law  for  the  prevention  of  cruelty  to 
animals,  the  humane  society  or  their  agents,  may  employ  an  attorney  to  prosecute 
the  same,  who  shall  be  paid  for  his  services  out  of  the  county  treasury,  as  the 
county  commissioners  may  deem  just  and  reasonable. 

| . , Sec.  2.  Said  original  section  3718a  is  hereby  repealed,  and  this 

epea  . n e ei  . act  siiaj]_  take  [effect]  and  be  in  force  after  its  passrge. 

OKLAHOMA. 


See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
page  670,  for — 

Compiled  Statutes,  1893,  chapter  25,  article  36  (2264),  section  16. — Concerning 
adulteration. 

Compiled  Statutes,  1893,  chapter  25,  article  50  (2436,  2437,  2443) , sections  1 , 2,  8. — 
Concerning  impure  provisions  and  milk. 

Compiled  Statutes,  1893,  chapter  8 (342),  section  4. — An  act  creating  a board  of 
health  and  regulating  the  practice  of  medicine.  (Took  effect  December  25, 1890.) 

OREGON. 


See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  670-673,  for — 

General  Laws,  1813,  page  99  (sections  1-20). — An  act  to  prevent  the  production 
and  sales  of  unwholesome  foods  and  medicines,  and  to  regulate  sales  of  adulterated 
foods,  drinks,  medicines,  and  fertilizers,  and  to  repeal  the  act  entitled  * An  act  to 
prevent  the  production  and  sales  of  unwholesome  foods,  and  to  regulate  the  sales 
of  adulterated  foods,  drinks,  and  medicines,’  approved  February  25, 1889.  (Filed 
in  the  office  of  secretary  of  State  February  21,  1893.)  [Most,  if  not  all,  of  this  act 
appears  to  be  replaced  by  the  following.] 

Recently  enacted : 

General  Laws,  1899,  page  46. 


AN  ACT  to  provide  for  the  election  of  an  Oregon  Dairy!  and  Food  Commissioner,  and  to  pre- 
scribe his  duties  and  qualifications,  and  to  prevent  the  production  and  sale  of  unwholesome 
food,  drinks,  medicine  and  fertilizers;  and  to  repeal  an  act  entitled  “An  Act  to  prevent  the 
production  and  sale  of  unwholesome  foods  and  medicines,  and  to  regulate  sales  of  adulterated 
foods,  drinks,  medicines,  and  fertilizers.”  (Approved  February  16,  1899.) 


Any  adulterated  food,  etc.,  shall 
he  plainly  marked. 


Notice  of  use  in  public  eating  places. 


Section  1.  No  person  or  persons  shall  sell,  or  expose 
for  sale,  or  exchange,  or  have  in  his  or  their  posses- 
sion for  sale  or  exchange,  any  adulterated  food, 
drink,  medicine,  or  fertilizer,  unless  the  same  shall  be  p'ainly  marked  so  as  to 
establish  its  true  character  and  distinguish  it  from  pure  articles  of  food,  drink, 

medicine,  or  fertilizers,  and  in  any  public  dining 
or  eating  room  where  adulterated  food  or  drinks 
are  used,  the  bill  of  fare  shall  state  the  fact  in  the  same  size  type  as  is  used  in 
printing  the  body  of  said  bill  of  fare:  or,  if  no  bill  of  fare  is  used,  then  and  in 
that  case  printed  notice  thereof  shall  be  posted  in  a conspicuous  place  in  said 
dining  or  eating  room  so  as  to  be  easily  seen  by  anyone  entering  such  room,  in 
which  notice  shall  be  stated  in  large  letters  the  fact  that  adulterated  foods  and 
drinks  are  being  used  for  foods  and  drinks:  and  it  shall 
be  unlawful  for  any  person  to  offer  or  expose  for  sale 
reworked  or  mixed  butter,  unless  the  same  is  plainly 
marked  “process  butter,’*  and  it  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  persons  to  offer  or 

expose  for  sale  any  tub  or  packed  butter 
remolded  into  prints,  rolls  or  squares  unless 
the  same  is  plainly  marked  “ tub  butter;”  and  it  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person 
_ who  offers  or  exposes  reworked,  mixed,  packed,  or 

Creamery  stamps  on  such  forbidden.  remolded  bntte/  t0  mark  or  brand  sucb  butter 

with  the  stamp  of  any  creamery  or  with  the  words  “ creamery  butter.” 


Reworked  butter  to  he  marked 
“ Process  butter.” 


Remolded  butter  to  be  marked  “Tub  butter.' 


Sec.  2.  When  cows  are  kept  by  any  person  for  dairy  purposes, 
stabling  Ot  cows.  eittier  f0r  butter  or  cheese,  or  for  the  productio  i of  milk  or  cream, 
for  sale,  and  are  confined  in  stables,  such  cows  so  confined  shall  each  be  allowed 


83 


at  least  800  cubic  feet  of  air,  and  such  cows  so  stabled  shall  not  be  confined  facing 
each  other  or  when  closer  together  than  six  feet,  unless  there  shall  be  an  air-tight 
partition  between  such  cows  at  least  lour  feet  in  height;  and  all  stables  where 
such  cows  are  kept  shall  be  well  ventilated  and  kept  in  good,  healthful  condition; 
f.  . . . and  if  any  suspected  diseased  cow  or  other  animal  belongs  to  or 
aie  o ( juries.  a^ou^  any  dairy,  the  State  dairy  and  food  commissioner  shall  notify 
the  State  veterinarian;  and  if  any  dairy  above  stated  is  found  to  be  in  a filthy  and 
unhealthful  condition,  the  commissioner  may  notify  the  proprietor  that  said  dairy 
must  be  put  in  a healthful  condition  within  three  days,  and  should  said  proprietor 
neglect  or  refuse  to  comply  with  such  order,  then  the  commissioners  may  employ 
other  persons  to  perform  such  duty,  and  said  proprietor  shall  pay  all  expenses  of 
such  labor. 

Sec.  3.  Whosoever  violates  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  guilty 
ena  y*  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be  punished  by  a 
fine  of  not  less  than  $25  nor  more  than  $100,  or  by  imprisonment  in  the  county 
jail  not  less  than  30  days  nor  more  than  six  months.  Justices’  courts»shall  have 
jurisdiction  of  all  cases  arising  under  this  act. 


Adulteration  defined. 


Sec.  4.  An  article  of  food  or  drink  or  medicine  is  deemed  to 
be  adulterated  within  the  meaning  of  this  act,  when: 

1.  Any  substance  or  substances  have  been  mixed  with  it  so  as  to  reduce  or  lower 
or  injuriously  affect  its  quality  or  strength. 

2.  If  any  inferior  or  cheaper  substance  or  substances  have  been  substituted, 
wholly  or  in  part  for  it. 

3.  If  any  valuable  constituent  has  been  wholly  or  in  part  abstracted  from  it. 

4.  If  it  is  an  imitation  of  or  is  sold  under  the  name  of  another  article. 

5.  If  it  is  colored,  t oated,  or  powdered  or  polished,  whereby  damage  is  concealed, 
or  if  it  is  made  to  appear  better  or  of  greater  value,  as  compared  with  the  total 
solids,  than  it  really  is:  Provided , however , That  salt  and  annotto,  or  butter  color, 
in  which  annotto  is  the  principal  ingredient,  shall  not  be  considered  an  adulter- 
ation when  used  i n dairy  products. 

Butter  standard.  6.  Butter  that  contains  more  than  14  per  cent  water. 

Milk  standard.  7.  Milk  that  contains  more  than  $8  per  cent  water. 

8.  Milk  that  contains  less  than  3 per  cent  butter  iat. 

9.  Milk  that  contains  less  than  8 per  cent  solids,  other  than  butter  fat.  and  less 
than  1.1B8  specific  gravity  after  cream  has  been  removed. 

Ci.eese  standard.  10.  Cheese  that  contains  less  than  40  per  cent  butter  fat,  as  com- 
pared with  total  solids. 

Cream  standard,  ll.  Cream  that  contains  less  than  20  per  cent  butter  fat. 

12.  Condensed  milk  that  contains  less  than  12  per  cent  of 
Condensed  milk  standard,  milk  solids  in  pure  muk,  25  per  cent  of  which  shall  be  pure 
fat. 


Dairy  and  food  commissioner;  term;  salary. 


Sec.  5.  That  at  the  general  election  held  in 
June,  1900,  there  shall  be  elected  by  the  elect- 
ors of  the  State  of  Oregon  a commissioner,  who  shall  be  known  as  the  Oregon  dairy 
and  food  commissioner,  who  shall  hold  his  office  for  the  term  of  four  years,  and 
until  his  successor  is  elected  and  qualified,  who  shall  qualify  within  30  days  from 
the  time  of  his  election  by  taking  and  fifing  an  oath  to  faithfully  perform  the 
duties  of  said  office  with  the  secretary  of  State,  and  shall  receive  for  his  salary  the 
sum  of  $1,000  per  year  and  his  actual  traveling  expenses  and  the  expenses  incurred 
in  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  said  office:  Provided , That  at  the  regular  session 
of  the  legislative  assembly  now  in  session  there  shall  be  elected,  as  provided  by 
law,  a commissioner  who  shall  be  known  as  the  Oregon  dairy  and  food  commis- 
sioner, who  shall  hold  his  office  until  the  ejection  of  said  commissioner  by  the 
electors  of  the  State  of  Oregon  and  until  such  commissioner  shall  have  qualified 
„ , , ,.  as  aforesaid.  The  person  elected  as  such  commissioner  shall 

Qualifications  and  duties.  be  well  qualified  & dairy  matters.  and  qualified  to  give 

theoretical  and  practical  instruction  in  dairying;  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  such 
commissioner  to  give  practical  and  theoretical  instructions  in  dairy  matters,  when- 
ever and  wherever  opportunity  offers  within  the  State,  and  to  collect  and  dissemi- 
nate such  information  as  is  calculated  to  develop  the  dairy  interests  within  the 
State.  The  said  commissioner  shall  establish  his  office  in  the  city  of  Port- 
land, in  this  State,  and  shall,  upon  complaint  being  made  by  any  citizen  of 
the  State  of  Oregon,  or  without  such  complaint  if  in  his  opinion  necessary,  exam- 
ine into  any  case  of  violation  or  of  supposed  violation  of  the  provisions  of  this  act 
D ,.  or  any  of  them.  The  said  commissioner  may  appoint  one  deputy  in  each 
epu  les.  cQunty  in  this  State,  said  deputy’s  duties  and  compensation  to  be  pre- 


Oflice. 


84 


scribed  by  the  commissioner;  said  deputy  or  deputies  to  be  compensated  by  the 
..  commissioner.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  commissioner  to 
reamery  mspec  ion.  vjsjt  an(j  jnSpect  each  and  every  creamery  operated  within  the 
State  of  Oregon  at  least  once  each  year. 

„.  . . „ ...  . „ . . , Sec.  6.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  chemist  of 

Chemist  of  agricultural  college  .0  aSS1St.  the  state  agrlcultural  coU|ge  to  correctly  an- 

alyze  any  and  all  substances  the  said  commissioner  may  send  him  for  the  purpose 
of  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act.  and  his  certificate  of  analysis  shall  be 
prima  facie  evidence  in  all  courts  of  justice. 


Authority  for  inspections. 


Sec.  7.  The  said  commissioner,  and  such  chemists  and 
experts  or  agents  as  he  shall  duly  authorize  for  the  purpose, 
shall  have  access  to,  egress,  and  ingress  to,  all  places  of  business,  factories,  stores, 
farm  buildings,  carriages,  cars,  vessels,  and  implements  used  in  the  manufacture, 
production,  or  sale  of  any  food,  drinks,  or  medicines  or  fertilizers;  and  they  also 
have  the  power  and  authority  to  open  any  package,  case,  or  vessel  containing  such 
articles  which  may  be  manufactured,  sold,  or  exposed  for  sale;  and  any  manufac- 
turer, dealer  hotel,  or  restaurant  keeper  shall  deliver  to  the  commissioner,  or  his 
deputy,  any  samples  of  food,  drinks,  or  medicines  or  fertilizers  for  analyzing  or 
testing  upon  a tender  of  the  price  thereof  in  money. 

r . . + . ,,  , . , . Sec.  b.  Said  commissioner  shall  keep  a full  and 

Commissioner  reports  to  the  legislature.  , , . 

correct  account  of  all  business  done  by  him  or 
his  experts,  chemists,  or  agents,  and  report  the  same  to  the  legislature. 

Sec.  9.  In  all  prosecutions  under  this  act  the  fine 

Fines  to  go  to  common  school  fund.  „ ni  * , , , , 

or  fines  collected  by  and  under  the  same  shall  go  to 

the  common  school  fund  of  the  State:  provided,  that  all  such  moneys  shall  be  trans- 
mitted to  the  State  treasury  at  the  State  capital  by  the  officer  collecting  the  same: 
Provided,  further,  That  the  State  treasurer  shall  forward  a duly  certified  receipt 
and  shall  credit  all  such  accounts  to  the  common  school  fund. 


t *iL-  1 0 wi  SEC*  10.  In  all  prosecutions  under  the  provisions  of  this  act 

mpure  mi  e no  . reiaftng  to  the  sale  of  diseased  foods,  or  that  which  is  unclean, 
impure  or  unhealthy,  milk  drawn  from  cows  for  15  days  before  and  5 days  next 
after  parturition,  or  from  cows  fed  on  unwholesome  food,  or  any  calf  that  has 
been  slaughtered  under  the  age  of  four  weeks,  shall  be  deemed  and  declared 
unclean,  impure,  and  unwholesome. 


it  nff-K  i i Sec.  11.  Any  person  who  shall  use  the  box,  boxes,  or  brands  used 
s a . e ran  . ^ any  creamery  or  dairyman  for  the  purpose  of  selling  the  but- 
ter of  any  other  creamery  or  dairyman  shall  be  subject  to  all  the  fines  and  penal- 
ties provided  for  in  this  act. 


Sales  of  imitation  dairy  products  to  be  re- 
corded. 


Sec.  12.  Every  person  who  sells  oleomar- 
garine, butterine,  or  any  imitation  butter 
whatsoever,  or  other  imitation  dairy  products, 
in  this  State,  Shall  keep  a sale  book  in  which  all  sa  es  shall  be  entered  at  the  time 
of  sale.  Said  sale  book  shall  state  the  amount  sold,  together  with  the  name  and 
address  of  the  purchaser,  and  said  sale  book  shall  be  open  to  the  inspection  of  the 
State  food  commissioner  or  his  agents  at  all  times. 


Sec.  13.  Every  railroad  company  or  other  trans- 
Transportation  compmes  to  give  mfor-  p0rtation  company  in  this  State,  upon  application 

of  the  State  food  commissioner  or  his  authorized 
agent,  shall  give  the  name  and  address  of  any  shipper  or  consignee  of  any  sup- 
posed diseased  meats  or  foods  of  any  kind. 


Sec.  14.  Every  person  or  companv  who  manufac- 
Annual  reports  from  butter  and  cheese  tureg  for  sale?  in  quantities  exceeding  25  pounds 

per  week,  butter  or  cheese  in  this  State,  shall  re- 
port to  the  food  commissioner  annually  each  year,  as  follows: 

First— Name  and  address  of  manufacturer. 

Second— Name  and  address  or  owner  of  cows. 

Third— Number  of  pounds  of  milk  purchased. 

Fourth — Total  number  of  pounds  of  milk  used  in  the  manufacture  of  butter, 
and  the  number  of  pounds  used  in  making  cheese. 

Fifth — Num iter  of  pounds  of  butler  and  cheese  made. 

Sixth — Number  of  pounds  of  butter  and  cheese  sold:  Provided,  That  the  amount 


85 


of  butter  or  cheese  made  by  any  such  person  shall  not  be  published  if  the  maker 
requests  that  it  shall  not  be  done. 

* * * * * * * 

Sec.  16.  All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  in  conflict  with  the  above  provisions 
Repea  . ^his  act  are  hereby  repealed. 

PENNSYLVANIA.1 

See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  673-680,  for — 

Session  of  1893,  No.  96  (sections  1-7).— An  act  to  enlarge  the  powers  of  the  State 
board  of  agriculture,  to  authorize  the  said  board  to  enforce  the  provisions  of  the 
act  entitled  “An  act  for  the  protection  of  the  public  health  and  to  prevent  adul- 
teration of  dairy  products  and  iraud  in  the  sale  thereof,”  approved  May  21,  A.  D. 
1885,  and  of  otheL-  acts  in  relation  to  dairy  products;  to  authorize  the  appointment 
of  an  agent  of  the  said  board  who  shall  be  known  as  the  “ dairy  and  food  com- 
missioner,” and  to  define  his  duties  and  fix  his  compensation,  being  supplementary 
to  an  act  entitled  -‘An  act  to  establish  a State  board  of  agriculture,”  approved  May 
8,  A.  D.  1876.  (Approved  May  26,  1893.) 

Session  of  1895,  No.  8,  section  4. — An  act  to  establish  a department  of  agricul- 
ture and  to  define  its  duties  and  provide  for  its  proper  administration.  (Approved 
March  13,  1895.) 

Session  of  1895,  No.  457  (section  1). — An  act  to  enlarge  the  duties  of  the  State 
food  commissioner,  authorizing  him  to  enforce  all  laws  against  the  adulterations 
or  impurities  in  vinegar,  jellies,  cider,  evaporated  apples  and  all  apple  products, 
and  the  unlawful  labeling  in  the  State  of  Pennsylvania.  (Approved  July  5, 1895. ) 

Session  of  1897,  No.  118  (sections  1-4). — An  act  to  prohibit  the  adulteration  or 
coloring  of  milk  or  cream  by  the  addition  of  so-called  preservatives  or  coloring 
matter,  and  to  provide  for  the  enforcement  of  the  same.  (Approved  June  10, 
1897.) 

Session  of  1885,  No.  186  (sections  1-9). — An  act  to  prevent  the  adulteration  of 
and  the  traffic  in  impure  and  unwholesome  milk  in  cities  of  the  second  and  third 
class.  (Approved  July  7,  1885.) 

Session  of  1869,  No.  56  (section  1). — An  act  to  authorize  the  councils  in  cities  and 
boroughs  in  this  Commonwealth  to  provide  for  the  inspection  of  milk.  (Approved 
April  20,  1869.) 

Session  of  1878,  No.  183  (sections  1-6). — An  act  to  prevent  the  adulteration  of 
milk  and  prevent  the  traffic  in  impure  and  unwholesome  milk.  (Approved  May 
25, 1878. ) 

Session  of  1895,  No.  258,  sections  14-17.— An  act  creating  a bureau  of  health  in 
the  department  of  public  safety  in  cities  of  the  second  class.  (Approved  June  26, 
1895.) 

Session  of  1897,  No.  164  (sections  1-4). — An  act  to  prevent  fraud  and  deception 
in  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  cheese  and  defining  what  shall  constitute  the 
various  grades  of  cheese,  providing  rules  and  regulations  for  marking  and  brand- 
ing the  same,  providing  for  the  enforcement  of  this  act,  prescribing  penalties  for 
its  violation.  (Approved  June  23,  1897.) 

Session  of  1893,  No.  65  (sections  1-3). — An  act  to  prohibit  the  use  of  any  adul- 
teration or  imitation  of  dairy  products  in  any  charitable  or  penal  institution,  being 
supplementary  to  an  act  entitled  “An  act  for  the  protection  of  the  public  health 
and  to  prevent  adulteration  of  dairy  products  and  fraud  in  the  sale  thereof,” 
approved  May  21,  A.  D.  1885.  (Approved  May  23,  1893.) 

Session  of  1895,  No.  233  (sections  1-6).— An  act  to  provide  against  the  adultera- 
tion of  food  and  providing  for  the  enforcement  thereof.  (Approved  June  26, 
1895.) 

[The  State  department  of  agriculture  reports  that  No.  236,  session  of  1895,  con- 
cerning preservatives,  was  repealed  by  No.  118,  session  of  1897;  and  No.  25,  ses- 
sion of  1885,  concerning  imitations  of  butter  and  cheese,  was  repealed  by  No.  136, 
session  of  1899. J 


1 A part  of  the  laws  relate  especially  to  the  milk  supply  of  certain  classes  of  cities,  and  their 
enforcement  is  in  the  charge  of  the  authorities  of  the  cities  concerned. 


86 


Recently  enacted : 


Session  of  1899,  No.  121. 


AN  ACT  to  regulate  the  sale  of  butter  produced  by  taking  original  packing  stock  and  other 
butter  and  melting  the  same,  so  that  the  butter  oil  can  be  drawn  off,  mixed  with  skimmed 
milk  or  other  material,  and  by  emulsion  or  other  process  produce  butter,  and  butter  produced 
by  any  similar  process,  and  commonly  known  as  “ Boiled  ” or  “ Process  ” butter;  providing  for 


the  enforcement  thereof,  and  punishment  for  the  violation  of  the  same 
1899.) 


(Approved  May  4, 


Section  1.  That  no  uerson,  firm,  or  corporate  body  shall,  within  this  State,  sell, 
or  offer  or  expose  for  sale,  or  have  in  his,  her,  or  their  possession  with  intent  to 
sell,  any  butter  not  labeled  in  compliance  with  the  provisions  of  this  act.  Butter 

„ . . , , „ ......  . . produced  by  taking  original  packing  stock 

Bntter  produced  from  melted  butter,  etc.,  to  „ ^ .i  ® 

be  labeled  Renovated  Butter.”  and  other  butter  and  melting  the  same,  so 

that  the  butter  oil  can  be  drawn  off,  mixed 
with  skimmed  milk  or  other  material,  and  by  emulsion  or  other  process  produce 
butter,  and  butter  produced  by  any  similar  process,  and  commonly  known  as 
“ Boiled ” or  ‘‘Process”  butter,  shall  before  sale,  and  before  being  offered  or 
exposed  for  sale,  and  while  in  the  possession  of  any  person,  firm,  or  corporate  body 
with  intent  to  sell  the  same,  be  plainly  labeled  “ Renovated  Butter,”  in  the  manner 
Howto  be  marked  prescribed  by  this  act.  If  sold,  offered  or  exposed  for  sale,  or  in 
u o >e  m i e . pOSSession  0f  any  person,  firm,  or  corporate  body  with  intent  to 
sell  the  same  in  prints  or  rolls,  the  prints  or  rolls  shall  be  covered  by  wrapper's, 
on  which  shall  be  printed  in  conspicuous  letters  the  words  “ Renovated  Butter.’ 
If  packed  in  tubs  or  other  receptacles,  and  sold  or  offered  or  exposed  for  sale,  or 
held  in  the  possession  of  any  person,  firm,  or  corporate  body  with  intent  to  sell 
the  same,  the  said  words  shall  be  printed  in  one-inch  letters  on  the  top  and  two 
sides  of  the  tub  or  receptacle;  if  uncovered  and  not  contained  in  a tub  or  other 
receptacle,  and  sold  or  offered  or  exposed  for  sale,  or  held  in  the  possession  of  any 
person,  firm,  or  corporate  body  with  intent  to  sell  the  same,  a placard  containing 
the  said  words  shall  be  attached  to  the  mass,  in  a manner  making  them  plain  and 
prominent. 


'enalty. 


Sec.  2.  Every  person,  firm,  or  corporate  body  who  shall  violate  any  of 
the  provisions  of  this  act  shall,  for  every  such  offense,  forfeit,  and  pay  not 
less  than  twenty-five  dollars  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars,  which  shall  be 
recoverable  with  costs,  including  expense  of  inspection  and  analysis,  by  any  per- 
son suing  in  the  name  of  the  Commonwealth,  as  debts  of  like  amount  are  by  law 
Fnf  rcement  recoverable  Provided , That  the  Department  of  Agr  culture,  through 
,n  or<  omen  . -tg  0fgcer  known  as  the  Dairy  and  Food  Commissioner,  together  with 
the  deputies,  agents,  and  assistants,  shall  be  charged  with  the  enforcement  of  this 
act,  and  shall  have  full  access  to  all  places  of  business,  factories,  buildings,  car- 
riages, cars,  vessels,  barrels,  and  packages  of  whatever  kind,  used  in  the  man- 
ufacture and  transportation  and  sale  of  any  butter,  or  of  any  adulteration  or 
imitation  thereof.  They  sha  1 also  have  power  and  authority  to  open  any  n?^k- 
. ,.  ..  „ . ,.  age,  barrel,  or  vessel  containing  any  butter,  or  any  adul- 

' u 1011  > 01  insl)ee  10,,s*  deration  or  imitation  thereof,  which  may  be  manufactured, 
sold,  or  offered  or  exposed  for  sale,  or  held  in  possession  with  intent  of  the  holder 
„ i <•  . .i  • to  sell;  and  they  shall  also  have  full  power  and  authority  to 

amp  es  or  ana  ysis‘  take  the  samples  therefrom  for  analysis,  upon  tendering  the 
p , „ value  of  said  samples.  And  all  charges,  accounts,  and  expenses 

ay  men  o expenses.  Department  for  the  enforcement  of  this  act,  through 

the  said  commissioner  and  his  deputies,  agents,  assistants,  chemists,  and  counsel 
employed  by  him  in  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act,  shall  be  paid  by  the 
Treasurer  of  the  State  in  the  same  manner  as  other  accounts  and  expenses  of 
the  said  Department  are  paid.  And  all  penalties  and  costs  for  the  violation  of 
the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  paid  to  the  said  Dairy  and  Food  Commissioner, 
or  his  agents,  and  by  him  immediately  covered  into  the  State  Treasury. 

Penalt , Sec.  3.  Every  person  who  violates  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall 
ena  5‘  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall 
be  punished  by  a fine  of  not  more  than  one  hundred  dollars,  or  by  imprisonment 
in  the  county  jail  for  not  more  than  thirty  days,  or  both  fine  and  imprisonment, 
for  the  first  offense:  and  a fine  of  one  hundred  dollars  and  imprisonment  for  thirty 
days,  for  every  subsequent  offense:  Provided , That  all  fines  and  costs,  including 
the  expense  of  inspection  and  analysis  imposed  under  this  section,  shall  be  covered 
p „ . . ..  into  the  State  Treasury,  as  provided  by  section  two  of  this 

or  ei  ure  or  no  a ion.  ac^.  anq  ap  patter  sold  or  offered  or  exposed  for  sale,  or  held 
in  the  possession  of  any  one  with  intent  to  sell  the  same,  in  violation  of  +he  pro- 
visions of  this  act  shall  be  subject  to  f orfeiture  and  spoliation. 


87 


......  ..  . . , . . ..  Sec.  4.  Magistrates  and  instices  of  the  peace 

b J throughout  this  Commonwealth  shall  have 

jurisdiction  to  hear  and  determine  actions  arising  for  violations  of  the  provisions 
of  this  act,  and  to  hold  for  court  or  impose  the  penalties  provided  therein,  subject 
to  appeal  as  the  law  shall  direct. 


Session  of  1899,  No.  136. 


AN  ACT  to  regulate  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  oleomargarine  and  butterine  and  other  similar 
products,  to  prevent  fraud  and  deception  by  the  manufacture  and  sale  thereof  as  an  imitation 
of  butter,  the  licensing  of  manufacturers  of  and  dealers  in  the  same,  and  providing  punish- 
ment for  violations  of  the  act  and  the  means  for  its  enforcement.  (Approved  May  5,  1899.) 


Imitation  butter  prohibited. 


Sec.  1.  That  no  person,  firm,  or  corporate  body,  by  him- 
self, herself,  or  themselves,  or  by  his,  her,  or  their  agents 
or  servants,  shall  render  or  manufacture,  sell,  ship,  consign,  offer  for  sale,  expose 
for  sale,  or  have  in  his,  her,  or  their  possession,  with  intent  to  sell,  any  article, 
product,  or  compound  made  wholly  or  partly  out  of  any  fat,  oil,  or  oleaginous 
substance,  or  compound  thereof,  not  produced  from  unadulterated  milk  or  cream 
from  the  same,  without  the  admixture  or  addition  of  any  fat  foreign  to  the  said 
milk  or  cream,  and  which  shall  be  in  imitation  of  yellow  butter,  produced  from 
pure,  unadulterated  milk  or  cream  of  the  same,  with  or  without  coloring  matter: 
...  . - , , Provided , That  nothing  in  this  act  shall  be 

’ construed  to  prohibit  the  manufacture  or 
sale,  or  offering  or  exposing  for  sale,  or  having  in  possession  with  intent  to  sell, 
oleomargarine  or  butterine  or  any  similiar  substance,  free  from  coloration  or 
ingredients  that  cause  it  to  look  like  butter,  and  in  a separate  and  distinct  form, 
and  in  such  manner  as  will  advise  the  consumer  of  its  real  character,  if  the  per- 
,,  . , I.  , * * , . son.firm.orcorporatebodywhoshallmanufac- 

Mamifacturers  and  sellers  to  be  licensed.  , ..  J T 

ture,  sell,  or  offer  or  expose  for  sale,  or  have  in 
his,  her,  or  their  possession,  with  intent  to  sell,  any  of  the  said  substances,  shall 
first  obtain  a license,  and  pay  a license  fee,  as  hereinafter  provided,  and  shall  in 
all  other  respects  comply  with  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

rackiffcs  to  be  marked  Sec*  2-  sha11  be  unlawful  for  any  person,  firm,  or  corporate 
‘ g ' * body  to  sell,  or  offer  or  expose  for  sale,  or  have  in  possession 

with  intent  to  se’l,  oleomargarine,  butterine  or  any  similar  substance,  not  marked 
and  distinguished  on  the  outside  of  each  tub,  package,  or  parcel  thereof,  in  a con- 
spicuous place,  by  a placard  with  the  word  “oleomargarine”  or  “butterine,”  and 

Placards  to  bo  displayed.  ”0t  havl.DS  als0  uPon  evel7  °Pen  tab'  Packa?®’  ?,r  ParCef 
thereof,  in  a conspicuous  place,  a placard  with  the  word 

“ oleomargarine  ” or  “butterine,*"  such  placard  in  each  case  to  be  printed  in  plain, 
uncondensed  Gothic  letters,  not  less  than  one  inch  long,  and  such  placard  shall  not 
_ „ _ . . , . , . contain  any  other  words  thereon,  and  every  print 

Small  parcels  to  be  wrapped  in  stamped  Qr  rop  sban  be  wrapped  in  wrappers  plainly 

stamped  on  the  outside  thereof  with  the  words 
“oleomargarine”  or  “butterine.”  and  where  oleomargarine  or  butterine  or  other 
similar  product  is  sold  from  solid  packages,  before  being  delivered  to  the  pur- 
chaser it  shall  be  wrapped  by  the  seller  thereof  in  a wrapper  plainly  stamped 
on  the  outside  thereof  “oleomargarine  ” or  “butterine,”  and  said  wrapper  shall 
contain  no  other  words. 

Sec,  3.  Every  person,  firm,  or  corporate  body,  and 
Manufacturers  and  ^deglers  to  obtain  a every  agent  of  such  person,  firm,  or  corporate  body, 

who  shall  manufacture,  sell,  or  offer  or  expose  for 
sale,  or  have  in  his,  her,  or  their  possession  with  intent  to  sell,  oleomargarine,  but- 
terine, or  any  similar  substance,  shall  first  obtain  from  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture through  its  agent,  the  Dairy  and  Food  Commissioner,  a license  authoriz- 
ing him,  her  or  them  to  engage  in  the  manufacture  or  sale  of  oleomargarine  or 
butterine  or  similar  substance,  for  which  said  license  he,  she.  or  they  shall  pay,  if 
a manufacturer,  the  annual  sum  of  one  thousand  dollars;  if  a whole- 
nicense  tees.  ga]er  ^ armua]_  sum  Gf  five  hundred  dollars;  and  if  a retailer,  the 
annual  sum  of  one  hundred  dollars;  if  a restaurant  keeper,  or  a hotel  proprietor, 
the  annual  sum  of  fifty  dollars;  and  if  a boarding-house  keeper,  the  annual  sum 
of  ten  dollars;  and  the  said  license  fee  when  received  by  the  Dairy  and  Food  Com- 
„ , , . . , _ missioner  or  his  agent  shall  be  by  him  immediately 

fees  to  be  eoyored  mlo  Treasury.  covere(J  jnto  the  sj?ate  Treasury.  And  after  obtain- 

ing  the  license  required  by  this  section,  before  any  person,  firm  or  corporate  body 
shall  manufacture,  sell,  or  offer  or  expose  for  sale,  or  have  in  his,  her.  or  their 
possession  with  intention  to  sell,  oleomargarine  or  butterine  or  any  similar  sub- 


88 


Signs  to  be  obtained  from  commissioner. 


stance,  be,  she,  or  they  shall  he  required  to 


procure  from  the  Department  of  Agriculture, 
through  the  Dairy  and  Food  Commissioner,  a sign  or  signs,  as  the  Dairy  and  Food 
Commissioner  shall  determine,  which  in  size  and  lettering  shall  be  as  the  Dairy 
and  Food  Commissioner  shall  direct,  and  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the  Com- 
monwealth, clearly  setting  forth  that  he,  she,  or  they  are  engaged  in  the  manufac- 
ture or  sale  of  oleomargarine  or  butterine  or  any  other  similar  substances,  as  the 

Signs  to  be  conspicuously  bong.  whicll  said  sign  ?r  when  procured, 

s J shall  be  hung  up  in  a conspicuous  place  or  places  on 

the  walls  of  the  rooms  or  store  in  which  the  oleomargarine  or  butterine  or  other 
similar  substance  is  manufactured  or  sold:  Provided , That  peddlers  and  others 

Delivery  vehicles  to  be  marked.  wh,°  *“"?  obtained  a license  as  herein  required, 
and  who  shall  sell,  offer  or  expose  lor  sale,  or  have  in 
their  possession  with  the  intent  to  sell,  oleomargarine  or  butterine  or  any  similar 
substance,  upon  the  public  streets  or  ways,  may  sell  or  offer  or  expose  for  sale,  or 
have  in  their  possession  with  intent  to  sell,  the  same,  if  the  cart,  wagon  or  vehi- 
cle, or  receptacle  in  which  the  oleomargarine  or  butterine  or  other  substance  is 
contained,  is  marked  or  placarded  on  two  sides  of  the  exterior  of  said  vehicle  or 
receptacle  in  uncondensed  Gothic  letters,  not  less  than  four  inches  in  length,  with 
the  words  “ Licensed  to  sell  oleomargarine”  or  “ Licensed  to  sell  butterine,-’  and 
if  they  shall  in  all  other  respects  comply  with  the  provisions  of  this  act.  All 
T . . _ . licenses  under  this  act  shall  expire  on  the  thirty-first  day 

of  December  of  each  year;  but  licenses  may  be  granted 
the  first  of  any  month  for  the  remainder  of  a year  upon  the  payment  of  a proportion- 
ate part  of  an  annual  license  fee.  Wholesale  dealers  within  the  meaning  of  this 
W1  , , , , . . , « , act,  shall  be  all  persons,  firms,  and  corporate  bodies 

who  shall  sell  to  dealers,  and  persons  who  shall  buy 
to  sell  again,  and  all  persons,  firms  and  corporate  bodies  who  make  sales  in  quan- 
tities of  ten  pounds  and  over  at  any  time;  and  retail  dealers  shall  be  all  persons, 
firms  and  corporate  bodies  who  shall  sell  in  quantities  dess  than  ten  pounds. 

Penalty  ®EC'  4'  ^very  person,  firm,  or  corporate  body  who  shall  manufacture, 

ena  J*  sell,  or  offer  or  expose  for  sale,  or  have  in  his,  her,  or  their  possession 

with  intent  to  sell,  oleomargarine  or  butterine  or  any  similar  substance,  in  viola- 
tion of  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  or  who  shall  in  any  other  respect  violate 
any  of  its  provisions,  shall  for  every  such  offense  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  one 
hundred  dollars,  which  shall  be  recoverable,  with  the  costs,  including  the  expense 
of  inspection  and  analysis,  by  any  person  suing  in  the  name  of  the  Commonwealth, 

, ,,  as  debts  of  like  amount  are  by  law  recoverable;  and 

Justices  ot  the  peace ^and  aldermen  justices  of  the  peace  and  aldermen  throughout  this 

J ’ Commonwealth  shall  have  jurisdiction  to  hear  and 

determine  all  actions  for  recovery  of  penalties,  with  the  right  of  appeal  in  either 
party  to  the  court  of  common  pleas,  as  provided  in  existing  laws  in  suits  for 
_ . , penalties;  and  all  penalties  and  costs  imposed  and 

Penalties  go  to  State  treasury.  £ecovered  under  t.he  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  paid 

to  the  Dairy  and  Food  Commissioner  or  h’s  agent,  and  by  him  immediately 
covered  into  the  State  Treasury.  Any  person,  firm,  or  corporation  who  shall 
manufacture,  sell,  offer  or  expose  for  sale,  or  have  in  his,  her,  or  their  possession 
with  intent  to  sell,  oleomargarine  or  butterine  or  any  other  similar  substance,  in 
violation  of  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  or  who  shall  in  any  other  respect 
violate  any  of  its  provisions,  shall  also  be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and 
ena  }*  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be  punished  for  the  first  offense  by  a fine 
of  not  less  than  one  hundred  dollars  nor  more  than  five  hundred  dollars,  and  upon 
his  conviction  for  any  subsequent  offense  shall  be  punished  by  a fine  not  less  than 
one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  nor  more  than  five  hundred  dollars,  or  by  imprison- 
ment in  the  county  jail  for  not  less  than  ten  days  nor  more  than  sixty  days,  or 
by  both  fine  and  imprisonment,  at  the  discretion  of  the  court;  and  all  fines  im- 
, . . posed  upon  any  person  after  conviction  shall  be  paid  to  the 

l mes  to  go  to  treasury.  £)airy  an(j  Commissioner  or  his  agent,  and  by  him  paid 

into  the  State  Treasury. 

Sec.  5.  The  Dairy  and  Food  Commissioner  shall  be 
The  Wlth  charged  with  enforcement  of  all  the  provisions  of  this 

act,  and  shall  have  the  same  power  to  enforce  its  pro- 
visions that  is  given  him  to  enforce  the  provisions  of  the  act  by  which  he  receives 
his  appointment. 

Sec.  6.  The  moneys  paid  into  the  treasury  under 
Moneys  paid  under  act  to  constitute  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  constitute  a special 
a special  tuna.  funa  for  the  use  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture 


89 


in  enforcing  this  law,  and  may  be  drawn  out  upon  warrants  signed  by  the  Sec- 
retary of  Agriculture  and  approved  by  the  Auditor  General. 

„ . Sec.  7.  All  acts  or  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  with  this  act  are  hereby 

epea  * repealed,  but  the  repeal  of  said  acts  is  not  in  any  way  to  interfere  with  or 
prevent  the  prosecution  to  final  termination  of  any  actions,  civil  or  criminal,  now 
pending  for  violations  of  said  acts. 

RHODE  ISLAND. 

See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  080-683,  for — 

General  laws  of  1896,  chapter  146  (sections  1-5).— Concerning  butter  tubs  and 
oleomargarine. 

General  laws  of  1896,  chapter  147  (sections  1-13). — Concerning  milk,  milk  meas- 
ures, and  mhk  inspectors. 

Laws  of  1896,  chapter  333  (sections  1-3). — An  act  in  amendment  of  and  in  addi- 
tion to  chapter  147  of  the  general  laws,  entitled  ‘ ‘ Of  milk.  : ( Passed  May  13,  1896. ) 

Recently  enacted: 

Laws  of  1900,  Chapter  783. 

AN  ACT  in  amendment  of  and  in  addition  to  chapter  333  of  the  public  laws,  entitled  “An  act  in 

amendment  of  and  in  addition  to  chapter  147  of  the  general  laws,  entitled  ‘Of  milk,’  ” passed  at 

the  January  session,  1896.  (Passed  May  31,  1900.) 

Section  1.  Anv  inspector  of  milk  in  the  city  of 
Providence  inspectors  may  appoint  t'vo  Providence  nQw  in  oBiCe,  or  hereafter  elected 

under  authority  of  Chapter  147  of  tne  General 
Laws,  entitled  “Of  milky'  or  of  any  act  in  amendment  thereof  or  in  addition 
thereto,  may  appoint,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  mayor  and  aldermen  of  said 
city  of  Providence,  two  persons  as  collectors  of  samples,  each  of  whom  shall 
have  the  same  powers  and  be  subject  to  the  same  duties  and  liabilities  pro- 
vided by  law  relative  to  collectors  authorized  by  the  provisions  of  Chapter  333  of 
the  Public  Laws,  entitled  “An  act  in  amendment  of  and  in  addition  to  Chapter 
147  of  the  General  Laws,  entitled  ‘ Of  Milk,’”  passed  at  the  January  session,  A.  D. 
1896.  All  specimens  or  samples  taken  and  retained  by  any  such  collector  shall  be 
delivered  to  such  inspector,  who  shall  have  the  same  powers  and  duties  relative  to 
the  same  as  in  case  of  specimens  or  samples  taken  by  himself;  such  inspector  may 
at  any  time  dismiss  any  such  collector  and,  subject  to  the  approval  aforesaid, 
appoint  another  person  in  his  stead.  Each  su  h collector,  upon  appointment,  shall 
be  duly  engaged  to  the  faithful  discharge  of  his  duties  before  the  city  clerk  of  said 
city,  who  shall  keep  a record  thereof,  and  shall  receive  such  salary  as  the  mayor 
and  aldermen  of  said  city  shall  determine. 

Sec.  2.  All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  herewith  are  hereby  repealed,  and 
this  act  shall  take  effect  from  and  after  its  passage. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  683  and  684,  for - 

Acts  of  1896,  No.  96  (sections  1-14). — An  act  to  regulate  the  sale  of  milk,  butter , 
and  cheese,  and  to  prescribe  penalties  for  the  unlawful  sale  or  exposure  for  sale  of 
any  watered  or  adulterated  or  unwholesome  milk  and  imitations  or  adulterations 
of  butter  and  cheese.  (Approved  March  9,  1896.) 

SOUTH  DAKOTA. 

See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  684  and  685,  for — 

Compiled  Laws  of  Dakota,  1887,  Political  Code,  Article  5,  sections  2250  and 
2251.— Concerning  health  officers  and  butter  and  cheese. 

Laws  of  1897,  chapter  65  (sections  1-6). — An  act  to  amend  sections  2246,  2248, 
and  2249  of  the  Compiled  Laws  of  1887,  the  same  being  sections  1,  3,  and  4,  chap- 


90 


ter  64,  session  laws  of  1885.  relating  to  adulteration  of  food  and  drink.  (Approved 
March  3,  1897.) 

Recently  enacted: 


Laws  of  1899.  Chapter  89. 


AN  ACT  relating  to  the  manufacture,  sale,  compounding,  or  adulteration  of  lard,  or  any  com- 
pounds or  substitutes  thereof,  food,  jellies,  spices,  and  condiments,  baking  powders,  vinegars, 
honey,  candy,  and  other  articles  of  food,  to  prevent  fraud  and  to  preserve  the  public  health. 
(Approved  February. 28,  1899. ) 

* * * * * « * 


Adulterated  food  to  be  labeled.  Sec.  23.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person  or  persons 
to  offer  for  sale  to  the  residents  ot  this  State,  or  have 
in  their  possession  with  intent  to  sell,  sell,  or  cause  to  be  sold,  any  article  of  food 
whatsoever  that  is  adulterated,  unless  the  package  containing  the  same  bears  a 
label  upon  the  outside  and  face  of  said  package  on  which  is  distinctly  printed,  in 
the  English  language,  and  in  legible  type  not  smaller  than  double  pica,  the  name 
and  location  of  the  person,  firm  or  corporation  manufacturing  the  same,  the  word 
‘•adulterated,”  and  immediately  following  and  below  this  word  the  common 
English  name  of  the  article  of  food  which  the  box  or  package  contains. 

Fvirtencp  of  violation  Sec*  24‘  The  havinS  in  possession  by  any  firm,  person,  or  cor- 
' poration  any  article  or  substance  hereinbefore  described  and 
referred  to  as  adulterated  or  mixed  and  which  is  not  labeled  as  hereinbefore 
required  and  directed,  shall  be  considered  as  prima  facie  evidence  that  the  same 
is  kept  by  such  person,  firm,  or  corporation  in  direct  violation  of  the  provisions  of 
this  Act. 


t Sec.  25.  In  all  prosecutions  arising  under  this  Act,  the  certifi- 
jenus  s cer  i ca  e.  ca£e  Qf  chemist  making  the  analysis,  when  duly  sworn  to  by 
such  analyst,  shall  be  prima  facie  evidence  of  the  fact  or  facts  as  therein  certified. 


Adulterated  food  defined. 


Sec.  26.  Any  article  of  food  shall,  for  the  purpose  of  this 
Act  be  deemed  adulterated : 

1.  If  any  substance  or  substances  shall  have  been  mixed  with  an  article  of  food 
so  as  to  lower  or  depreciate  its  quality,  strength,  or  purity. 

2.  If  any  cheaper  or  inferior  substance  or  substances  have  been  substituted 
wholly  or  in  part  for  it. 

3.  If  any  valuable  or  necessary  constituent  or  ingredient  has  been  wholly  or  in 
part  abstracted  from  it. 

4.  IT  it  is  an  imitation  of,  or  sold  or  represented  for  sale  under  the  name  of,  any 
other  substance  or  article. 

5.  If  it  is  colored,  powdered,  or  treated  in  any  manner  whereby  damage  or 
inferiority  is  concealed.  , 

6.  If  it  contains  any  added  substance  or  ingredient  which  is  poisonous  or  inju- 
rious to  health. 


. Sec.  27.  In  all  prosecutions  under  the  various  sections  of  this  Act,  the 
iosecu  ions.  cog£  hereof  shall  be  paid  in  the  manner  now  provided  by  law,  and  it 
shall  be  the  duty  of  all  prosecuting  attorneys  to  represent  and  prosecute  in  behalf 
of  the  people,  within  their  respective  counties,  all  such  cases  of  oiiense  arising 
under  the  provisions  of  this  Act,  and  all  fines  imposed  shall  be  paid  into  the  State 
treasury:  Provided,  nothing  in  this  Act  shall  be  construed  to  affect  stocks  pur- 
chased, on  hand,  and  for  sale  prior  to  the  taking  effect  of  this  Act. 

. Sec.  28.  Any  person  violating  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  Act  shall  be 

ena  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  shall  be  punished 

by  a fine  of  not  less  than  twenty-five  (25)  dollars,  nor  more  than  fifty  (50)  dollars 
and  costs,  or  by  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  for  not  less  than  thirty  days  nor 
more  than  ninety  days. 

. Sec.  29.  All  Acts  and  parts  of  Acts  in  conflict  with  the  provisions  of  this 
epea  * Act  are  hereby  repealed. 


TENNESSEE. 

See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  686-688,  for — 

Acts  of  1879,  chapter  169  (sections  1-4). — An  act  to  prevent  fraud  in  the  sale  of 
butter  and  cheese.  (Approved  March  26,  1879.) 


91 


Acts  of  1895,  chapter  101  (sections  1-0). — An  act  to  provide  for  labeling,  stamp- 
ing. or  marking  oleomargarine,  butterine.  and  imitation  butter,  and  to  provide 
against  coloring  the  same,  and  fixing  the  punishment  f or  violation  of  this  act. 
(Approved  April  10,  1895.) 

Public  Acts  of  1897,  chapter  45  (sections  1-8). — An  act  to  prevent  the  adultera- 
tion and  misbranding  of  food  and  drink  and  the  deception  in  the  sale  of  the  same 
in  Tennessee,  and  to  fix  the  penalty  for  the  violation  of  this  act.  (Approved 
March  24,  1897.) 

TEXAS. 


Revised  Statutes  oe  Texas,  1895,  Title  21,  Chapter  2. 


Article  642  [566]  The  purposes  for  which  private  corporations  may  be  formed 
are — 


Sec.  52.  The  establishment  and  carrying  on  of  dairies  and  creamery  companies. 

* * * * * * x 


UTAH. 


[Chapter  63,  of  the  Laws  of  1894,  on  page  689,  of  the  Fourteenth  Annual  Report 
of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  was  repealed  by  section  19  of  chapter  60  of 
the  Laws  of  1896.J 

The  following  acts  are  now  in  force : 


Laws  of  1896,  Chapter  60. 

AN  ACT  to  prevent  deception  and  fraud  in  the  sale  of  dairy  products  and  to  regulate  the  sale 
and  manufacture  of  oleomargarine  and  similar  products  and  to  prohibit  the  sale  of  filled 
cheese  and  to  repeal  chapter  63  of  the  session  laws  of  1894,  Territory  of  Utah.  (Approved 
March  21,  1896. ) 

~ , ...  „ . Section  1.  Any  person  who  shall  sell  or  offer  for  sale 

Sale  or  delivery  of.impure  ,n,lk.  Qr  furnjsh  Qr  ^efiver>  or  have  jn  his  possession,  with 

intent  to  sell  or  offer  for  sale  or  furnish  or  deliver  to  any  creamery,  cheese  factory, 
corporation,  person  or  persons  whatsoever,  as  pure,  wholesome,  and  unskimmed, 
any  unmerchantable,  adulterated,  impure,  or  unwholesome  milk,  shall 
ena  J'  upon  conviction  thereof  be  punished  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  ten  nor 
more  than  one  hundred  dollars  for  each  and  every  offense. 

_ . ...  , „ , Sec.  2.  In  all  prosecutions  or  other  proceedings  under  this 

Impure,  etc,  milk  Helmed.  Qr  &ny  other  ]aw  of  thjg  state  relat;ng  to  the  sale  or  fur- 

nishing  of  milk,  if  it  shall  be  proven  that  the  milk  sold  or  offered  for  sale,  or  fur- 
nished or  delivered,  or  had  in  possession  with  intent  to  sell  or  offer  for  sale,  or  to 
furnish  or  deliver  as  aforesaid,  as  pure,  wholesome,  and  unskimmed,  has  been 
diluted  or  any  part  of  its  cream  abstracted,  or  that  it  or  any  part  of  it  was  drawn 
from  any  cow  within  twenty  days  before  or  five  days  after  parturition  or  from 
any  cow  that  has  any  disease  or  ulcer  or  other  running  sore,  then  and  in  either 
case  the  said  milk  shall  be  held,  deemed  and  adjudged  to  have  been  unmerchant- 
able and  adulterated,  impure,  or  unwholesome,  as  the  case  may  be. 

Sec.  3.  No  person,  by  himself  or  by  his  agents  or  servants, 
shall  sell,  exchange,  or  deliver,  or  have  in  his  custody  or  pos- 
session with  intent  to  sell,  exchange,  or  deliver  milk  from  which  the  cream  or 
any  part  thereof  lias  been  removed,  un’ess  in  a conspicuous  place  above  the  center 
upon,  the  outside  of  every  vessel,  can,  or  package,  from  or  in  which  such  milk  is 
sold,  the  words  ‘-Skimmed  milk'’  are  distinctly  marked  in  uncondensed  Grothic 
letters  not  less  than  one  inch  in  length,  said  skim  milk  to  con- 
tain not  less  than  nine  per  centum  of  milk  solids  exclusive  of 
fats.  Whoever  violates  the  provisions  of  this  section  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a 
misdemeanor,  and  shall  be  punished  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  ten  nor  more  than 
one  hundred  dollars  for  each  and  every  offense. 

„.  , „ , , „ . ,.  Sec.  4.  Proof  of  adulterations  and  skimming  may  be 

m* s o es  s or  a u era  10,K  ma(je  with  such  standard  tests  and  lactometers  as  are 
used  to  determine  the  quality  of  milk  or  by  chemical  analysis. 


Skim  milk  to  be  labeled. 


Skim  milk  standard. 


p , ,.  „ ....  Sec.  5.  Any  person  who  shall  sell  or  offer  for  sale,  consign, 

reserva  ives  or  i ( en.  Qr  kave  jn  his  possession  with  intent  to  sell  to  any  person  or 
persons,  any  milk,  cream,  butter,  cheese,  or  other  dairy  products,  or  who  shall 


92 


deliver  to  any  creamery  or  cheese  factory  milk  or  cream  to  be  manufactured 
into  butter  or  cheese,  to  which  boracic  acid,  or  salicylic  acid,  or  compounds  con- 
taining them,  or  other  antiseptics  injurious  to  health,  have  been  added,  shall  be 
guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  be  punished  by  a 
fine  of  not  less  than  ten  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars  for  each  and 


Penalty. 


every  offense. 


Filled  cheese  prohibited. 


Sec.  6.  No  person,  by  himself  or  by  his  agents  or  servants, 
shall  manufacture,  or  shall  buy,  sell,  or  offer  ship,  consign, 
expose,  or  have  in  his  possession  for  sale  any  cheese  manufactured  from  or  by  the 
use  of  skimmed  milk  to  which  there  has  been  added  any  fat  which  is  foreign  to 
such  milk. 

Size  Of  skim  milk  cheese  regulated  Sec*  7*  No  Person’  by  himself  or  by  his  agents  or 
Size  ot  Skim  n,,lk  cheese  regulated.  gervants  shall  manufacture,  or  shall  buy,  sell,  ship, 

consign,  expose,  or  have  in  his  possession  for  sale,  within  this  State  any  skimmed 
milk  cheese,  or  cheese  manufactured  from  milk  from  which  any  of  the  fats  origi- 
nally contained  therein  has  been  removed,  except  such  cheese  is  not  less  than  9 
nor  more  than  11  inches  in  diameter,  and  not  less  than  9 inches  in  height. 

, , ....  . Sec.  8.  No  person,  by  himself  or  by  his  agents  or 

Imitation  of  yellow  butter  prohibited.  , J c / 

J servants,  shall  render  or  manufacture,  sell,  ship, 

consign,  offer  for  sale,  expose  for  sale,  take  orders  for  the  future  delivery  of,  or 
have  in  his  possession  with  intent  to  sell,  any  article,  product,  or  compound  made 
wholly  or  partly  out  of  any  fat,  oil,  or  oleaginous  substance  or  compound  thereof, 
not  produced  from  unadulterated  milk  or  cream  from  the  same,  and  without  the 
admixture  or  addition  of  any  fat  foreign  to  said  milk  or  cream,  which  shall  be  an 
imitation  of  yellow  butter  produced  from  pure,  unadulterated  milk  or  cream  of 

TT  , . . . ....  the  same,  with  or  without  coloring  matter:  Pro- 

Fneoloml  ole.marganne  penmtfed.  Th’at  notJling  ln  this  act  shaf!  be  construed 

to  prohibit  the  manufacture  or  sale  of  olemargarine  in  a separate  and  distinct  form 
and  in  such  manner  as  will  advise  the  consumer  of  its  real  character  free  from 
coloration  or  ingredient  that  causes  it  to  look  like  butter,  and  free  from  any  word, 
brand,  or  marking,  either  upon  the  package  or  upon  any  wrapper  or  upon  the  con- 
tents of  the  same,  which  would  in  any  wise  tend  to  deceive  the  purchaser  or 
consumer. 

Sec.  9.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person  by 
himself  or  by  his  agent  to  sell  or  offer  for  sale 
to  any  person  who  asks,  sends,  or  inquires  for  butter,  any  oleomargarine,  butterine, 
or  any  substance  made  in  imitation  or  semblance  of  pure  butter  not  made  entirely 
from  the  milk  of  cows,  with  or  without  coloring  matter. 


Sales  of  substitutes  as  butter  forbidden. 


Oleomargarine,  etc.,  to  be  labeled. 


Sec.  10.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person  to 
expose  for  sale  oleomargarine,  butterine,  or  any 
similar  substance  not  marked  and  distinguished  on  the  outside  of  each  tub,  pack- 
age, or  parcel  thereof  by  a placard  with  the  word  “oleomargarine  ” and  not  having 
also  upon  the  exposed  contents  of  every  open  tub,  package,  or  parcel  thereof  a con- 
spicuous placard  with  the  word  “oleomargarine,”  such  placard  in  each  case  to  be 
printed  in  plain,  uncondensed  Gothic  letters  not  less  than  one  inch  long,  and  such 
placard  shall  not  contain  any  other  words  thereon. 

c.  . . • • Sec.  11.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  everv  person  who 

S,Sn»  where  oleom.rg.nne  ,«  sold.  sells  oleomargarine,  butterine.  or  any  similar  sub- 

stance,  from  any  dwelling,  store,  office,  or  public  mart,  to  have  conspicuously 
posted  thereon  the  placard  or  sign  in  letters  not  less  than  four  inches  in  length, 
“oleomargarine  sold  here”  or  "butterine  sold  here.”  Such  placards  shall  be 
approved  by  the  dairy  and  food  inspector  of  the  town  or  city,  or  if  none  by  the 
clerk  of  the  county,  city  recorder  or  town  clerk. 

Sec.  12.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person,  by  himself  or  by  his 
, igns  on  wagons.  agen{.g  sell,  solicit  orders  for  the  future  delivery  of,  or 

deliver  from  any  cart,  wagon,  or  other  vehicle,  oleomargarine,  butterine,  or  any 
similar  substance,  not  having  on  the  outside  of  both  sides  of  said  cart,  wagon,  or 
other  vehicle  the  placard  in  uncondensed  Gothic  letter,  not  less  than  three  inches 
in  length,  “oleomargarine.” 

Sec.  13.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person,  by  himself  or  by 
his  agents  or  servants,  to  furnish  or  cause  to  be  furnished,  in 
any  hotel,  boarding  house,  restaurant,  or  at  any  lunch  counter,  oleomargarine, 
butterine,  or  any  similar  substance  to  any  guest  or  patron  of  said  hotel,  boarding 
house,  restaurant,  or  lunch  counter,  without  first  notifying  each  guest  or  patron 
that  the  substance  so  furnished  is  not  butter. 


Guests  to  be  notified. 


93 


. Sec.  14.  Any  person  who  shall  vio’ate  any  of  the  provisions  of  sections  6, 

ena  y*  7,  8,  9,  10.  11,  12,  13.  of  this  act  shall  lie  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and 

upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be  punished  for  the  first  offense  by  a fine  of  not  less 
than  twenty-five  dollars;  and  upon  conviction  of  any  subsequent  offense  shall  be 
punished  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  fifty  dollars,  or  by  imprisonment  in  the  county 
jail  for  not  less  than  ten  days,  or  by  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment,  at  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  court. 

_ ...  . . Sec.  15.  No  butter  or  cheese  not  made 

Pure  butter  and  cheese  .n  State  institutions.  whol]y  and  directly  from  pQre  milk  or 

cream,  salt,  and  harmless  coloring  matter  shall  be  used  in  any  of  the  charitable  or 
. penal  institutions  of  the  State.  Any  person  or  persons  violating  any  of 
ena  y.  provisiong  of  this  section  of  this  act,  shall,  upon  conviction  thereof, 
be  fined  not  less  than  twenty-five  or  more  than  fifty  dollars  for  the  first  offense, 
or  for  each  subsequent  offense  not  less  than  fifty  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dol- 
lars, or  be  imprisoned  in  the  county  jail  not  less  than  ten  nor  more  than  sixty 
days  or  by  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment. 


Warrant  for  unlawful  imitations. 


Sec.  16.  When  complaint  shall  be  made  on  oath  to 
any  magistrate  authorized  to  issue  warrants  in  crimi- 
nal cases,  that  imitation  butter  or  imitation  cheese  or  any  sul  stance  designed  or 
intended  to  be  used  as  a substitute  for  butter  or  cheese,  is  in  the  possession  or 
under  the  control  of  any  person  or  persons  contrary  to  the  provisions  of  law  of 
this  State,  and  that  the  complainant  believes  that  it  is  concealed  m any  particular 
warehouse,  store,  or  refrigerator  for  mercantile  purposes,  the  magistrate,  if  he  be 
satisfied  that  there  is  cause  for  such  belief  , shall  issue  a warrant  for  such  property. 


Search  warrants  described. 


Sec.  17.  All  such  warrants  shall  be  directed  to  the  sheriff 
of  the  county  or  his  deputy  or  to  any  constable  of  the 
county,  commanding  such  officer  to  search  the  house,  building,  store,  or  other 
place  where  imitation  butter  or  imitation  cheese  or  any  substance  designed  or 
intended  to  be  used  as  imitation  butter  or  cheese  for  which  he  is  required  to  search 
is  believed  to  be  concealed,  which  place  and  property  to  be  searched  for  shall  be 
designated  and  described  in  the  warrant,  and  to  bring  such  property  when  found 
and  the  person  or  persons  in  whose  possession  the  same  shall  be  found  before  the 
magistrate  who  issued  the  warrant  or  before  some  other  magistrate  or  court  hav- 
ing cognizance  of  the  case. 


Disposition  of  articles  seized. 


Sec.  18.  When  any  officer  in  the  execution  of  a search 
warrant  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  find  any 
imitation  butter  or  cheese,  or  any  substance  designed  or  intended  to  be  used  as  an 
imitation  for  butter  or  cheese  and  for  which  a search  is  allowed  by  this  act,  all  the 
property  so  seized  shall  be  safely  kept  by  the  direction  of  the  court  or  magistrate, 
so  long  as  shall  be  necessary  for  the  purpose  of  being  produced  as  evidence  on  any 
trial:  Provided , That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  officer  who  serves  a search  war- 
. , , . rant  issued  for  imitation  butter  and  imitation  cheese  or  any 

na  yses  o e ma<  e.  suq)stance  designed  or  intended  to  be  used  as  imitation  butter 
or  cheese  and  alleged  to  be  in  his  possession  or  under  the  control  of  any  person  or 
persons  contrary  to  law,  to  deliver  to  any  person  authorized  in  writing  to  receive 
the  same,  a true  and  perfect  sample  of  each  article  seized  by  virtue  of  such  war- 
rant, for  the  purpose  of  having  the  same  analyzed:  such  analysis  to  be  made  by  a 
chemist  of  any  State  institution  and  the  result  of  such  analysis  or  test  shall  be 
recorded  and  preserved  as  evidence,  and  the  expense  of  such  analysis  or  test,  not 
exceeding  twenty  dollars  in  any  one  case  may  be  included  in  the  cost  of  such 
„ prosecution.  If  any  sample  be  found  to  be  imitation  butter  or  imita- 

on  sea  ion.  ^Qn  cheese)  or  substance  designed  or  intended  to  be  used  as  an 
imitation  for  butter  or  cheese,  and  that  the  same,  at  the  time  of  such  seizure,  was 
in  the  possession  or  under  the  control  of  any  person  or  persons  contrary  to  any  of 
the  provisions  or  requirements  of  this  act,  then  and  in  such  case  the  property  so 
seized  shall  be  confiscated  under  the  direction  of  the  court  or  magistrate:  other- 
wise the  said  property  shall  be  forthwith  returned  to  the  person  or  persons  from 
whom  it  was  taken. 


Repeal. 


Sec.  19.  Chapter  63  of  the  Session  Laws  of  1894,  of  the  Legislative 
Assembly  of  the  Territory  of  Utah  is  hereby  repealed. 

Laws  of  1897,  Chapter  54. 

AN  ACT  Providing  for  a State  Dairy  and  Food  Commissioner,  and  Defining  the  Duties  thereof. 

(Approved  March  11th,  1897.) 


Dairy  and  food  commissioner. 


Section  1.  The  office  of  Dairy  and  Food  Commissioner 
for  the  State  of  Utah  is  hereby  created.  Such  commis- 


94 


sioner  shall  be  appointed  by  the  G-overnor  (by  and  with  the  consent  of  the  Senate) 
and  his  term  of  office  shall  be  for  two  years  from  the  date  of  his  appointment: 
Provided , That  the  term  of  office  of  the  commissioner  first  appointed  under  this 
act  shall  expire  on  the  first  Monday  in  March,  1899,  and  vacancies  occurring  in 
the  office  for  any  cause  shall  be  filled  by  appointment  for  the  balance  of  the  unex- 
SaHrv  Piped  term.  The  salary  of  the  commissioner  shall  be  $600  per  annum, 
‘ *v‘  together  with  his  necessary  and  actual  expens  s incurred  in  the  discharge 
of  his  official  duty:  which  shall  be  paid  in  the  same  manner  as  to  other  State 
officers:  Provided , That  said  expenses  shall  not  exceed  $300  m any  one  year,  and 
a statement  of  these  expenses  with  the  proper  vouchers  attached  shall  be  filed 
with  the  State  auditor  on  or  before  December  31st  of  each  year. 


His  duties  ^ec.  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  commissioner  and  he  is  hereby  invested 
18  u 1 with  the  powers  to  enforce  all  laws  that  now  exist  or  that  may  hereafter 
be  enacted  in  this  State,  regarding  the  production,  manufacture,  or  sale  of  dairy 
products  or  the  adulteration  of  any  article  of  food  or  drink  or  of  any  drug,  and 
personally  (or  by  his  deputy)  to  inspect  any  article  of  milk,  butter,  chee  e,  meat, 
vegetable,  lard,  syrup,  cotfee,  or  tea,  or  any  other  article  of  food  or  drink  made  or 
offered  for  sale  within  this  State,  which  he  may  suspect  or  have  reason  to  believe 
to  be  impure,  unhealthy,  adulterated,  or  counterfeit  and  to  prosecute  or  cause  to 
be  prosecuted  any  person  or  persons,  firm  or  firms,  corporation  or  corporations 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  or  sale  of  any  unwholesome  adulterated  or  counterfeit 
article  or  articles  ot  food  or  drink,  or  drug  contrary  to  tne  laws  of  the  State. 


„ ,.  . . Sec.  3.  Said  commissioner  shall  have  power  m the  perform- 

ance  of  his  official  duties  to  enter  into  any  creamery,  factory, 
store,  salesroom,  or  other  xdace  or  budding  where  he  has  reason  to  believe  that  any 
food  or  drink  or  drug  is  made,  prepared,  sold,  or  offered  for  sale,  and  to  open  any 
cask,  tub,  package,  or  receptacle  of  any  kind  containing  or  supposed  to  contain, 
any  such  article,  and  to  examine  or  cause  to  be  examined  and  analy,  ed  the  contents 
thereof;  and  the  commissioner  may  seize  or  take  any  article  of  food  or  drink  or 
drug  for  analysis,  but  if  the  person  from  whom  such  sample  is  taken  shad  request 
him  to  do  so  he  shall  at  the  same  time,  and  in  the  presence  of  the  person  from 
r , . . whom  such  property  is  taken  securely  seal  up  two  samples  of  the 

up  i<a  e samp  es.  ar^cje  seized  or  taken,  the  one  of  which  shall  be  for  examination 
or  analysis  under  ilie  direction  of  the  commissioner,  and  the  other  of  which  shall 
be  delivered  to  the  person  from  whom  the  articles  were  taken.  Any  person  who 
......  ( shall  obstruct  the  commissioner  by  refusing  to  allow  him  en- 

eiia  j oi  m ranee.  France  any  piace  which  he  desires  to  enter  in  the  discharge 
of  his  official  duty,  or  who  refuses  to  deliver  to  him  a sample  of  any  article  of  food 
or  drink  or  drug  made,  sold,  offered  or  exposed  for  sale  by  such  person,  when  the 
same  is  requested  and  when  the  value  thereof  is  tendered,  shall  be  deemed  guilty 
of  a misdemeanor  punishable  by  a fine  of  not  exceeding  twenty-five  dollars  for  the 
first  offense  and  not  exceeding  five  hundred  dollars  or  less  than  fifty  dollars  for 
each  subsequent  offense. 


...  . . . Sec.  4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  county  attorney  in  any 

oun  y a orney  o assis  . coun£y  the  State,  when  called  upon  by  the  commissioner, 
to  render  any  legal  assistance  in  his  power  to  execute  the  laws,  and  to  prosecute 
cases  arising  under  the  provisions  of  this  act;  and  all  fines  and  assessments  col- 
lected in  any  prosecution  begun  or  caused  to  be  begun  by  said  commissioner  shall 
be  paid  into  the  State  treasury. 


Sec.  5.  Said  commissioner  shall  make  a biennial  report  to  the  Gov- 
lenma  repor  s.  ernor  whjch  shall  contain  an  itemized  account  of  all  expenses 
incurred  and  fine-;  collected,  with  such  statistics  and  other  inlormation  as  he  may 
regard  of  value;  and  with  the  consent  of  the  Governor  not  exceeding  one  thousand 
copies  thereof,  may  be  published  annually  as  other  official  reports  are  published. 


in  effect.  Sec.  6.  This  act  shall  take  effect  upon  approval. 


VERMONT. 


See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  689-691,  for- — 

Vermont  Statutes,  1894,  sections  4300,  4327-1340,  4975,  and  4976. — Concerning 
milk,  butter,  cheese,  and  imitations. 


95 


Recently  enacted : 1 


Laws  of  1898,  No.  81. 


AN  ACT  for  the  protection  of  dairymen,  relating  to  testing  milk  and  cream. 

November  19. 1898.1 


(Approved 


Test  bottles,  etc.,  to  be  accurate. 


Section  1.  All  bottles,  pipettes,  or  other  measuring 
glasses  used  by  any  person,  firm,  or  corporation,  or 
their  agents  or  employees,  at  any  creamery,  butter  factory,  cheese  factory,  or  con- 
densed milk  factory,  or  elsewhere  in  this  State,  in  determining  by  the  Babcock  test, 
or  by  any  other  test,  the  value  of  milk  or  cream  received  from  different  persons  or 
parties  at  such  creameries  or  factories,  shall,  before  such  use,  be  tested  for  accuracy 
, , , . . . of  measurement  and  for  accuracy  of  the  per 

cent  scale  marked  thereon.  It  shall  be  the  duty 
of  the  superintendent  of  the  dairy  school  of  the  University  of  Vermont  and  State 
Agricultural  College  to  designate  some  competent  person  to  test  the  accuracy 
of  such  bottles,  pipettes  or  other  measuring  glasses.  The  person  thus  designated 
shall  so  mark  such  bottles,  pipettes  or  other  measuring  glasses  as  are  found  cor- 
rect in  marks  or  characters  which  can  not  be  erased,  which  marks  or  characters 
shall  stand  as  proof  that  they  have  been  so  tested;  and  no  incorrect  bottles, 
pipettes,  or  other  glasses  shall  be  thus  marked.  The  superintendent  of  the  dairy 
school  shall  receive  for  such  service  the  actual  cost  incurred  and  no  more,  the  same 
to  be  paid  by  the  persons  or  corporations  for  whom  it  is  done. 

. x Sec.  2.  Each  and  every  person  who,  either 

Persons  making  ‘»r  P“>™nts  for  himself  or  in  the  employ  of  any  other  per- 

to  Hold  certincates.  son>  flrm>  Qr  corporatioI1(  manipulates  the 

Babcock  test,  or  any  other  test,  whether  mechanical  or  chemical,  for  the  purpose 
of  measuring  the  contents  of  butter  fat  in  milk  or  cream  as  a basis  for  apportion- 
ing the  value  of  such  milk  or  cream,  or  the  butter  or  cheese  made  from  the  same, 
shall  secure  a certificate  from  the  superintendent  of  the  dairy  school  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Vermont  and  State  Agricultural  College  that  he  or  she  is  competent  and 
well  qualified  to  perform  such  work.  The  rules  and  regulations  in  the  applica- 
tion for  such  certificate  and  in  the  granting  of  the  same  shall  be  such  as  the  super- 
intendent of  the  school  may  arrange.  The  fee  for  issuing  such  certificate  shall  in 
no  case  exceed  one  dollar,  the  same  to  be  paid  by  the  applicant  to  the  superintend- 
ent of  the  dairy  school  and  to  be  used  by  the  superintendent  in  meeting  the 
expenses  incurred  under  this  section. 


Complaints  and  penalties. 


Sec.  3.  Any  person  or  persons  violating  any  of  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act,  shall,  on  conviction  in  a court  of  compe- 
tent jurisdiction  be  fined  not  more  than  twenty-five  dollars  for  the  first  offense, 
and  not  more  than  fifty  dollars  for  each  subsequent  offense.  It  shall  be  the  duty 
of  every  sheriff,  deputy  sheriff,  and  constable  to  institute  complaint  against  any 
person  or  persons  violating  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and,  on  conviction, 
one-half  of  the  fines  shall  go  to  the  complainant  and  the  balance  to  the  State. 


Laws  of  1898,  No.  82. 


Creamery  patrons  to  liave  monthly  state-  ...  „f  a creamery  in  this  State,  whether  CO 


AN  ACT  in  relation  to  creameries  and  cheese  factories  and  the  management  of  the  same 

(Approved  November  29,  1898.) 

Section  1.  Every  owner,  operator,  or  mana- 
ger 

operative  or  proprietary,  shall  monthly  make 
and  deliver  to  each  of  the  patrons  of  said  creamery  a statement  of  the  number  of 
pounds  of  milk  or  cream  such  patron  delivers  for  that  month,  together  with  the 
test,  pounds  of  butter  fat,  gain  per  cent  from  the  churn,  and  actual  pounds  of 
butter  produced  from  said  milk,  and  the  price  paid  for  the  same  shall  be  computed 
on  the  actual  pounds  of  butter. 


Milk  sold  to  be  reduced  to  butter. 


Sec.  2.  Any  owner,  operator,  or  manager  of  any 
creamery,  whether  cooperative  or  proprietary,  who 
sells  or  otherwise  disposes  of  any  of  the  milk  received  at  such  creamery,  shall 
weigh  and  carefully  sample  the  same,  and  shall  test  such  samples,  for  the  purpose 
of  ascertaining  the  number  of  pounds  of  butter  fat  in  such  milk  sold,  or  otherwise 


1 An  act  approved  November  23,  1900,  received  too  late  to  be  printed  in  this  bulletin,  repeals 
sections  4334-4340  of  chapter  183.  Vermont  Statutes;  provides  that  imitations  of  and  substitutes 
for  butter  or  cheese  shall  be  plainly  labeled;  and  prohibits  the  use  of  such  words  as  “ dairy  ” in 
marking  butter  imitations.  The  State’s  attorney  is  given  special  powers  for  enforcing. 


96 


disposed  of,  and  the  gain  per  cent  which  is  found  to  be  the  gain  from  the  churn 
for  that  month  shall  be  the  one  used  in  ascertaining  the  actual  number  of  pounds 
of  butter  produced  from  such  milk  as  is  sold  or  otherwise  disposed  of. 

„ . . , , ...  Sec.  3.  The  owner,  operator,  or  manager  of 

Ue*“ fMtory  patr0m^ts  y state'  «ny  cheese  factory  in  the  State,  whether  co- 

operative  or  proprietary,  shall  make  and  de- 
liver to  each  of  the  patrons  of  such  factory  a statement  representing  the  number 
of  pounds  of  milk  he  delivers  for  each  month,  together  with  the  test  and  actual 
number  of  pounds  of  cheese  produced  by  such  milk  for  said  month.  And  the  price 
paid  for  the  same  shall  be  computed  on  actual  number  of  pounds  of  cheese. 

...  . „ ..  . , A _ Sec.  4.  Every  owner,  operator,  or  manager 

Monthly  statement ^ofop«ratn>iis  to  be  posted  of  a creamery  in  this  State,  whether  co- 

operative  or  proprietary,  shall  make  a state- 
ment each  month  of  the  total  number  of  pounds  of  milk  received  for  that  month, 
together  with  the  gain  per  cent  from  the  churn,  and  actual  number  of  pounds  of 
butter  produced  from  said  milk  and  cream. 

Sec.  5.  The  statement  mentioned  in  the  preceding  section  shall  be  posted  in  a 
conspicuous  place  in  said  creameries. 

Penalty  ^EC‘  mana&er  or  proprietor  of  any  creamery  or  cheese  factory  in 

the  State  who  after  request  by  any  person  refuses,  or  neglects  for  the 
space  of  ten  days,  to  comply  with  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  forfeit 
to  said  i^erson  ten  dollars  for  each  refusal  or  neglect,  to  be  recovered  by  an  action 
founded  on  this  statute. 

In  effect.  Sec.  7.  This  act  shall  take  effect  January  1, 1899. 

Laws  of  1898,  No.  J15. 

AN  ACT  relating  to  public  health.  (Approved  October  26,  1898.) 

, , . , ,.  ...  „ ...  , Section  1.  The  State  Board  of  Health  is 

State  laboratory  for  examination  of  milk,  etc.  ,,  . . -.1.1 

J ’ authorized  to  establish  and  equip  with  the 

proper  and  necessary  apparatus,  utensils,  and  instruments  a State  Bacteriological 
Laboratory,  for  the  chemical  and  bacteriological  examination  of  water  supplies, 
milk,  and  all  food  products,  and  the  examination  of  cases  and  suspected  cases  of 
diphtheria,  typhoid  fever,  tuberculosis,  malaria,  and  other  infectious  and  conta- 
gious diseases. 

Sec.  2.  The  State  Board  of  Health  shall  appoint  a director  of 
such  Laboratory,  who  shall  hold  his  office  for  two  }Tears  from 
the  first  day  of  December,  1898;  and  biennially  thereafter  said  Board  of  Health 
shall  appoint  a director  of  such  Laboratory  for  a similar  term.  He  shall  keep  a 
record  of  all  specimens  sent  to  him  for  examination  by  residents  of  the  State,  and 
examine  these  specimens  without  unnecessary  delay.  He  shall  biennially  before 
the  first  day  of  January  make  a full  report  to  the  State  Board  of  Health  of  all  mat- 
ters pertaining  to  the  Laboratory,  and  shall  make  such  other  and  special  reports 
as  the  State  Board  of  Health  may  ask  for.  His  salary  and  that  of  his  assistant 
shall  be  fixed  by  the  State  Board  of  Health. 

Sec.  3.  The  use  of  the  Laboratory  and  all  investigations  therein  made  shall  be 
free  to  the  people  of  this  State. 


Director  smd  his  duties. 


Appropriation. 


Sec.  4.  The  sum  of  Five  Thousand  Dollars  is  hereby  appropriated 
for  the  purpose  of  procuring  the  proper'and  necessary  apparatus, 
utensils  and  instruments  for  the  equipment  of  such  laboratory;  and  the  sum  of 
Eight  Thousand  Dollars  per  year  is  hereby  appropriated  to  pay  the  salaries,  pro- 
cure the  necessary  supplies,  and  to  meet  the  other  necessary  expenses  of  said  lab- 
oratory, which  su  ns  shall  be  e ipended  under  the  supervision  of  the  State  Board 
of  Health.  Tne  total  annual  expense  of  maintain. ng  said  laboratory  shall  not 
exceed  the  sum  of  Eight  Thousand  Dollars. 

in  effect.  Sec.  5.  This  act  shall  take  effect  from  its  passage. 


VIRGINIA. 


See  Fourteenth  Animal  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  691-693,  for — 

Code  of  1887,  title  25,  chapter  84,  sections  1871  and  1899-1901. — Concerning  butter 
brands,  creameries,  sale  of  imitation  butter  and  cheese. 


97 


Acts  of  1891-92,  chapter  526  (sections  1-7). — An  act  to  prevent  the  adulteration 
of  butter  and  cheese  and  the  sale  of  the  same,  and  preserve  the  public  health. 
(Approved  March  1,  1892.) 

Acts  of  1897-98,  chapter  146  (sections  1-4). — An  act  to  prevent  deception  in  the 
manufacture  and  sale  of  imitation  butter.  (Approved  January  29,  1898.) 

Recently  enacted : 


Acts  of  Assembly,  Virginia,  1899-1900,  page  694,  Chapter  655. 


AN  ACT  to  prevent  the  sale  of  adulterated  and  misbranded  food  in  the  State  of  Virginia. 
(Approved  February  27,  1900.) 


Board  of  Agriculture  to  examine  foods. 


Section  1.  That  for  the  purpose  of  protecting 
the  people  of  the  State  from  imposition  by  the 
adulteration  and  misbranding  of  articles  of  food,  the  board  of  agriculture  shall 
cause  to  be  procured  from  time  to  time,  and  under  the  rules  and  regulations  to  be 
prescribed  by  them,  in  accordance  with  section  nine  of  this  act.  samples  of  food, 
beverages,  and  condiments  offered  for  sale  in  the  State,  and  shall  cause  the  same 
to  be  analyzed  or  examined  microscopically  or  otherwise  by  the  chemists  or  other 
experts  of  the  department  of  agriculture.  The  board  of  agri- 
culture is  hereby  authorized  to  make  such  publications  of  the 
results  of  the  examinations,  analyses,  and  so  forth,  as  they  may  deem  proper. 


Publication  of  results. 


Adulterated  or  misbranded  food  prohibited. 


Sec.  2.  That  no  person,  by  himself,  or  agent, 
shall  knowingly  manufacture,  sell,  expose  for 
sale,  or  have  in  his  possession  with  intent  to  se.l,  any  article  of  food  which  is  adul- 
terated or  misbranded  within  the  meaning  of  this  act;  and  any  person  who  shall 
violate  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  for 
Pemit  - such  offenses  shall  be  fined  not  exceeding  two  hundred  dollars  for  the  first 
e,,a  J*  offense,  and  for  each  subsequent  offense  not  exceeding  three  hundred  dol- 
lars, or  be  confined  in  jail  not  exceeding  one  year,  or  both,  and  such  fines,  less 
legal  costs  and  charges,  shall  be  paid  into  the  treasury  of  the  State. 

Sec.  3.  That  the  chemists  or  other  experts  of  the  depart- 
C AgrkultLeToaSst^  ° ment  of  agriculture  shall  make,  under  rules  an  d regulations 
prescribed  by  the  board  of  agriculture,  examinations  of 
specimens  of  food,  beverages,  and  condiments  offered  for  sale  in  Virginia  which 
may  be  collected  from  time  to  time  under  their  directions  in  various  parts  of  the 
State.  If  it  shall  appear  from  such  examination  that  any  of  the  provisions  of  this 
act  have  been  violated,  the  commissioner  of  agriculture  shall  at  once  certify  the 
facts  to  the  commonwealth's  attorney  for  the  city  or  county  in  which  the  offense 
shall  have  been  committed,  and  furnish  thac  officer  with  a copy  of  the  result  of  the 
analysis  duly  authenticated  by  the  analyst  under  oath. 

... , ,,  , , Sec.  4.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  every  com- 

t attorneys  to  prosecute.  monwealth.s  attorney  to  whom  the  commissioner 

of  agriculture  shall  report  any  violation  of  this  act,  to  cause  proceedings  to  be 
commenced  and  prosecuted  without  delay  for  the  fines  and  penalties  in  such  cases 
provided. 


Food”  and  “ misbranded,”  defined. 


Adulteration  defined. 


Sec.  5.  That  the  term  “food,”  as  used  herein, 
shall  include  all  articles  of  food— candy,  condi- 
ment, or  drink,  by  man  or  domestic  animals,  whether  simple,  mixt  d or  compound. 
The  term  “misbranded,”  as  herein  used,  shall  include  all  articles  of  food  or 
articles  which  enter  into  the  composition  of  food,  the  package  or  label  of  which 
shall  bear  any  statement  purporting  to  name  any  ingredients  or  substances  as 
being  contained  or  not  being  contained  in  such  article,  which  statement  shall  be 
alse  in  any  particular. 

Sec.  6.  That  for  the  purpose  of  this  act  any  article  of  food  shall 
be  deemed  adulterated— First.  R‘  any  substance  or  substances 
has  or  have  been  mixed  or  packed  with  it,  so  as  to  reduce  or  lower  or  injuriously 
affect  its  qua  ity  or  strength  so  that  such  product,  when  offered  for  sale,  shad 
deceive  or  tend  to  deceive  the  purchaser.  Second.  If  any  inferior  substance  or 
substances  has  or  have  been  substituted  wholly  or  in  part  for  the  article  so  that 
the  product  when  sold  shall  deceive  or  tend  to  deceive  the  purchaser.  Third.  If 
any  valuable  constituent  has  been  wholly  or  in  part  abstracted,  so  that  the  prod- 
uct when  sold  shall  deceive  or  tend  to  deceive  the  purchaser.  Fourth.  If  it  be 
an  imitation  of  and  sold  under  the  specific  name  of  another  article.  Fifth.  If  it 
be  mixed,  colored,  powdered,  coatod,  polished,  or  stained  in  a manner  whereby 

10034— No.  26—00 7 


98 


damage  or  inferiority  is  concealed,  so  that  such  product  when  so'd  shall  deceive 
or  tend  to  deceive  the  purchaser.  Sixth.  If  it  contain  any  added  poisonous  ingre- 
dient, or  any  ingredient  which  may  render  such  article  injurious  to  the  health  of 
the  person  consuming  it.  Seventh.  If  it  be  labeled  or  branded  so  as  to  deceive  or 
mislead  the  purchaser,  or  purport  to  be  a foreign  product  when  branded  so.  or  an 
imitation  either  in  package  or  label  of  an  established  proprietary  product,  which 
has  been  trade  marked  or  patented.  Eighth  If  it  consists  of  the  whole  or  any 
part  of  a diseased,  filthy,  decomposed,  or  putrid  animal  or  vegetab  e substance, 
or  any  portion  of  an  animal  unfit  for  food,  whether  manufactured  or  not,  or  if  it 
is  the  product  of  a diseased  animal  or  of  an  animal  that  has  died  otherwise  than 
F t'  ns  by  slaughter.  * * * Provided,  That  an  artic  e of  food,  beverage, 
jXCep  ,ons*  or  condiment  which  does  not  contain  any  added  poisonous  ingred  ent 
shall  not  be  deemed  to  be  adulterated  in  the  following  cases:  First.  In  the  case  of 
articles,  mixtures,  or  compounds  which  may  be  now.  or  from  time  to  time  here- 
after, known  as  articles  of  lood.  beverages  or  condiments  under  their  own  dis- 
tinctive names  and  not  included  in  definition  fourth  of  this  section.  Second.  In 
the  case  of  articles  labeled,  branded,  or  tagged  so  as  to  plainly  indicate  that  they 
are  mixtures,  compounds,  combinations,  imitations,  or  blends.  Third.  When  any 
matter  or  ingredient  has  been  added  to  the  food,  beverage,  or  condiment  because 
the  same  is  required  for  the  production  or  preparation  thereof  as  an  article  of  com- 
merce in  a state  fit  for  carriage  or  consumption  and  not  fraudulently  to  increase 
the  bulk,  weight,  or  measure  of  the  food,  beverage,  or  condiment  or  conceal  the 
inferior  qua  ity  thereof:  Provided , That  the  same  shall  be  labeled  branded,  or 
tagged  as  prescribed  by  the  board  of  agriculture,  so  as  to  show  them  to  be  com- 
pounds and  the  exact  character  thereof : * * * Fourth.  Where  the  food,  bev- 
erage. or  condiment  is  unavoidably  mixed  with  some  harmless  extraneous  matter 
in  the  process  of  collection  or  preparation:  Provided  further.  That  no  person  shall 
be  convicted  under  the  prov  sions  of  this  act  when  he  is  able  to  prove  a written 
guaranty  of  purity  in  a form  approved  by  the  board  of  agriculture  as  published 
in  their  rules  and  regulations .#signed  by  the  wholesale  jobber,  manufacturer,  or 
other  party  from  whom  he  purchased  said  article. 


„ . , . , . . . , . Sec.  7.  That  the  board  of  agriculture  is  hereby 

Compound,  etc.,  products  to  be  branded.  ,,  • , , ® , 

authorized  to  cause  all  compound,  mixed,  or 

blended  products  to  be  properly  branded,  and  prescribe  how  this  shall  be  done. 


Sec.  8.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  board  of  agricul- 
ture to  prepare  and  publish  from  time  to  time  lists  of  the 
articles,  mixtures  or  compounds  declared  to  be  exempt  from  the  provisions  of  this 
act  in  accordance  with  section  six.  The  board  of  agriculture  shall  also  from  time 
to  time  fix  and  publish  the  limits  of  variability  permissible  in  any  article 
of  food,  beverage,  or  condiment,  and  these  standards,  when  so  published, 
shall  remain  the  standards  before  all  courts:  Provided,-  That  when  standards  have 
or  may  he  fixed  by  the  secretary  of  agriculture  of  the  United  States  they  shall  be 
accepted  by  the  board  of  agriculture,  and  published  as  the  standards  for  Virginia. 


Information  to  be  published. 


Standards. 


„ , . Sec.  9.  That  every  person  who  exposes  for  sale  or  delivers  to  a 

, amp  es  or  ana  ysis.  purchaser  any  condiment,  beverage,  or  article  of  food  shall 
furnish,  within  business  hours,  and  upon  tender  and  full  payment  of  the  selling 
price,  a sample  of  su  h condiments,  beverages,  or  articles  of  food  to  any  person 
duly  authorized  by  the  board  of  agriculture  to  secure  the  same,  and  who  shall 
apply  to  such  manufacturer  or  vender  or  person  delivering  to  a purchaser  such 
beverage  or  article  of  food,  for  such  sample  for  such  use  in  sufficient  quantity  for 
the  analysis  of  such  article  or  articles  in  his  possession. 

. . Sec.  10.  That  any  manufacturer  or  dealer  who  refuses  to  comply 

tin  iance,  e c.  Up0n  f]emanci  with  the  requirements  of  section  nine  of  this  act,  or 
any  manufacturer,  dealer,  or  person  who  shall  impede,  obstruct,  hinder,  or  other- 
wise prevent  or  attempt  to  prevent  any  chemist,  inspector,  or  other  person  in  the 
performance  of  his  duty  in  connection  with  this  act  shall  be  guilty  of  a misde- 
p meanor,  and  shall,  upon  conviction,  be  fined  not  less  than  ten  dollars  nor 

ei,a  J*  more  than  one  hundred  dollars,  or  be  imprisoned  not  more  than  one  hun- 
dred days,  or  both,  and  said  fine  less  legal  cost  shall  be  paid  into  the  treasury  of 
the  State. 


Xo  interference  with  commerce, 
of  the  United  States. 


Sec.  11.  That  this  act  shall  not  be  construed  to  inter- 
fere with  commerce,  or  an}^  interstate  commerce  laws 


„ . 4 Sec.  12.  All  acts  or  parts  of  acts  in  conflict  with  this  act  are,  to  that  extent, 

KepMl-  hereby  repealed. 

i «vw.+  Sec.  13.  This  act  shall  take  effect  on  and  from  the  first  day  of  July, 

ill  6IT6CT*  • i i -i 

nineteen  hundred. 


99 


WASHINGTON. 

[Chapter  45,  session  of  1895  (sections  1-25),  on  pages  693-696  of  the  Fourteenth 
Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  appears  to  be  superseded  and 
repealed  by  the  first  act  below.] 

Recently  enacted : 


Laws  of  1899,  Chapter  43. 

AN  ACT  regulating  the  manufacture  of  dairy  products,  to  prevent  deception  or  fraud  in  the 
sale  of  the  same  or  imitation  thereof,  providing  for  the  appointment  of  a dairy  commissioner 
and  defining  his  duties,  creating  a State  hoard  of  dairy  commissioners  and  defining  their 
duties,  imposing  certain  duties  upon  the  chemists  of  State  institutions,  providing  penalties  for 
violations  of  this  law,  making  an  appropriation.  (Approved  March  7,  1899.) 


, , j Section  1.  It  sha'l  be  unlawful  for  any  person  to 

Unmerchanteble^adultewtcd,  etc.,  sell  or  offer  for  sale,  or  furnish  or  deliver  to  any 

creamery,  cheese  factory,  corporation,  person  or 
persons  whatsoever,  as  pure,  wholesome,  and  unskimmed,  any  unmerchantable, 
adulterated,  skimmed,  impure,  or  unwholesome  milk. 


Sec.  2.  In  all  prosecutions  or  other  proceedings  under  this  or  any  other  law  of 
this  State,  relating  to  the  sale  or  furnish'ng  of  milk,  if  it  shall  be  proven  that  the 
milk  sold  or  offered  for  sale,  or  furnished  or  delivered  or  had  in  possession  with 
intent  to  sell  or  offer  for  sale,  or  to  furnish  or  deliver,  as  aforesaid,  as  pure,  whole- 
...  some,  or  unskimmed  milk,  contain  less  than  three  per  centum  of  pure 
. i s an  a . k^er  fat,  or  less  than  e ght  per  centum  of  milk  solids  other  than 
fat.  when  subject  to  chemical  analysis  or  other  satisfactory  tests,  or  that  it,  or 
any  part  of  it,  was  drawn  from  cows  known  by  the  person  complained  of  to  have 
been  within  fifteen  days  be  oie  or  four  days  after  parturition,  or  to  have  any  dis- 
ease or  ulcers,  or  other  running  sores,  then  and  in  either  case  the  said  milk  shall 
be  held  and  judged  to  be  unmerchantable,  adulterated, 
1) eflning^impure^^etc . , milk  jmpure,  or  unwholesome,  as  the  case  may  be,  and  if  it 
shall  appear  that  cows  kept  for  the  production  of  milk  or 
cream,  for  market  or  for  sale  or  exchange,  or  for  manufacturing  their  milk  into 
articles  of  food,  are  kept  in  a crowded  or  unhealthy  condition,  or  are  being  fed  on 
distillery  waste  or  other  substauce  m a state  of  putrefaction  or  rottenn  ss.  or  upon 
any  substance  of  an  unhealthful  nature,  the  milk  or  cream  from  same  is  hereby 
declared  impure  and  unwholesome.  Any  milk  or  cream  from  the  same  that  has 
been  exposed  to  or  contaminated  by  emanations,  discharges,  or  e.vhalations  from 
persons  or  animals,  or  to  which  has  been  added  any  borax,  boracic 
leserva  ives.  sa,  ioylic  acid,  or  any  other  poisonous  substance  which  pre- 

vents or  tends  to  prevent  the  normal  bacterial  actions  of  milk,  is  hereby  declared 
to  be  impure  and  unwholesome. 


Sec.  3.  The  Washington  State  dairy  commissioner  is  hereby  au- 
Ma  e c ieese  >ram  . ^orize^  an(j  directed  to  procure  and  issue  to  the  cheese  manu- 
facturers of  the  State,  and  under  any  regulations  as  to  the  custody  and  use  thereof 
as  he  may  prescribe,  a uniform  stencil  brand  bearing  a suitable  device  or  motto 
and  the  words  ‘ ‘Washington  State  Full  Cream  Cheese.  ” Every  brand  issued  shall 
be  used  on  the  outside  of  the  cheese,  and  sha'l  have  a different  number  for  each 
separate  manufactory,  and  the  commissioner  shall  keep  a book  in  which  shall  be 
registered  the  name,  location,  and  number  of  each  manufactory  using  the  said 
brand,  and  the  name  or  names  of  the  persons  at  each  manufactory  authorized  to 
use  the  same.  It  shall  be  unlawful  to  use  or  permit  such  stencil  brand  to  be  used 
upon  any  other  than  full-cream  cheese  or  packages  containing  the  same,  and  such 
die  se  tandard  c^eese  only  as  shall  contain  thirty  per  centum  of  pure  butter  fat 
ieese  s an  ar  anc[  have  been  manufactured  from  pure  and  wholesome  mTt, 
from  which  no  portion  of  the  butter  fat  shall  ha  e been  removed  by  skimming  - r 
by  other  process,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  which  neither  butter  nor  any  sub- 
stance for  butter,  or  any  animal  or  vegetable  fats  or  oils,  have  been  used,  or  any 
fat  which  has  been  extracted  from  milk  in  any  form  and  returned  for  the  purpose 

Skimmed  cheese  to  be  marked.  ?f  cbee8e-  sha'1  be  stamped  with  the  “ State 

brand.  All  cheese  containing  less  than  thirty  per 
centum  of  pure  butter  fat  shall  be  marked  “skimmed cheese”  in  full-face  capital 
letters  not  less  than  one  inch  high,  with  such  ink  as  is  not  easily  removed  by 

moisture.  The  manufacture  or  sale  of  anv  cheese 

F,ll«d  cheese  proh'bjted,  fane,  cheese  contalning  less  than  flfteen  per  centum  of  pure 

butter  fat,  or  so-cailed  “filled  cheese,"  is  hereby 
prohibited  Provided,  That  nothing  in  this  section  shall  be  construed  to  apply  to 


100 


Cheese  from  out  of  state. 


Edam,  Brickstein.  Pineapple.  Limburger,  Swiss,  or  hand-made  cheese,  or  any 
other  fancy  cheese:  Provided  further , That  cheese  not 
made  in  this  State,  but  which  shall  be  sold  or  offered  for 
sale  in  this  State,  shall  be  so  stamped  as  to  indicate  its  true  character:  And  pro- 
vided further,  That  no  cheese  shall  be  stamped  “full  cream'  which  does  notin 
every  particular  comply  with  the  requirements  of  “Washington  full  cream” 
cheese,  as  hereinbefore  set  forth,  except  as  to  place  of  manufacture. 


Annual  reports  from  dairy  concerns. 


Sec.  4.  The  dairy  commissioner  shall  furnish 


blanks  to  all  proprietors  or  managers  of  cream- 
eries, cheese  factories,  or  milk  dairies  that  ship  milk  and  all  the  vendors  and 
peddlers  of  milk  within  the  State,  i or  the  purpose  of  making  a report  of  the  amount 
of  milk  and  dairy  goods  hand  ed,  and  all  owners  or  managers  of  such  creameries 
and  cheese  factor.es,  and  all  milk  dairies,  milk  vendors,  or  milk  peddlers  shall  fill 
out  the  blank,  giving  a full  and  accurate  re  ort  of  the  business  done  during  the 
year,  and  send  it  to  the  dairy  commissioner  before  the  first  day  of  November  of 
„ „ , , each  year;  every  person  or  corporation  who  shall  engage 

Capacity  of  can.,  to  be  allow,,.  in  thlf  business  purchasing  or  dealing  in  milk  shall 

attach  in  a permanent  manner  to  each  can  furnished  by  him  or  it  to  the  producer 
a tag  containing  in  plain  figures  a correct  statement  of  the  capacity  thereof.  Any 
F-  iso  t*  t m nt  negle(ff  or  failure  or  false  statement  on  the  part  of  any  proprietor 
a se  s a eraen  . or  manager  of  such  creamery,  cheese  factory,  dairy,  or  milk  vendor 
or  milk  peddler,  shall  be  considered  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof 
shall  be  punished  by  a fine  as  provided  in  section  13:  Provided , That  any  infor- 
mation thus  furnished  shall  be  published  only  in  such  form  as  to  show  totals  and 
averages,  and  not  the  details  of  the  business  of  any  individual  or  concern. 


Imitation  butter  prohibited. 


Sec.  5.  No  person,  by  himself,  his  agents,  or  his  servants. 


shall  render  or  manufacture,  sell,  offer  for  sale,  expose 
for  sale,  or  have  in  his  possession  with  intent  to  sell  or  serve  for  patrons,  guests, 
boarders,  or  inmates  of  any  hotel,  eating  house,  restaurant,  pub  ic  conveyance,  or 
boarding  house  or  public  or  private  hospital,  asylum,  school,  or  eleemosynary  or 
penal  institution,  any  article,  product,  or  compound  made  wholly  or  partly  out  of 
any  fat,  oil,  or  oleaginous  substance  or  compound  thereof,  not  produced  directly 
and  wholly  at  the  time  of  manufacture  from  unadulterated  milk  or  the  cream 
from  the  same,  with  or  without  harmless  coloring  matter,  which  shall  be  in  imi- 
tation of  yeilow  butter  produced  from  pure,  unadulterated  milkor  the  cream  from 
. ...  . the  same:  Provided , That  nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  con- 

Oleomargarine  „erm,tte,l.  stnJed  tQ  prohibit  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  oleomarga- 

rine  in  a separate  and  distinct  form,  and  in  such  manner  as  will  advise  the  con- 
sumer of  its  real  character,  free  from  coloration  or  ingredient  that  causes  it  to 
resemble  butter,  or  the  use  of  the  same  by  patrons,  guests,  boarders,  or  inmates  of 
any  hotel,  eating  house,  restaurant,  public  conveyance,  or  boarding  house,  when 
signs  are  displayed  in  a conspicuous  place  that  may  be  easily  read  from  any  part 
of  the  room. 

T ..  ..  . . ....  . Sec.  6.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person  to  sell  or 

mi  a ion  c eese  pro  n iet.  0ffer  for  sa]e  or  exchange,  or  have  in  his  possession  for 

sale,  any  cheese  containing  any  substance  except  salt,  rennet,  and  harmless  color- 
ing matter,  other  than  that  produced  from  pure  milk  or  cream,  or  both,  or  from 
pure  skimmed  or  pure  half-skimmed  milk. 


Dairy  commissioner. 


Sec.  7.  There  shall  be  appointed  by  the  governor,  by  and  with 
the  consent  and  advice  of  the  senate,  one  competent  person  who 
shall  be  denominated  the  dairy  commissioner,  whose  term  of  office  shall  continue 
four  years  from  and  after  the  first  Monday  in  April  after  his  appointment,  subject 
to  removal  for  cause  by  the  governor,  or  until  his  successor  be  appointed  and 
qualified. 


Bond  required. 


Sec.  8.  Before  entering  upon  his  duties  said  dairy  commissioner 
shall  file  with  the  secretary  of  State  a good  and  sufficient  bond  in  the 
sum  of  five  thousand  dollars  ($5,000)  conditioned  for  the  faithful  discharge  of  his 
duties  under  this  act. 

T.  ..  , . ...  Sec.  9.  Said  dairy  commissioner  may  appoint  one  or  more 

pu  ies  o e appom  e . ^epU^jes  whenever  he  is  unable  to  perform  all  the  duties  of 
his  office  without  assistance.  They  shall  hold  office  at  the  pleasure  of  the  dairy 
commissioner  who  may  summarily  remove  any  such  deputy  whenever  in  his  judg- 
ment the  public  service  calls  for  such  removal:  Provided , No  deputy  shall  be 
employed  at  the  cost  of  the  State  for  more  than  thirty  days  in  any  one  year:  Pro- 
vided, That  not  more  than  six  deputies  be  appointed. 


10  L 


„ x . . . Sec.  10.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  dairy  commissioner  to 

Duty  o dairy  commissioner.  ^evote  hjs  entire  time  and  attention  to  the  dairy  interests 
of  the  State  of  W;  shington,  to  enforce  all  laws  that  now  exist  or  that  may  be 
hereafter  enacted  in  this  State  regarding  the  production,  manufacture,  or  sale  of 
dairy  produce,  and  personally  to  inspect  any  articles  of  milk,  butter,  cheese,  or 
imitations  thereof,  made  or  offered  for  sale  within  the  State,  which  he  may  sus- 
pect or  have  reason  to  believe  to  be  impure,  unhealthful,  adulterated,  or  counter- 
feit; and  to  prosecute  or  cause  to  be  prosecuted  any  person  or  persons,  firm  or 
firms,  corporation  or  corporations  engaged  m the  manufacture  or  sale  of  any 
adulterated  or  counterfeit  dairy  products  contrary  to  law. 


Duty  of  chemists  in  State  institutions. 


Sec.  11.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  chemist  of 
any  State  institution  to  correctly  analyze,  with- 
out extra  compensation,  and  without  other  charge  to  the  State  than  necessary 
traveling  expenses,  any  and  all  substances  that  the  dairy  commissioner  may  send 
to  any  of  them  and  to  report  to  him  without  unnecessary  delay  the  result  of  any 
analysis  so  made,  and  when  called  upon  by  said  dairy  commissioner  any  such 
chemist  shall  assist  him  in  prosecuting  violators  of  the  law,  by  giving  testimony, 
either  expert  or  otherwise. 


Powers  of  dairy  commissioner  or  deputies. 


Sec.  12.  The  dairy  commissioner  or  his  depu- 
ties shall  have  power,  in  the  performance  of 
their  official  duties,  to  enter  any  creamery,  cheese  or  condensed  milk  factory, 
store,  salesroom,  warehouse,  or  any  place  or  building  where  he  has  reason  to 
believe  that  any  dairy  products  or  imitations  of  dairy  products  are  kept,  made, 
prepared,  sold,  or  offered  for  sale  or  exchange:  and  to  open  any  cask,  tub,  package, 
or  receptacle  of  any  kind,  containing  or  supposed  to  contain  any  such  article,  and 
to  examine,  or  cause  to  be  examined  and  analyzed,  the  contends  thereof;  he  may 
seize  or  take  any  such  article  for  analysis:  Provided,  That  if  the  person  from 
whom  such  sample  is  taken  shall  request  him  to  do  so,  he  shall  at  the  same  time 
and  in  the  presence  of  the  person  from  whom  such  property  was  taken,  seal  up  two 
samp'es  of  the  article  seized  or  taken,  one  of  which  shall  be  for  examination  or 
analysis  under  the  direction  of  said  commissioner,  and  the  other  of  which  shall 
be  delivered  to  the  person  from  whom  the  article  is  taken. 


„ ,,  . Sec.  13.  Any  person  who  shall  violate  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act, 

e,ia  J*  or  who  shall  obstruct  the  dairy  commissioner  in  the  performance  of  his 
duties  under  this  act  by  refusing  him  entrance  to  any  place  enumerate a in  the 
preceding  section,  or  by  refusing  to  deliver  to  him  any  dairy  products  or  imita- 
tions thereof  upon  demand,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon 
conviction  thereof  shall  be  punished  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  twenty-f  ve  do  lars 
($25),  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars  ($10J),  or  by  imprisonment  for  not  less 
than  one  monih  or  more  than  six  (6)  months,  or  by  both  such  fine  and  imprison- 
ment. 


„ . , Sec.  14.  The  dairy  commissioner  shall  receive  an  annual 

sa'ary  of  twelve  hundred  dollars  ($1,200)  and  his  neces- 
sary expenses  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties  under  this 
act:  Provided , That  such  expenses  shall  not  exceed  one  thousand  dollars  ($1,000). 

Le«-al  assistan  Sec.  ^ s^a^  the  duty  of  the  attorney  general  or  the  prose- 
ega  assis  ance.  cu^ng  attorney  in  any  county  of  the  State,  when  called  upon  by 
the  dairy  commissioner,  to  render  any  legal  assistance  in  their  power  to  execute 
the  laws  and  to  prosecut  > cases  arising  under  the  provisions  of  this  act:  Provided, 
That  the  dairy  commissioner  may  employ  special  counsel  when  necessary. 


...  ],.<«•  Sec.  16.  The  secretary  of  State,  the  professor  of  agriculture  of 

a e >oar<  ex-o  cio.  the  agricultural  college  and  the  dairy  commissioner  are  hereby 
created  a State  board  of  dairy  commissioners  ex-officio. 


Sec.  17.  The  State  board  of  dairy  commissioners  shall  receive  no  compensation 
,,  , for  their  services  as  such  board,  but  shall  be  allowed  neces- 

r raveling  expenses  allowed.  sary  traveling  expenses.  All  accounts  for  expenditure 

incurred  or  made  pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  approved  and 
certified  by  said  State  board  of  dairy  commissioners  before  presentation  to  the 
state  auditor. 


R.  . . , Sec.  18.  The  State  board  of  dairy  commissioners  shall  biennially, 

i nni  repor  . on  December  first,  report  to  the  governor  of  this  State  a full 
account  of  their  actions  under  this  act:  also  the  operations  and  results  of  this  and 
any  other  laws  pertaining  to  the  dairy  industry  of  the  State;  a full  account  of  all 
expenses  and  disbursements  of  the  board:  as  full  and  complete  statistics  as  it  is  in 


102 


their  power  to  collect  pertaining  to  the  manufacture,  imports  and  exports  of  dairy 
products  within  the  State  for  the  biennial  term;  a id  shall  make  suggestions  as  to 
the  need  of  further  legislation  on  this  subject. 

Expenses  Sec-  19'  Ali  exPenses  incurred  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be 
audited  by  the  State  auditor  upon  bills  being  presented,  properly  certi- 
fied by  the  board  of  dairy  commissioners'  and  the  said  auditor  shall,  from  time  to 
time,  draw  warrants  upon  the  State  treasurer  for  the  amounts  thus  audited. 


Appropriation, 
ning  April  1 


Sec.  20.  To  carry  out  the  provisions  of  th  s act,  there  is  hereby 
appropriated  out  of  the  general  mud  of  the  State  for  the  term  begin- 
1899,  six  thousand  dollars  ($5,000). 


Disposition  of  tines. 


Cream  standard. 


Sec.  21.  One-half  of  all  fines  collected  under  the  provisions  of 
this  act  shall  be  pa  d to  the  State  treasurer  and  placed  to  the 
credit  of  the  general  fund  and  the  remainder  to  be  paid  lorthwith  into  the  treasury 
of  the  county  in  which  the  conviction  is  obtained 

Assistance  from  railroads,  etc.  ^c.  22.  All  clerks,  bookkeepers  express  agents,  rail- 
road  officia.s,  employes,  or  employes  of  common  car- 
riers shall  render  to  the  dairy  commissioner  and  his  deputies  all  the  assistance  in 
their  power  in  t acing,  finding,  or  discovering  the  presence  of  any  article  named 
in  this  act.  Any  refusal  or  neglect  on  the  part  of  such  clerks,  bookkeepers, 
express  agents,  railroad  officials,  employes,  or  employes  of  common  carriers  to 
render  such  friendly  aid.  shall  be  a misdemeanor,  pun  shable  by  fine  of  not  less 
p U . than  twenty-live  ($25)  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars  ($100),  or  by 
en‘l  J*  imprisonment  for  not  less  than  one  month  or  more  than  six  months,  or 
by  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment  for  each  and  every  offense. 

Sec.  23.  No  person  shall  sell  or  offer  for  sale  any  cream  taken  from 
impure  or  diseased  milk,  or  any  cream  that  contains  less  than  eight- 
een per  centum  of  pure  butler  fat.  Any  person  violating  the  provisions  of  this 
p lt . section  shall  l e deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor  and  upon  conviction 
<M,A  J*  thereof  shall  be  punished  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  twenty-five  doll;  rs 
($25)  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars  ($100),  or  by  imprisonment  for  not  b ss 
than  one  (1)  month  nor  more  than  six  (G)  months,  or  by  both  such  fine  and  impris- 
onment. 

License  to  peddle  milk.  S.®°-  34-  who  conveys  milk  in  carriages,  carts,  or 

other  vemcle  for  the  purpose  ot  selling  the  same  m any  c.ty 
or  town  in  the  State  of  Washington,  shall  annually  on  the  first  day  of  June,  or 
within  thirty  (30)  days  thereafter,  procure  from  the  St  ate  dairy  commissioner  a 
license  to  sell  milk  within  the  limits  of  said  city  or  town,  and  sha.l  pay  to  the  said 
dairy  commissioner  the  sum  of  one  dollar  ($1 ) for  each  carriage,  cart,  or  other  veh  - 
cle  to  be  used  as  provided  for  in  section  29.  Licenses  shall  be  issued  only  in  the 
names  of  the  owners  of  carriages,  carts,  and  other  veh.c  es  and  shall,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  this  act,  be  conclusive  evidence  of  ownership.  No  license  shall  be  sold, 
assigned,  or  transferred;  each  license  shall  contain  the  name,  residence,  place  Ol 
business,  number  of  carriages,  carts,  or  other  vehicles  used,  and  the  number  of  the 
v . . , ,.  r license.  Each  lit  ensee  shall,  before  engaging  in  the  sale  of 

e nc  es  o ear  signs.  niiik(  cause  his  name,  the  number  of  the  license,  and  his  place 
of  business  to  be  legibly  placed  on  e ich  outer  s de  of  all  carriages,  carts,  or  other 
vehicles  used  by  him  in  the  conveyance  or  sale  of  milk.  Whoever,  without  being 
first  licensed  under  the  provisions  of  this  section,  sells  milk  or  exposes  it  for  sale 
from  carriages,  carts,  or  other  vehicles,  or  has  the  same  in  his  custody  or  posses- 
sion with  intent  to  sell,  shall  be  deemed  gufity  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  con- 
, viction  thereof  shall  be  punished  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  twenty-five 
ena  y*  dollars  ($25)  for  each  offense,  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars  ($100), 
or  by  imprisonment  for  not  less  than  one  month  or  more  than  six  months  or  by 
both  such  fine  and  imprisonment:  Provided , That  nothing  in  this  section  shall 
apply  to  persons  handling  or  using  the  milk  from  not  more  than  two  cows. 


Milk  license  for  stores,  etc. 


Sec.  25.  Every  person  before  selling  mil  c or  offering  it 
for  sale  in  a store,  booth,  stand,  or  market  place  in  any 
town  or  city,  shall  procure  a license  from  the  State  dairy  commissioner  and  shall 
pay  to  said  commissioner  the  sum  of  one  dollar  ($1)  yearly,  within  thirty  days 
after  June  1.  Any  person  who  neg  ects  to  procure  such  license  shall  be  deemed 
i»  . it . guilty  of  a misdemeanor  amt  uoon  conviction  shall  be  punished  for  each 
e,,a  }*  offense  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  twenty  five  do  lars  ($15)  nor  more  than 
one  hundred  dollars  ($100)  for  each  and  every  offense  or  by  imprisonment  for  not 


103 


Penalty. 


less  than  one  month  or  more  than  six  months  or  by  both  such  fine  and  imprison- 
ment. 

x . Sec.  26.  No  person  shall  sell  or  expose  for  sale  in  any  store 

Skimmed  ...,1k  to  Ik'  marked.  Qr  p,ace  Qf  bflsjness  or  jn  any  wag‘on  or  c,  her  vehi(.fe  used 

in  the  transportation  or  sale  of  milk  from  which  cream  has  been  removed  or  milk 
commonly  called  “ skimmed  milk  ” without  first  marking  the  can  or  package  con- 
taining said  milk  with  the  words  “ skimmed  milk”  in  large  plain  biack  letters, 
each  letter  being  at  least  one  inch  high  and  one-half  inch  wide,  sai  l words  to  be 
on  the  side  not  below  the  middle  of  said  can  or  package,  where  they  can  be  easily 
seen.  Any  person  violating  the  provisions  of  this  section  shall  be  deemed  guilty 
of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  shall  be  punished  by  a fine  of  not 
less  than  twenty-five  dollars  ($25)  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars 
($100)  for  each  and  every  offense,  or  by  imprisonment  for  not  less  than  one  month 
or  more  than  six  months  or  by  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment. 

,,  . , , . . Sec.  27.  That  all  moneys  received  for  licenses  or 

)Io„C,5  received  ky  frQm  the  9ale  o(  aDy  an(j-aIi  goods  confiscated  by  the 

dairy  commissioner  under  this  act  shall  be  received  by  said  commissioner  and 
deposited  the  first  of  every  month  with  the  State  treasurer,  to  be  placed  in  the 
general  fund. 

. Sec.  28.  Possession  by  any  person  or  firm  of  an  article  or  substance  the 

V1  enoe*  sale  of  which  is  prohibited  by  this  act  shah  be  considered  prima  facie 
evidence  that  the  same  is  kept  by  such  person  or  firm  in  violation  of  the  provisions 
of  this  act.  and  the  commissioner  shall  be  authorized  to  seize  upon  and  take 
possession  of  such  articles  or  substances,  and  upon  the  order  of  any  court  which 
has  jurisdiction  thereof,  he  shall  sell  the  same  for  any  purpose  other  than  to  be 
used  for  food,  the  proceeds  to  be  paid  to  the  State  treasurer  and  placed  to  the 
credit  of  the  general  fund. 


State  brand  for  creamery  butter. 


Sec.  29.  The  State  dairy  commissioner  is  hereby 
authori  ed  and  d rected  to  procure  and  issue  to  the 
manufacturers  of  creameiy  butter  of  the  State  and  under  such  regulations  as  to 
the  custody  and  use  thereof  as  he  may  prescribe  a uniform  brand  bearing  a suit- 
able device  or  motto,  a id  the  words  “Washington  Creamery  Butter.’’  Every 
brand  issued  shall  be  used  on  the  wrapper  of  each  package  and  also  on  the  outside 
of  everjT  package  used  by  h.m.  and  shall  contain  a different  number  for  each  sep- 
arate manufactory,  and  the  commissioner  shall  keep  a book  in  which  shall  be  reg- 
istered the  name,  location,  and  number  of  each  manufacturer  using  the  said  brand. 
It  shall  be  unlawful  to  use  or  permit  such  brand  to  be  used  upon  any  other  than 
Washington  creamery  butter  or  packages  containing  the  same.  Any  person  vio- 
lating the  provisions  of  this  section  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misde- 


Penalty. 


meanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be  fined  for  each  offense  not 


less  than  twenty-five  dollars  ($25)  nor  more  than  one  hundred dollars  ($100)  or  by 
imprisonment  for  not  less  than  one  month  or  more  than  six  months,  or  by  both 
such  fine  and  imprisonment. 

Sec.  30.  No  person,  firm,  or  corporation  shall  manufacture,  sell,  or  offer  for  sale 
„ . . or  have  in  h.s  possession  with  intent  to  sell 

butter  known  as  process  butter,  unless  the 
package  in  which  the  butter  is  sold  has  marked  on  the  side  of  it  the  words  “ reno- 
vated butter”  in  capital  letters  one  inch  high  and  one-half  inch  wide  with  ink 
which  is  not  easily  rem  ved:  Provided,  That  it  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  retailer 
, ..  . „ to  sell  said  butter  and  un  ess  a card  is  displayed  on  the 

i.p  . j n p-  ag  . package  from  which  he  is  selling  butter  with  the following- 
words  printed  thereon  so  that  it  may  be  easily  read  by  the  purchaser  “ renovated 
butter,”  or  if  it  is  sold  in  packages  on  which  a wrapper  is  used  the  words  **  reno- 
... . . vated  butter”  shall  be  plainly  printed  on  each  and  every  wrapper: 
rapper  mar  e< . provided  further,  That  all  process  butter  shipped  from  other 
states  shall  be  subject  to  the  same  regulations  as  provided  in  this  section.  Who- 
ever violates  the  provisions  of  this  section  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misde- 
meanor, and  upon  conviction  shall  be  fined  for  each  and  every  offense  not  less 
than  twenty-five  dollars  ($25)  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars  ($190) 


Penalty. 


or  by  imprisonment  for  not  less  than  one  month  or  more  than  six  months. 


or  by  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment. 


Repeal. 


Sec.  31.  All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  in  conflict  with  the  provisions  of  this 
act  are  hereby  repealed. 


in  effect.  Sec.  32.  An  emergency  exists,  and  this  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 


104 


Laws  of  1899,  Chapter  113. 


AN  ACT  to  provide  against  the  adulteration  of  food.  (Approved  March  13,  1899.) 


Adulterated  food  prohibited. 


Food  defined. 


Section  1.  No  person  shall,  within  this  State,  manufac- 
ture for  sale,  offer  for  sale,  or  sell  any  article  of  food 
which  is  adulterated  within  the  meaning  of  this  act. 

Sec.  2.  The  term  ‘'food,”  as  used  herein  shall  include  all  articles 
used  for  food  or  drink  by  man,  whether  simple,  mixed,  or  compound. 

....  + , , « , Sec.  3.  Any  article  shall  be  deemed  to  be  adulterated  within 

the  meaning  of  this  act:  In  the  case  of  food — (1)  If  any  sub- 
stance or  substances  have  been  mixed  with  it,  so  as  to  lower  or  depreciate,  or 
injuriously  affect  its  quality,  strength,  or  purity.  (2)  If  any  inferior  or  cheaper 
substance  or  substances  have  been  substituted  wholly  or  in  part  for  it.  (3)  If 
any  valuable  or  necessary  constituent  or  ingredient  has  been  wholly  or  in  part 
abstracted  from  it.  (4)  If  it  is  an  imitation  of,  or  is  sold  under  the  name  of, 
another  article.  (5)  If  it  consists  wholly  or  in  part,  of  a diseased,  decomposed, 
putrid,  infected,  tainted,  or  rotten  animal,  or  vegetable  or  fruit  substance  or  arti- 
cle, whether  manufactured  or  not;  or  in  the  case  of  milk,  if  it  is  the  produce  of  a 
diseased  animal.  (6)  If  it  is  colored,  coated,  polished,  or  powdered,  whereby 
damage  or  inferiority  is  concealed,  or  if  by  any  means  it  is  made  to  appear  better 
or  of  greater  value  than  it  really  is.  (7)  If  it  contains  any  added  substance  or 
ingredient  which  is  poisonous  or  injurious  to  health:  Provided , That  the  provi- 
sions of  this  act  shall  not  apply  to  mixtures  or  compounds  recognized  as  ordinary 
articles  or  ingredients  of  articles  of  food,  if  each  and  every  package  sold  or  offered 
for  sale  be  distinctly  labeled  as  mixtures  or  compounds,  with  the  name  and  per 
cent  of  each  ingredient  therein  and  are  not  injurious  to  health. 

w Sec.  4.  Every  person  manufacturing,  exposing,  or  offering  for 

1 5 sale,  or  delivering  to  a purchaser,  any  article  of  food  included 

in  the  provisions  of  this  act,  shall  furnish  to  any  person  interested  or  demanding 
the  same,  who  shall  apply  to  him  for  the  purpose,  and  shall  tender  him  the  value 
of  the  same,  a sample  sufficient  for  the  analysis  of  any  such  article  of  food  which 
is  in  his  possession. 

Sec.  5.  Whoever  refuses  to  comply,  upon  demand  with  any  of  the  re- 
quirements of  section  4,  and  whoever  violates  any  of  the  provisions  of 
this  act,  shall  be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  shall  be  fined  not 
exceeding  one  hundred  nor  less  than  fifty  dollars,  or  imprisoned  not  exceeding 
ninety  or  less  than  thirty  days,  or  both;  any  person  found  guilty  of  manufactur- 
ing, offering  for  sale,  or  selling  any  adulterated  articles  of  food  under  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act,  shall  be  adjudged  to  pay,  in  addition  to  the  penalties  herein 
provided  for,  all  necessary  costs  and  expenses  incurred  in  inspecting  and  analyz- 
ing such  adulterated  articles  of  which  said  person  may  have  been  found  guilty  of 
_.  ...  „ ...  manufacturing,  selling,  or  offering  for  sale:  Provided,  That 

isposi  ion  o pena  ics.  penaities  and  costs  for  the  violation  of  the  provisions  of 
this  act  shall  be  paid  to  the  State  dairy  and  food  commission,  or  their  agent,  and 
by  them  paid  into  the  State  treasury,  to  be  paid  as  a fund  separate  and  apart  for 
the  use  of  the  State  dairy  and  food  commissioner  for  the  enforcement  of  this  act, 
and  called  “pure  food  fund.” 


Penalties. 


Sec.  6.  The  State  dairy  commissioner  shall  be 

Dairy  and  food  coninnssioner;  additional  dajry  and  food  commissioner,  and  shall 

receive,  in  addition  to  his  salary  as  dairy  com- 
missioner, $300  per  year,  as  extra  compensation  for  enforcing  the  provisions  of 
this  act,  and  his  necessary  expense,  out  of  the  pure  food  fund  in  ihe  discharge  of 
his  duties  under  this  act. 

. Sec.  7.  There  shall  be  appropriated  for  salary  of  State  dairy  and  food 

Appropriation.  commissjoner  for  two  years  ending  April  1st,  1901,  and  $1,000 
out  of  the  food  commission  fund  for  expenses  of  said  commissioner. 


Chemists  in  State  institutions  to  assist. 


Sec.  8.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  chemist  of  any 
State  institution  to  correctly  analyze,  without 
extra  compensation,  and  without  extra  charge  to  the  State  other  than  necessary 
expenses,  any  and  all  substances  that  the  dairy  [and]  food  commissioner  may  send 
to  them,  and  to  report  to  him  without  run|necessary  delay,  the  result  of  any 
analysis  so  made,  and  when  called  upon  by  said  commissioner,  any  such  chemist 
shall  assist  him  in  prosecuting  violations  of  the  law  by  giving  testimony,  either 
expert  or  otherwise. 


105 


f _ Sec.  9.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  attorney  general,  or  the  prose- 

assis  ance.  cu^ng  attorney  in  any  county  in  the  State,  when  called  upon  by 
the  dairy  commissioner  to  render  any  legal  assistance  in  their  power  to  execute 
the  laws  and  to  prosecute  cases  arising  under  the  provisions  of  this  act:  Provided, 
That  the  dairy  commissioner  may  employ  special  counsel  if  necessary. 


. . .....  , „ , . . Sec.  10.  The  State  board  of  dairy  commission- 

Mate  board  of  da.r,  and  food  comm.aa.on,  ^ exoffici^  shall  be  ..  theState  {.oard  of  dairy 

and  food  commission.”  All  expenses  incurred  under  the  provisions  of  this  act 
shall  be  paid  out  of  the  “pure  food  fund,”  and  shall  be  audited  by  the  State  audi- 
tor upon  bills  being  presented,  properly  certified  by  the  board  of  dairy  and  food 
commission,  and  the  State  auditor  shall  from  time  to  time  draw  warrants  upon 
the  State  treasurer  for  the  amounts  thus  audited. 

This  act  shall  take  effect  April  1 , 1899. 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 


See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
page  697,  for — 

Code  of  1891,  chapter  150,  sections  20  and  20a. — Concerning  adulterated  food  and 
imitation  butter  and  cheese. 

Acts  of  1891,  chapter  8 (sections  1-3).  — An  act  in  relation  to  manufacture  and 
sale  of  oleomargarine,  artificial  or  adulterated  butter.  (Approved  February  16, 
1891.)  ' 

WISCONSIN.1 * * 


[The  laws  of  Wisconsin  were  published  on  pages  697-703  of  the  Fourteenth  Annual 
Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  but  have  since  been  issued  in  differ- 
ent form,  as  below.] 

„ . . . , +1.  [Section  1410,  Statutes  of  1898.]  The  dairy  and  food 

I»a„7  fommiss.oner;  tan.,,  etc.  couLimissioner  shall  be  appointed  by  the  governor,  by 

and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate,  for  a term  of  two  years  from  the 
date  of  his  appointment  and  until  his  successor  qualifies.  Vacancies  occurring 
from  any  cause  shall  be  filled  for  the  remainder  of  the  term  by  the  governor,  with 
the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate  if  it  shall  be  in  session,  or  if  it  is  not  in  session, 
subject  to  approval  at  the  session  next  held  after  such  appointment  is  made,  if  the 
. ....  . , . . , . term  for  which  it  was  made  has  not  expired. 

’ ’ 6 ’ Such  commissioner  may,  with  the  advice  and  con- 

sent of  the  governor,  appoint  an  assistant  , who  shall  be  an  expert  in  dairy  products, 
and  a chemist  who  shall  be  a practical  analytical  chemist;  he  may  also,  with  such 
advice  and  consent,  appoint  an  agent  for  the  inspection  of  milk  dairies,  factories, 
and  creameries,  and  to  assist  in  the  work  of  the  dairy  and  food  commission  at  such 
times  and  for  such  periods  of  time  as  may  be  required  in  the  enforcement  of  the 
dairy  and  food  laws.  The  compensation  of  such  agent  shall  be  three  dollars  per 
day  for  each  day  of  actual  service,  and  his  expenses,  to  be  audited  by  the  secretary 
of  State  on  the  presentation  of  accounts  approved  by  the  dairy  and  food  commis- 
sioner. Said  commissioner  may  also  appoint  a stenographer  and  confidential  clerk. 
The  commissioner  shall  be  furnished  with  a suitable  office  in  the  capitol,  and  with 
such  supplies  and  printing  as  may  be  necessary.  He  shall  as  soon  as  practicable 
Re  ort  a^er  fhe  thirtieth  day  of  September  in  each  even-numbered  year  make  a 
ep01  * report  to  the  governor  and  give  therein  an  itemized  statement  of  all 
expenses  incurred  by  him,  and  of  all  fines  collected,  with  such  statistics  and  other 
information  and  suggestions  as  he  may  regard  of  value. 

2.  [Section  141 0a,  Statutes  of  1898.]  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
commissioner  to  enforce  the  laws  regarding  the  production, 
manufacture,  and  sale  of  dairy  products,  the  adulteration  of  any  article  of  food  or 
drink  or  of  any  drug,  and  personally  or  by  his  assistants  to  inspect  any  milk,  but- 
ter, cheese,  lard,  syrup,  coffee,  tea,  or  other  article  of  food  or  drink  or  drug  made 
or  offered  for  sale  within  this  State  which  he  may  suspect  or  have  reason  to  believe 
to  be  impure,  unhealthful,  adulterated,  or  counterfeit,  and  to  prosecute  or  cause 
to  be  prosecuted  any  person,  firm,  or  corporation  engaged  in  the  manufacture  or 
sale  of  any  adulterated  or  counterfeit  article  or  articles  of  food  or  drink  or  drug 
in  violation  of  law.  The  district  attorney  of  the  county  n which 
a violation  of  any  such  law  has  occurred  shall,  when  called  upon 


Powers  and  duties. 


Legal  assistance. 


1 Arranged  as  in  “Laws  of  Wisconsin,  relating  to  the  office  and  duties  of  the  dairy  and  food 

commissioner,  and  the  adulteration  of  butter,  cheese,  milk,  and  other  foods,  drugs,  and  medicines, 

with  rulings  thereon,”  published  in  1899  by  the  dairy  and  food  commissioner. 


106 


by  the  commissioner  or  either  of  his  assistants  to  do  so,  give  all  the  aid  he  can  to 
secure  the  execution  of  the  law  and  shall  prosecute  cases  arising  under  the  pro- 
visions ot'  this  chapter  or  other  provisions  of  these  statutes  relating  to  the  adul- 
teration of  food,  drinks,  and  drugs  and  their  sale.  Such  commissioner  shall  have 
power  to  appoint,  with  the  approval  of  the  governor,  special  counsel  to  prosecute 
or  assist  in  the  prosecution  of  any  case  arising  under  the  provisions  of  these  stat- 
utes imposing  a penalty  for  adulterating  dairy  products  or  practicing  deception 
Dis  (osition  f fines  or  fraud  in  the  manufacture  and  sale  thereof.  All  fines  collected 
isposi  ion  o nes.  -n  prosecutions  begun  or  caused  to  be  begun  by  the  dairy  and 

food  commissioner  or  either  of  his  assistants  shall  be  paid  into  the  State  treasury. 


.......  ..  3.  [Section  1410b,  Statutes  of  1898.1  The  commissioner, 

u ion  j oi  uspec  ions,  agenfc  or  assistant  shall  have  free  access  to  any  barn  or 
stable  where  any  cow  is  kept  or  milked,  or  to  any  factory,  building,  dairy,  or 
premises  where  any  dairy  product  is  manufactured,  handled,  or  stored,  when  the 
milk  from  such  cow  or  such  product  is  to  be  sold  or  shipped,  and  may  enforce  such 
measures  as  are  necessary  to  secure  perfect  cleanliness  in  and  around  the  same 
and  of  any  utensil  used  therein,  and  to  prevent  the  sale  of  milk  from  cows  dis- 
eased or  fed  upon  unwholesome  food.  Either  of  them  may  enter  any  place 
or  bui’ding  in  which  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  any  food,  drink,  or  drug  is 
made,  prepared,  so’d,  or  offered  for  sale,  and  may  open  any  package  or  receptacle 
of  any  kind  containing,  or  which  is  supposed  to  contain,  any  article  of  food,  drink, 
s . or  drug,  and  examine  or  analyze  the  contents  thereof.  Any  such  article 
. amp  es.  Qr  gampie  thereof  may  be  seized  or  taken  for  the  purpose  of  having  it  ana- 
lyzed; but  if  the  person  from  whom  it  is  taken  shall  so  request,  at  the  time  of 
taking,  the  officer  shall  then  and  in  the  presence  of  such  person  securely  seal  up 
two  samples  of  such  article,  one  of  which  shall  be  for  analysis  under  the  direction 
of  the  commissioner,  the  other  shall  be  delivered  to  the  person  from  whom  the 
sample  or  article  was  obtained.  Said  commissioner  shall  adopt  a 
uniform  stencil,  bearing  a suitable  device  or  motto,  a number  and 
the  words  “Wisconsin  full-cream  cheese”  and  a space  for  a number,  and  upon 
proper  application  therefor  and  under  such  regulations  as  to  the  custody  and  use 
thereof  as  he  may  prescribe,  issue  the  same,  with  the  proper  number  inserted,  to 
the  proprietor  or  manager  of  any  cheese  factory  in  this  State;  he  shall  enter  in  a 
book  kept  for  that  purpose  the  name,  location  and  number  of  each  factory  using 
such  stencil,  no  number  being  duplicated,  and  the  name  of  the  person  thereat 
authorized  to  use  the  same. 


Cheese  brands. 


Anal  ses  [Section  1410c,  Statutes  of  1898.]  The  State  board  of  health,  medical 
na  } ses.  0gp,ers  0f  }ocai  boards  of  health,  town  and  village  boards  or  common 
councils  may  submit  to  the  dairy  and  food  commissioner  samples  of  water  or  other 
drinks,  of  food  or  drugs  for  analysis,  and  the  same  shall  be  examined  and  reports 
made  of  the  analysis,  thereof  to  the  body  or  officer  submitting  the  same  as  soon  as 
practicable;  such  reports  shall  fully  specify  the  results  of  the  analysis  and  be 
signed  by  such  commissioner;  they  shall  be  accepted  in  all  courts  and  places  as 
prima  facie  evidence  of  the  properties  or  condition  of  the  articles  analyzed. 


„ , . j , 5.  [Section  1410c?,  Statutes  of  1898.]  The  governor  may  author- 

armers  ms  i u es.  jze  ^he  commissioner  or  his  assistants,  when  not  engaged  in  the 
performance  of  other  official  duties,  to  give  such  aid  in  farmers’  institutes,  dairy 
and  farmers’  conventions  and  the  agricultural  department  of  the  State  university 
as  may  be  deemed  advisable.  For  the  necessary  expenses  of  making  the  analyses 
contemplated  in  the  foregoing  sections  the  commissioner  may  incur  an  annual 
expense  of  not  to  exceed  six  hundred  dollars,  the  accounts  for  which,  when  veri- 
fied and  itemized  and  appproved  by  the  governor  shall  be  audited  by  the  secretary 
of  State. 


Persons  obstructing;  penalty. 


6.  [Section  4607/?,  Statutes  of  1898.]  Any  person  who 
shall  obstruct  the  dairy  and  food  commissioner  of  this 
State  or  either  of  his  assistants  in  the  performance  of  their  duty  by  refusing  him 
entrance  to  any  place  he  is  authorized  to  enter  or  by  refusing  to  deliver  to  him  a 
sample  of  any  article  of  food,  drink,  or  drug  made,  sold,  offered  or  exposed  for  sale 
by  the  person  to  whom  request  therefor  is  made,  if  the  value  thereof  is  tendered, 
shall  be  punished  for  the  first  offense  by  fine  not  exceeding  twenty-five  dollars, 
and  for  each  subsequent  offense  by  fine  not  exceeding  five  hundred  dollars  nor  less 
than  fifty  dollars. 


Ain  . i , i -iL  7.  [Section  4607,  Statutes  of  1898].  Any  person  who  shall  sell  or 
< u era  mi  . 0fj?ei.  for  saie5  furnish,  or  deliver,  or  have  in  possession  with  intent 
to  sell  or  offer  for  sale  or  furnish  or  deliver  to  any  creamery,  cheese  factory,  cor- 


107 


poration.  or  person  as  pure,  wholesome  and  unskimmed  any  unmerchant- 
ena  y’  nble,  adulterated,  impure,  or  unwholesome  milk  shall  be  punished  by  a 
fine  of  not  less  than  twenty-five  dollars  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars. 


til®*  [Section  4607a,  Statutes  of  1898.]  In  all  prosecutions  under  the 
.is  an  ar< . precec[jng  section  or  any  other  section  of  these  statutes  for  the  sale 
of  unmerchantable,  adulterated,  impure,  or  unwholesome  milk  any  milk  which 
shall  be  proven  to  contain  less  than  three  per  centum  of  pure  butter  fat,  when  sub- 
jected to  chemical  analysis  or  other  satisfactory  test,  or  that  has  been  diluted,  or 
any  part  of  the  cream  of  which  has  been  abstracted,  or  that,  or  any  part  of  it, 
was  drawn  from  a cow  known  to  the  defendant  to  have  been  at  the  time  it  was 
drawn  within  fifteen  days  before  or  less  than  four  days  after  parturition,  or  which 
was  so  known  to  have  any  diseae,  ulcers  or  other  running  sores,  then  and  in  either 
such  case  the  milk  sold  or  offered  for  sale,  furnished,  or  delivered  or  had  in  pos- 
session with  intent  to  sell  it,  offer  it  for  sa'e  or  furnish  or  deliver  it  as  pure,  whole- 
some, and  unskimmed  shall  be  held  or  found  to  be  unmerchantable,  adulterated, 
impure,  or  unwholesome,  as  the  fact  may  be.  Proof  of  adulteration  or  skimming 
may  be  made  with  such  standard  tests  and  lactometers  as  are  used  to  determine 
the  quality  of  milk  or  by  chemical  analysis. 


, .,  ....  . 9.  [Section  1,  chapter  313,  laws  of  1899.] 

D.s-as,.,!  cows;  unsanitary  condition,;  slops.  No'person  by  him^el(  or  agent  shaU  offe{. 

for  sale,  furnish,  or  deliver,  or  have  in  possession  with  the  intent  to  sell,  or  offer 
for  sa'e,  or  furnish  or  deliver,  milk  or  cream  drawn  irom  sick  or  diseased  cow  or 
cows  kept  in  filthy  and  unsanitary  condition,  or  cows  fed  on  reluse  or  slops  from 
distilleries  or  vinegar  factories,  unless  such  refuse  or  slop  be  mixed  with  other 
dry  sanitary  grain  or  food  to  a consistency  of  a thick  mush. 


Foreign  substances  in  milk. 


10.  [Section  2,  chapter  313,  laws  of  1899.]  No  person  by 


or  have  in  possession  with  the  intent  to  sell,  offer  for  sale,  or  furnish  or  deliver, 
any  milk  or  cream  having  therein  or  containing  in  any  amount  any  foreign  sub- 
stance or  coloring  matter  or  any  chemical  or  preservative,  whether  for  the  pur- 
pose of  increasing  the  quantity  of  milk  or  cream  or  for  improving  its  appearance, 
or  for  preserving  the  condition  of  sweetness  thereof,  or  for  any  purpose  whatever, 
provided  that  nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  construed  to  prohibit  the  sale  of  pasteur- 
ized milk  or  cream,  to  which  viscogen  or  suerate  of  lime  has  been  added  solely  lor 
the  purpose  of  restoring  the  viscosity,  if  the  same  be  distinctly  labeled  in  such 
manner  as  to  advise  the  purchaser  of  its  true  character. 

11.  [Sec  ion  3,  chapter  313,  laws  of  1899.]  Any  person  violating  any  of 
e,,a  5*  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall,  upon  conviction,  be  fined  not  less  than 
twenty-five  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars  for  each  and  every  offense. 


Imitation  cheese  prohibited. 


12.  [Section  4607c,  Statutes  of  1898.  ] Any  person  who 
shall,  by  himself,  his  agent  or  servant,  manufacture,  buy, 
sell,  offer,  ship,  consign,  expose,  or  have  in  possession  for  sale  any  cheese  manu- 
factured from  or  by  the  use  of  skim  milk  to  which  there  has  been  added  any  fat 
which  is  foreign  to  such  milk,  or  who  shall  by  himself,  his  agent  or  servant, 
manufacture,  buy,  sell,  offer,  ship,  consign,  expose,  or  have  in  possession  for  sale, 

. . ...  within  this  State,  any  skimmed-milk  cheese,  or  cheese 

Sk,„.  ctmm  regulated.  manula(,tured  fr0JU  mJilk  irom  whicU  any  ol  the  lat  origi. 

nally  contained  therein  has  been  removed, except  such  last  mentioned  cheese  i^  ten 
inches  in  diameter  and  nine  inches  in  height,  or  who  shall,  by  himself,  his  agent 
T .,  ..  ...  . .. .,  , or  servant,  render  or  manufacture,  sell,  ship,  consign, 

offer,  or  expose  for  sale  or  have  m possession  with  in.ent 
to  sell,  any  article,  product,  or  compound  made  wholly  or  partly  out  ot  any  fat, 
oil.  or  oleaginous  substance  or  compound  thereof,  not  produced  from  unadulterated 
milk  or  cream  from  the  same,  and  without  the  admixture  or  addition  of  any  fat- 
foreign  to  said  milk  or  cream,  which  shall  be  in  imitation  of  yellow  butter  p’O- 
Penalt  - duced  from  such  milk  or  cream,  with  or  without  coloring  matter,  shall. 

ena  for  the  first  offense,  be  punished  by  fine  of  not  more  than  five  hundred 

dollars  nor  less  than  fifty  dollars,  and  for  each  subsequent  offense  by  imprison- 
ment in  the  county  jail  not  to  exceed  sixty  days  nor  less  than  ten  days,  or  by  fine 
of  not  more  than  five  hundred  dollars  nor  less  than  one  hundred  dollars,  or  by 
fkl  . ...  . both  such  fine  and  imprisonment.  Nothing  in  this  section 

Oleomargarine  permitted.  sM,  be  construe(1  to  prohibit  the  manufacture  or  sale  of 

oleomargarine  in  a separate  apd  distinct  form  and  in  such  manner  as  will  advise 
the  consumer  of  its  real  character,  and  free  from  coloration  or  ingredient  that 
causes  it  to  look  like  butter. 


108 


Notice  of  sale  or  use  of  imitation  butter.  13'  [Section  4G0W,  Statutes  of  1898.]  Any  per- 

son  who  shall  sell  or  offer  for  sale  to  any  person 
who  asks,  sends,  or  inquires  for  butter,  any  o eomargarine,  butterine,  or  any  simi- 
lar substance  made  in  imitation  or  semblance  of  pure  butter,  not  made  entirely 
from  the  milk  of  cows,  with  or  without  coloring  matter,  or  who  shall  expose  for 
sale  oleomargarine,  butterine,  or  any  similar  substance  not  mar.-ed  and  distin- 
guished on  the  outside  of  each  tub,  package,  or  parcel  thereof  by  a placard  with 
the  word  “ oleomargarine,”  and  not  having  also  upon  every  open  tub,  package,  or 
parcel  thereof  a placard  with  the  word  “oleomargarine,”  such  placard  in  each 
case  to  be  printed  in  plain,  uncondensed  Gothic  letters  not  less  than  one  inch  long, 
and  not  containing  any  other  words  thereon,  or  who  shall  sell  oleomargarine, 
butterine.  or  any  similar  substance  from  any  dwelling,  store,  office,  or  public 
mart,  without  having  conspicuously  posted  thereon  the  placard  or  sign,  in  letters 
not  less  than  four  inches  in  length,  “oleomargarine  sold  here”  or'  “butterine 
sold  here,”  which  placard  or  sign  shall  be  approved  by  the  dairy  and  food  com- 
missioner of  this  State,  or  who  shall  sell  or  deliver  from  any  cart,  wagon  or  other 
vehicle,  upon  the  public  streets  or  ways,  oleomargarine,  butterine,  or  any  similar 
substance,  without  having  on  the  outside  of  both  sides  of  said  ca:t,  wagon,  or 
other  vehicle  a placard,  in  uncondensed  Gothic  letters  not  less  than  three  inches 
in  length,  “ licensed  to  sell  oleomargarine,”  or  who  shall  furnish  or  cause  to  be 
furnished  in  any  hotel,  boarding-house,  restaurant,  or  at  any  lunch  counter,  oleo- 
margarine, butterine,  or  any  similar  substance  to  any  guest  or  patron  thereof, 
Penalty  without  first  notifying  such  guest  or  patron  that  the  substance  so  fur- 

section. 


nished  is  not  butter,  shall  be  punished  as  provided  in  the  last  preceding 


Imitation  butter  ami  cheese  in  State 
institutions  prohibited. 


Renovated  butter  to  be  marked. 


14.  [Section  4607c,  Statutes  of  1898.]  Any  person 
who  shall  knowingljr  or  negligently  buy  or  procure 
for  use  as  food  in  any  of  the  charitable,  correctional, 
or  penal  institutions  of  this  State  anybutteror  cheese  not  made  wholly  and  directly 
from  pure  milk  or  cream,  salt,  and  harmless  coloring  matter,  shall  be  fined  not 
p exceeding  fifty  dollars  nor  less  than  twenty-five  dollars  for  the  first  offense, 

e,ia  J*  and  for  each  subsequent  offense  shall  be  punished  by  imprisonment  in 
the  county  jail  not  more  than  ninety  days  nor  less  than  ten  days,  or  by  fine  not 
exceeding  one  hundred  dollars  nor  less  than  fifty  dollars,  or  by  both  fine  and 
imprisonment. 

15.  [Section  1,  chapter  76,  laws  of  1899.]  No  person 
by  himself  or  agent  shall  sell,  exchange,  or  deliver,  or 
expose  for  sale  or  offer  for  sale  renovated  butter,  or  butter  which  has  been  melted 
and  its  rancidity  removed  or  masked,  and  which  has  been  regranulated,  colored, 
and  prepared  in  imitation  or  in  semblance  of  genuine  creamery  butter,  unless  the 
substance  be  marked  distinctly  on  the  outside  of  each  and  every  package  or  parcel 
thereof  by  a label  printed  with  the  words  “ Renovated  Butter,  ’ and  without  hav- 
ing on  each  and  every  open  tub,  package,  or  parcel  thereof  a placard  with  the 
words  “ Renovated  Butter,”  such  placard  or  brand  in  each  case  to  be  printed  in 
plain,  uncondensed  Gothic  capitals  not  less  than  one  inch  long,  and  such  placard 
shall  contain  no  other  words  thereon. 

16.  [Section  2,  chapter  76,  laws  of  1899.]  Any  person  who  shall  violate 
any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  [the  preceding  paragraph]  shall  be  guilty 
of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  be  fined  not  less  than  twenty-five 
nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars. 


Penalty. 


Cheese  falsely  labeled. 


17.  [Section  4438$,  Statutes  of  1898.]  Any  person  who  shall 
sell,  offer  for  sale,  ship,  or  consign  cheese  labeled  with  a false 
brand  or  label  as  to  the  quality  of  the  article,  or  shall  use  any  stencil  or  label  fur- 
nished by  the  dairy  and  food  commissioner  of  this  State  and  bearing  the  words 
“ Wisconsin  full-cream  cheese,”  otherwise  than  upon  the  bandage  on  the  side  of 
full-cream  cheese  and  upon  the  pack^  ge  containing  the  same,  shall  be  punished  by 
fine  of  not  more  than  fifty  dollars  nor  less  than  twenty-five  dollars. 

. , ..  18.  [Section  4607/,  Statutes  of  1898.]  Anv  person 

Cleanliness  of  dairy  cows  and  utensils.  ownLing  or  mana^ing  dairy,  the  prJduct  6f  which 

is  sold  for  family  use,  who  shall  feed  his  cows  upon  unwholesome  food  or  keep 
them  in  unclean  stables  or  handle  the  milk  with  unclean  utensils  shall  be  deemed 
guilty  of  a misdemeanor  and  upon  conviction  thereof  be  fined  not  less  than  twenty- 
Penalt  ’ ^ve  dollars  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars  for  the  first  offense,  and 
1 ‘ J’  not  less  than  one  hundred  dollars  nor  more  than  two  hundred  dollars  for 
each  subsequent  offense. 


109 


...  19.  [Section  1494a,  Statutes  of  1898.]  Any  butter  or  cheese 

” ronfer  11  uso  0 ’ manufacturer  who  shall  knowingly  use  or  allow  any  other  per- 

son to  use  for  the  benefit  of  himself  or  any  other  person  than  he  who  is  entitled 
to  the  benefit  thereof  any  milk  or  cream  from  the  milk  brought  to  him,  without 
the  consent  of  the  owner  thereof,  or  who  shall  refuse  or  neglect  to  keep  or  cause 
_ . . . , to  be  kept  a correct  account  (which  shall  be  open  to  the  inspec- 

Frauduie.it  accounts.  tion  of  any  person  furnishing  milk  to  him  ) of  the  amount  of 

milk  daily  received,  or  of  the  number  of  pounds  of  butter,  and  the  number  and 
aggregate  weight  of  cheese  made  by  him  each  day,  or  of  the  number  of  cheese  cut 
. or  otherwise  dispos*  d of  and  the  weight  of  each,  shall  for  each  and  every 
e»a  j.  0ffense  forfeit  not  less  than  twenty-five  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dol- 
lars, one-half  of  which  shall  be  paid  to  the  person  upon  whom  any  such  fraud  has 
been  committed  and  who  first  made  complaint  thereof;  the  remainder  shall  be  paid 
to  the  school  fund. 


. ..  20.  [Secticfn  4599,  Statutes  of  1898.]  Any  person  who  shall 

inw  io  esome  provisions.  knowingly  seff  any  kind  of  diseased,  corrupted,  or  unwhole- 
some provisions,  whether  for  meat  or  drink,  without  making  the  same  fully  known 
to  the  buyer,  shall  be  punished  bv  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  not 
more  than  six  months  or  by  fine  not  exceeding  one  hundred  dollars. 


Penalty. 


„ . _ . .,  ....  , . .. , 21.  [Section  4600.  Statutes  of  1898.]  Any  person  who 

hale  ot  adulterated  food  prohibited.  [)y  himself/his  servant,  or  agent  or  as  the  serv- 

ant or  agent  of  any  other  person,  sell,  exchange,  deliver,  or  have  in  his  possession 
with  intent  to  sell,  exchange,  offer  for  sa’e,  or  exchange  any  drug  or  article  of  food 
which  is  adulterated,  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  twenty-five  dollars  nor 
more  than  one  hundred  dollars  or  be  imprisoned  in  the  county  jail  not 
less  than  thirty  days  nor  more  than  four  months.  The  term  “drug,”  as  used 
in  this  section,  shall  include  all  medicines  for  internal  or  external  use.  antiseptics, 
disinfectants, and  co-metics.  The  term  “food,”  as  used  herein, shall 
include  all  articles  used  for  food  or  drink  by  man,  whether  simple, 
mixed,  or  compound. 


Penalty. 


Food  defined. 


22.  [Section  460 1 , Statutes  of  1898.]  An  article  shall  be  deemed  to  be  adulterated 
within  the  meaning  of  the  preceding  section: 

1.  In  the  case  of  drugs:  * * * 

When  adulterated  case  ^00(^;  First,  if  any  substance  or  substances  have 

ien  a u era  e . ■j[)een  mjxe(j  wfth  it,  so  as  to  lower  or  depreciate  or  injuriously 

affect  its  strength,  quality,  or  purity;  second,  if  any  inferior  or  cheaper  substance 
or  substances  have  been  substituted  wholly  or  in  part  for  it;  third,  if  any  valua- 
ble or  necessary  ingredient  has  been  wholly  or  in  part  abstracted  from  it:  fourth, 
if  it  is  an  imitation  of  or  sold  under  the  name  of  another  article;  fifth,  if  it  con- 
sists, wholly  or  in  part,  of  a diseased,  infected,  decomposed,  putrid,  tainted,  or 
rotten  animal  or  vegetable  substance  or  article,  whether  manufactured  or  not; 
sixth,  if  it  is  colored,  coated,  polished,  or  powdered,  whereby  damage  or  inferiority 
is  concealed,  or  if  by  any  means  it  is  made  to  appear  better  or  of  greater  value 
than  it  really  is;  seventh,  if  it  contains  any  added  substance  or  ingredient  which 
is  poisonous,  injurious,  or  deleterious  to  health,  or  any  deleterious  substance  not  a 
necessary  ingredient  in  its  manufacture:  Provided , That  the  provisions  of  this  or 
the  preceding  section  shall  not  apply  to  mixtures  or  compounds  recognized  as 
ordinary  articles  of  food  if  the  same  be  distinctly  labeled  as  mixtures  or  com- 
pounds and  from  which  no  necessary  ingredient  in  their  preparation  is  eliminated. 


WYOMING. 


Revised  Statutes,  1899. 1 

yiilk  may  be  sold  Sundays.  SEa  2644‘  14  shaU  be  unlawful  for  any  person  or  persons, 
J J company,  or  corporation  to  keep  open  any  barber  shop, 

store,  shop,  or  other  place  of  business  for  the  transaction  of  business  therein  upon 
the  first  day  of  the  week,  commonly  called  Sunday:  Provided , This  section  shall 
not  apply  to  * * * vendors  of  ice,  milk,  fresh  meat,  and  bread,  except  as  to  the 
sale  of  liquors  and  cigars.  Any  person,  company,  or  corporation  who  shall  violate 
the  provisions  of  this  section,  shall,  on  conviction  thereof,  be  fined  in  a sum  of 
money  not  less  than  twenty-five  dollars,  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars,  for 
each  off  ense. 


Adulterating  foods;  penalty. 


Sec.  5109.  Every  person  who  adulterates  or  dilutes  any 
article  of  food,  drink,  drug,  medicine,  spirituous  or 


Sec.  2644=S.  L.  1888,  chapter  86,  section  2.  5109  and  5110— R.  S.  1887,  sections  1007  and  1008. 


no 


malt  liquor,  or  wine,  or  anjr  article  used  in  compounding  them,  with  a fraudulent 
intent  to  offer  the  same  for  sale,  or  to  cause  or  permit  the  same  to  he  offered  for 
sale,  as  unadulterated  and  undiluted;  and  every  person  who  fraudulently  sells  or 
keeps  or  offers  ior  sale  the  same  as  unadulterated  or  undiluted  shall  he  punished 
by  a fine  of  not  more  than  five  hundred  dollars,  or  imprisonment  in  the  county 
jail  not  more  than  sixty  days,  or  by  both. 


, „ . . „ , ..  Sec.  5110.  Every  person  who  knowingly  sells  or 

Sale  of  unwholesome  foods;  penalty.  keepg  Qr  offen*fo*  sale,  or  otherwise  disposes  of, 

or  tries  to  dispose  of,  any  article  of  food,  drink,  drtig,  or  medicine,  knowing  that 
the  same  has  become  tainted,  decayed,  spoiled,  or  otherwise  unwholesome  or  unfit 
to  be  eaten  or  drunk  shall  be  fined  not  more  than  fifty  dollars,  or  imprisoned  in 
the  county  jail  not  more  than  thirty  days,  or  both. 


CANADA.  . 


See  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
pages  703-708,  for — 

49  Victoria,  chapter  42  (section  1). — An  act  to  prohibit  the  manufacture  and 
sale  of  certain  substitutes  for  batter.  (Assented  to  2d  June,  1886.) 

52  Victoria,  chapter  43  (sections  1-11). — An  act  to  provide  against  frauds  in  the 
supplying  of  milk  to  cheese,  butter  and  condensed  milk  manufactories.  (Assented 
to  2d  May,  1889.) 

— Victoria,  chapter  — (sections  1-11). — An  act  to  prevent  the  manufacture 
and  sale  of  fille  t or  imitation  cheese,  and  to  provide  for  the  branding  of  dairy 
products. 

60  and  61  Victoria,  chapter  21  (sections  1-9). — An  act  to  provide  for  the  registra- 
tion of  cheese  factories  and  creameries,  and  the  branding  of  dairy  products,  and 
to  prohibit  misrepresentation  as  to  the  dates  of  manufacture  of  such  products. 
(Assented  to  29th  June,  1897.) 


( ) 


Bulletin  No.  27,  B.  A.  I. 


Frontispiece 


Fig.  1.— Madam  Ladysmith,  Three  Years  Old.  Fleece,  8 Pounds. 

(Photograph  furnished  by  C.  P.  Bailey  & Sons  Company,  San  Jose,  Cal.) 


Fig.  2.— Princess  Monterey,  Ten  Months  Old.  Fleece,  4]  Pounds. 

(Photograph  furnished  by  C.  P.  Bailey  & Sons  Company,  San  Jose,  Cal.) 


Bulletin  No.  27. 


(B.  A.  I.  155.) 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 

D.  E.  SALMON,  D.  V.  M.,  Chief. 


INFORMATION 


CONCERNING 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


BY 


GEORGE  FAYETTE  THOMPSON, 

Editorial  Clerk , Bureau  oj  .Animal  Industry . 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 

1901. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
Washington , D.  C. , November  23,  1900. 

Sir:  I have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  the  manuscript  of  an 
article  entitled  “Information  concerning  the  Angora  goat,”  by  Mr. 
George  Fayette  Thompson,  editorial  clerk  of  this  Bureau.  There  is 
much  interest  in  this  industry,  and  the  Department  receives  thousands 
of  letters  of  inquiry  concerning  Angora  goats.  An  effort  is  made  in 
this  manuscript  to  treat  all  the  topics  that  have  been  the  subjects  of 
these  letters  of  inquiry. 

It  is  estimated  that  there  are  about  400,000  Angora  goats  in  the  United 
States,  and  that  our  annual  production  of  mohair  is  over  a million 
pounds.  It  appears,  therefore,  that  the  industry  should  receive  some 
attention  from  this  Department,  at  least  in  so  far  as  the  collection  and 
dissemination  of  information  may  be  concerned,  and  I recommend 
that  this  article  be  published  as  Bulletin  No.  27  of  the  Bureau  of  Ani- 
mal Industry. 

Respectfully,  D.  E.  Salmon, 

Chief  of  Bureau. 

Hon.  James  Wilson, 

Secretary. 


3 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Preliminary  remarks 9 

Origin  and  history 10 

Their  history  in  the  United  States 13 

Description  of  the  Angora  goat 21 

Names  of  the  breed,  the  sexes,  and  the  meat 24 

Name  of  the  breed 24 

Names  of  the  sexes 25 

Name  of  the  flesh 25 

The  uses  of  Angora  goats 26 

Browsing  and  pasturage 26 

Ability  to  clear  brush  land 26 

Browsing  supplements  feeding 33 

Browsing  adds  game  flavor 33 

Common  goats  as  brush  destroyers 33 

Preserving  brush  land  for  browsing 33 

Grass  and  weeds  as  pasturage 34 

Pasturing  with  other  stock 35 

Number  of  goats  to  an  acre 36 

Mohair 36 

Quality  of  the  fiber 36 

Influence  of  age  and  blood  on  fiber 39 

The  weight  and  length  of  fleece 39 

Kemp _ 40 

Other  deleterious  features 43 

Markets  and  factories 43 

Production 44 

Manufactures  of  mohair 44 

The  meat  and  the  markets 45 

The  meat 45 

The  markets 49 

The  milk 50 

The  skins 51 

Robes,  rugs,  and  trimmings 52 

Protection  for  sheep 53 

Enrichment  of  land 53 

Their  use  as  pets 54 

By-products 54 

Localities  adapted  to  Angora  culture 54 

Climate 54 

Character  of  soil 56 

Land  available  for  goat  culture 56 

The  care  of  Angora  goats 57 

Herding  and  fencing 58 

Shelter  and  pens , 59 


5 


6 CONTENTS. 

The  care  of  Angora  goats — Continued.  Page. 

Feeding ..  60 

Salting 62 

Marking 62 

Kidding  and  the  kids. 63 

The  corral  method 64 

The  staking  method 65 

Weaning 66 

Castration 66 

Opinions  of  correspondents 66 

The  building  up  and  management  of  a flock  of  Angora  goats 68 

The  best  flock 68 

Building  up  a flock  from  small  beginning 69 

Building  up  a flock  by  crossing  upon  the  common  goat 69 

Proper  age  for  breeding 70 

In-and-in  breeding 71 

Management  of  the  buck 74 

Number  of  kids 75 

Size  of  flocks 75 

Dehorning 76 

Shearing  and  shedding  76 

Shearing  once  or  twice  a year 76 

Use  of  clipping  machines 77 

Care  of  the  fleece  after  shearing 77 

Shedding 78 

Diseases  and  other  enemies 79 

Number  of  Angora  goats 81 

In  the  United  States 81 

In  Cape  of  Good  Hope ' 81 

In  Angora  vilayet 82 

Production  of  mohair 82 

Tariff 82 

Registration  associations 83 

Literature  consulted 83 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Plates. 

Page. 

Frontispiece.  Fig.  1,  Madam  Ladysmith,  three  years  old,  fleece  8 pounds; 

fig.  2,  Princess  Monterey,  ten  months  old,  fleece  pounds. 

Plate  I.  Fig.  1,  Angora  buck  (Davis  importation,  1849) ; fig.  2,  Angora  doe 

(Davis  importation,  1849) 16 

II.  Brush  land  ‘ ‘ before  goating  ” 32 

III.  Brush  land  “ during  goating”  after  twelve  months 32 

IV.  Brush  land  “ after  goating’’  two  years 32 

Y.  Samples  of  mohair 40 

VI.  Does  twenty-one  months  old;  fleece  of  nine  months’  growth 40 

VII.  Fig.  1,  Angora  buck  “Pasha;  ” fig.  2,  a yearling  Angora  in  Cape 

Colony  48 

VIII.  Angora  goats  showing  fleeces  of  seven  months’  growth 48 

IX.  Angora  goats  in  yard;  also  shows  one  kind  of  suitable  fence 56 

X.  Angora  goat  ranch  of  H.  T.  Fuchs 56 

XI.  Flock  of  Angora  goats  at  straw  stack 64 

XII.  Fig.  1,  Angora  kids;  fig.  2,  going  to  pasture  (separation  of  does  . 

from  kids  by  means  of  bridge) 64 

XIII.  Angora  goats  in  rocky  pasture 72 

XIV.  Angora  goats  in  pasture „ 72 

XV.  Angora  goats  in  pasture 80 

XVI.  Angora  goats  in  yard 80 

XVII.  Fig.  1,  a yearling  Angora;  fig.  2,  shearing  Angoras 80 

Text  figure. 

Fig.  1,  diagram  showing  age  by  teeth 71 

7 


INFORMATION  CONCERNING  THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


PRELIMINARY  REMARKS. 

The  goat  has  accompanied  civilization  into  all  parts  of  our  country — 
not  numerously,  but  persistently.  He  is  everywhere,  and  is  well 
known.  There  are  very  few  people  who  have  not  seen  a goat,  and 
there  are  fewer  still,  no  doubt,  who  have  seen  many  goats.  The  comic 
writers,  playing  upon  his  peculiar  habits,  have  brought  him  into  dis- 
repute, although  these  habits,  to  a large  extent,  are  such  as  are  recom- 
mending him  for  special  favor  at  this  time.  His  fame  is  as  a denizen 
of  vacant  lots  and  back  alleys,  subsisting  upon  anything  or  nothing, 
and  a foe  to  everything.  So  far  as  the  general  public  is  concerned,  he 
has  not  been  reckoned  with  as  a useful  animal  and  has  been  tolerated 
only  as  a pet  for  children. 

During  more  recent  years  a great  interest  has  been  awakened  in  the 
goat,  and  it  now  seems  that  he  is  about  to  receive  the  consideration 
that  is  due  him.  One  of  the  causes'  contributing  to  this  awakening 
was  an  article  in  the  Yearbook  of  this  Department  for  1898,  entitled 
“Keeping  goats  for  profit,”  by  Capt.  Almont  Barnes,  of  the  Division 
of  Statistics  of  this  Department.  The  information  which  this  article 
contained  was  widely  disseminated.  The  Yearbook  was  distributed  to 
the  extent  of  half  a million  copies,  and,  besides,  in  order  to  meet  the 
growing  demand,  the  article  was  reprinted  separately  and  mailed  to 
many  thousands  of  inquirers  at  the  Department  for  information  on  the 
subject  of  goats;  and  not  alone  the  agricultural  papers,  but  the  daily 
press  as  well,  took  up  the  matter  and  exploited  the  good  points  of  the 
goat  industry.  The  article  set  forth,  among  other  things,  the  great 
value  of  the  goatskins  which  we  import  annually,  and  how  we  ourselves 
might  easily  produce  them;  the  usefulness  of  the  carcass  for  food,  espe- 
cially of  the  Angora  breed;  the  exceedingly  small  expense  involved  in 
raising  the  animal,  owing  to  his  habits  of  feeding  upon  that  vegetation 
which  is  in  greatest  abundance  and  which  other  ruminants  refuse;  the 
million  of  acres  of  land  in  the  United  States  that  might  be  made  avail- 
able for  goat  raising  which  otherwise  would  remain,  as  heretofore,  ! 
unemployed. 

The  result  of  this  wide  distribution  soon  developed  the  fact  that  the 
goat  was  present  in  the  United  States  in  larger  numbers  than  was  sup- 
posed. This  is  especially  true  of  the  Angora  breed;  in  fact,  the  num- 
ber of  common  goats  in  the  United  States  is  less  than  50,000.  Although 

9 


10 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


very  little  has  been  said  or  written  about  Angora  goats  during  the 
last  forty  years,  they  have  been  extensively  bred  in  the  Western  States 
and  Territories,  especially  in  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Nevada,  Florida, 
California,  and  Oregon.  In  a general  sense,  all  those  animals  which 
are  a cross  in  any  degree  of  the  Angora  goat  are  considered  as  Angoras, 
for  the  Angora  and  the  common  goat  readily  cross,  and  the  latter  fre- 
quently becomes  the  foundation  stock  of  a good  flock  of  fleece-bearing 
animals. 

It  is  the  purpose  of  this  article  to  deal  with  the  Angora  goat  only, 
and  the  effort  is  made  to  answer  such  questions  as  have  been  received 
by  the  Bureau  from  all  parts  of  the  country.  These  answers  are  based 
upon  the  experiences  of  those  who  have  raised  them,  some  of  whom 
have  been  in  the  business  forty  years  and  more.  Differences  of  opin- 
ion are  found  to  exist  on  several  important  points,  where  each  con- 
testant appears  to  occupy  plausible  premises;  but  this  is  not  at  all 
strange  when  the  history  of  the  Angora  goat  is  considered,  for  it  is 
not  certain  that  all  of  the  animals  imported  as  purebreds  were  pure; 
indeed,  it  is  held  by  some  of  our  leading  breeders  that  there  is  no 
longer  in  Turkey  or  elsewhere  any  such  thing  as  a purebred  Angora 
goat.  Besides,  there  has  been  no  general  register  for  Angora  stock 
in  the  United  States  until  within  a year  or  two,  and  each  breeder  has 
been  at  liberty  to  judge  points  for  himself.  If  a general  Angora  reg- 
ister had  been  established  thirty  or  forty  years  ago,  the  industry 
would  now  be  conducted  upon  somewhat  definite  lines,  and  most  of 
the  questions  now  arising  as  to  points  in  breeding  would  have  been 
settled.  In  this  connection  it  should  be  stated  that  C.  P.  Bailey  & 
Sons  Company,  of  San  Jose,  Cal.,  have  kept  a private  register  of  their 
goats  since  1867,  but  there  appears  to  be  no  other  similar  record. 

ORIGIN  AND  HISTORY. 

The  purpose  of  this  paper  is  to  give  prominence  to  those  phases  of 
the  Angora  goat  industry  that  are  of  practical  importance;  therefore 
a brief  space  only  will  be  devoted  to  the  history  of  the  breed. 

Naturalists  generally  agree  that  there  are  about  ten  species  of  wild 
goats,  all  confined  to  Europe  and  the  Himalayas  of  Asia.  These  are 
divided  into  two  groups,  as  follows: 

I.  The  ibexes. — These,  according  to  Hayes,  have,  as  a distinctive 
characteristic,  horns  4 4 flat  in  front,  with  a horizontal  triangular  sec- 
tion, furnished  with  large  transversal  knots.” 

II.  Goats  proper. — These,  according  to  Hayes,  have  horns  “ com- 
pressed and  carinated  in  front,”  and,  according  to  Wood,  “may  be 
distinguished  from  the  ibex  and  the  sheep  by  the  peculiar  formation 
of  the  horns,  which  are  compressed  and  rounded  behind  and  furnished 
with  a well-developed  keel  in  front.” 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


11 


The  second  group  is  subdivided  into  two  subspecies — Capra  fal- 
coneri  and  Capra  mgagrus.  The  latter  is  also  known  as  the  Paseng,  the 
Bezoar  goat,  or  wild  goat  of  Persia,  and  is  generally  accepted  as  the 
goat  from  which  the  Angora  is  descended  through  Capra  hircus , which 
is  claimed  to  be  the  origin  of  all  the  common  breeds  of  goats. 

As  to  the  parent  of  the  Angora  stock,  there  is  a difference  of  opinion 
between  the  two  best-known  writers  on  the  subject — John  L.  Hayes, 
author  of  The  Angora  Goat,  etc.  (1882),  and  S.  C.  Cron wright 
Schreiner,  author  of  The  Angora  Goat  (1898).  The  one  takes  the 
position  that  it  is  descended  from  Capra  falconeri , the  other  from 
Capra  cegagrus.  Owing  to  the  additional  information  which  has  been 
obtained  since  the  appearance  of  Hayes’s  book  and  which  is  embodied 
in  Schreiner’s  work,  there  can  hardty  remain  a doubt  of  the  correct- 
ness of  the  contention  that  the  Angora  goat  descended  from  Capra 
cegagrus. 

Schreiner,  who  has  made  extensive  research,  has  described  these 
two  subspecies  as  follows: 

Capra  falconeri  has  a beard  which  extends  from  the  chin  to  the  shoulders  and 
chest,  and  long  spirally  twisted  horns,  the  twist  being  outward  from  the  base.  The 
males,  when  old,  become  whitish  all  over.  The  ewes  have  a beard  confined  to  the 
chin,  and  small  horns  with  a slight  spiral  twist.  It  is  a native  of  the  Western  Hima- 
layas, northern  Afghanistan,  and  possibly  of  Persia;  it  is  also  found  generally  in 
Cashmere  and  on  the  Tibetan  side  of  the  Himalayas.  Fossil  remains  show  that  it 
is  one  of  the  oldest  types  of  goats. 

Capra  segagrus 1 is  chiefly  remarkable  for  its  enormous  horns,  which  are  larger  pro- 
portionally than  in  any  other  ruminant  animal;  they  approximate  the  triangular  in 
form,  transversely  rigid,  and  are  bent  backward  as  in  the  domestic  varieties,  being 
scimitar-like  in  shape  of  curve,  and  having  no  spiral  twist.  Large  horns  of  Capra 
segagrus  measure  40  inches  along  the  curve,  but  a length  of  upward  of  52^  inches,  with 
a basal  girth  of  7 inches,  has  been  recorded.  It  stands  somewhat  higher  than  any  of 
the  domesticated  varieties  of  the  goat  (an  adult  male  stood  37  inches  at  the  withers), 
from  which  it  further  differs  in  its  short  and  powerful  neck,  its  stouter  limbs,  and 
slender  body.  In  the  female  the  horns  are  exceedingly  diminutive  or  are  altogether 
wanting.  The  fur,  which  over  the  greater  part  of  the  body  is  short,  is  of  a grayish 
brown  color,  with  a black  line  running  along  the  entire  length  of  the  back,  while 
the  under  surface  of  the  neck  and  the  beard,  which  is  present  in  both  sexes,  are  of  a 
brown  color.  In  the  winter  coat  the  hair  on  the  neck  and  shoulders  is  rather  longer 
than  elsewhere,  and  in  the  same  season,  in  the  colder  part  of  the  animal’s  habitat,  a 
coat  of  woolly  fur  is  developed  beneath  the  hair. 

1 There  is  evidence  that  in  classic  times  this  goat  was  widely  distributed  over  the 
Grecian  Archipelago,  although  in  Europe  it  is  now  found  only  in  Crete,  the  island 
of  Antemelo,  in  the  Cyclades,  and  perhaps  also  in  Guire  to  the  northeast  of  Euboea. 
Eastward  it  is  found  in  the  hills  and  mountains  of  Asia  Minor,  being  especially  com- 
mon in  the  Taurus  range,  and  it  extends  thence  through  Persia  into  Baluchistan, 
Sind,  and  Afghanistan.  In  India  its  range  does  not  extend  beyond  the  western  side 
of  Sind.  It  is  found  in  Sind  and  Baluchistan  in  hills  a little  above  the  sea  level;  in 
the  mountains  of  Persia  it  ascends  to  an  elevation  of  11,000  feet  to  12,000  feet. — 
Schreiner. 


12 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


The  Angora  breed  of  goats  originated  in  the  vilayet  of  Angora,  in 
Asia  Minor,  but  it  is  not  known  when  this  was.  Some  have  ventured 
to  say  that  it  was  2,400  years*  ago.  There  is  pretty  strong  evidence 
which  goes  to  show  that  they  were  a distinctive  breed  when  Moses  was 
leading  the  Israelites  out  of  Egypt.  Goats’  hair  was  spun  by  the 
Israelites  for  curtains  and  other  purposes  for  use  in  the  temple.1  In 
the  story  recorded  in  I Samuel  (chapter  19)  of  the  artifice  of  Michal  in 
deceiving  the  messengers  of  Saul  by  placing  an  image  in  the  bed  in 
place  of  David  and  giving  it  a pillow  of  goats’  hair,  is  believed  by  Pen- 
nant to  refer  to  a pillow  made  of  the  Angora  fleece. 

The  cit}^  Angora,  or  Enguri,  the  capital  city  of  the  vilayet  of  Angora, 
is  the  ancient  Ancyra,  and  is  located  about  220  miles  south  by  south- 
east from  Constantinople.  Angora  was  the  seat  of  one  of  the  earliest 
Christian  churches,  and  was  probably  established  by  the  Apostle  Paul. 
The  province  is  mountainous  to  a considerable  extent  and  furrowed  by 
deep  valleys.  It  is  about  2,900  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Of  the 
climate  Mr.  H.  A.  Cumberbatch,  British  consul  at  Angora  (1895),  and 
quoted  by  Schreiner,  says: 

The  climate  is  extreme.  In  the  months  of  January  and  February  the  thermometer 
will  mark  a minimum  of  10°  F.  for  several  days  at  a time,  reach  as  far  as  0°  F.,  whilst 
in  June  and  July  the  maximum  readings  of  85°  F.  are  maintained  day  after  day,  with 
little  or  no  rain.  The  country  is  covered  with  snow  in  the  winter,  rain  and  snow 
falling  frequently.  In  1894  the  total  rainfall  at  Angora  was  8.12  inches,  but  that  was 
an  exceptionally  dry  season.  For  the  first  six  months  of  1895  the  rainfall  was  10. 10 
inches,  which  is  somewhat  above  the  average;  the  heaviest  rainfall  in  twenty-four 
hours  having  been  1.20  inches. 

It  was  here  that  this  famous  goat  reached  its  perfection — and  such 
a state  of  perfection  as  has  not  yet  been  reached  by  the  goats  of  either 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  or  the  United  States.  That  the  altitude,  the 
soil,  or  the  climate,  or  all  of  them  together,  had  much  influence  in 
producing  this  fleece-bearing  goat  is  supported  by  strong  evidence. 
Dr.  John  Bachman  and  the  Encyclopaedia  Britannica  both  state  that 
the  fineness  of  the  hair  of  the  Angora  goat  may  perhaps  be  ascribed 
to  some  peculiarity  in  the  atmosphere,  4 4 for  it  is  remarkable  that  the 
cats,  dogs,  sheep,  and  other  animals  of  the  country  are  to  a certain 
extent  affected  in  the  same  way  as  the  goats.”  The  same  opinion  was 

1Take  ye  from  among  you  an  offering  unto  the  Lord:  whosoever  is  of  a willing 
heart,  let  him  bring  it,  an  offering  of  the  Lord;  gold,  and  silver,  and  brass,  and  blue, 
and  purple,  and  scarlet,  and  fine  linen,  and  goats’  hair. — Exodus  xxxv,  5,  6. 

And  every  man,  with  whom  was  found  blue,  and  purple,  and  scarlet,  and  fine 
linen,  and  goats’  hair,  and  red  skins  of  rams,  and  badgers’  skins,  brought  them. — 
Exodus  xxxv,  23. 

And  all  the  women  whose  heart  stirred  them  up  in  wisdom  spun  goats’  hair. — 
Exodus  xxxv,  26. 

And  he  made  curtains  of  goats’  hair  for  the  tent  over  the  tabernacle:  eleven  curtains 
he  made  them.  The  length  of  one  curtain  was  thirty  cubits,  and  four  cubits  was  the 
breadth  of  one  curtain:  the  eleven  curtains  were  of  one  size. — Exodus  xxxvi,  14,  15. 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


13 


expressed  by  Captain  Conolly,  quoted  by  Southey  (1848):  “It  is 
remarkable  that  wherever  these  goats  exist  the  cats  and  greyhounds 
have  long  silky  hair  also— the  cats  all  over  their  bodies,  the  grey- 
hounds chiefly  on  their  ears  and  tails.  ” These  statements  lead  Schreiner 
to  the  conclusion  that  the  atmosphere  is  the  chief  factor.  He  says: 
“At  any  rate,  there  seems  to  be  no  doubt  that  a limited  and  compara- 
tively well-defined  region  around  the  town  of  Angora  possesses  in  a 
degree  unapproached  elsewhere  in  Asia  Minor,  and  probably  in  the 
world,  those  conditions  favorable  to  the  development  of  the  soft,  silky, 
lustrous  white  mohair  goat.”  Too  much  credit  must  not  be  given  to 
the  atmosphere  of  Angora  in  the  production  of  mohair.  That  it  has 
a marked  influence  on  animals  anywhere  is  generally  accepted.  The 
experience  of  the  Angora  breeders  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  the 
United  States  shows  that,  with  the  best  animals,  a fleece  equal  to 
any  produced  by  Turkey  may  be  obtained.  There  are  other  and 
stronger  reasons  why  the  mohair  of  these  two  countries  is  not  equal 
to  that  of  Angora  province,  chief  among  which  is  the  adulteration  of 
the  blood.  Besides,  the  breeders  of  this  country  have  learned  that  the 
feed  of  the  animal  has  a telling  influence  on  the  quality  of  the  mohair 
in  the  same  way  that  it  has  a pronounced  effect  upon  the  meat. 

Mr.  Henry  O.  Binns,  who  had  about  twenty  years  of  experience 
with  these  goats  in  the  vilayet  of  Angora,  says  the  pure  animals  were 
about  bred  out  in  1863.  The  reason  for  this  was  the  extensive  cross- 
ing with  the  common  Kurd  goat,  reference  to  which  has  already  been 
made.  As  early  as  1839  there  ceased  to  be’a  demand  for  the  spun  yarn 
of  Asia  Minor,  owing  to  the  fact  that  Europe  could  spin  the  yarn  at 
much  less  cost;  but  there  was  a European  demand  for  the  raw  hair 
which  exceeded  the  supply.  This  condition  of  things  led  to  complica- 
tions and  a mixture  of  breeds  from  which  the  mohair  world  has  not 
yet  recovered.  There  can  hardly  remain  a doubt,  however,  that,  with 
the  recent  renewed  interest  in  the  industry,  and  with  the  intelligence 
that  the  breeders  will  bring  to  bear,  the  Angora  goat  industry  will 
soon  be  placed  on  the  highest  plane. 

THEIR  HISTORY  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  history  of  the  Angora  goat  in  the  United  States  has  been  marred 
by  the  carelessness  or  indifference  of  occasional  writers  for  the  press 
who  have  been  often  inaccurate  as  to  dates  or  facts,  and  also  by  others 
whose  interests  have  doubtless  led  them  into  exaggerations.  The  real 
facts  of  its  history  in  the  United  States,  however,  are  so  few  and  so 
simple  as  to  prompt  that  venerable  breeder,  William  M.  Landrum,  to 
say  that  they  would  make  but  a very  small  book. 

During  the  Administration  of  President  Polk,  the  Sultan  of  Turkey 
requested  of  him  that  he  recommend  some  one  who  would  experi- 
ment in  the  culture  of  cotton  in  Turkey.  Accordingly,  Dr.  James 


14 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


B.  Davis,  of  Columbia,  S.  C.,  was  recommended,  and  he  received  the 
appointment.  The  work  done  by  Dr.  Davis  appeared  to  be  highly 
gratifying  to  the  Sultan,  and  so,  upon  his  return,  in  1849,  the  Sultan, 
desiring  to  reciprocate  the  courtesy  of  the  President,  presented  him 
with  nine  of  the  choicest  goats  in  his  dominion.  Col.  Richard  Peters, 
writing  in  1876,  says  of  these  animals:  66  These  doubtless  were  selected 
from  the  herds  of  Angora,  a district  of  country  lying  among  the 
Taurus  Mountains,  which  traverse  Asiatic  Turkey,  and  which  derives 
its  name  from  its  principal  city,  situated  about  200  miles  east  of  Con- 
stantinople.” It  does  not  seem,  therefore,  that  Dr.  Davis  encountered 
any  great  difficulty  in  securing  this  first  importation  of  Angora  goats 
into  this  country;  but  the  following  extract  from  the  Country  Gentle- 
man of  1856,  somewhat  romantic  and  a little  exciting,  was  signed  by 
one  Richard  Allen,  of  Tennessee.  The  article,  in  full,  shows  that  he 
was  probably  of  that  class  of  writers  of  history  whose  personal  interests 
were  to  be  subserved : 

It  may  not  be  out  of  place  in  this  connection  to  remark  that  great  credit  is  due  to 
Dr.  Davis,  of  South  Carolina,  for  the  enterprise  he  exhibited  in  the  introduction  of 
the  goat  to  this  country.  He  was  at  the  time  in  the  employ  of  the  Turkish  Govern- 
ment, at  a salary  of  $15,000,  engaged  in  experiments  upon  the  growing  of  cotton  in 
the  Sultan’s  dominions.  He  went  out  upon  the  recommendation  of  President  Polk, 
to  whom  an  application  was  made  by  the  Turkish  Government  for  the  services  of 
some  competent  Southern  gentleman  familiar  with  cotton  culture.  While  there  he 
determined  to  procure  the  goat  from  its  native  wilds.  The  story  of  the  journey  would 
be  too  tedious  for  my  brief  letter,  and  I will  merely  add  that,  with  an  expensive  outfit 
at  Constantinople,  a perilous  journey  of  months,  and  the  loss  of  many  men  and  camels, 
he  succeeded  in  capturing  and  carrying  off  eleven  of  the  famous  animals,  whose  fleeces, 
in  the  shape  of  shawls,  are  so  highly  prized  and  coveted  by  the  ladies  of  all  civilized 
nations  and  for  which  prices  almost  startling  have  been  paid  by  the  wealthy. 

Such  a tale  of  fortitude  and  determination,  added  to  the  information 
in  another  paragraph  in  the  same  letter  which  stated  that  the  entire 
yield  of  the  particular  flock  about  which  he  was  then  writing  had  been 
engaged  in  the  city  of  New  York  at  $8.50  per  pound,  from  which 
point  it  was  to  be  shipped  to  Paisley,  Scotland,  for  manufacture  into 
the  shawls  mentioned  above,  no  doubt  assisted  in  the  sale  of  goats  at 
$1,000  each. 

In  1863,  Hon.  George  A.  Porter,  of  Baltimore,  himself  a breeder 
of  Angoras,  wrote  to  Mr.  Diehl  that,  while  occupying  the  post  of 
United  States  consul  at  Constantinople,  he  66 procured  and  shipped  for 
Dr.  Davis. the  first  of  these  goats  that  were  ever  brought  to  this  coun- 
try.” Just  how  much  Mr.  Porter  was  acting  upon  the  courtesy  of  the 
Sultan  it  is  difficult  to  ascertain. 

Of  the  nine  Angoras  imported  by  Dr.  Davis,  seven  were  does  and 
two  were  bucks.  Besides  these,  according  to  Colonel  Peters,  there 
came  in  the  same  lot  one  purebred  Tibet  doe,  several  head  of  crosses 
between  tho  Angora  and  Tibet  goats,  and  quite  a number  of  grade 
does  bred  from  the  common  short-haired  ewes  of  the  country  and  his 
Angora  bucks.  Plate  I shows  a pair  of  the  Angoras  imported  by  Dr. 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


15 


Davis.  The  first  is  a buck,  weighing  155  pounds  and  carrying  a fleece 
of  7 pounds;  the  second  is  a doe,  weighing  102  pounds,  carrying  a 
fleece  of  pounds.  These  pictures  appeared  in  the  Country  Gentle- 
man in  1856  and  were  furnished  that  paper  by  Col.  Richard  Peters, 
who  was  at  that  time  the  owner  of  the  goats.  Dr.  Davis,  not  being 
familiar  with  goats,  thought  these  were  the  famous  Cashmere  goats 
which  furnished  the  fiber  for  the  costly  Cashmere  shawl,  and  they 
were  called  Cashmere  goats  for  many  years  after  their  introduction 
into  the  United  States.  The  records  show  that  as  late  as  1861  Mr. 
William  M.  Landrum,  the  veteran  breeder  of  Angoras,  was  awarded  a 
silver  goblet  and  $25  in  cash  for  the  introduction  of  the  first  Cash- 
meres [Angoras]  into  California.  Hon.  Tsrael  S.  Diehl,  writing  on 
“The  Goat”  in  the  Annual  Report  of  this  Department  for  1863,  gives 
descriptions  of  different  varieties  of  Angoras  in  Asia  Minor,  among 
which  was  one  variety  which  might  very  easily  be  mistaken  for  the 
Cashmere.  He  says: 

There  is  also  a second  or  other  variety  of  Angora,  or  shawl,  goat  besides  those  gen- 
erally described.  This  goat  has  an  unchanging  outer  cover  of  long,  coarse  hair, 
between  the  roots  of  which  comes  in  winter  an  undercoat  of  downy  wool  that  is 
naturally  thrown  off  in  spring  or  is  carefully  combed  out  for  use.  A remarkably  fine 
species  of  this  breed  exists  throughout  the  area  to  which  the  white-haired  goat  is 
limited,  and  similar  breeds  prevail  all  over  the  highlands  of  Turkish  and  Persian 
Armenia,  Koordistan,  and  at  Kirman;  and,  although  some  flocks  yield  finer  fleeces 
than  others,  it  is  called  the  same  wool  or  under  down  as  the  wool  of  Cashmere  and 
Tibet,  and  samples  of  the  wool  of  the  Tibetan  and  the  double-wooled  goat  of  the 
banks  of  the  Euxine  show  them  to  be  but  varieties  of  the  same  species. 

This  goat  is  of  a larger  size  than  those  of  the  more  southern  Turkish  provinces  and 
its  wool  finer,  and  is  the  variety  probably  introduced  by  Dr.  Davis  from  Asia  Minor 
as  the  Cashmere,  and  now  erroneously  so  called  throughout  the  country,  as  all  the 
importations  of  this  country,  as  far  as  we  can  learn,  were  shipped  from  ports  on  the 
Mediterranean  or  Constantinople,  several  thousand  miles  from  Cashmere  or  Tibet, 
through  inhospitable  and  almost  untraveled  countries  for  Europeans,  which  goes  far 
to  prove  the  so-called  “ Cashmere  goat”  to  be  the  Angora. 

Mr.  Diehl,  in  the  same  article  mentioned  above,  describes  the  Cash- 
mere  goat.  The  difference  between  it  and  the  Angora  of  our  country 
will  be  seen  to  be  distinct.  The  similarity  of  the  variety  of  Angora 
described  above  and  the  Cashmere  is  marked,  especially  in  respect  of 
the  downy  undercoat.  His  description  of  the  Cashmere  is  as  follows: 

This  variety  of  the  wool-bearing  or  shawl  goat,  as  it  is  often  called,  is  spread  over 
Tibet,  Northern  India,  and  the  regions  to  the  east  of  the  Caspian  Sea.  It  is  some- 
what smaller  than  the  common  and  Angora  goat.  It  has  straight,  round,  pointed 
horns,  pendent  ears;  is  covered  with  straight  and  falling  long,  fine,  flat,  silky  hair, 
with  an  undercoat  in  winter  of  a delicate  greenish  wool,  of  but  2 to  3 ounces 
each,  which  latter  alone  constitutes  the  fabric  from  which  the  celebrated  shawls  are 
made.  Ten  goats  furnish  only  enough  for  a shawl  1?  yards  square;  but  this  is  often 
found  differing  both  in  color  and  the  quality  of  the  wool,  or  rather  the  fine  hair,  of 
which  the  fleece  is  composed.  The  principal  points  in  the  most  approved  breeds  are 
large  ears,  the  limbs  slender  and  cleanly  formed,  the  horns  not  spirally  twisted,  and, 
above  all,  the  fleece  being  long,  straight,  fleecy,  and  white. 


16 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


This  soft  undercoat  of  the  Cashmere  is  known  as  “pashum,”  and  is 
the  product  from  which  the  famous  Cashmere  shawl  was  made.  Mr. 
William  M.  Landrum,  who  was  probably  the  first  in  this  country  to 
discover  that  our  so-called  Cashmere  goat  was  the  Angora  instead, 
through  investigations  made  about  1861,  also  states  that  there  is  a 
difference  between  the  Cashmere  shawl  and  the  Paisley  shawl.  These 
are  often  referred  to  as  being  the  same  shawl.  While  the  filling  of 
both  shawls  was  of  pashum,  the  chain  of  the  latter  was  made  from  the 
kid  fleece  of  the  Angora.  Pashum  is  combed  out  in  the  spring,  and 
is  worth,  when  cleaned,  in  the  country  where  it  is  produced,  from 
$1.50  to  $2  per  pound.  A writer  in  the  Penny  Magazine  (London)  in 
1838  says: 

The  wool  is  first  combed  from  the  animal  in  the  mountains  of  Tibet,  where  it  is 
sold  for  nearly  5 shillings  a pound.  It  is  packed  in  baskets  and  sent  to  Cashmere, 
where  it  pays  a duty  on  entry.  It  is  there  bleached  with  rice  flour,  spun  into 
threads,  and  taken  to  the  bazaar,  where  another  tax  is  paid  upon  it.  The  thread  is 
then  dyed,  the  shawl  is  woven,  and  the  border  sewed  on. 

So  much  for  the  Cashmere  goat. 

The  first  (or  Davis)  importation  of  Angoras  was  frequently  exhibited 
at  fairs,  and  always  attracted  much  attention.  The  reports  made  by 
the  officials  of  fair  associations  were  always  favorable,  sometimes  flat- 
tering, and  as  is  known,  after  years  of  experience,  not  always  correct. 
The  United  States  Agricultural  Society,  which  held  an  exhibition  in 
Philadelphia  in  1856,  awarded  to  Col.  Richard  Peters,  who  was  then 
the  owner  of  the  Davis  goats,  $100  as  a special  reward.  The  following 
report  was  made  upon  the  animals: 

They  have  become  known  as  Cashmere  goats  from  the  pure  white  color  and  fine- 
ness of  their  fleeces,  and  their  undoubted  Eastern  origin.  The  fleeces  from  the  bucks 
weigh  from  6 to  7 pounds,  those  from  the  ewes  from  3 to  4 pounds.  The  flesh  of  the 
crosses  is  superior  to  most  mutton,  tender  and  delicious,  making  them  a desirable 
acquisition  to  our  food-producing  animals. 

The  ease  with  which  they  are  kept,  living  as  they  do  on  weeds,  briers,  browse,  and 
other  coarse  herbage,  fits  them  for  many  portions  of  our  country  where  sheep  can 
not  be  sustained  to  advantage,  while  their  ability  and  disposition  to  defend  them- 
selves against  dogs  evidence  a value  peculiar  to  this  race.  They  are  free  from  all  dis- 
eases to  which  sheep  are  liable,  hardy  and  prolific,  and  experience  has  proven  that 
they  readily  adapt  themselves  to  all  portions  of  the  United  States.  The  bucks  breed 
readily  with  the  common  goats,  the  second  cross  yielding  a fleece  of  practical  utility, 
whilst  the  fourth  is  but  little  inferior  to  that  of  the  pure  breed. 

A flock  of  valuable  wool- bearing  goats  can  be  raised  in  a few  years  by  using  grade 
bucks. 

The  following  extract  is  from  a report  of  the  special  committee 
appointed  by  the  American  Institute  at  its  exhibition  in  New  York 
City  in  1855: 

They  have  examined  with  much  interest  the  fleece  submitted  to  them,  and  as  well 
from  their  own  observations  as  from  the  results  of  a microscopic  examination  made 


Bulletin  No.  27,  B.  A.  I. 


Plate  I. 


Fig.  1 Angora  Buck.  (Davis  Importation,  1849.) 


Fig.  2.— Angora  Doe.  (Davis  Importation,  1849.> 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


IT 


and  certified  to  by  several  gentlemen  of  scientific  eminence  well  known  to  them,  they 
are  convinced  that  the  fiber  of  these  fleeces  is  identical  in  character,  and  fully  equal 
in  value,  to  that  from  which  the  highly  prized  Cashmere  shawls  were  made.  The 
fleeces  on  exhibition,  and  now  under  examination,  amount  to  from  4 to  8 pounds 
each. 

The  enterprise  exhibited  by  the  introduction  of  these  animals  into  this  country 
and  their  propagation  can  not  be  too  highly  regarded. 

First.  These  animals  are  long  lived,  such  being  the  case  with  the  whole  goat  race. 

Second.  They  are  prolific,  breeding  at  the  age  of  1 year,  with  a period  of  gestation 
of  about  five  months,  and  yielding  twins  almost  universally  after  the  first  birth. 

Third.  They  are  hardy,  experience  having  shown  that  they  will  thrive  well  in  our 
climate  from  Georgia  to  New  England,  and  that  they  require  coarse  and  cheap  food — 
as  the  inferior  grasses,  briers,  bushes,  etc. — such  as  is  refused  by  other  grazing 
animals. 

Fourth.  They  produce  a fleece  of  from  4 to  8 pounds,  valued  at  from  $6  to  $8  per 
pound  in  France,  or  Paisley,  Scotland,  for  the  manufacture  of  those  high-priced 
shawls.  These  fleeces  can  be  produced,  when  the  animals  become  numerous,  at  a 
less  cost  than  the  common  sheep’s  wool  and  far  superior  to  it. 

Another  fact  of  great  practical  value  to  our  agricultural  interests  is  the  facility  with 
which  the  Cashmere  goats  breed  with  the  common  goats  of  our  country. 

From  these  and  other  considerations,  of  the  correctness  of  which  your  committee 
have  entire  cbnfidence,  it  will  be  obvious  that  every  encouragement  should  be  shown 
this  new  enterprise — a bold  and  judicious  movement. 

B.  P.  Johnson. 

Charles  J.  Goodrich. 

James  J.  Mapes. 

A committee  for  the  New  York  State  fair,  held  in  New  York  City 
in  1854,  reported  as  follows: 

The  undersigned  can  not  avoid  the  conclusion  that  in  the  goats  imported,  and 
whose  descendants  have  been  the  subjects  of  this  examination,  we  have  the  first- 
known  specimens  of  that  valuable  race  of  animals  from  whose  hairy  fleece  the  cele- 
brated shawls  are  manufactured  known  in  commerce  by  the  inappropriate  name  of 
“red  camel’s  hair.”  As  the  fleece  does  not  appear  to  have  deteriorated  in  the  com- 
paratively warm  climate  of  South  Carolina,  the  distinctive  character  of  the  race  is 
hard  to  be  obliterated,  while  in  the  northern  region  of  the  United  States  this  char- 
acter can  not  well  fail  to  be  permanent.  Viewed  in  this  light,  the  introduction  of 
this  animal  promises  to  be  of  more  value  to  the  agriculture  of  the  United  States  than 
that  of  almost  any  other  animal. 

James  Renwick. 

Joseph  R.  Chilton. 

W.  H.  Ellet. 

Many  other  similar  reports  were  made  by  committees  of  fair  asso- 
ciations about  that  time,  but  those  quoted  serve  to  show  how  favorably 
goats  were  regarded.  It  should  be  stated  here,  however,  that  there 
are  in  these  reports  many  erroneous  statements.  For  instance,  the 
goat  is  not  the  Cashmere;  they  drop  twins  occasionally  only,  and  their 
fleece  never  did  bring  as  high  as  $6  to  $8  a pound. 

All  of  the  Davis  importation  of  purebred  Angoras  were  purchased 
in  1853  by  Col.  Richard  Peters,  of  Atlanta,  Ga.,  with  the  exception 
11786— No.  27—01 2 


18 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


of  one  owned  by  Col.  Wade  Hampton,  of  South  Carolina;  one  sold  by 
Dr.  Davis  to  Mr.  Davenport,  of  Virginia,  and  one  to  Mr.  Osborne,  of 
New  York.  Colonel  Peters  later  imported  others  from  Asia  Minor, 
which  did  not  prove  to  be  very  satisfactory,  as  they  were  gummy. 
The  Savannah  Republican  in  April,  1860,  said  that  Colonel  Peters  was 
selling  his  goats  at  very  high  prices,  having  received  $1,500  for  one 
buck;  that  the  president  of  an  Illinois  fair  was  so  pleased  with  one  of 
the  bucks  on  exhibiton  there  that  he  offered  Colonel  Peters  “the 
weight  of  the  buck  in  silver  for  it.”  Colonel  Peters  is  looked  upon 
as  the  real  founder  of  the  Angora  goat  industry  in  the  country. 
Although  Dr.  Davis  had  crossed  the  Angoras  with  common  goats  to 
some  extent,  it  was  Colonel  Peters  who  demonstrated  the  possibility 
of  erecting  an  excellent  fleece-bearing  flock  by  judicious  crossing  with 
common  goats.  Other  importers  were  Hon.  W.  H.  Stiles  (1860),  8 
head;  Diehl  & Brown  (1869),  of  Ohio,  of  135  head;  Price  Maurice,* 1  of 
Australia  (1870,  1871,  1872,  1873),  who  imported  16  bucks  and  168 
does  for  his  sons,  who  were  settled  at  Fort  Clark,  Tex.;  John  S.  Har- 
ris (1876),  then  of  California,  now  of  Oakley,  Idaho;  C.  W.  Chenery 
(1867),  of  Massachusetts.  A.  Euty chides  (1869?),  a native  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Angora,  brought  over  a flock  numbering  175  and  made  a vig- 
orous effort  to  bring  them  more  largely  to  the  notice  of  the  American 
public.  After  several  }^ears  of  doubtful  success  he  returned  to  the 
Old  World  to  engage  in  farming  in  Thessaly. 

John  S.  Harris  says  that,  with  the  exception  of  Hon.  Israel  S.  Diehl, 
he  is  the  only  man  who  ever  went  into  the  province  of  Angora  for  the 
mohair  goat;  other  goats  that  were  imported  came  through  agents. 

These  are  about  all  of  the  earlier  importations  from  Asia  Minor.  Of 
recent  years  some  excellent  individuals  have  been  brought  from  Cape 
Colony.  Turkey  has  since  1881  prohibited  the  exportation  of  Angoras, 
and  Cape  Colony,  observing  with  jealous  eye  the  rapid  progress  now 
being  made  in  the  United  States,  has  placed  an  export  duty  upon 
Angoras  of  £100  ($486.65).  W.  Hammond  Tooke,  writing  of  the 
mohair  industry  of  Cape  Colony  in  the  Agricultural  Journal  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  says  they  have  nothing  to  fear  from  Turkey  or 
Australia,  but  that  the  United  States  gives  them  more  concern,  as  the 
breeding  of  Angoras  for  mohair  is  no  longer  considered  an  experiment 
in  the  United  States. 

Previous  to  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  there  were  many  fair- 
sized flocks  in  the  South  and  Southwest.  There  were  smaller  flocks 
in  many  of  the  Northern  and  Western  States.  Mr.  Diehl,  in  1863, 
mentions  flocks  containing  from  300  to  1,200  and  more  in  Atlanta,  Ga. ; 
Gallatin  and  Nashville,  Tenn. ; Russellville,  Frankfort,  Paris,  and 

1 This  statement  is  made  upon  the  authority  of  Gustav  A.  Hoerle;  but  C.  P.  Bailey 
says  he  has  never  been  able  to  verify  the  presence  of  this  importation  in  Texas,  and 

I am  informed  that  Col.  W.  L.  Black,  of  Texas,  also  fails  to  locate  them. — G.  F.  T. 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


19 


Georgetown,  Ky. ; Greenville,  Lebanon,  Montgomery,  and  Bucyrus, 
Ohio;  Green  County,  Ind.;  Chicago,  Decatur,  and  Evanston,  111.  ; St. 
Louis,  Maramee,  and  Fayette,  Mo. ; Baltimore,  Md. ; Leavenworth, 
Kans.;  Brownsville,  Pittsburg,  Washington,  and  Philadelphia,  Pa.; 
New  York  City,  N.Y. ; Boston  and  Belmont,  Mass.;  Austin,  Tex.;  and 
in  the  States  of  Iowa,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  California,  and  in  other 
localities.  So  it  will  be  observed  that  they  were  so  distributed  as  to 
test  in  a most  excellent  manner  the  several  phases  of  our  climate  upon 
them.  On  account  of  the  civil  war,  however,  little  or  no  progress  was 
made  in  the  South,  where  the  largest  herds  were  located  and  where 
most  interest  was  manifested,  until  about  1866.  Soon  after  the  close 
of  the  war  they  spread  out  into  the  West,  principally  into  Texas  and 
California,  where  the  natural  conditions  were  most  favorable,  and 
where  they  have,  quite  unknown  to  the  public,  increased  wonderfully 
in  numbers  and,  in  the  light  of  recent  events,  in  importance  also. 

In  the  spring  of  1861  Colonel  Peters  sold  two  16-months-old  bucks 
to  William  M.  Landrum,  of  San  Joaquin  County,  Cal.  They  were 
sent  from  Atlanta  to  St.  Louis  by  express ; thence  by  steamer  to 
Fort  Leavenworth,  and  thence  on  foot  to  California  with  a wagon 
train.  They  subsisted  on  the  journey  by  browsing  on  what  other  ani- 
mals rejected,  and  arrived  at  their  destination  uninjured  and  in  good 
condition.  Mr.  Landrum  exhibited  them  at  the  State  fair  the  same 
year,  being  awarded  a silver  goblet  and  $25  in  cash.  One  of  the  goats, 
after  siring  about  thirty  kids,  died  of  snake  bite;  the  other  one,  famous 
on  the  Pacific  coast  under  the  name  of  u Billy  Atlanta,”  lived  to  be  10 
years  old,  and  then  was  accidentally  killed.  He  had  sired  about  two 
thousand  kids.  This  buck  won  the  sweepstakes  prize  over  all  compet- 
itors at  every  State  fair  down  to  his  death;  and  Colonel  Peters  stated 
in  1876  that  his  numerous  descendants  were  scattered  all  along  the 
Pacific  coast,  and  that  “his  blood  courses  in  the  veins  of  over  one-half 
the  Angora  flocks  in  that  part  of  the  Union,  estimated  to  approximate 
70,000.”  Colonel  Peters  further  stated  “that  about  one-third  of  the 
purebreds  introduced  into  California  were  contributed  from  the  first 
and  original  (Davis)  importation  of  1849,  and  that  their  blood  is  pres- 
ent in  probably  two-thirds  or  three-fourths  of  the  Angora  stock  on  the 
Pacific  coast.” 

Mr.  Landrum  was  in  California  from  1850  to  1883,  after  which  time 
he  went  to  Texas.  He  is  now  at  Laguna,  Uvalde  County,  Tex.,  and, 
with  his  sons,  is  still  interested  in  the  Angora  goat  industry.  The 
Chenery  importation  was  shipped  by  the  British  consul  in  Angora  to 
Constantinople,  where  they  were  sorted  by  Mr.  John  R.  Thompson  and 
the  American  consul,  and  shipped  by  a sailing  vessel  to  Boston. 

Ten  head  of  the  Chenery  importation  were  taken  to  California  and 
disposed  of  as  follows:  A pair  to  C.  P.  Bailey,  San  Jose,  at  $500  each; 
a pair  to  Thomas  Butterfield  & Son,  Watsonville;  a pair  to  William 
M.  Landrum,  San  Joaquin  County;  a pair  to  Mr.  Pierson,  Santa  Cruz; 
and  a pair  to  Flint  & Sargent,  Monterey  County.  This  lot  was  the 


20 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


beginning  of  the  breeding  of  thoroughbred  Angoras  in  California. 
Prior  to  this  but  two  Angora  bucks  had  been  taken  into  the  State — 
the  two  which  were  sent  by  Peters  to  Landrum. 

The  Diehl  and  Brown  importation  was  first  taken  to  Ohio;  and 
afterwards  the  entire  lot,  it  is  believed,  was  taken  to  California,  where 
the  goats  were  widely  disseminated  through  the  State,  some  of  them 
bringing  as  much  as  $200  a head. 

In  1875  William  Hall  bought  of  Butterfield  & Son  their  entire  flock 
of  150  goats  for  about  $17,000.  The  same  year  John  S.  Harris  joined 
Hall  as  a partner,  and  the  following  year  went  to  Turkey  and  purchased 
ten  does  and  two  bucks.  These  also  went  to  California.  It  is  said 
that  the  blood  of  this  importation  was  felt  beneficially  in  every  good 
flock  in  the  State. 

In  1893  C.  P.  Bailey  imported  from  South  Africa  two  bucks.  Pasha 
(see  PI.  VII)  was  one  of  these,  and  his  get  has  been  sent  to  nearly 
every  State  in  the  Union.  In  1899  Mr.  Bailey  imported  another  buck 
from  Cape  Town.  This  animal  is  the  last  importation  into  the  United 
States. 

The  statement  has  already  been  made  that  the  first  goats  taken  to 
California  were  purchased  of  Colonel  Peters  by  Mr.  Landrum.  In 
1872  Mr.  Landrum  purchased  all  the  goats  under  8 years  of  age  which 
Colonel  Peters  then  owned  and  took  them  to  California. 

Mr.  Julius  Weyand,  secretary  of  the  Angora  Goat  Breeders’  Asso- 
ciation of  California,  in  a report  to  that  organization  in  1891,  gives  a 
brief  review  of  the  industry  in  that  State.  He  says  that  in  1885  there 
were  about  100,000  Angora  goats  in  California,  but  between  that  date 
and  1889,  owing  to  the  admission  into  the  United  States  of  mohair  as 
carpet  wool,  and  thus  paying  but  2^  cents  duty  per  pound,  the  number 
decreased  to  55,000.  Mr.  C.  P.  Bailey  is  authority  for  the  statement 
that  practically  all  the  goats  in  California  are  of  the  Angora  breed. 

Large  flocks  of  Angoras  have  been  sent  from  California  and  Texas 
into  Nevada,  Oregon,  and  Washington,  where  they  have  been  divided 
into  smaller  flocks  and  become  the  property  of  many  different  farmers. 
Texas  has  also  sent  many  over  into  New  Mexico. 

Although  the  foregoing  facts  show  that  the  Angora  goats  have  been 
slow  in  gaining  a standing  among  the  industries  of  the  country,  it  can 
hardly  be  doubted  that  there  are  now  in  motion  such  energies  as  will 
place  the  industry  upon  a rational  basis.  It  is  believed  that  the  Angora 
industry  is  already  emerging  from  the  chaos  which  has  enveloped  it 
for  fifty  years  past,  and  that  it  will  soon  be  as  firmly  established  as 
any  other  stock  interest  in  the  United  States.  A recent  issije  of  Wool 
Markets  and  Sheep  says: 

After  careful  review  of  the  situation,  past  and  present,  the  Angora  goat  industry  of 
this  country  we  clearly  conceive  is  destined  to  be  one  of  very  great  importance  in  our 
agricultural  economy.  Our  broad  acres  and  diversified  geological  and  climatic  con- 
ditions give  ample  scope  and  abundant  suitable  conditions  for  the  carrying  on  of  the 
business  to  a large  extent  and  profitable  issue. 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


21 


DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 

Mr.  Israel  S.  Diehl,  bearing  a commission  from  the  Commissioner 
of  Agriculture,  visited  the  province  of  Angora  in  1867  to  investigate 
the  mohair  industry.  Here,  where  there  were  once  in  operation  1,700 
to  1,800  looms  working  up  the  mohair  fleeces,  he  found  but  a few  hun- 
dred remaining,  struggling  hopelessly  against  the  fatal  competition  of 
European  machinery  and  the  aggressive  policy  of  the  European  Gov- 
ernments. The  fleeces  were  exported  to  Europe  for  fabrication,  thus 
rendering  Turkey  tributary  to  the  monopoly  then  existing  in  this 
industry  in  Europe.  The  European  demand  for  the  raw  material  was 
so  great  and  the  facilities  to  fabricate  it  so  much  better  and  cheaper 
that  Turkey  was  compelled  to  export  the  raw  mohair.  In  order  to 
meet  the  demands  for  manufactured  mohair  the  Turkish  growers, 
without  wise  foresight,  began  the  practice  of  crossing  the  Angora 
upon  the  common  Kurd  goat  of  that  country.  The  inevitable  result 
of  such  a policy  was  to  bring  about  to  a large  extent  the  conditions 
which  have  obtained  in  the  United  States,  namely,  a breed  of  Angoras 
of  uncertain  purity.  This  fact,  coupled  with  the  belief  that  proper 
care  was  not  exercised  in  selecting  the  animals  exported  to  this  coun- 
try and  that  they  have  been  carelessly  bred  here,  has  led  some  excel- 
lent judges  of  Angoras  to  express  the  belief  that  there  are  really  no 
purebred  Angoras  in  the  United  States. 

These  conditions  have  produced  various  types  of  Angoras,  even  in 
Asia  Minor,  and  a minute  description  of  one  would  not  apply  to  all. 
Some  strains  have  fox-like  ears,  while  others  and  generally  preferred 
ones  have  long  pendent  ears.  In  this  country  care  must  always  be 
exercised  to  cull  the  offcolored  kids  out  of  the  flock.  These  may  be 
the  result  of  atavism,  where  a cross  was  made  upon  a common  goat 
either  red  or  black;  but  it  is  reported  by  some  that  different  colors  are 
found  in  the  province  of  Angora  among  what  were  supposed  to  be 
purebred  animals.  Mr.  Gustav  A.  Hoerle,  one  time  corresponding 
secretary  of  the  American  Mohair  Growers’  Association,  and  an  author- 
ity of  note  on  Angora  goats,  mentions  having  yellow  and  red  goats  in 
his  own  herd,  and  said  that  “some  of  the  kids  became  quite  a variety 
show.” 

Mr.  S.  C.  Cronwright  Schreiner,  of  Cape  Colony,  in  his  excellent 
work  on  “The  Angora  Goat,”  has  compiled  the  descriptions  of  almost 
all  writers  on  Angora  goats.  He  quotes  Mr.  Henry  O.  Binns,  who 
spent  twenty  years  in  the  mohair  districts  of  Asia  Minor  between  1864 
and  1886,  and  who  studied  them  during  that  time,  as  follows: 

The  pure  Angora  in  his  prime  is  about  the.  size  of  a five-months-old  Cape  [Cape  of 
Good  Hope]  kid,  with  small  thin  horns,  wooled  all  over  the  body,  their  hair  almost 
covering  the  eyes;  exceedingly  delicate,  and  so  subject  to  disease  that  no  one  cared 
to  keep  him.  What  is  to-day  called  the  purebred  Angora  is  like  the  English  thor- 
oughbred horse — the  result  of  crossing  and  recrossing  until  body,  class,  points,  etc., 
have  attained  to  what  is  generally  considered  that  the  thoroughbred  Angora  ought 
to  be. 


22 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Mr.  Schreiner’s  opinion  of  what  a purebred  Angora  is,  given  on 
page  58  of  his  book,  is  as  follows: 

I think  it  is  certain  that  the  original  purebred  white  mohair  goat  was  a small,  very 
refined,  delicate  animal,  of  great  beauty,  clipping  at  twelve-months’  growth  of  fleece 
about  from  2 to  4 pounds  (according  to  age  and  sex — kids  considerably  less)  of 
dazzling  white,  fine,  soft,  silky,  very  lustrous  mohair,  curling  in  ringlets  from  10  to  18 
inches  long,  with  merely  the  minimum  of  oil  in  its  fleece  requisite  to  the  growth  of 
hair  of  the  highest  excellence,  so  small  in  amount  as  to  be  inappreciable  to  the 
unskilled  observer.  It  was  perfectly  clothed  in  every  part;  it  had  short,  silky,  curly 
hair  about  the  face  and  down  the  lower  parts  of  the  legs  to  the  hoofs;  a soft,  silky, 
curly  “kuif”  (tuft  on  the  forehead),  and  small,  thin,  light-eolored  horns.  The  ewe 
was  of  course  smaller  and  finer  than  the  ram,  and  had  only  one  kid  at  a birth  (of 
this  there  is  abundant  evidence). 

Although  Mr.  Schreiner  thinks  the  Davis  importation  to  this  country 
was  among  the  best  bred  goats  that  ever  left  Turkey,  it  will  be  noticed 
from  the  pictures  of  two  of  them  shown  herein  (see  PL  I,  p.  16), 
which  were  said  by  Colonel  Peters  to  be  excellent,  that  the  mohair 
does  not  extend  4 4 down  the  lower  parts  of  the  legs  to  the  hoofs.”  It 
is  doubtful  if  any  such  Angoras  may  be  found  existing  at  this  time, 
however  probable  they  might  have  been  in  their  original  purity. 

The  following  is  quoted  from  Dr.  John  Bachman,1  of  Charleston, 
S.  C.,  who  was  appointed  by  the  Southern  Central  Agricultural 
Association  of  Georgia  to  report  on  the  Angoras  belonging  to  Colonel 
Peters,  of  Atlanta: 

The  Angora  goat,  more  especially  the  varieties  it  has  produced,  is  described  by 
Hasselquist  (1722-1752),  Buffon  (1707-1788),  Pennant  (1726-1798),  and  others  as  in 
general  of  a beautiful  milk-white  color,  with  short  legs,  and  black,  spreading,  spirally 
twisted  horns.  The  hair  on  the  whole  body  is  disposed  in  long  pendent  spiral  ringlets; 
its  ears  are  pendulous,  and  the  horns  of  the  female,  instead  of  divaricating  as  in  the 
male,  turn  backward,  and  are  much  shorter  in  proportion. 

Mr.  Diehl2  (1868),  adopting  to  some  extent  the  same  language  as 
Dr.  Bachman  used,  describes  the  Angora  as  follows: 

The  Angora  goat,  and  more  especially  the  varieties  it  has  produced,  are  probably 
the  most  valuable  of  all  the  goat  family,  and  have  been  ably  described  by  Naturalists 
Buffon,  Pennant,  Hasselquist,  and  travelers  as  good-sized  animals,  generally  of  a 
beautiful  milk-white  color,  with  short  legs  and  wide-spreading,  spirally-twisted 
horns.  The  wool  is  described  as  a very  beautiful  curled  or  wavy  hair  of  silvery 
whiteness,  with  a fine  downy  wool  at  its  base,  and  this  hair  is  disposed  in  long, 
pendent,  spiral  ringlets  on  the  whole  body.  The  horns  of  the  female,  instead  of 
spreading,  as  in  the  male,  turn  backward,  and  are  much  shorter  in  proportion. 
Those  of  the  male  are  long,  spirally  twisted,  but  the  size  and  direction  are  very 
different  from  the  common  goat,  being  generally  extended  from  15  to  30  inches  in 
height  on  each  side  of  the  head,  while  those  of  the  female  are  near  the  ears.  The 
hair,  or  wool,  often  sweeps  to  the  ground,  and  is  usually  from  5 to  12  inches  long, 
especially  in  the  older  bucks,  but  then  not  so  fine. 

This  brief  description,  he  said,  applied  to  all  the  Angoras  which  he 
saw  in  western  Asia,  Europe,  and  in  this  country,  which  amounted  to 

1 “Report  on  Asiatic  Goats,”  United  States  Agricultural  Report,  1857,  p.  58. 

2 “ The  Goat,”  United  States  Agricultural  Report,  1863,  p.  222. 


THE  ANGOKA  GOAT. 


23 


several  thousands,  except  as  to  a difference  in  ears,  for,  while  some  had 
pendent  ears,  others  which  he  examined  had  ears  exceedingly  small 
and  short. 

Mr.  Diehl  also  mentions  a variety  of  this  goat  in  Angora  which  was 
hornless.  There  is  reason  to  believe  that  an  intelligent  system  of 
breeding  would  produce  such  result.  Such  an  end  has  been  attained 
with  cattle  and  is  entirely  feasible  with  goats. 

In  this  connection,  interest  will  be  manifested  in  a note  from  Col. 
William  L.  Black,  of  Fort  McKavett,  Tex.,  who  says  he  has  an  inter- 
est in  a flock  of  hornless  Angoras  in  Iowa.  He  says  that  there  is  no 
doubt  that  it  is  a “distinct  breed.”  His  experiment  the  first  season 
was  seven  hornless  kids  from  eight  does  with  horns,  and  the  second 
season  (1900)  he  raised  “fully  90  per  cent  of  hornless  kids.”  Horn- 
less Angoras,  however,  were  not  very  rare  in  Asia  Minor,  and  it 
may  be  that  there  were  some  in  the  vilayet  of  Angora.  They  were 
called  Kastamoonee1  Angoras,  taking  the  name  from  the  vilayet  of 
that  name.  The  vilayet  joins  that  of  Angora  on  the  north  and  forms 
a part  of  the  northern  boundary  of  Asia  Minor.  Several  years  ago 
Mr.  William  M.  Landrum  imported  one  of  these  Angoras.  He  was 
known  as  “ Hornless  Johnnie.”  Mr.  Landrum  was  not  very  proud  of 
this  animal,  as  would  appear  by  this  from  his  pen  in  1899: 

He  sheared  10  pounds  at  six  months,  but  his  hair  was  too  coarse  for  anything  but 
wigs.  I bred  him  to  a lot  of  purebred  Angora  ewes  and  got  the  best  lot  of  bucks 
for  low-grade  ewes  that  I ever  saw;  got  $50  premium  for  them  over  purebred 
Angoras.  I paid  $2,000  for  him,  and  lost  him  the  second  year.  If  he  had  lived  I 
would  have  injured  my  purebred  flock  with  him.  As  it  was,  I killed  for  mutton 
several  ewes  got  by  him  from  purebred  ewes  to  get  them  out  of  the  flock.  I could 
not  certify  them  to  be  pure  Angoras. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  Colonel  Black’s  efforts  to  originate  a hornless 
variety  will  produce  better  results  than  were  obtained  from  Hornless 
Johnnie.  Of  course,  the  presence  or  absence  of  horns  need  not  neces- 
sarily have  any  influence  upon  the  qualities  of  a goat. 

Probably  the  best  description  of  the  American  Angora  is  that  given 
by  Mr.  Gustav  A.  Hoerle,  which  is  given  below.  Reference  is  to 
first-class  animals,  and  not  to  grades  of  various  degrees: 

The  body  should  be  long,  and  the  rounder  the  better;  the  back  straight,  with 
shoulders  and  hips  equally  high  from  the  ground;  shoulders  and  quarters  heavy  and 
fleshy;  chest  broad,  indicating  good  constitution;  the  legs  should  be  short  and  strong; 
the  head  is  in  shape  like  that  of  a common  goat,  but  less  coarse  and  cleaner  cut;  the 
horns  are  heavy,  with  an  inward  twist,  inclining  backward  and  to  the  outside. 

Except  just  the  face  and  legs,  from  the  hocks  and  knees  down,  the  entire  animal 
should  be  densely  covered  with  mohair,  and  neither  the  belly  nor  the  throat  nor 
even  the  lower  part  of  the  jaws  should  be  bare,  but  should  have  a good  covering  of 
fine,  silky  mohair,  and  with  the  finest  specimens  the  mohair  tuft  on  the  forehead 
should  be  well  developed.  The  mohair  should  hang  in  long,  curly  ringlets.  How- 
ever, not  every  Angora  goat  which  shows  these  perfectly  curly  ringlets  of  the  mohair 

xThis  name  is  variously  spelled — Kastamoonee  (preferred  by  Lippincott),  Kasta- 
mouni,  Kastamuni,  Castambool,  Castambul,  Costambone. 


24 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


must  necessarily  be  considered  a thoroughbred;  whilst,  on  the  other  hand,  there  are 
quite  a number  of  really  handsome  and  valuable  thoroughbreds  whose  hair  has  not 
that  much-desired  shape,  owing  entirely  to  climatic  and  nutrimental  influences,  as 
well  as  to  advancing  age.  Thoroughbreds  and  all  nonshedding  grades  can  easily  be 
recognized  by  the  peculiar  shape  of  “points”  of  their  mohair,  each  end  showing 
plainly  that  it  has  been  “cut  off,”  instead  of  running  gradually  to  what  is  called  a 
“ steeple  point,  ” which  is  found  with  the  hair  of  all  kids  and  of  shedding  grade 
Angoras.  The  plainer  and  longer  this  blunt  point  shows  toward  the  end  of  the  year 
the  better  is  the  fiber  of  the  mohair,  and  the  more  valuable  is  the  hair  for  comb- 
ing purposes  and  the  smaller  the  percentage  of  noilage  and  waste.  After  shedding, 
as  well  as  nonshedders  after  shearing,  the  mohair  grows  very  rapidly  for  some 
months.  It  grows  slower  toward  the  end  of  the  year,  and,  with  very  bad  climatic 
and  nutrimental  influences,  almost  stops  growing  entirely.  Therefore,  if  the  late  fall 
shearing  is  practiced,  Angoras  need  good  care  during  winter.  The  more  even  in 
length  and  quality  the  mohair  is  on  all  parts  of  an  Angora  body  the  better.  When 
in  full  fleece  the  body  of  a fine  thoroughbred  Angora  should  appear  like  a right- 
angled  square,  with  no  gaps  or  deficiencies  of  covering,  especially  below  the  belly. 

Mr.  Hoerle  is  encountering*  some  opposition  to  his  ideas  of  the  non- 
shedding varieties.  Because  of  this  difference  of  opinion  the  Bureau 
submitted  the  question,  “Do  thoroughbreds  (fourth  cross  or  above) 
shed  if  not  sheared?  ” to  a large  number  of  the  breeders  of  the  coun- 
try. A summary  of  the  replies  received  is  given  elsewhere  (see  p.  79). 

A characteristic  of  the  common  goat  that  is  very  objectionable  is 
the  ever-present  offensive  odor  from  the  bucks;  in  the  Angora  breed 
this  odor  is  entirely  absent,  except  at  the  rutting  season,  and  then  it 
is  noted  in  a slight  degree  only.  The  odor  in  a fleece  of  mohair  is 
milder  than  that  in  a wool  fleece,  and  is  not  at  all  offensive. 

NAMES  OF  THE  BREED,  THE  SEXES,  AND  THE  MEAT. 

NAME  OF  THE  BREED. 

There  was  no  difficulty  in  dropping  the  name  “Cashmere”  as  soon 
as  it  was  known  that  the  Angora  goats  did  not  belong  to  that  breed,  but 
there  are  a few  uninformed  persons  who  still  refer  to  them  as  Cash- 
meres. Owing  to  the  prejudice  existing  against  “the  goat,”  it  has 
been  suggested  and  strongly  urged  by  some  that  the  easiest  and  quick- 
est manner  of  ingratiating  the  Angora  goat  with  the  people  is  to  drop 
the  word  “goat”  altogether  and  call  them  simply  “Angoras.”  In 
other  words,  it  is  proposed  to  pretend  that  this  animal  does  not  belong 
to  the  goat  family.  It  would  still  be  a goat  notwithstanding,  and 
students  of  science  would  forever  be  pointing  out  the  pretense. 
Besides,  the  use  of  the  name  “Angora”  alone  would  almost  certainly 
lead  to  the  commission  of  errors.  Everything  of  American  origin  is 
referred  to  as  being  “American,”  and  the  various  animals  from  the 
vilayet  of  Angora  could  with  equal  propriety  be  called  “Angoras.” 
For  instance,  the  long-haired  cat  from  that  province  is  quite  well 
known  in  this  country  and  is  called  an  “Angora.” 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


25 


The  American  people  desire  to  know  things  by  their  right  names. 
This  is  a principle  more  deep  seated  than  mere  prejudice.  A great 
amount  of  prejudice  had  to  be  overcome  before  the  tomato  was  gener- 
ally used  for  food,  and  we  can  imagine  in  a degree  what  was  said  of  the 
first  man  who  ate  an  oyster  or  a mushroom.  But  these  “ poisonous”  and 
“nasty”  things  are  now  recognized  everywhere  not  only  as  delicacies 
but  as  most  nourishing  food.  So  will  it  be  with  the  flesh  of  Angora 
goats  when  it  is  generally  known  that  it  is  palatable  and  nutritious.  A 
perusal  of  the  many  reports  received  by  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Indus- 
try shows  that  there  is  no  objection  to  Angora  goat  meat  in  those 
localities  where  these  goats  are  raised. 

The  Angora  has  everjdhing  to  recommend  it — nothing  to  condemn 
it;  and  there  seems  to  be  no  real  good  reason  why  its  identity  should 
be  lost  b}r  dropping  the  name  “goat.”  Whoever  sees  the  animal  can 
not  fail  to  admire  it,  and  whoever  eats  of  it  is  quite  certain  to  like  it 
if  he  is  at  all  fond  of  mutton;  and  the  prejudice  against  it  will  disap- 
pear as  the  industry  expands  and  develops  throughout  the  country. 
Indeed,  a knowledge  of  the  Angora  goat  shows  that  the  existing 
prejudices  will  not  hold  against  it;  that  those  prejudices  are  based 
upon  the  reputation  of  the  common  goat. 

NAMES  OP  THE  SEXES. 

There  are  no  well-established  names  for  designating  the  sexes  of 
goats.  The  male  is  indiscriminately  called  “male,”  “sire,”  “buck,” 
“ram,”  and  “billy,”  and  the  female,  “doe,”  “ewe,”  and  “nanny.” 
Oftentimes  a writer  uses  two  or  more  of  them  in  one  article,  showing 
that  he  has  not  adopted  any  of  them.  One  of  the  questions  submitted 
to  the  men  was  this:  “As  to  designation  of  sex — do  you  call  the  male 
“buck,”  “billy,”  or  “ram,”  and  the  female  “ewe,”  “nanny,”  or 
“ doe?  ” More  than  half  of  those  who  replied  called  the  male  “buck,” 
and  nearly  half  called  the  female  “doe.”  The  objection  of  one  writer 
that  the  plural  of  the  female,  “does,”  conflicts  in  reading  with  the  verb 
“does,”  will  not  hold,  as  a sentence  will  not  “make  sense”  with  the 
one  word  used  for  the  other.  In  this  bulletin  it  has  been  decided  to 
refer  to  the  sexes  as  4 4 buck”  and  4 4 doe.  ” 

The  castrated  animal  is  called  44  wether,”  as  with  sheep.  In  Cape 
Colon}7  he  is  called  a “kapater,”  and  the  sheep  wether  is  there  called  a 
“hamel;”  but  there  is  no  reason  why  we  should  adopt  these  terms. 

The  young  is  called  the  4 4 kid.”  There  seems  to  be  absolute  una- 
nimity in  this  matter. 

NAME  OF  THE  FLESH. 

Our  correspondents  are  apart  in  the  use  of  the  terms  4 "Angora  mut- 
ton” and  4 4 Angora  venison”  for  the  flesh  of  the  Angora  goat,  but  the 
greater  number  of  them  call  it  by  the  former  name.  Those  who  pas- 
tured their  goats  upon  some  grass  or  clover  as  well  as  upon  browse, 


26 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


and  then  finished  their  fattening  with  grain,  produced  a meat  so  nearly 
like  the  best  lamb  that  it  required  experts  to  detect  a difference;  these 
people  use  the  term  4 ‘Angora  mutton.”  In  other  instances,  where  the 
animal  is  fattened  by  browse  alone,  there  is  imparted  to  the  meat  a 
game  flavor,  which  may  be  intensified  or  reduced  by  the  character  of 
the  browse;  people  who  use  the  meat  under  these  conditions  call  it 
“Angora  venison.” 

Some  correspondents,  with  evident  thoughtlessness,  refer  to  the  meat 
as  “goat  meat.”  This  is  a serious  blunder  if  a successful  effort  is  to 
be  made  to  popularize  the  use  of  Angora  mutton,  as  there  is  a wonder- 
ful difference  between  the  flesh  of  the  common  goat  and  that  of  the 
Angora.  F or  this  reason  the  prefix  4 4 Angora  ” should  never  be  omitted. 

THE  USES  OF  ANGORA  GOATS. 

A large  class  of  people  in  some  way  have  become  possessed  of  the 
opinion  that  the  goat  is  practically  a useless  animal.  They  do  not 
reach  conclusions  upon  investigations,  however,  and  do  not  discrimi- 
nate between  the  different  breeds.  To  them  a goat  is  a “goat,”  and 
there  the  argument  ends.  Investigations  prove  that  the  Angora  goats 
are  not  only  classed  among  the  most  useful  of  the  domestic  animals, 
and  have  been  so  classed  for  thousands  of  years,  but  their  usefulness  is 
manifested  in  a variety  of  ways.  The  fleece,  called 4 4 mohair,”  furnishes 
some  of  the  finest  of  fabrics  among  ladies’  goods  and  is  used  in  various 
other  manufactures;  their  habit  of  browsing  enables  the  farmer  in  a 
wooded  locality  to  use  them  to  help  in  subjugating  the  forest;  their 
flesh  is  exceedingly  delicate  and  nutritious;  the  milk,  though  not  so 
abundant  as  with  the  milch  breed  of  goats,  is  richer  than  cow’s  milk; 
their  tanned  skins,  though  inferior  in  quality  to  the  skins  of  the  com- 
mon goat,  are  used  for  leather;  their  pelts  make  the  neatest  of  rugs 
and  robes;  they  are  excellent  pets  for  children;  a few  of  them  in  a 
flock  of  sheep  are  a protection  from  wolves  and  dogs;  their  manure  is 
noticeably  helpful  to  the  grass  which  follows  them  after  they  have 
cleaned  away  the  underbrush.  These  are  all  vital  subjects  of  varying 
degrees  of  importance,  and  will  be  considered  here  under  appropriate 
heads. 

BROWSING  AND  PASTURAGE. 

Ability  to  clear  brush  land. — Goats  are  browsers  by  nature,  and  there 
is  no  vegetation  they  will  eat  in  preference  to  leaves  and  twigs  of 
bushes.  While  this  fact  would  at  once  establish  them  as  an  intolera- 
ble nuisance  in  an  orchard  or  garden  or  any  other  place  where  desira- 
ble shrubbery  is  growing,  it  also  shows  that  they  may  be  of  great  value 
in  many  localities  where  it  is  desirable  that  underbrush  be  destroyed. 
They  are  omnivorous  eaters  and  seem  particular  to  avoid  that  charac- 
ter of  vegetation  which  other  kinds  of  live  stock  prefer.  Every  leaf 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


27 


and  every  twig. within  their  reach  is  greedily  eaten,  even  to  most  of 
the  bushes  and  weeds  that  are  considered  poisonous  to  other  rumi- 
nants, while  a remarkably  few  weeds  are  passed  by.  They  will  desert 
the  finest  clover  and  blue  grass  for  such  an  outlay. 

The  inherent  tendency  to  climb  leads  them  to  hillsides  and  rocky 
cliffs,  and  they  prefer  such  situations  to  any  of  a level  character. 
Here  nature  meets  their  necessities  by  dwarfing  the  bushes  so  they 
may  be  browsed  easily;  the  soil  is  quickly  drained  in  the  event  of 
rain — for  they  do  not  like  wet  land;  and  the  stones  serve  to  keep  the 
feet  trimmed  properly  by  the  wearing  process.  This  is  the  situation 
that  the  goats  would  choose;  but  the  farmer  might  choose  to  turn 
them  into  a dense  mass  of  brush  and  weeds  anywhere  and  they  will  at 
once  begin  to  convert  it  into  the  most  beautiful  pasture. 

In  those  localities  where  valuable  land  is  completely  subdued  by 
brush  the  goats  are  considered  of  more  value  for  the  purpose  of  clear- 
ing it  than  for  their  mohair  or  meat.  They  thus  become  one  of  the 
farmer’s  important  tools.  Their  value  in  this  respect  must  be  meas- 
ured by  the  value  of  the  land  which  they  will  render  cultivable.  It  is 
said  that  in  Oregon,  where  Chinamen  had  been  paid  as  high  as  $20  an 
acre  for  clearing  off  brush,  goats  had  done  the  work  even  better. 
Sprouts  will  spring  up  behind  men’s  work,  but  goats  will  keep  them 
down  until  they  cease  to  appear.  True,  the  goats  require  more  time 
than  men,  but  their  work  is  better.  In  this  connection  an  article 
which  appeared  in  the  Country  Gentleman  of  January  11,  1900,  is  of 
special  interest: 

In  1870  Mr.  Landrum,  exhibited*  ten  head  at  the  Oregon  State  fair.  They  were 
put  in  a brush  pen,  where  they  ate  out  the  brush  and  peeled  the  saplings  during  the 
fair.  As  the  Willamette  Valley  was  covered  with  brush  and  farmers  were  paying 
Chinamen  $20  and  Americans  $22  per  acre  for  grubbing,  Mr.  Landrum  suggested  the 
employment  of  goats  instead ; and,  to  demonstrate  their  effectiveness  as  substitutes 
for  grubbing,  he  left  them  on  3 acres  of  slashed  brush.  At  the  end  of  the  first  year 
the  roots  were  dead  and  discolored,  and  at  the  end  of  the  second  year  they  were  rot- 
ten and  the  land  mellow  for  the  plow.  Then  he  drove  up  his  California  herd  of 
2,400,  the  result  of  fifteen  years  of  breeding,  and  sold  them  in  small  lots  from  Jackson- 
ville to  Portland,  scattering  them  throughout  the  Willamette  Valley.  He  says  he 
sold  as  many  more  later  to  go  to  Oregon,  where  there  are  now  80,000  head,  mostly  in 
lots  of  25  to  300.  * * * He  believes  that  they  are  more  profitable  than  any  other 

farm  animals.  They  have  cleared  hundreds  of  thousands  of  acres  of  brush  land  in 
Oregon  now  in  cultivation. 

Through  the  courtesy  of  Dr.  J.  R.  Standley,  of  Platteville,  Iowa,  three 
illustrations  are  presented  which,  as  he  naively  states,  shows  woodland 
“before  goating,  during  goating,  and  after  goating.”  Words  can  not 
possibly  emphasize  the  work  of  goats  as  brush  destroj^ers  so  strongly 
as  these  illustrations.  The  first  (PI.  II)  shows  simply  a dense  mass  of 
hazel,  plum,  crab  apple,  several  varieties  of  oaks,  and  weeds  as  high 
as  the  fence.  This  land  was  as  nearly  like  that  shown  in  the  other 


28 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


illustrations  before  goats  were  turned  in  them  as  it  was  possible  to 
find.  The  second  (PL  III)  shows  a piece  of  land  while  goats  were 
operating  on  it.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  brush  is  dead,  and  that 
the  weeds  only  appear  to  be  alive.  The  third  (PI.  IV)  shows  the 
“finished  product”  after  two  years.  The  goats  had  been  in  the  tract 
shown  in  Plate  III  but  twelve  months  when  this  photograph  was  taken. 
The  shrubbery  that  was  too  large  for  the  goats  to  “ ride  down”  was 
cut  down,  the  goats  completing  the  work  by  eating  the  soft  twigs  and 
leaves.  The  last  piece  is  ready  for  cultivation  or  for  pasture  for 
cattle,  sheep,  or  horses.  When  the  goats  were  first  turned  into  this 
tract  it  was  as  full  of  brush  as  the  tract  shown  in  Plate  II,  and  they 
were  allowed  to  run  upon  it  but  two  years. 

The  beneficial  effect  of  the  goats  is  not  all  in  the  clearing  of  the  land 
of  brush.  In  many  parts  of  the  country  nutritious  grasses  “come  in  ” 
after  the  goats  have  done  their  work.  In  the  tract  shown  (PI.  IV) 
blue  grass  has  by  natural  methods  formed  a most  excellent  pasture. 
The  final  result  is  that  the  goats  not  only  put  such  character  of  land  in 
condition  for  cultivation,  but  actually  go  further  by  converting  a 
wilderness  into  a good  pasture,  thus  preparing  the  way  by  cheapest 
methods  for  sheep,  cattle,  or  horses. 

Dr.  Standi ey  says  that  in  that  part  of  Iowa  where  he  lives  “ 100 
Angoras  to  each  10  acres  of  this  land  for  two  years  would  make 
it  as  clean  as  a lawn  and  as  perfectly  set  in  blue  grass  as  a lawn.” 
He  has  500  acres  of  such  land  cleared  in  this  manner.  This  land 
now  supports  one  steer  to  each  acre,  whereas  before  it  was  cleared 
there  was  not  enough  grass  on  an  acre  to  make  a sheep  or  goat  a single 
feed.  The  same  experience  is  reported  by  Mr.  Q.  M.  Beck,  of  Bear- 
grove,  Iowa,  who  says:  “After  running  them  on  such  lands  here  a 
few  years  we  have  a fine  blue-grass  pasture.” 

Dr.  Standley’s  experience  in  the  employment  of  goats  for  clearing 
land  is  extensive,  and  thousands  of  goats  have  been  taken  into  Iowa 
upon  his  recommendation.  It  will  interest  the  readers  of  this  paper 
to  see  the  following  from  his  pen: 

Land  can  be  cleared  of  the  worst  brush  known  to  this  country  for  a little  less  than 
nothing  by  Angora  goats.  Some  one  asks  how.  Simply  this:  Angora  goats  will  pay 
a profit  and  live  on  leaves  and  weeds,  leaving  the  land  cleaner  and  nicer  than  can  be 
done  in  any  other  way.  Many  persons  have  the  idea  that  goats  bark  the  trees  and 
in  that  way  kill  them.  They  also  think  that  goats  wholly  eat  the  hazel  and  other 
small  brush.  There  is  nothing  in  this.  Goats  are  no  worse  to  bark  trees  of  any 
kind  than  sheep.  The  way  in  which  goats  kill  brush  is  by  continually  cropping  the 
leaves,  which  serve  as  the  lungs  of  the  brush.  The  continued  cropping  of  the 
leaves  makes  the  brush,  as  it  were,  sick,  caused  by  lack  of  nourishment.  This  sickness 
sinks  to  the  very  extremity  of  the  roots,  thus  preventing  sprouting.  Any  and  all 
kinds  of  bushes  are  in  this  way  easily  killed.  Some  kinds  of  brush  and  some  kinds 
of  stumps  are  of  course  much  harder  to  kill  than  others.  Many  varieties  are  entirely 
killed  by  one  summer’s  trimming  of  the  leaves.  Almost  any  are  killed  by  two  years’ 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


29 


trimming.  To  clear  the  worst  brush  do  not  cut  anything  that  the  goats  can  reach  or 
bend.  The  tallest  or  largest  is  better  not  cut.  All  trees  and  saplings  should  be  cut, 
and  the  goats  will  keep  all  the  sprouts  down.  If  stumps  are  allowed  to  sprout  one 
year  before  the  goats  are  turned  in,  the  sprouts  need  not  be  cut.  About  200  goats 
for  40  acres  of  brush  will  in  two  or  three  years  make  the  land  as  clean  as  a garden. 
If  the  pasture  has  only  patches  of  brush,  turn  in  a few  goats  and  it  will  make  more 
grass  for  other  stock  than  if  the  goats  were  not  in.  They  eat  very  little  grass  when 
they  can  get  leaves.  Goats  even  like  weeds  better  than  grass.  In  clearing  brush  land 
in  the  old  way  by  grub  and  plow  there  are  always  left  many  eyesores  in  the  way  of 
brushy  nooks  and  bends  and  steep  places  which  can  not  be  plowed. 

There  are  millions  of  acres  of  land  in  nearly  every  State  in  the  Union  which  might 
be  much  more  than  doubled  in  value  by  the  use  of  Angora  goats  at  no  cost  at  all. 
Commence  and  count  the  worth  of  your  land,  then  the  fencing,  and  see  if  you  can 
afford  to  leave  your  brush  land  so  nearly  worthless  for  all  time.  Then  count  the 
cost  of  grubbing  and  plowing,  if  indeed  such  land  is  susceptible  to  the  plow.  No 
man  can  afford  to  grub  and  plow  brush  land  in  this  day  and  age  of  the  world  any 
more  than  he  can  afford  to  plant  a large  field  of  corn  without  a planter.  In  hilly  or 
mountainous  portions  of  the  country  the  Angora  goat  can  be  made  to  do  a great 
service  in  the  way  of  clearing  the  underbrush,  when  the  land  will  bring  grass  after 
the  brush  is  gone.  It  would  surely  be  a paying  business  to  buy  up  large  tracts  of 
rough  land  in  the  mountain  districts,  or  indeed  any  brush  land  in  the  United  States, 
and  clear  the  brush  and  set  in  grass.  Afterwards,  if  the  owner  liked  other  stock 
better,  he  might  dispense  with  the  Angoras.  In  many  places  where  the  country  is 
too  bare  to  furnish  sheep  with  sufficient  feed  goats  will  do-  exceedingly  well.  In 
many  places  where  leaves  are  abundant  and  there  is  scarcely  any  grass,  making  it 
impossible  to  profitably  keep  sheep,  goats  will  do  admirably  well. 

While  Dr.  Standley’s  experience  is  that  goats  will  not  to  any  appre- 
ciable extent  peel  the  bark  off  shrubbery,  the  experience  of  others  is 
quite  the  reverse.  Mr.  H.  T.  Fuchs,  of  Tiger  Mills,  Tex.,  writes  in  the 
Farm  and  Ranch  of  October  6,  1900,  that  one  summer  he  purchased 
some  Angora  goats  which  came  from  a range  where  they  had  killed 
out  all  the  tall  sumac  trees.  On  his  own  range  was  much  of  this  brush, 
and  his  goats  had  never  touched  it.  It  was  a treat  for  the  newly  pur- 
chased goats,  and  they  “peeled  the  bark  nicely  and  cleaned  off  every 
sumac  tree  in  the  pasture  as  high  as  they  could  reach  (about  6 feet), 
and  in  a few  days  you  could  see  the  white,  smooth-peeled  trees  with 
their  dead  tops  for  miles  all  over  the  pasture.”  He  adds  that  fifty 
men  with  hatchets  could  not  have  done  the  work  so  fast  or  with  so 
much  pleasure.  Further,  he  says  the  goats  that  had  all  along  been  in 
the  pasture  “took  the  hint  and  went  at  the  bark  peeling  also.”  All 
of  which  goes  to  show  that  the  goat  is  an  intelligent  animal  and  is 
capable  of  learning  much  by  observation. 

Mr.  Q.  M.  Beck,  of  Bear  Grove,  Iowa,  writes  that  he  had  goats  on 
a 23-acre  tract,  fenced,  in  one  corner  of  which  were  5 acres  of  clover 
suitable  for  hay.  The  goats  not  only  cleared  the  way  for  the  clover, 
but  ate  the  browse  instead  of  the  clover.  The  goats  were  turned  into 
this  piece  last  June  (1900),  when  they  could  hardly  be  seen  on  account 
of  the  brush,  while  now  (September)  they  can  be  seen  anywhere  in  it. 


30 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Of  no  less  interest  is  the  following  extract  from  an  article  by  Col. 
William  L.  Black,  of  Fort  McKavett,  Tex.,  who  writes  from  an  expe- 
rience of  many  years: 

The  brush  question  is  a most  serious  one  in  a great  many  of  our  States.  So  long 
as  land  can  be  kept  under  cultivation  the  brush  can  be  kept  down;  but  when  it  is 
once  thrown  open  to  pasture  briers  and  brush  of  all  descriptions  begin  to  grow  and 
soon  cover  the  entire  surface.  Even  in  our  own  State  of  Texas  many  millions  of 
acres  are  growing  up  into  brush  thickets  and  will  sooner  or  later  become  worthless 
for  pasturing  cattle,  and  in  many  of  the  Western  Territories  the  same  conditions 
exist.  It  is  supposed  that  this  has  been  produced  by  an  increase  in  the  rainfall,  but 
I am  inclined  to  think  it  is  not  altogether  due  to  this  fact.  That  brush  and  trees  are 
indigenous  to  many  of  our  so-called  arid  districts  can  be  very  easily  proven  by  the 
great  quantities  of  roots  that  the  present  inhabitants  dig  out  of  the  ground  for  fuel 
purposes.  Not  a tree  can  be  seen  for  hundreds  of  miles,  yet  these  great  roots  can  be 
found  almost  everywhere  on  the  prairies  and  are  a substantial  witness  to  the  fact 
that  there  was  an  abundance  of  trees  there  at  some  time  or  other.  Before  this  por- 
tion of  the  United  States  was  occupied  by  the  white  man  it  was  a common  practice 
of  the  Indians  to  burn  the  high  prairie  grass  every  fall  or  winter  in  order  to  hunt 
wild  game  that  was  so  abundant  in  this  part  of  the  country.  Buffalo  and  deer  were 
as  common  then  as  cattle  and  sheep  are  now,  but  the  grass  was  so  high  in  places 
they  could  not  be  seen,  and  the  Indian  would  burn  it  off  to  be  able  to  hunt  them 
more  readily.  This  undoubtedly  destroyed  much  of  the  growth  of  trees  and,  in  my 
opinion,  is  the  true  explanation  of  the  roots  that  are  now  found  in  many  parts  of 
west  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  other  Western  Territories. 

The  question  is  a very  important  one;  and  if  the  goat  can  be  used  to  keep  this 
growth  back,  it  is  certainly  well  worth  the  attention  of  many  of  our  landowners, 
who  may,  in  a few'  years,  find  their  land  practically  worthless.  A personal  friend 
writes  me  that  ‘ ‘ many  pastures  are  growing  up  to  oak  brush  and  hazel  brush  in  the 
North,  and  in  New  England  they  are  bothered  with  ferns  (called  brakes),  berry 
bushes — blackberries,  raspberries,  etc.”  This  kind  of  fare  would  be  “peaches and 
cream”  to  a goat,  and  in  a year  or  two  the  owner  would  be  relieved  of  a great  nui- 
sance, the  goats  would  grow  fat,  and  the  land  would  be  restored  to  a proper  condition 
for  grazing  other  stock  on  it.  Another  correspondent  in  Massachusetts  speaks  of  a 
certain  small  island  he  owned  which  was  so  densely  covered  with  brush  as  to  be 
utterly  valueless  except  to  grow  mosquitoes.  I hear  of  many  parts  of  the  East  that 
are  seriously  troubled  with  brush,  where  many  thousands  of  acres  are  of  no  use  for 
grazing  purposes,  and  the  profit  in  farming  will  not  justify  the  cost  of  grubbing  it. 
In  the  Southern  States  many  farms  have  become  worn  out  and  are  growing  up  into 
brush  and  weeds.  The  Angora  goat  is  the  proper  animal  to  employ  to  put  these 
lands  in  a condition  either  for  cultivation  or  grazing  cattle.  But  a number  of  my 
correspondents  have  asked  me  what  they  could  do  with  the  goats  after  they  had 
cleared  the  land.  In  reply  to  this  I will  say  they  can  well  afford  to  slaughter  them 
and  feed  them  to  hogs,  but  this  is  not  necessary  now.  The  fashion  has  changed 
since  I slaughtered  goats  for  their  hide  and  tallow,  and  there  is  no  trouble  in  selling 
all  the  goats  you  send  to  any  of  our  large  meat-packing  markets. 

Mr.  E.  H.  Jobson,  having  in  mind  the  markets  as  well  as  the 
clearing  of  land,  writes  as  follows: 

The  best  and  most  effective  way  to  clear  brush  land  with  Angora  goats  is  as  follows: 
It  will  not  be  necessary  to  put  up  a very  high  fence;  4 feet  of  close  fencing  is  plenty 
and  will  be  sufficient  to  keep  the  goats  in.  The  proportion  of  goats  is  two  and  one- 
half  to  three  goats  to  an  acre  of  ordinary  thick  brush  land.  I believe  the  cheapest 
way  to  clear  your  land  is  with  yearling  wethers,  as  will  be  seen  later  on.  If  wethers 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


31 


are  used,  you  must  fence  off  one-third  of  the  land  you  desire  cleared,  so  the  goats  can 
not  get  to  it.  The  proper  time  of  the  year  to  turn  them  loose  on  the  brush  is  after 
the  spring  rains  have  ceased,  whish  is  usually  about  the  1st  of  June.  By  this  time 
the  leaves  will  be  well  matured,  and  the  goats  immediately  proceed  to  strip  the  brush 
of  its  foliage,  which  leaves  the  stems  and  branches  exposed  to  the  hot  sun,  which 
cooks  them  and  kills  the  brush  from  its  deepest  roots  to  its  topmost  branches.  The 
hot  sun  being  the  most  effective,  and  there  being  no  rains  to  revive  the  sap,  it  makes 
quick  destruction  of  the  brush.  By  the  time  that  the  goats  will  have  the  largest  por- 
tion of  the  land  cleared  it  will  be  well  along  in  August,  and  it  will  now  be  time  to 
turn  them  in  on  the  piece  of  land  fenced  off  at  the  start,  which  is  fresh  and  abundant. 
In  connection  with  the  brush  feed  allow  them  one  ear  of  corn  a day,  and  at  the  end 
of  six  weeks  they  will  have  cleared  the  remainder  of  your  brush  land,  and  the  corn 
you  have  been  feeding  them  will  have  them  in  prime  condition  to  be  thrown  on  the 
market,  where  they  will  bring  as  much  as,  if  not  more  than,  you  paid  for  them.  The 
result  is  that  you  have  cleared  your  land,  at  most,  at  an  actual  cost  of  50  cents  an 
acre,  and  besides  that,  your  land  is  now  ready  to  set  in  blue  grass,  which  will  enable 
you  to  rent  it  to  sheep  growers  at  $2.50  per  acre,  thereby  causing  the  idle  land  to 
produce  an  income  rather  than  a constant  incumbrance  of  taxes,  with  no  profit  at  all. 

An  illustration  of  the  value  of  Angora  goats  in  clearing  land  is  given 
by  Mr.  Abe  Blackburn,  of  North  Yamhill,  Oreg.,  who  says  that  he 
now  has  a pasture  that  will  keep  200  sheep  which  did  not  have  grass 
enough  to  keep  a goose  when  he  turned  his  goats  into  it  a few  years 
ago.  The  goats  have  killed  out  the  brush,  and  the  grass  has  taken  its 
place. 

The  following  quotations  from  others  who  have  had  experience  with 
goats  as  brush  destroyers  show  how  well  the  work  is  done,  and,  to 
some  extent,  the  character  and  kinds  of  brush  eaten: 

When  confined  in  small  bushy  pastures  they  have  been  profitable  in  clearing  the 
land.  Some  of  the  finest  vineyard  lands  in  California  have  been  cleared  by  goats. 
A farmer  in  western  Oregon,  who  has  for  several  years  run  a small  flock  of  goats  in 
a pasture  with  dairy  cows,  says  the  pasture  now  produces  double  the  grass  it  did 
before  he  purchased  the  goats.  Lands  formerly  producing  nothing  but  brush  and 
ferns  are  now  covered  with  clover  and  bunch  grass.  A farmer  in  Iowa  writes  as 
follows:  “Their  value  as  brush-land  cleaners  can  hardly  be  estimated.  To  a person 
who  has  never  seen  the  results  of  the  application  of  Angoras  to  brush  lands,  a ride 
through  my  blue-grass  pastures  is  a revelation.  Where  three  years  ago  the  ground 
was  densely  covered  with  an  undergrowth  of  hazel,  crab  tree,  oak,  blackberry,  and 
other  brush,  it  is  now  growing  the  finest  blue  grass.  At  present  I have  over  600 
acres  which  have  been  reclaimed,  and  a conservative  estimate  would  be  that  the 
value  of  the  land  had  thereby  been  enhanced  at  least  $10  an  acre.” — C.  P.  Bailey , 
San  Jose , Cal. 

Angora  goats  like  a variety  of  food;  they  live  principally  on  leaves  and  young  and 
tender  barks  and  twigs  of  bushes  and  small  trees,  but,  if  necessity  compels  them, 
they  will  also  eat  weeds  and  grasses,  and  for  a time  do  well  on  them.  The  quality 
of  a goat  pasture,  therefore,  depends  upon  the  amount  and  variety  of  brush,  especially 
evergreens — as  cedar,  hemlock,  live  oak,  holly,  etc. — which  it  contains,  for  on  these, 
as  well  as  the  tender  bark  and  twigs  of  all  kinds  of  bushes,  they  live  principally  in 
winter;  and  the  more  of  it  they  find  the  less  grain  and  hay  do  they  require  during 
the  cold  spells. — G.  A.  Hoerle,  Ridgewood , N.  J. 

For  clearing  out  thickets  and  undergrowth  of  all  kinds  there  is  nothing  better  than 
these  goats.  Their  pasture  will  soon  look  as  clear  as  a cleaned-up  picnic  ground  as 


32 


.BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


high  as  they  can  reach  when  standing  on  their  hind  legs.  In  this  way  they  can 
reach  5 or  6 feet  high,  and  they  bend  down  everything  they  can  reach  with  their 
fore  legs.  The  brushier  the  range  the  better,  and  the  more  different  kinds  of  brush 
and  weeds  on  their  range  the  better  they  will  thrive. — H.  T.  Fuchs , Tiger  Mills , Tex. 

They  more  than  pay  for  the  expense  of  keeping  them  by  clearing  my  land.  They 
clear  off  the  willows,  haws,  buck  brush,  and  squawberries  and  leave  a good  blue- 
grass  pasture  where  there  was  a nuisance  in  the  first  place. — J.  I).  Lewis , Colo. 

He  will  eat  buck  brush,  black  oak,  hickory,  and  all  other  kinds  of  brush,  jimson 
weed,  ironweed,  smartweed,  and  every  other  weed  that  grows,  leaving  the  grass 
for  other  animals  that  will  feed  after  the  goats. — R.  C.  Johnston , Lawrence , Kans. 

There  is  good  grass  here  (Wyoming) , but  my  goats  won’t  eat  buffalo  grass.  They 
will  browse  on  sagebrush,  grease  wood,  scrub  cedar,  scrub  pine,  laurel,  and  willows; 
but  they  refuse  to  eat  the  best  grass  that  grows. — W.  W.  Eheler. 

In  Arizona  the  principal  and  favorite  browsing  is  live-oak  brush. — J.  F.  Holder , Ariz. 

The  statement  is  made  in  a previous  paragraph  that  goats  are  omnivo- 
rous eaters,  apparently  preferring  those  kinds  of  vegetation  that  other 
animals  do  not  eat.  The  information  in  the  quotations  just  given  indi- 
cates that  they  will  feed  upon  a great  variety  of  plants.  With  the 
object  in  view  of  ascertaining  the  different  kinds  of  plants  that  these 
goats  feed  upon,  the  Bureau  requested  several  stock  raisers  in  various 
States  and  Territories  in  the  country  to  report  answers  to  the  question, 
“ What  kind  of  browse  do  your  goats  have?”  Some  information  of 
this  character  is  in  the  quotations  above  and  more  will  be  found  in 
the  replies  copied  below,  credit  for  the  statements  being  given  to  the 
State  only: 

All  kinds  of  bushes,  such  as  scrub  oak,  cedar,  etc.,  in  Texas.  In  this  part  of  New 
Jersey  most  everything  that  exists  in  Texas,  except  scrub  oak  and  live  oak,  may  be 
found. — New  Jersey. 

Black  oak,  sumac,  buck  bushes,  briers,  and  all  kinds  of  weeds.  They  will  not  eat 
grass  if  they  can  get  browse. — Missouri. 

Buck  bush,  elders,  sumac,  prickly  ash,  briers,  grapevines,  jack  oak,  ash,  sycamore, 
basswood,  and  hickory.  The  latter  they  do  not  seem  to  care  much  for. — Kansas. 

Brush,  weeds,  and  grass. — Texas. 

In  southern  New  Mexico  they  have  live  oak  and  mahagony.  They  do  best  on 
scrub  oak. — New  Mexico. 

Oak,  hazel,  vine  maple,  ash,  willow,  rosebush,  thimbleberry,  blackberry,  buck 
bush,  service  berry,  crab  apple,  haw  berry,  soft  maple,  and  some  fir. — Oregon. 

Mostly  mountain  oak  and  other  classes  of  underbrush.  They  will  not  eat  grass  if 
brush  is  obtainable. — New  Mexico. 

Oak  and  hazel. — Oregon. 

Maple,  hazel,  willow,  fir,  thimbleberry,  cascara,  vine  maple,  cherry,  alder,  and 
salol. — Oregon. 

Willow,  ash,  and  buck  bush  on  low,  swampy  land  in  summer  time,  and  straw  and 
fir  brush  in  winter  months. — Oregon. 

Apple,  fir,  oak,  ash,  willow,  maple,  and  poplar. — Oregon. 


Brush  Land  “ Before  Goating.” 

(Photograph  furnished  by  Dr.  J.  R.  Standley.  Platteville.  Iowa.) 


Bulletin  No.  27,  B.  A.  I. 


Plate  II 


Brush  Land  'During  Goating,”  after  Twelve  Months. 

(Photograph  furnished  by  Dr.  J R.  Standley,  Platteville,  Iowa.) 


Bulletin  No.  27,  B.  A.  I. 


Plate  III.. 


Brush  Land  “After  Goating”  Two  Years. 

(Photograph  furnished  by  Dr.  J R Standley,  Piattevi lie,  Iowa.) 


Bulletin  No.  27,  B.  A.  I. 


Plate  IV. 





THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


33 


We  have  almost  all  kinds  of  browse  in  Arizona,  but  scrub  evergreen  oak  predomi- 
nates. We  have  millions  of  acres  of  it,  too. — Arizona. 

Oak,  hazel,  ash,  fir,  and  madrona. — Oregon. 

Live  oak,  post  oak,  hackberry,  elm,  black  persimmon,  black  jack,  mesquit,  moun- 
tain cedar,  wild  plum,  etc. — Texas. 

Several  kinds  of  oak,  sumac,  grass,  and  weeds.  They  will  eat  almost  any  kind  of 
underbrush. — Texas. 

Brush,  weeds,  briers,  mullen,  and  thistles. — Iowa. 

All  of  the  undergrowth  common  to  southern  Iowa — plum,  hazel,  four  or  five  kinds 
of  oak,  elm,  three  or  four  kinds  of  willow,  crab  apple,  and  buck  bush  (sometimes 
called  turkey  berry) . — Iowa. 

Browsing  supplements  feedina  — The  browsing  habits  of  goats  is 
important  in  connection  with  the  question  of  feeding.  In  some  places 
they  obtain  enough  browse  to  carry  them  through  the  winter.  This 
is  especially  true  in  the  Southwest,  where  there  is  so  great  an  abund- 
ance of  live  oak.  If  snow  is  on  the  ground,  or  for  other  reasons  the 
goats  are  deprived  of  opportunities  for  foraging,  the  trees  are  cut 
down  for  them.  They  pass  though  the  winter  in  good  condition  with 
other  feed.  Wherever  they  are  deprived  of  opportunities  for  brows- 
ing, they  must  be  fed.  Browsing  saves  feed.  As  far  north  as  Nevada 
Mr.  Bailey’s  goats  subsist  the  winter  through  on  sagebrush. 

Browsing  adds  game  flavor. — It  is  noted  that  many  of  the  cor- 
respondents heretofore  quoted  state  that  it  is  the  browsing  of  the 
Angora  that  gives  to  the  meat  the  game  flavor,  thus  leading  some  to 
name  the  meat  “ Angora  venison.”  It  is  also  stated  that  when  deprived 
of  browse  and  fed  on  grass  and  grain  the  game  flavor  disappears. 
There  is  no  reason  why  this  should  not  be  true,  for  it  is  a well-known 
fact  that  flavor  may  not  only  be  fed  into  meat,  but  into  milk  and  eggs 
as  well. 

Common  goats  as  brush  destroyers. — The  fact  must  not  be  overlooked 
that  the  brush-destroying  habit  is  common  to  all  kinds  of  goats.  The 
common  goats  will  do  the  work  as  well  as  the  Angoras.  The  latter  are 
employed  for  the  purpose  because  they  are  more  plentiful  and  because 
there  is  profit  in  their  progeny  for  breeding  purposes,  their  mohair, 
and  their  meat. 

Preserving  brush  land f orbrowsing. — Up  to  this  point  consideration 
has  been  given  to  these  goats  as  a means  of  clearing  land  for  pasture 
or  for  cultivation.  There  is  much  brush  land  in  the  United  States 
which  will  support  goats  but  is  good  for  nothing  else.  If  this  is  to 
be  devoted  to  goat  raising,  it  is,  of  course,  not  desirable  that  the  brush 
be  entirely  exterminated.  In  this  event  a goat  raiser  should  have  sev- 
eral fenced  areas  and  change  the  goats  from  one  to  the  other  fre- 
quently. They  should  not  be  permitted  entirely  to  denude  one  field 
before  they%are  transferred  to  another.  It  is  true,  however,  that  no 
matter  how  perfectly  a woodland  may  be  cleared  of  brush  it  will  be 
11786— No.  27—01 3 


34 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


covered  over  again  with  briers  and  brush  in  a few  years  if  constant 
attention  is  not  given  it.  It  is  not  difficult  to  overpasture  such  land, 
and  if  the  goats  adopt  the  64 peeling”  practice  the  brush  and  trees  will 
have  greater  difficulty  in  recovering. 

Grass  and  weeds  as  pasturage. — Considerable  interest  has  been  mani- 
fested in  the  Angora  industry  in  those  localities  where  browse  is  not 
available  and  where  grass  and  weeds  form  the  only  pasturage.  A 
great  many  inquiries  of  this  character  have  come  to  the  Bureau,  and 
the  Bureau,  in  turn,  has  referred  the  matter  to  the  breeders  of  the 
country.  The  replies  received  have  been  numerous,  and  show  a differ- 
ence of  opinion.  The  predominant  opinion,  however,  seems  to  be 
that  the  goats  thrive  best  under  the  conditions  most  nearly  like  those 
of  their  original  home.  It  is  certainly  the  best  argument  to  say  that 
goats  prefer  any  kind  of  browse  to  the  most  nutritious  of  grasses, 
which  is  true,  and  therefore  browse  is  better  for  them  than  grass. 
While  the  more  economical  conditions  obtain  where  there  is  an  abun- 
dance of  browse,  it  is  not  definitely  settled  that  the  goats  will  not  thrive 
well  on  common  pasture  grasses.  It  is  the  opinion  of  the  writer  that 
this  question  is  still  an  open  one,  as  some  successful  breeders  have  had 
goats  on  the  grass  range  for  thirty  years.  From  the  standpoint  of  the 
goat’s  preference,  there  is  no  question  that  browse  is  the  better  food, 
and  this  in  itself  is  a forceful  argument. 

There  is  always  expense  in  connection  with  pasture  grasses,  but  there 
is  little  or  none  with  browse.  One  of  the  chief  reasons  why  goats  are 
receiving  so  much  consideration  at  this  time  is  that  they  are  practi- 
cally inexpensive  feeders,  and  so  all  items  of  expense  must  be  figured 
on  if  profit  is  to  result.  Pasturage,  unlike  browse,  is  not  available  all 
the  year  through.  Therefore  in  prairie  locations  feeding  in  winter  is 
a necessity.  One  of  the  recommendations  in  favor  of  Angora  mutton 
is  that  it  has  the  flavor  of  venison.  This  flavor  is  imparted  by  the 
browse,  and  is  absent  in  the  mutton  made  from  grass  or  grain  feed. 
Many  claim  that  the  animals  make  a better  growth  among  the  bushes 
than  on  open  pastures,  and  that  the  quality  of  the  fleece  is  much  better- 
Contrary  to  this,  however,  is  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Philo  Ogden,  of 
California,  who  says:  “The  fact  is  that  the  brush  disappears  from 
my  range  and  the  fleeces  become  heavier,  with  less  wax  or  gum, 
and  has  more  luster.  Further,  75  per  cent  of  the  young  stock  are 
larger  than  their  parents  and  shear  more  and  finer  hair.”  He  says, 
also,  that  his  experience  in  raising  Jersey  cattle  was  similar,  in  the 
respect  that  as  they  were  taken  out  of  brush  pasturage  and  grown  on 
grass  pasturage  they  obtained  a larger  frame,  so  much  so  that  sales 
failed  because  of  a suspicion  that  they  were  not  purebred. 

Opinions  of  several  correspondents  of  the  Bureau  are  given  in  the 
paragraphs  following: 

It  is  not  advisable  to  raise  goats  for  their  mohair  on  farms  on  which  they  will  be 
obliged  to  feed  to  a large  extent  on  grass  and  forage  plants  which  are  suitable  for 
sheep. — H.  M.  Williamson,  Portland,  Oreg. 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


35 


My  experience  is  that  on  plains,  and  with  grass  as  the  only  food,  thoroughbreds 
would  not  do  well,  while  the  lower  grades  may  do  fairly  well  so  long  as  the  altitude 
is  sufficient.  Usually  the  mohair  is  somewhat  dry  and  coarse  where  grass  is  pre- 
dominant.— G.  A.  Hoerle,  Ridgewood , N.  J. 

Where  there  is  grass  and  brush,  they  leave  the  grass  and  eat  the  brush.  They 
prefer  browsing. — Cook  & Buck , Oskaloosa,  Kans. 

Brush  and  weeds  are  the  proper  feed  for  goats,  but  they  will  do  fairly  well  on  grass 
done. — Harris  & Baylor , Montell,  Tex. 

They  must  have  some  brush. — U.  S.  Grant , Dallas , Oreg. 

Experience  has  proven  that  they  will  do  as  well  on  prairie  farms  as  on  any  other 
place,  but  they  should  have  artificial  shade  for  hot  weather. — E.  H.  Jobson,.Lake 
Valley , N.  Mex. 

High-bred  stock  will  do  specially  well. — V.  Cladek,  Larwood , Oreg. 

They  will  do  well  anywhere  that  they  can  get  green  food. — Abe  Blackburn,  North 
Yamhill , Oreg. 

Angoras  will  do  well  on  prairie  farms  if  they  are  changed  into  different  fields  often 
or  have  a large  pasture. — Oscar  Tom,  Angora,  Oreg. 

They  do  well  on  prairie  farms,  but  do  better  on  bushy  or  hilly  land.  One  of  the 
advantages  of  Angoras  is  their  adaptability  to  rugged  bush  land  which  is  unfit  for 
other  stock. — C.  P.  Bailey,  San  Jose,  Cal. 

Angoras  will  do  well  on  grass  and  weeds,  but  will  do  much  better  if  they  can  get 
considerable  browse  also. — Josephus  R.  Barnette,  Globe,  Ariz. 

Only  in  small  numbers  will  they  do  well  on  grass  and  weeds,  but  where  they  are 
kept  in  large  numbers  they  need  a good  deal  of  brush  and  'timbered  country.  Of 
course,  they  will  do  well  on  prairie  if  they  get  some  corn. — H.  T.  Fuchs,  Tiger 
Mills,  Tex. 

They  will  do  first-rate  on  prairies,  where  grass  and  weeds  are  the  only  pasturage; 
but  they  will  then  have  to  eat  the  feed  which  the  other  stock  require,  whereas,  on 
brush  ranges  the  capacity  of  the  land  for  carrying  sheep  and  other  grass-eating  stock 
is  not  lessened  by  the  presence  of  Angoras. — W.  G.  Hughes  & Co. , Hastings,  Tex. 

I pastured  two  summers  on  grass  and  clover,  and  they  did  as  well  as  when  on  leaves 
and  weeds.  I am  confident  that  a farm  cleared  of  brush  can  successfully  be  used  for 
Angoras! — J.  R.  Standley,  Platteville,  Iowa. 

They  need  a great  variety  of  feed  and  rough  range,  with  plenty  of  pure,  clear 
water. — W.  T.  Mclntire,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

They  do  well  while  the  grass  is  green,  but  do  not  like  dry  grass  or  weeds,  and 
always  do  better  when  they  get  some  brush.  They  will  have  to  be  fed  in  winter  on 
prairie  farms. — H.  I.  Kimball , Maxwell  City,  N.  Mex. 

Pasturing  with  other  stock. — So  far  as  the  goats  themselves  are  con- 
cerned, they  ma3^  be  kept  in  the  pastures  where  there  are  sheep,  cat- 
tle, and  horses.  Their  presence  is  in  no  way  obnoxious  to  any  of  these 
animals.  It  has  already  been  pointed  out  that  a few  of  them  in  a flock 
of  sheep  are  a protection  against  dogs.  However,  it  is  not  best  for 
the  goats  that  they  be  kept  in  pastures  with  horses.  This  is  especially 
important  if  there  are  kids,  as  the  horses  have  a habit  of  playfully  chas- 
ing any  animal  that  is  not  large  enough  to  defend  itself,  and  they  are  apt 
to  strike  the  kids.  It  is  also  important  that  the  kids  should  not  be  in 
pasture  with  hogs,  which  are  liable  to  eat  them. 


36 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Number  of  goats  to  an  acre. — This  is  a question  frequently  asked, 
but  certainly  no  thoughtful  person  expects  a definite  answer.  The 
number  will  depend,  first,  upon  the  object  in  pasturing  on  brush  land, 
whether  it  is  to  kill  the  brush  or  to  use  it  as  a permanent  pasture;  and 
second,  upon  the  quantity  of  feed  obtainable.  While  one  acre  might 
be  as  dense  as  a jungle,  another  might  have  small  thickets  alternating 
with  grass  plats.  Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  a definite  answer  can  not 
be  given  to  this  question. 

MOHAIR. 

Quality  of  the  fiber. — The  word  u mohair”  is  the  technical  name  for 
the  fiber  of  the  Angora  goat  which  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
fabrics.  The  word  comes  to  us,  through  the  old  French  “mohere,” 
from  the  Arabic  “ mukhayyar,”  meaning  mohair  cloth. 

Besides  the  mohair  there  grows  upon  the  Angora  goat  a short,  stiff 
hair,  which  is  technically  known  as  “kemp” — a subject  that  will  be 
discussed  in  another  paragraph.  It  is  held  by  some  writers  that  this 
short  hair  does  not  occur  on  the  pure  Angora,  and  that  where  it  does 
appear  it  is  upon  Angoras  that  have  been  bred  up  by  crossing  upon 
the  common  goats;  in  short,  that  it  is  a relic  of  the  common  goat. 
This  argument  seems  plausible,  at  least,  for  two  reasons:  First,  there 
is  no  certainty  that  any  Angora  goats  now  in  existence  are  absolutely 
purebred,  as  many  years  ago  the  Turkish  breeders  began  the  practice 
of  crossing  upon  the  Kurd  goats,  and  thus  vitiating  the  blood;  second, 
it  is  noticeable  in  building  up  a fiock  by  crossing  upon  the  common 
goats  that  the  short  hair  is  very  prominent  in  the  first  cross,  and 
gradually  grows  less  as  the  crosses  become  higher. 

The  uses  of  mohair  in  manufactures  are  discussed  on  page  44  and  need 
not  be  repeated  here.  The  properties  of  this  fiber  which  render  it 
desirable  are  length,  fineness,  luster,  strength,  elasticity,  and  specific 
gravity,  and  these  are  relatively  desirable  in  about  the  order  given. 
There  is  no  difficulty  in  securing  length  and  strength,  but  the  other 
properties  must  come  by  the  most  painstaking  care  by  breeding.  Hav- 
ing length,  strength,  and  luster,  the  manufacturer  wants  the  fiber  as 
fine  as  can  be  bred.  Good  mohair  averages  about  one  five-thousandth 
of  an  inch  in  diameter;  or,  expressed  otherwise,  5,000  hairs  may  be  laid 
side  by  side  in  solid  contact  within  the  space  of  1 inch. 

Many  mohair  growers  assert  that  the  quality  of  the  fiber  depends 
largely  upon  the  climate  and  the  feed;  and  all  are  agreed  that  the  fiber 
becomes  coarser  as  the  animal  grows  older.  Schreiner  says: 

If  goats  are  to  produce  the  best  fleeces  they  are  capable  of,  they  must  be  maintained 
in  uninterrupted  good  condition.  They  must  have  a variety  of  food,  principally 
shrubs  and  aromatic  plants,  and  lead  an  active  life;  they  must,  if  possible,  have  run- 
ning water  to  drink  and  be  kept  free  from  dust;  they  must  not  be  kraaled  (or  shedded) 
except  when  absolutely  necessary ; they  must  have  clean  sleeping  places  and  must 
not  be  crowded  together. 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


37 


The  wide  range  of  prices  of  mohair  in  the  market  is  due  to  various 
causes,  but  to  none  so  much  as  the  unevenness  in  quality  of  fibers.  As 
compared  to  the  total  production  in  the  United  States,  the  quantity  of 
first-class  mohair  is  exceedingly  small.  The  tendency  has  been  to 
breed  for  length  of  fleece  and  size  of  animal.  While  both  these 
qualities  are  desirable,  it  ought  to  be  plain  to  anyone  that  profit  does 
not  lie  in  these  directions  wholly. 

Mohair  in  a general  sense  is  an  expansive  term,  covering  the  fleeces 
of  goats  of  various  Angora  crosses.  The  fleece  from  a cross  between 
an  Angora  buck  and  the  common  “nannie,”  although  scant,  coarse, 
and  of  uneven  length,  is  unfortunately  called  mohair,  just  the  same  as 
that  from  the  best  animal.  The  fleece  of  the  second  cross  is  better, 
and  that  of  the  fourth  and  fifth  crosses  very  good,  provided,  always, 
that  first-class  bucks  have  been  used.  The  complaint  of  the  manufac- 
turers is  that  very  little  first-class  mohair  is  produced  in  the  United 
States.  It  has  been  demonstrated,  however,  that  a first-class  fiber  can 
be  produced  here.  Mr.  Meeker,  late  consul  at  Bradford,  England, 
the  leading  mohair  market  of  the  world,  recently  wrote  as  follows: 

There  has  been  on  exhibition  at  this  consulate  for  the  past  week  an  American- 
grown  mohair  fleece  forwarded  to  Bradford  by  Mr.  C.  P.  Bailey,  of  San  Jose,  Cal. 
The  fleece  is  that  of  a 2-year-old  graded  doe  and  is  understood  to  have  been  grown 
on  Mr.  Bailey’s  ranch  in  Nevada.  The  quality  of  the  hair  has  been  the  wonder  of 
all  who  have  seen  it.  It  has  been  closely  examined  by  several  of  the  leading  mohair 
dealers  and  importers,  all  of  whom  have  expressed  the  highest  opinion  of  it.  One 
of  them,  Jonas  Whitley,  ex-mayor  of  Bradford,  said:  “I  have  nowin  my  warehouse 
about  $200,000  worth  of  mohair,  both  Turkey  and  Cape,  and  I am  entirely  sincere 
when  I state  that  there  is  not  a better  fleece  in  the  lot.  I will  buy  all  the  American 
mohair  like  that  that  may  be  offered  me  at  the  market  price.  Should  it  uniformly 
equal  this  fleece,  I do  not  know  but  what  I would  pay  more  than  the  market  price. 
* * * I unhesitatingly  say  that  the  sample  fleece  is  as  good  mohair  as  is  grown.” 

A well-known  spinner  of  New  England  is  quoted  by  Mr.  Bailey  as 
saying  that — 

The  American  mohair  is  better  than  any  brought  from  abroad;  it  is  smoother, 
makes  a smoother  thread,  and  runs  spindles  faster;  it  is  silkier  and  softer,  and  I can 
pick  out  cloth  made  from  it  without  looking. 

Mr.  G.  A.  Hoerle  says: 

Samples  of  our  best  mohair  which  were  sent  to  England  were  classed  as  equal  to 
the  best  Turkish,  while  the  best  Cape  hair  was  as  much  as  2 or  3 cents  lower,  a fact 
which  proves  that  even  if  we  finally  should  have  to  ship  mohair  to  Europe  it  would, 
in  the  long  run,  pay  as  well  as  selling  at  home. 

Those  American  breeders  who  have  been  taught  to  believe  that  the 
mohair  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  is  so  much  better  than  that  produced 
here  will  find  encouragement  in  the  following  from  Mr.  S.  B.  Hollings, 
writing  to  the  Midland  News,  Bradford,  England,  under  date  of  April 
27, 1900: 

When  I state  that  the  vast  majority  of  mohair  clips  produced  in  Cape  Colony  does 
not  fill  the  bill  of  our  manufacturers  I state  the  whole  and  sole  reason  why  Turkish 


38 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


sorts  have  been  called  upon  very  extensively  in  preference  to  that  grown  in  South 
Africa.  * * * I am  stating  a plain  fact  that  Bradford  users  do  not  think  that  the 
Cape  clip  is  as  yet  within  25  per  cent  of  the  general  excellence  of  that  grown  in  Asia 
Minor,  and  that  much  remains  to  be  done  before  users  here  will  avail  themselves  of 
that  produced  in  Cape  Colony  in  preference  to  that  grown  in  Turkey. 

The  encouragement  is  not  in  the  fact  that  the  Cape  mohair  is  so 
much  poorer  than  the  Turkish  product,  but  because  ours  is  no  worse 
than  that  of  the  Cape.  Although  the  annual  product  of  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  is  about  12,000,000  pounds  and  ours  only  1,000,000  pounds 
approximately,  the  growers  there  recognize  the  importance  of  the 
American  industry.  Mr.  W.  Hammond  Tooke,  after  discussing  the 
Australian  possibilities  in  this  industry,  says  “the  United  States  of 
America  should  give  us  more  concern.”  In  the  same  article,  published 
in  the  Agricultural  Journal  of  the  Cape  (May  25,  1899),  he  states  that 
the  breeding  of  goats  here  for  mohair  is  no  longer  considered  an  experi- 
ment, and  that  the  mohair  is  “much  like  a large  part  of  that  produced 
in  the  Cape,  consisting  of  rather  low  grades,  short  and  crossbred,  and 
only  suitable  for  combination  yarns  and  for  mixing  with  Turkey  hair.” 

As  illustrative  of  the  superior  value  of  the  mohair  from  Angora 
vilayet  and  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  the  following  table  and  statement  are 
copied  from  Schreiner’s  work  (p.  IT).  The  figures  represent  the  aver- 
age of  the  four  years  1891  to  1894: 


Angora. 

Cape. 

Mohair  goats 

Mohair 

Per  goat 

Total  value  of  mohair 

Pf>r  nnmifl 

number.. 

pounds.. 

pounds  sterling.. 

1.230.000 

3. 360. 000 
2$ 

200, 000 
Is.  2£d. 
3s.  3£d. 

2,891,233 
9,982,709 
a3£ 
419,501 
alOJjd. 
2s.  ll|d. 

Money  yield  of  mohair  per  goat 

a Nearly. 


The  superiority  of  the  Turkish  hair  is  at  once  apparent,  there  being  a difference  in 
its  favor  in  the  above  figures  of  nearly  4d.  per  pound,  and  also  a difference  in  its 
favor  in  the  net  return  per  goat  of  nearly  4d.,  although  the  Turkish  goats  shear 
three-fourths  of  a pound  of  mohair  less  per  goat  than  the  Cape  goats. 

Mr.  George  B.  Goodall,  of  the  Sanford  Mills,  Sanford,  Me.,  points 
out,  in  a recent  letter  to  the  Bureau,  the  defects  of  the  American - 
grown  mohair  taken  as  a whole.  His  mills  consume  more  than  a mil- 
lion pounds  of  mohair  annually,  some  being  the  domestic  product  and 
some  the  Turkey  product,  and  thus  he  speaks  from  large  experience. 
He  says: 

Before  the  domestic  mohair  growers  can  expect  to  get  anywhere  near  Turkey  prices 
they  must  do  away  with  kemp  and  aim  for  a fine  stapled  hair  instead  of  breeding 
for  coarse,  heavy  fleeces,  as  many  do.  The  coarser  the  fiber,  the  low^er  the  value  to 
the  spinner.  We  often  get  small  shipments  of  domestic  fleeces  as  choice  and  fine  as 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


39 


those  grown  in  Turkey,  which  goes  to  show  what  can  be  accomplished  with  care  and 
brains.  The  trouble  is  more  with  the  grower  than  with  the  goats  and  the  climate, 
for  what  one  man  can  do  another  can  do. 

There  are  in  these  quotations  hints  enough  to  point  the  proper  course 
for  those  goat  raisers  who  desire  to  make  their  mohair  crop  a paying 
one.  If  an  Angora  goat  is  of  most  profit  in  clearing  land  of  brush  (as 
is  the  case  in  some  localities),  his  work  will  be  done  just  as  well  if  he 
produces  at  the  same  time  a first-class  fleece;  thus  he  may  become  more 
valuable.  There  is  no  reason  why  Angoras  should  have  the  preference 
for  such  work  over  the  common  goats,  except  that  they  may  be  profit- 
able in  other  respects  at  the  same  time;  therefore  the  better  the  fleece 
produced  while  destroying  brush,  the  greater  the  value  of  the  goats. 

Influence  of  age  and  Uood  on  fiber. — Reference  has  already  been  made 
to  the  fact  that  the  fiber  becomes  coarser  as  the  animal  grows  older. 
The  fiber  is  also  coarse  upon  younger  animals  of  the  lower  crosses. 
The  best  fiber  grows  upon  the  animals  of  best  blood;  and  among  these 
that  upon  kids,  yearling  wethers,  and  does,  in  the  order  named,  is  pre- 
ferred. The  best  fiber  is  usually  very  curly,  in  ringlets  rather,  but  not 
kinky.  It  loses  its  curl  and  becomes  thinner  on  the  goat,  coarser,  and 
straighter  as  the  animal  grows  older.  A fiber  of  best  quality  is  shown 
on  the  left  of  Plate  Y.  It  will  be  noticed  by  careful  examination  of 
this  illustration  that  the  samples  become  less  curly  as  arranged  from 
left  to  right.  The  reason  for  this  is  that  the  samples  are  coarser 
toward  the  right.  The  la§t  sample  in  the  illustration  is  from  an  old 
buck,  the  one  next  to  it  from  an  old  doe,  while  the  two  samples  on  the 
left  are  from  kids. 

The  weight  and  length  of  fleece. — The  weight  of  the  fleece  is  always 
a subject  of  inquiry  and  is  a difficult  question  to  answer,  because  of 
the  controlling  circumstances — such  as  climate,  feed,  care,  and,  above 
all,  the  degree  of  Angora  blood  in  the  animal.  The  briefest  answer, 
and  probably  the  best  one  that  can  be  made  in  a general  way,  is  that 
of  Mr.  C.  P.  Bailey,  and  is  as  follows: 

Half-breed  goats  scarcely  shear  enough  to  pay  for  the  shearing;  three-fourths  bred 
goats  shear  1 to  1J  pounds,  worth  15  to  20  cents;  seven-eighths  bred  goats  shear  2 to 
3 pounds,  worth  20  to  30  cents;  fifteen-sixteenths  bred  goats  shear  3 to  5 pounds, 
worth  30  to  40  cents. 

He  adds  the  important  statement  that  the  fourth  cross,  or  fifteen- 
sixteenths,  is  the  lowest  grade  that  he  would  use  exclusively  for  mohair. 

It  would  be  a difficult  matter  to  state  what  is  the  average  length  of 
an  annual  fleece,  but  10  inches  would  probably  not  be  much  out  of  the 
way.  There  is  on  record  an  account  of  mohair  measuring  20  inches. 
Mr.  U.  S.  Grant,  of  Oregon,  reports  a buck  with  a fleece  19  inches 
long.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  country,  where  shearing  is  done 
twice  a year,  the  fiber  must  necessarily  be  shorter.  This  is  a disad- 


40 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


vantage,  as  the  spinners  prefer  a long  fiber.  Schreiner  shows  (p.  119) 
a picture  of  a buck  canning  a 13-months’  fleece,  weighing  16  pounds, 
which  touches  the  ground.  The  feet  of  the  animal  are  just  visible. 

The  weights  of  the  fleeces  in  the  United  States  are  much  greater 
than  in  Turkey  and  about  the  same  as  in  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
With  reference  to  Turkey,  Schreiner  says:  “ It  would  seem  that  14 
pounds  for  rams  and  8i  pounds  for  ewes  are  about  the  maximum 
weights  of  really  first-class  fleeces,  and  that  if  these  weights  are  much 
exceeded  the  quality  of  the  hair  is  inferior  and  a good  deal  of  the 
weight  is  due  to  oil  and  dirt.”  In  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  buck  fleeces 
have  surpassed  15  pounds  and  ewe  fleeces  11  pounds.  Information  at 
hand  indicates  that  the  average  weights  of  fleeces  in  Oregon  exceed 
those  of  other  sections  of  the  country,  especially  in  the  warmer  por- 
tions. This  reminds  one  of  the  opinion  of  Colonel  Black,  that  the 
fleece  will  be  increased  1 pound  in  weight  by  moving  the  goats  to 
the  colder  Northern  States. 

Schreiner  says  that  the  goats  must  not  be  crowded  together  in 
quarters  if  the  best  fiber  is  to  be  obtained,  and  Hoerle  says  that  “goats 
running  together  in  small  herds  will  shear  from  25  to  40  per  cent 
more  than  when  running  in  large  herds.”  The  size  of  flocks  is  discussed 
in  another  place  (see  p.  75). 

The  influence  of  semiannual  shearing  upon  weight  of  fleece  is  also 
discussed  elsewhere  (see  p.  76). 

Kemp. — The  term  “kemp”  used  in  connection  with  mohair  refers, 
in  a collective  sense,  to  the  coarse  hair  of  the  goats,  and  is  especially 
noticeable  in  the  lower  grades.  Hoerle  says:  “Kemp  is  the  coarse, 
dead-looking  hair  all  through  the  mohair,  about  2 to  4 inches  long, 
which  I consider  to  be  the  degenerated  remnants  of  the  long,  coarse, 
dead-looking  outer  coat  of  some  common  goats.  It  is  usually  thickest 
on  the  hind  quarters  of  badly  bred  goats.”  Its  presence  in  mohair 
always  reduces  the  price  in  proportion  to  the  amount  that  is  present. 
The  reasons  for  this  are  various — the  hair  is  coarser  than  the  mohair; 
it  is  lusterless;  it  is  of  various  short  lengths  and  must  be  removed,  in 
doing  which  there  is  a heavy  loss  of  mohair;  and  it  will  not,  except  to 
a limited  degree,  take  the  dyes  used  for  mohair.  This  last  statement 
is  a striking  fact  and  ought  to  be  the  means  of  prompting  the  mohair 
growers  to  strive  to  breed  it  out.  Whether  or  not  it  can  be  done 
entirely  is  an  open  question,  but  it  is  believed  by  many  prominent 
breeders  that  it  can  be  done.  Schreiner,  however,  considers  kemp  a 
part  of  the  fleece  that  can  not  be  eradicated  completely. 

C.  P.  Bailey  & Sons  Company  say: 

Kemp  is  a coarse  white  hair  which  grows  from  a separate  root  sheath  between  the 
mohair  and  is  usually  thickest  upon  low-grade  goats.  It  is  most  noticeable  along 
the  backbone  and  around  the  tail  and  upon  the  thighs.  We  have  never  seen  a goat 
entirely  free  from  kemp,  nor  have  we  ever  seen  mohair  from  any  part  of  the  world 


Samples  of  Mohair. 

(Photograph  furnished  by  Harris  & Baylor,  Montell,  Tex.) 


Bulletin  No.  27,  B.  A.  I. 


Plate  V 


Does,  Twenty-one  Months  Old.  Fleece  of  Nine  Months’  Growth. 

(Photograph  furnished  by  Dr.  J.  R.  Standley,  Platteville,  Iowa.) 


Bulletin  No.  27,  B.  A.  I. 


Plate  VI. 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


41 


that  was  entirely  free  from  it.  Kemp  may  be  best  detected  by  separating  the  mohair 
upon  the  thigh  of  the  animal  and  closely  inspecting  the  roots  of  the  hair.  It  will  be 
seen  as  short,  coarse,  lusterless  fibers  closely  intermingled  with  the  long,  silky  mohair. 

After  the  mohair  sorter  has  done  his  work  with  a fleece  the  fiber  is 
scoured,  dried,  and  straightened,  and  then  put  upon  a combing  machine. 
This  machine  separates  all  fibers,  whether  of  kemp  or  mohair,  of  4 
inches  in  length  and  under.  Kemp  of  a greater  length  than  4 inches 
remains  with  the  longer  mohair.  If  there  is  much  of  this  long  kemp 
after  the  first  combing,  the  fiber  passes  through  a second  combing, 
the  machine  being  set  to  throw  out  the  kemp  and  mohair  of  greater 
length. 

The  residue  of  these  two  combings,  being  a mixture  of  kemp  and 
short  mohair,  is  called  noilage.  The  first  lot  of  noils  is  about  2 inches 
long  and  the  second  4 or  more  inches  long.  The  length  of  the  second 
noils  will  vary  with  different  grades  of  mohair,  depending  upon  the 
length  of  the  kemp  present. 

Some  mohair  will  shrink  40  per  cent  in  weight  in  the  first  combing 
and  15  percent  in  the  second.  The  mohair  thus  combed  is  used  in  the 
fabrication  of  plushes  and  fine  dress  goods,  while  the  noils  go  into  the 
manufacture  of  carpets,  blankets,  hats,  etc. 

In  a recent  article  in  the  Oregon  Agriculturist,  Mr.  George  B. 
Goodall  says: 

A majority  of  the  mohair  growers  in  this  country  little  realize  how  much  kemp 
has  to  do  in  keeping  down  values  of  their  clips.  If  they  could  spend  a few  hours 
in  our  sorting  and  combing  rooms  the  lesson  learned  would  be  of  great  value  to 
them — more  than  could  be  obtained  by  reading.  In  watching  the  combs  at  work 
they  would  notice  some  making  5,  10,  or  12  per  cent  of  noil  or  waste,  while  others 
will  be  taking  out  30  or  40  per  cent.  Ask  the  comber  the  reason  of  this  and  he  will 
reply  that  one  lot  has  a much  larger  amount  of  kemp  than  the  other.  One  fiber  of 
kemp  takes  out  five  or  six  good  fibers  which  should  go  into  yarn.  It  may  not 
generally  be  known  why  kemp  is  such  an  objection,  but  when  we  state  that  it  will 
not  take  color,  but  remains  nearly  white  in  the  goods  after  passing  through  the  dye 
bath,  you  will  understand  why  I write  so  strongly  on  this  point.  If  you  want  to 
form  some  idea  of  how  a fabric  looks  made  from  kempy  mohair  yarn,  just  look  at  a 
man’s  hair  that  has  commenced  to  turn  gray,  especially  dark  or  black  hair. 

Through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Goodall  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Indus- 
try has  received  some  samples  of  low-grade  plushes  for  car  seats 
which  show  the  effects  of  kemp  in  mohair.  Although  in  this  case 
dyes  were  used  which  acted  to  some  extent  upon  the  kemp,  the  coarse, 
dull-colored  hairs  are  easily  seen.  An  effort  was  made  to  photograph 
the  samples  for  reproduction  in  this  paper,  but  it  was  impossible  to 
bring  out  the  details  sufficient  to  show  the  kemp,  although  it  was 
plainly  visible,  under  certain  lights,  in  the  plushes. 

The  following  is  taken  from  Mr.  E.  H.  Jobson’s  Angora  Goat 
Raising: 

In  the  first  crossing  of  goats  the  kemp  hair  vjll  be  paramount  in  appearance  with 
the  mohair  and  will  be  very  coarse,  and  as  the  animal  becomes  better  graded  the 
shorter  the  kemp  will  be,  and  it  also  generally  becomes  of  a finer  fiber  as  the  pure 


42 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


blood  is  infused.  Upon  examining  the  best  grade  of  goats  that  we  have  we  find  that 
the  kemp  is  very  short,  probably  only  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  the 
mohair  on  one  of  these  goats  is  8 inches  long  and  weighs  5 pounds,  while  the  kemp 
on  the  second  goat  is  just  as  scarce  and  of  the  same  length;  also  the  mohair  is  of 
the  same  length,  but  the  weight  is  fully  2 pounds  more  than  it  was  on  the  first  goat: 
herein  lies  the  difficulty.  Both  goats  have  the  same  appearance  so  far  as  examina- 
tion can  determine,  but  the  second  goat  is  inferior  to  the  first  because  the  fiber  of 
his  hair  is  much  coarser  than  the  other  and  contains  more  of  the  kempy  blood; 
hence  the  difficulty  in  examination  appears  in  the  quality  of  the  fiber,  which  can  be 
detected  only  by  an  experienced  eye. 

The  kemp  hair  will  always  be  known  by  its  being  shorter  and  very  coarse  and  of  a 
chalky- white  appearance.  It  is  particularly  noticeable  on  account  of  its  having  no 
luster,  which  is  characteristic  of  all  mohair.  The  first  place  that  kemp  becomes 
extinct  on  a goat  is  on  shoulders  and  neck — i.  e.,  on  the  sides  and  along  the  ribs — and 
the  last  place  for  it  to  become  extinct  is  along  the  top  of  the  neck,  down  the  back- 
bone, and  on  down  to  the  hocks,  the  hocks  being  generally  the  final  place  for  the 
disappearance  of  the  coarse  hair;  also  you  will  find  kemp  to  predominate  on  the 
belly.  Do  not  understand  me  to  say  that  the  kemp  becomes  entirely  extinct,  for  it 
does  not,  but  it  is  covered  up  with  the  mohair  and  can  be  seen  only  by  throwing 
the  animal  down  and  examining  him  carefully,  and  if  he  is  apparently  free  from 
kemp  you  can  examine  him  on  the  places  above  mentioned  and  you  will  invariably 
find  more  or  less  kemp,  and  generally  you  will  find  considerable  all  over  the  body. 
A good  way  to  examine  the  hair  is  to  pull  out  a small  lock  and  spread  it  out  in  the 
hand,  and  you  can  readily  discern  any  coarse  hairs  that  maybe  in  it.  It  is  supposed 
by  the  best  authorities  we  have  that  there  are  no  goats  in  the  world  that  are  abso- 
lutely free  from  kemp,  although  it  is  confidently  expected  by  many  of  the  prominent 
breeders  that  it  is  only  a question  of  a few  years  more  of  careful  breeding  until  we 
have  a kempless  goat. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  Mr.  Jobson  writes  to  the  Bureau  his  opin- 
ion that  there  have  not  yet  been  produced  any  goats  absolutely  free 
from  kemp,  but  he  believes  that  the  intelligence  of  the  Americans 
will  enable  them  to  produce  such  goats,  and  he  himself  proposes  to 
devote  several  years  to  the  effort.  He  proposes  to  begin  this  work 
upon  the  assumption  that  there  is  nowhere  an  absolutely  pure  Angora 
goat — that  there  is  at  present  in  all  of  them  in  some  degree  the  blood 
of  the  common  breed. 

The  discussion  of  kemp  will  close  with  quotations  of  the  opinions 
of  correspondents  of  the  Bureau  who  have  had  experience  in  raising 
Angoras.  It  may  be  stated  that  a large  majority  of  these  men  hold 
that  kemp  never  disappears  entirely.  The  quotations  follow: 

I don’t  think  that  there  are  500  Angoras  in  the  United  States,  thoroughbreds  oi 
crossbreds,  that  are  entirely  free  from  kemp.  Judging,  however,  from  what  I have 
seen  in  former  years,  freedom  from  kemp  can  exist,  even  with  second  and  third 
crosses,  provided  the  right  kind  of  common  does  are  mated  with  really  kempless 
• bucks.  Such  experiments  were  made  with  bucks  of  the  Price  Maurice  importa- 
tions to  Australia,  of  which  one  buck  and  two  does  came  to  Texas.  Mr.  Schreiner, 
the  Cape  Colony  authority,  says  that  none  of  the  pure  bloods  (so  called)  imported 
into  Cape  Colony  from  Turkey  were  free  from  kemp,  and,  further,  “that  kemp  can 
and  will  be  entirely  eliminated  from  our  [Cape  Colony]  best  stud  goats  of  our  most 
intelligent  breeders  I have  no  doubt  whatever,”  with  which  opinion  I fully  agree. — 
G . A.  Hoerle. 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


43 


In  all  crosses  it  will  still  remain,  to  some  extent  at  least,  on  some  parts  of  the  body; 
for  instance,  on  the  belly. — H.  T.  Fuchs. 

- It  will  never  disappear. — Harris  cfc  Baylor. 

If  only  the  pure-blooded  Angoras  are  used  as  sires,  kemp  will  be  imperceptible  in 
about  six  or  eight  generations. — Col.  William  L.  Black. 

There  is  but  little  in  the  very  best. — Ahe  Blackburn. 

There  is  not  much  after  the  first  cross. — Oscar  Tom. 

In  the  fourth  cross  it  nearly  disappears,  but  never  entirely. — C.  P.  Bailey. 

1 can  not  find  kemp  in  my  thoroughbreds,  although  I have  found  it  in  billies  that 
I bought  for  pure.  I think  it  can  be  bred  out  with  proper  care  in  selection  of 
billies. — George  A.  Houck. 

Other  deleterious  features. — The  very  short  hair,  mane,  kemp,  and 
the  hair  that  has  been  cut  twice  in  shearing  are,  together,  called  noils, 
and  this  must  all  be  combed  out  before  the  mohair  can  be  spun.  The 
noilage  in  Turkish  mohair  is  only  15  to  20  per  cent.  In  our  domestic 
product  it  runs  as  high  as  40  per  cent.  Noils  are  worth  only  14  to  16 
cents  a pound,  the  same  as  short  wool  for  blankets. 

In  some  sections  of  our  country,  where  the  climate  is  dry  and  the 
soil  distinctly  alkaline,  the  natural  animal  yolk  disappears  from  the 
mohair,  leaving  it  dry,  frowsy,  and  harsh.  The  dust  of  the  fine  alkali 
soil  penetrates  the  fleece,  so  that  much  of  the  mohair  grown  in  those 
sections  is  loaded  with  it,  amounting  in  some  instances  to  40  per  cent 
in  weight. 

Markets  and  factories. — Two  of  the  questions  which  the  mohair  pro- 
ducers were  asked  to  answer  were:  4 4 Do  you  have  any  difficulty  in 
disposing  of  your  mohair  ?”  and  4 4 Where  do  you  market  your  mohair  ?” 
The  answers  to  the  first  question  were  all  firmly  in  the  negative  except 
in  one  instance,  where  an  Arizona  producer  replied:  44 1 have  no  diffi- 
culty in  disposing  of  my  good  mohair,  but  my  short  and  kempy  stock 
goes  slow  and  at  a low  price  (23  cents).”  There  is  much  encourage- 
ment in  these  replies  to  those  who  may  fear  that  the  markets  may  not 
demand  the  supply.  The  ingenuity  of  the  manufacturers  in  working 
the  better  grades  into  woolen  fabrics  and  the  poorer  grades  into 
plushes  which  make  good  car  seats,  horse  blankets,  hats,  etc. , has,  no 
doubt,  opened  the  way 'for  the  consumption  of  all  that  may  be  pro- 
duced. 

As  to  factories,  there  are  more  than  a sufficient  number  in  this 
country  to  manufacture  the  product;  in  fact,  many  of  them  do  not 
attempt  to  use  mohair  for  the  reason  that  the  supply  is  so  limited. 
These  factories  of  the  United  States  are  all  in  the  East,  and  the  prin- 
cipal market  for  the  mohair  is  New  York.  The  marketing  center  of 
the  world  is  Bradford,  England,  where  practically  all  the  product 
of  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  Turkey  is  sold. 

Very  few  of  the  mills  will  purchase  direct  from  the  producer.  They 


44 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


find  it  preferable  to  buy  from  the  commission  merchant,  as  he  sepa- 
rates and  classifies  the  fleeces,  and  the  purchaser  is  enabled  to  make 
personal  inspection.  A few  producers  ship  their  mohair  to  Boston, 
and  others,  especially  some  of  those  in  the  Northwest,  sell  to  com- 
mission men  in  Portland,  while  others  of  the  West  sell  in  San  Jose,  Cal. 

Production. — The  production  of  mohair  will  be  considered  elsewhere 
(see  p.  82)  in  connection  with  the  world’s  production  and  the  imports 
and  exports. 

MANUFACTURES  OF  MOHAIR. 

One  of  the  reasons  why  the  mohair  industry  has  lagged  so  in  this 
country  during  the  fifty  years  since  the  introduction  of  Angora  goats 
is  that  the  use  of  mohair  goods  was  subject  to  the  caprices  of  fashion. 
It  would  not  be  strictly  correct  to  say  that  the  industry  has  even  got 
beyond  the  influence  of  fashion,  but  it  is  at  least  nearly  so.  There  is 
now  a steady  demand  for  the  product  of  our  country,  and  much  is 
imported  besides.  Dame  Fashion  is  still  whimsical  toward  all-mohair 
goods,  especially  dress  goods,  but  the  mohair  is  mixed  with  other  fibers 
for  producing  fabrics  of  strength  and  luster,  and  the  home  supply  is 
not  nearly  equal  to  the  demand.  Because  of  the  limited  and  uncertain 
supply,  some  mills  which  have  at  times  used  mohair  no  longer  attempt 
to  secure  it.  They  are  prepared  to  use  it  as  soon  as  the  supply  will 
warrant  the  undertaking. 

Mr.  George  E.  Goodall,  president  of  the  Sanford  Mills,  Sanford, 
Me.,  who  has  kindly  furnished  the  Bureau  with  valuable  information, 
states  that  his  mills  consumed  840,000  pounds  of  domestic  mohair  and 
460,000  pounds  of  Turkish  mohair  in  1899,  a total  amount  of  1,300,000 
pounds.  While  these  mills  are  believed  to  be  the  largest  consumers 
of  the  domestic  product,  there  are  thousands  of  pounds  consumed  by 
other  mills  (see  p.  82).  This  proves,  first,  that  there  is  a good 
demand  for  mohair,  and  second,  that  the  usual  estimate  of  the  domes- 
tic production  in  1899  as  being  between  600,000  and  800,000  pounds 
is  far  below  the  real  amount. 

Only  a small  percentage  of  the  domestic  product  of  mohair  is  of 
superior  quality,  as  has  been  shown  in  previous  pages.  The  greater 
amount  is  of  inferior  quality  from  various  causes:  First,  the  fleece 
from  the  crosses,  beginning  with  the  first  cross,  is  called  mohair,  and 
is  indeed  worth  something;  second,  all  of  the  crosses  up  to  the  fourth 
or  fifth  have  a great  deal  of  kemp  in  the  fleece  (it  never  disappears 
entirely  from  any  cross);  third,  efforts  have  been  directed  too  per- 
sistently toward  producing  a large  fine-looking  animal,  the  fleece  being 
a secondary  consideration;  fourth,  the  staple,  when  of  superior  quality, 
is  often  too  short. 

Many  grades  of  mohair  are  mixed  with  silk  and  wool  in  a large 
variety  of  fabrics  in  which  it  formerly  was  not  used.  It  is  made  into 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


45 


dress  goods  known  as  mohair,  and  much  of  what  is  usually  called 
alpaca  is  nothing  less  than  mohair.  The  fine  fabric  called  camel’s-hair 
goods  is  also  of  the  best  mohair,  and  not  from  the  camel,  as  we  would 
suppose  from  its  name.  “Chamal”  is  the  Arabic  word  for  camel,  and 
the  Arabs  called  the  Angora  goat  the  chamal.  Mohair  braids  contest 
the  markets  with  silk  braids  and  are  never  out  of  fashion.  The  ways 
in  which  it  is  used  with  silk  and  wool  are  numerous.  It  adds  to  these 
fibers  not  only  its  brilliant  inherent  luster,  but  great  durability  as 
well.  The  growers  of  mohair  are  fond  of  quoting  Dr.  Davis,  who 
stated  in  the  Agricultural  Report  for  1853  that  4 4 1 have  socks  [of 
mohair]  which  I have  worn  for  six  years  and  are  yet  perfectly  sound.” 
He  is  also  quoted  as  saying  that  while  in  Asia  he  saw  wrappers  of 
mohair  used  by  the  natives  which,  they  assured  him,  had  descended 
from  sire  to  son  for  three  generations. 

Mr.  William  R.  Payne,  an  authority,  is  quoted  below  on  the  uses  of 
mohair: 

The  most  important  product  of  the  Angora  is  the  long,  silky,  wavy  fleece,  used 
either  pure  or  in  connection  with  wool,  silk,  linen,  or  “ carlton  ” in  a variety  of  fab- 
rics for  house  furnishings  and  ladies’  goods,  brilliantines,  linings,  braid,  plushes, 
astrakhan  cloth,  furniture  coverings,  curtain  material,  knit  goods,  fancy  effects  in 
shawls  and  dress  goods,  and  numerous  other  textiles.  * * * The  short,  low,  and 
crossbred  hair  is  used  for  blankets,  lap  robes,  rugs,  carpets,  and  low  goods  generally, 
but  even  then  is  worth  more  per  pound  than  most  sheep  wool,  varying  from  10  to  21 
cents  per  pound.  The  uses  for  mohair  are  increasing  every  year,  and  new  outlets 
are  being  found  for  it  as  manufacturers  are  advancing  in  the  variety  of  their 
products. 

THE  MEAT  AND  THE  MARKETS. 

The  meat. — In  building  up  a flock  of  Angoras  from  common  goats 
(a  subject  which  is  discussed  elsewhere)  the  males  must  not  be  per- 
mitted to  grow  into  bucks  of  breeding  age;  and  even  among  the  high 
grades  there  are  comparatively  few  bucks  that  should  be  retained  as 
such  for  breeding  purposes.  They  should  be  castrated  early.  The 
great  majority  of  these  wethers,  especially  if  the}^  are  of  the  first  or 
second  cross,  do  not  produce  sufficient  mohair  of  good  quality  to  war- 
rant flock  raisers  in  keeping  them.  These  should  be  converted  into 
meat  as  soon  as  large  enough.  Those  wethers  and  does  which  produce 
a fair  quality  of  mohair  may  be  retained  for  that  purpose  for  a few 
years  and  then  killed  for  meat.  They  are  not,  however,  so  good  for 
this  purpose  as  the  younger  animals. 

There  is  a deep-seated  prejudice,  as  has  already  been  stated,  against 
the  use  of  goats  of  any  kind  for  meat.  This  is  founded  upon  igno- 
rance rather  than  experience.  The  most  ill-smelling  44  billy  ” of  the 
worst  possible  type  is  by  many  made  the  standard  of  goat  meat  for 
the  whole  of  the  goat  family.  As  far  back  as  Abraham’s  day  we  read 
of  goats  being  used  for  meat  (very  likely  Angoras),  and  this,  too,  when 


46 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


there  were  many  cattle  and  sheep.  Certainly  no  prejudice  existed 
against  them  at  that  time. 

There  is  not  much  to  be  said  about  the  meat  of  the  common  goat. 
It  is  not  so  generally  used  as  that  of  Angoras.  The  flesh  of  their  kids 
is  considered  very  fine,  and  in  some  sections  of  the  country  goats  of 
all  ages  are  killed  for  meat.  There  are  comparatively  few  common 
goats  in  the  United  States,  and  no  attempt  is  being  made' to  put  them 
upon  the  market.  The  current  report  that  goats  are  sold  to  the  pack- 
ers in  the  large  cities  for  canning  purposes  is  true  in  the  main,  but 
refers  to  the  Angora  grades.  The  discussion  of  this  question  in  this 
paper  deals  with  the  Angoras  of  all  grades. 

The  flesh  of  the  Angora  is  exceedingly  nutritious  and  palatable. 
Shropshire  lambs,  which  are  considered  as  among  the  best  kinds  of  meat, 
are  said  not  to  be  superior  to  a well-fed  and  well-cooked  kid.  In  the 
Southwest  these  animals  are  as  readily  sold  for  meat  as  sheep,  and  the 
market  has  never  been  overstocked.  A gentleman  in  Texas  found  a 
ready  market  for  his  canned  Angora  mutton,  but  was  compelled  to 
close  his  cannery  because  the  supply  of  goats  was  not  nearly  sufficient 
to  supply  the  demand.  In  the  Northwest  the  principal  use  of  the 
Angora  is  for  clearing  bushy  land,  and  consequently  they  are  not  so 
extensively  used  as  food.  However,  in  nearly  every  locality  there 
some  have  been  killed  for  mutton,  and  there  has  never  been  a deroga- 
tory statement  concerning  its  quality,  so  far  as  the  writer  is  able  to 
learn. 

In  Cape  Colony  it  is  said  that  the  old  does  are  slaughtered  to  fur- 
nish meat  for  farm  hands  and  }mung  wethers  are  sold  to  butchers  in 
the  town.  In  California  many  miners  purchase  Angora  wethers  in 
preference  to  sheep  wethers  for  salting  down  for  winter  use,  because, 
as  they  state,  the  Angora  contains  less  fat,  is  more  easily  kept,  and  is 
just  as  palatable. 

Mr.  John  L.  Hayes,  in  the  Overland  (1870),  said  that,  in  order  to 
test  the  qualities  of  Angora  and  sheep  mutton,  a dinner  was  to  be  pre- 
pared with  the  two  kinds  of  meat,  and  that  the  guests  were  not  to  be 
informed  as  to  which  was  sheep  and  which  was  goat,  but  they  were  to 
decide  upon  the  merits  of  the  dishes. 

Twelve  disinterested  men  were  invited  to  partake  of  the  dinner  and  express  their 
opinions  of  the  various  dishes  they  had  eaten.  Four  decided  in  favor  of  the  sheep’s 
and  eight  in  favor  of  the  goat’s  flesh;  and  since  that  breeders  in  Monterey  County 
have  no  difficulty  in  selling  their  goats  to  the  neighboring  butchers  for  the  same 
price  paid  for  the  best  mutton. 

Mr.  E.  H.  Jobson,  of  Lake  Valley,  N.  Mex.,  is  authority  for  the 
statement  that  the  wealthy  people  of  St.  Louis  recently  began  eating 
young  Angora  mutton  and  that  it  is  now  a regular  portion  of  their 
fare. 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


47 


One  of  the  questions  to  which  the  Bureau  sought  replies  is  as  fol- 
lows: “In  your  opinion,  what  are  the  relative  values  of  Angora  flesh 
and  mutton?”  Several  answers  to  this  question,  with  other  quota- 
tions upon  the  same  subject,  are  given  herewith: 

As  a food  there  is  no  meat  that  is  purer  or  more  tender.  It  is  better  than  mutton, 
as  there  is  not  that  excessive  fat  to  contend  with  that  is  found  on  sheep.  This  is  a 
good  feature  in  the  Angora  venison.  In  their  feeding  habits  they  are  very  similar  to 
a deer,  which  alone  is  sufficient  proof  of  the  merits  of  their  food  qualities.  A young 
kid  is  as  dainty  a morsel  as  can  be  found  in  the  meat  line.  The  wealthy  people  of 
St.  Louis  recently  took  up  the  fad  of  eating  young  Angora  venison,  and,  as  a result, 
it  is  now  a regular  portion  of  their  fare;  and  that  fad  had  done  a great  deal  toward 
obviating  the  prejudice  which  has  so  long  existed  against  the  Angora  venison  as  a 
food.  Angora  mutton  is  now  being  sold  on  the  market  at  a fraction  of  a cent  less 
than  sheep  mutton. — E.  II.  Jobson,  Lake  Valley , N.  Mex. 

If  Angoras  are  castrated  or  spayed  when  early  kids,  and  properly  fed  before  mar- 
keting, and  if  this  is  not  done  too  far  away  from  the  slaughterhouses,  certainly  not 
more  than  a two-days’  ride  (road  travel),  their  meat  is  fully  as  juicy  as  Southdown 
mutton,  while,  on  the  other  hand,  it  is  never  greasy.  This  is  not  only  my  experi- 
ence in  Texas,  but  was  also  that  of  Mrs.  Sarah  K.  Barmore,  of  Rockland  County, 
N.  Y. , who  kept  a flock  of  grade  Angoras  and  sold  the  progeny  to  her  neighbors, 
principally  summer  residents  from  New  York  City.  She  emphasized  the  point  that 
her  customers  preferred  it  to  ordinary  mutton,  because  it  was  not  greasy.  Feed 
Angoras  as  much  as  you  choose,  they  will  never  lay  on  fat  in  thick  layers  all  through 
the  meat,  as  in  the  case  of  other  domestic  animals.  They  gain,  rather,  like  deer, 
in  meat  principally,  which  has  a slight  venison  flavor. — Gustav  A.  Hoerle,  Ridge- 
wood, N.  J. 

It  is  a curious  fact,  but  true,  that  black-haired  animals  have  darker  skins  and 
darker  meat  than  white-haired  animals.  This  accounts  for  that  whiter  appearance 
of  the  Angora  goat  flesh,  which  enables  the  dealer  to  market  it  as  mutton.  The 
black  hair,  from  a poetic  standpoint,  chsts  its  perpetual  shadow  on  the  viand  and 
leaves  it  shaded.  The  goat  flesh  is  a pleasant  and  healthy  meat.  It  should  be  so, 
since  the  goat  is  an  eater  of  clean  food,  and  is  possibly  the  freest  from  disease  of  any 
quadruped. — Queensland  Agricultural  Journal,  May,  1900. 

The  flesh  of  the  Angora  goat  is  said  to  be  superior  in  flavor  to  that  of  any  mutton. 
We  have  eaten  several  half-bloods  and  found  them  delicious.  Some  of  the  meat  was 
put  on  sale  in  a local  meat  market,  and  the  purchasers  came  back  a few  days  later 
and  wanted  more  good  mutton  like  that  they  got  the  last  time.  This,  we  think, 
is  a strong  recommendation.  The  meat  is  juicy  and  sweet  and  has  a game  flavor. — 
Miller  & Sibley,  Venango  County,  Pa. 

The  Angora  is  much  more  nutritious  than  sheep  mutton,  especially  where  the  meat 
is  grown  on  underbrush  (leaves),  as  the  following  compilation  of  relative  values  of 
feed  will  show: 


Character  of  feed. 

Protein. 

Starch, 

etc. 

fats. 

Good  pasture  grass 

Per  cent. 

3.5 

4.5 

Per  cent. 
9.7 

Per  cent. 
0.8 
1.0 

Rich  pasture 

10.1 

Leaves  of  trees 

5.2 

15.2 

1.5 

Red  clover 

3.3 

7.0 

0.7 

48 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


It  is  often  prescribed  by  physicians  for  invalids  and  children  for  this  reason.  The 
meat  is  excellent,  and  not  distinguishable  from  mutton  of  the  same  age  and  condition. 
It  is  largely  sold  as  such  in  many  of  the  larger  markets,  being  regarded  as  a staple  in 
the  districts  where  it  is  raised. — W.  G.  Hughes  & Co.,  Hastings,  Tex. 

It  is  the  universal  testimony  of  those  who  are  familliar  with  Angora  goats  that  the 
flesh  of  this  animal  is  far  superior  to  that  of  the  common  goat.  The  Angora  is  quite 
as  valuable  for  its  flesh  as  for  its  fleece. — Oregon  Agriculturist,  Portland,  Oreg. 

The  meat  from  Angora  goats  is  fully  as  good  as  the  most  juicy  mutton.  This  meat 
is  sought  now  more  than  at  any  previous  time. — Kansas  City  Drovers'  Telegram. 

Anybody  who  has  ever  tasted  a roasted  or  barbecued  piece  of  Angora  mutton  will 
find  it  is  better  than  any  meat  they  ever  tasted.  Angora  mutton  is  worth  in  the  mar- 
kets about  the  same  as  sheep  mutton.  I sell  it  to  my  neighbors  at  4|  cents  per  pound, 
and  in  town  I sell  it  at  5 and  6 cents  per  pound. — II.  T.  Fuchs,  Tiger  Mills,  Tex. 

It  is  better  than  mutton,  being  free  from  the  oily  taste  of  sheep  meat  and  partaking 
somewhat  of  the  flavor  of  wild  meat. — George  A.  Houck , Eugene,  Oreg. 

Angora  mutton  is  far  superior  to  that  of  sheep  and  brings  just  as  much  on  the  mar- 
ket. Being  free  from  disease,  why  not? — Josephus  R.  Barnette,  Globe,  Ariz. 

Superior,  as  they  live  principally  upon  leaves  and  weeds,  which  gives  to  the  meat 
a game  flavor. — W.  T.  Mclntire,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

It  takes  an  expert  to  tell  the  difference;  and,  if  there  is  a difference,  it  is  in  favor 
of  the  Angora. — Harris  & Baylor,  Montell,  Tex. 

I believe  it  is  superior  in  that  it  is  absolutely  pure,  with  no  superfluous  fat,  and  is 
as  tender  as  the  finest  of  venison. — E.  H.  Jobson,  Lake  Valley,  N.  Mex. 

I prefer  the  Angora  or  common  goat  flesh  to  that  of  sheep,  though  I have  seen 
many  people  who  could  not  tell  the  difference. — II.  I.  Kimball,  Maxwell  City,  N.  Mex. 

I consider  one  as  good  as  the  other. — Abe  Blackburn,  North  Yamhill,  Oreg. 

Young  goats  are  fine  meat,  but  old  wethers  are  tough  and  strong,  although  good 
when  boiled  tender  and  served  cold. — Oscar  Tom,  Angora,  Oreg. 

The  young  wethers  make  the  best  of  mutton.  The  meat  is  rich  and  juicy  and  free 
from  the  strong  taste  so  common  to  the  meat  of  the  common  goat.  I consider  it 
equal  to  mutton.  We  have  sold  hundreds  of  head  for  mutton,  always  reserving  the 
skins,  which  are  worth  green  from  75  cents  to  $2  each. — C.  P.  Bailey,  San  Jose,  Cal. 

I think  one  is  equally  as  good  as  the  other. — A.  T.  Wain,  Salem,  Oreg. 

Angora  is  very  much  the  best. — U.  S.  Grant,  Dallas,  Oreg. 

It  takes  an  expert  to  tell  the  difference,  or  to  tell  Angora  mutton  from  venison 
where  the  goat  had  access  to  brush. — Cook  & Buck,  Oskaloosa,  Kans. 

I value  Angora  mutton  50  per  cent  above  sheep  mutton. — V.  Cladek,  Larwood,  Oreg. 

Angora  flesh  is  worth  12  per  cent  more  than  mutton.  —Richardson  Bros.,  Dubuque, 

Iowa. 

IUis  preferable  to  mutton,  as  it  does  not  have  the  woolly  flavor  so  objectionable 
to  many  people.  During  the  browsing  season  the  meat  has  a venison  flavor,  but  this 
is  lost  when  corn  is  fed  in  the  feed  lot. — R.  C.  Johnston,  Lawrence,  Kans. 

I am  sorry  we  have  no  regular  market  for  goat  meat.  It  is  as  fine  as  venison  when 
killed  in  condition  and  properly  cooked. — W.  Brown,  Salem,  Oreg. 

Local  butchers  will  pay  10  cents  per  pound  for  the  carcass  dressed,  the  seller  retain- 
ing the  pelt,  which  brings  $2. — I.  McGovern,  Libby,  Mont. 


Bulletin  No.  27.  B.  A.  I. 


Plate  VII 


Fig.  1.— Angora  Buck  “Pasha.” 

(Photograph  furnished  by  C.  P.  Bailey  & Sons  Company,  San  Jose,  Cal.) 


Fig.  2.— A Yearling  Angora  in  Cape  Colony. 

(From  the  American  Sheep  Breeder.) 


Angoras,  showing  Fleeces  of  Seven  Months’  Growth. 

(Photograph  furnished  by  Harris  & Baylor,  Montell,  Tex.) 


Bulletin  No.  27,  B.  A.  I. 


Plate  VIII 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


49 


The  market*. — One  of  the  first  questions  to  be  considered  by  a man 
who  is  about  to  embark  in  stock  raising  of  any  kind  is  the  markets  for 
his  surplus.  This  question  is  first  because  it  is  the  principal  one  and 
all  important.  The  one  who  proposes  to  begin  with  a flock  of 
thoroughbred  or  high-grade  Angoras,  such  as  will  yield  merchantable 
mohair,  will  not  need  to  consider  markets,  as  the  increase  will  be 
employed  to  produce  mohair;  but  a large  number  of  flocks  will  be 
built  up  in  the  future,  as  they  have  been  in  the  past,  by  the  use  of  does 
of  the  common  breed.  This  method  will  necessitate  getting  rid  of 
every  wether  for  two  or  three  years.  All  does,  of  course,  are  kept  for 
breeding  with  purebred  bucks.  It  will  be  ascertained  that  the  fleece 
of  low  grades  is  barely  worth  the  cost  of  clipping  it;  that  the  skin  is 
not  so  valuable  for  leather  as  that  of  the  common  goat;  and  that,  as  a 
rug  or  robe,  the  pelts  are  not  so  valuable  as  those  of  the  higher  grades. 
Therefore,  if  there  is  to  be  any  profit  from  this  part  of  a flock,  there 
must  be  a market  for  the  meat. 

So  many  questions  concerning  this  phase  of  the  industry  have  come 
to  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  that,  in  collecting  data  for  this 
paper,  it  was  decided  to  go  beyond  the  newspaper  accounts  and  ascer- 
tain the  facts  from  the  actual  producers  themselves.  The  question 
submitted  was,  “Do  you  have  any  difficult}^  in  disposing  of  your  sur- 
plus Angoras  for  meat?”  The  answers  have  been  invariably  in  the 
negative.  It  should  be  said,  however,  that  in  the  Northwest  very  few 
are  used  for  meat.  They  are  considered  more  valuable  there  as  brush 
destroyers.  The  conditions  obtaining  there  are  not  found  in  all  locali- 
ties where  Angoras  are  raised.  In  many  places  Angoras  will  be  kept 
where,  instead  of  permitting  them  to  destroy  the  brush  utterly,  efforts 
will  be  made  to  preserve  brush  pasture  for  them;  in  the  Southwest 
they  are  not  all  required  for  destroying  brush,  and  thousands  must  be 
sent  to  market. 

The  reason  why  goats  are  not  seen  oftener  in  the  market  reports  of 
receipts  and  shipments  is  that  they  pass  as  sheep.  It  is  stated,  how- 
ever, that  increasing  numbers  are  seen  in  the  larger  markets.  In  the 
Union  Stock  Yards  of  Chicago  as  many  as  8,000  were  received  in  one 
week  last  year. 

While  the  goats  pass  as  sheep,  they  are  also  sold  to  consumers  as 
sheep.  They  have  not  yet  brought  as  good  prices  as  sheep,  and  it  can 
not  be  hoped  that  they  will  do  so  until  there  is  the  same  demand  for 
their  mutton,  which  will  come  as  soon  as  the  prejudice  against  goats 
disappears.  The  difference  is  very  slight  in  some  places.  In  Kansas 
City,  for  instance,  the  sheep  bring  about  one-half  a cent  per  pound 
more  than  goats.  The  packers  buy  them  as  goats  and  sell  them  as 
sheep  in  the  form  of  dressed  meat  or  canned. 


11786— No.  27—01 4 


50 


BUREAU  OE  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Some  of  the  answers  to  the  question  submitted  by  the  Bureau  are 
appended: 

Yon  ask  if  I have  any  difficulty  in  disposing  of  goats  for  meat.  None  at.  all.  The 
packers  here  buy  goats  as  goats  and  sell  them  as  sheep.  They  make  a difference  of 
about  half  a cent  a pound  in  favor  of  sheep  when  buying,  and,  as  they  never  sell 
goats,  they  save  that  difference  in  selling. — Thomas  H.  Mastin,  Kansas  City , Mo. 

None  whatever. — W.  G.  Hughes  & Co.,  Hastings,  Tex. 

Angoras  bring  now  in  Kansas  City  and  Chicago  within  4 or  5 per  cent  of  the.  price 
of  ranch  sheep,  while  ten  or  twelve  years  ago  not  half  that  much  could  be  obtained. 
Were  it  not  for  their  unpopular  name  “goat,”  the  meat  would  bring  by  far  the 
highest  prices  in  the  retail  markets — provided,  of  course,  that  they  reach  the  market 
in  proper  condition. — G.  A.  Hoerle,  Ridgewood,  N.  J. 

I sell  readily  at  the  four  large  markets  within  25  to  40  cents  per  hundredweight  of 
the  same  grade  of  sheep.  They  are  purchased  by  the  packers.  They  dress  out 
more  meat  than  sheep. — R.  C.  Johnston , Lawrence , Kans. 

We  do  not  have  to  dispose  of  them  for  meat,  as  there  are  parties  always  anxious  to 
buy.  We  would  have  no  trouble  to  dispose  of  them  for  meat  if  we  wanted  to. — Rich- 
ardson Bros.,  Dubuque,  Iowa. 

We  do  not.  It  usually  sells  for  a little  less  than  mutton. — C.  P.  Bailey,  San 
Jose,  Cal. 

There  is  no  sale  here  for  goat  meat.  Wethers  are  generally  used  for  their  mohair 
or  clearing  land  of  brush. — Oscar  Tom,  Angora,  Or  eg. 

There  is  not  much  use  being  made  of  them  except  for  clearing  land.  A few  are 
occasionally  slaughtered  here. — Abe  Blackburn,  North  Yamhill,  Or  eg. 

The  demand  for  mutton  goats  is  greater  than  the  supply.  We  get  good  values  for 
the  mutton. — E.  H.  Jobson,  Lake  Valley,  N.  Mex. 

They  sell  as  readily  as  sheep,  but  bring  from  25  to  50  cents  per  hundredweight  less 
on  the  market. — W.  T.  Mclntire,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

None  sold  for  meat  here. — V.  Cladek,  Larwood,  Or  eg. 

So  far  all  goats  are  wanted  for  clearing  brush  land,  and  there  is  no  trouble  in  sell- 
ing them. — W.  Brown,  Salem,  Oreg. 

We  have  a local  market  which  can  use  three  times  as  much  as  we  produce. — 
Josephus  R.  Barnette,  Globe,  Ariz. 

Never  had  a surplus  yet,  being  in  demand  at  fair  prices  for  clearing  land. — George 
A.  Houck,  Eugene,  Oreg. 

None  at  all.  If  fat,  the  packers  will  buy  them  readily.  If  not,  the  sheep  feeders 
will  buy  them  for  fattening. — William  L.  Black,  Fort  McKavett,  Tex. 

Have  not.  Have  used  and  sold  very  few  for  meat,  as  they  are  in  demand  as  brush 
killers. — J.  R.  Standley,  Platteville,  Iowa. 

None  at  all.  I could  sell  hundreds  and  thousands  as  easy  as  I could  sell  sheep. — 
H.  T.  Fuchs,  Tiger  Mills,  Tex. 

We  do  not,  but  on  account  of  a prejudice  against  the  name  “goat,”  we  have  to  sell 
at  about  50  cents  less  than  sheep  bring. — Conklin  Bros.,  Newville,  Cal. 

THE  MILK. 

The  Angora  is  not  primarily  a milch  goat,  and  is  not  often  emplo}red 
for  that  purpose.  The  information  at  hand  indicates  that  the  quantity 
of  milk  given  by  an  Angora  doe  is  uncertain,  and  only  in  exceptional 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


51 


cases  does  the  amount  approach  that  given  by  the  established  breeds 
of  milch  goats,  such  as  the  Toggenburg,  Malta,  and  Nubian  breeds. 
Some  of  the  records  of  the  earlier  importations  of  Angoras  into  the 
United  States  show  that  some  of  them  were  milked  with  success.  At 
this  time,  however,  they  are  not  recommended  as  milch  goats;  they 
are  more  useful  in  other  lines.  It  is  stated  upon  the  authority  of  some 
of  the  oldest  breeders  in  the  country  that  the  likelihood  of  finding  a 
good  milch  goat  among  the  Angoras  diminishes  as  the  grade  of  the 
goat  is  raised.  The  milking  qualities  evidently  come  from  the  side  of 
the  short-haired  goats. 

The  quality  of  Angora  milk  is  said  to  be  equal  to  that  of  any  other 
breed,  and  more  nearly  equal  to  human  milk  than  that  of  any  other 
animal.  For  this  reason  it  is  considered  the  best  substitute  for  mothers’ 
milk  for  infants.  An  analysis  of  goats’  milk  for  the  British  Goat 
Society,  with  an  analysis  of  cows’  milk  for  comparison,  is  shown  in 
the  table  below.  It  should  be  stated  that  the  cows’  milk  was  from  a 
cow  which  was  a winner  at  a dairy  show. 


Comparison  of  analyses  of  goats'  milk  and  cows'  milk. 


Element. 

Goats’ 

milk. 

Cows’  milk. 

Water 

Per  cent. 
83. 21 
7.30 
4. 18 
4. 10 
1.21 

100 

Per  cent. 
87.56 
3.63 

Butter  fat 

Casein 

Milk  sugar 

8.81 

Total 

100 

The  milk  has  an  additional  value  in  that  the  animal  is  practically 
immune  to  tuberculosis.  Less  than  a dozen  cases  of  tuberculosis  in 
goats  are  recorded. 

THE  SKINS. 

The  use  of  Angora  skins,  other  than  for  robes,  rugs,  and  trimmings 
as  described  below,  is  not  very  extensive.  The  skin  is  of  a more  delicate 
constitution  than  that  of  the  common  goat,  and  so  does  not  make  such 
tough  leather.  While  the  skin  may  be  taken  as  an  item  of  salvage 
from  an  animal  that  has  died  or  been  killed  for  meat,  it  would  not  be 
profitable  to  raise  them  for  leather  alone.  If  such  skins  happen  to 
have  a good  fleece  upon  them,  they  will  be  worth  more  for  robes  or 
rugs,  but  even  then  they  would  not  be  profitable  alone.  There  must 
be  other  sources  of  profit  in  addition  to  the  skins.  Angora  skins  are 
manufactured  into  morocco  for  use  in  binding  books,  and  excellent 
gloves  are  made  from  them  which  bring  from  $1  to  $1.50  per  pair. 

An  impression  is  widespread,  based  upon  immature  consideration, 
that  Angora  skins  may  soon  supplant  the  great  number  of  goatskins 


52 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


which  we  now  import  for  leather,  but  the  quality  of  the  skin  precludes 
any  such  possibility.  Upon  this  point  the  Oregon  Agriculturist  says: 

It  is  a natural  mistake  to  suppose  that  Angora  goatskins  are  worth  as  much,  pound 
for  pound,  as  common  goatskins.  We  have  several  times  noted  the  fact  that  this  is 
not  the  case.  Angora  skins,  after  the  mohair  has  been  sheared  off,  will  bring  only  a 
little  over  one-half  as  much  per  pound  as  the  skins  of  the  common  goat. 

The  only  way  to  keep  at  home  the  greater  part  of  the  money  now  sent  abroad  to 
pay  for  goatskins  will  be  to  raise  enough  common  goats  in  the  United  States  to 
supply  the  demand. 

Hides  should  be  kept  clean  and  should  be  dried  in  the  shade;  sun- 
dried  hides  are  worthless.  If  the  skins  are  to  be  tanned  soon  after 
being  removed,  they  may  be  salted.  If  they  are  not  to  be  tanned 
soon,  they  should  be  dried. 

ROBES,  RUGS,  AND  TRIMMINGS. 

Angora  pelts  are  used  quite  extensively  as  carriage  robes,  and  they 
make  up  into  very  handsome  ones.  There  was  a time  when  the  buffalo, 
the  wolf,  and  other  wild  animals  supplied  the  demand  for  robes  in  this 
country,  but  the  extinction,  practically,  of  the  buffalo  and  the  great 
scarcity  of  the  other  animals  has  forced  us  to  look  elsewhere  for  sub- 
stitutes. An  effort  is  being  made  to  substitute  hides  of  the  Galloway 
and  Polled  Angus  breeds  of  cattle,  but  their  high  cost  will  prevent 
their  extensive  use. 

These  conditions  have  resulted  in  a greater  demand  for  Angora 
skins  for  robes.  The  skin  is  sufficiently  tough  for  the  purpose,  and 
the  fleece  is  easily  dyed  any  desirable  color.  This  characteristic  has 
enabled  unscrupulous  dealers  to  sometimes  pass  them  off  on  purchasers 
as  the  skins  of  some  rare  animals.  In  their  natural  color,  the  white- 
ness and  brilliancy  of  which  can  not  be  excelled,  the  skins  of  the  kids 
and  younger  does  are  made-up  into  robes  for  baby  carriages.  There 
are  probably  a greater  number  used  for  this  purpose  at  the  present 
time  than  in  any  other  way. 

As  a general  statement  it  may  be  said  that  Angora  pelts  are  worth 
from  $2  to  $3.  The  real  value  depends  upon  many  things — such  as 
the  size  of  the  skin,  the  length  of  the  fleece  upon  it,  and  the  time  of 
year  that  it  is  taken. 

As  rugs  these  skins  are  found  in  many  households,  and  they  are  both 
ornamental  and  durable.  They  may  be  used  in  their  original  white- 
ness, or  be  dyed  any  color  to  suit.  Their  softness  makes  them  very 
desirable. 

They  are  extensively  used  for  trimming  for  children’s  cloaks  and 
coats.  Some  first-class  skins  have  brought  as  high  as  $18  apiece  for 
this  purpose. 

Mr.  William  R.  Payne,  of  New  York  City,  who  has  had  much  experi- 
ence in  handling  goatskins,  says: 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


53 


Angora  skins  properly  dressed  are  used,  white  or  tinted,  to  manufacture  rugs,  robes, 
carriage  mats,  fur  sets  for  children,  trimming  for  ladies’  furs,  and  also  for  dusters, 
horse  head  tassels,  doll  hair,  and  wigs.  They  are  mostly  imported  raw  from  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  and  Turkey,  and  range  in  value,  duty  paid,  from  $1.50  up  to  $3.50  each, 
undressed.  Domestic  skins  are  worth  from  50  cents  for  kids  up  to  $2  each  for  large 
full-fleeced  pelts.  The  low,  crossbred,  common  skins  and  short  pelts  not  suitable  to 
dress  are  used  by  morocco  and  glove  leather  manufacturers,  and  are  worth  from  15 
to  18  cents  a pound  for  large  sizes  down  to  10  and  11  cents  for  small  ones  and  kids. 

PROTECTION  FOR  SHEEP. 

The  ability  and  inclination  of  the  buck  to  fight  varmints  has  made 
him  in  many  places  a valuable  acquisition  in  herds  of  sheep.  It  is 
said  that  dogs  and  wolves  will  not  only  not  attack  a grown  goat,  but 
will  not  venture  into  a herd  of  sheep  where  there  is  a buck  goat.  Many 
owners  of  sheep  in  this  country  recognize  the  value  of  the  goat  in  this 
respect,  and  keep  one  or  more  for  the  purpose  of  protection  for  their 
sheep.  This  practice  is  especially  desirable  in  pastures  where  there  is 
no  herder  or  immediate  oversight.  If  one  or  two  goats  are  placed  when 
young  in  a herd  of  sheep  they  will  remain  with  them  all  the  time.  An 
extensive  breeder  of  Pennsylvania  says:  u While  goats  do  not  fear 
dogs,  and  will  even  fight,  I prefer  to  keep  dogs  out.  I have  seen  them 
drive  a dog  out  of  the  yard,  and  oftentimes  a single  goat  will  protect 
a flock  of  sheep  from  attacks  by  dogs.”  If  they  are  old  and  not  accus- 
tomed to  being  with  sheep,  they  will  in  all  probability  keep  to  them- 
selves, away  from  the  sheep.  They  may  be  depended  upon  to  do  this 
certainly  if  there  is  quite  a number  of  them.  They  are  more  rapid 
walkers  and  more  inclined  to  wander  than  sheep,  and  so  will  flock  by 
themselves.  Their  protection  to  sheep  will  thus  prove  a failure. 

It  is  quite  amusing  to  see  the  courage  of  a doe  when  she  protects  her  young  kid 
from  a dog,  or  hog,  or  flock  of  buzzards.  Two  of  my  neighbors’  dogs  got  in  the 
habit  of  killing  my  kids,  and  one  doe  protected  her  kid  quite  a while  from  the  two 
large,  vicious  dogs  until  the  neighbor  caught  one  of  the  dogs  and  gave  him  a good 
whipping,  when  the  goat  assisted  in  this  work  by  butting  the  dog  with  all  her  might. 
You  should  train  the  goats  to  be  brave  by  taking  your  dogs  into  the  goat  pen  with 
you,  and,  in  case  the  dog  refuses  to  run  from  a brave  goat,  scold  the  dog  to  make 
the  goat  think  that  she  whipped  him.  If  you  had  a tame  wolf  trained  in  that  way 
you  could  train  your  goats  to  fight  wolves. — H.  T.  Fuchs. 

ENRICHMENT  OF  LAND. 

The  enrichment  of  land  from  the  droppings  of  goats  is  decidedly 
noticeable  wherever  they  are  kept  for  a year  or  more.  This  factor  is 
of  no  small  importance  where  goats  have  been  employed  to  clear  the 
brush  from  land  with  the  object  in  view  of  turning  the  land  into  grass 
pasture.  Such  land,  especially  if  hilly  and  rocky,  is  usually  in  need 
of  fertilizers  of  any  kind  if  cropping  is  to  be  attempted  upon  it. 
The  manure  of  goats  and  sheep  is  about  equal  in  value.  A Cali- 
fornia firm  has  been  selling  Angora  manure  for  fertilizing  fruit  trees 


54 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


and  lawns  for  several  years.  They  get  $6  a ton  (delivered)  for  it 
in  carload  lots.  Manure  is  considered  as  one  of  the  resources  in 
the  best  system  of  modern  farming,  and  it  should  be  taken  into  account 
by  anyone  who  is  keeping  goats  or  contemplating  doing  so. 

THEIR  USE  AS  PETS. 

The  purebred  Angoras  are  very  graceful,  and  their  beautifully 
shaped  bodies  and  fine  silky  hair  make  them  ver}^  attractive.  There 
is  no  animal,  except  possibly  the  horse,  that  is  more  beautiful  than 
these  goats,  and  no  animal  is  more  cleanly  in  his  habits.  As  pets  for 
children  they  are  very  popular,  if  they  can  be  kept  where  they  will  be 
harmless  to  vegetation  and  anything  made  of  cloth.  They  have  all 
the  propensities  of  the  common  goat  for  destroying  fruit  trees  and 
chewing  any  kind  of  cloth  and  of  climbing  upon  roofs.  All  kinds  of 
goats  are  mischievous  in  the  extreme.  The  Angoras  are  tractable  and 
are  often  harnessed  to  carts,  as  are  common  goats,  and  their  beauty 
makes  them  more  desirable  for  this  purpose. 

BY-PRODUCTS. 

In  the  modern  methods  of  economic  production  and  manufacture 
nothing  is  permitted  to  go  to  waste.  Whoever  it  was  that  said  face- 
tiously that  the  packers  saved  every  portion  of  a hog  but  his  squeal 
spoke  the  whole  truth.  The  same  truth  applies  as  well  to  the  carcass 
of  any  food  animal.  In  the  case  of  goats  the  horns  find  many  uses, 
and  the  fat  is  said  to  be  the  best  tallow  known  for  the  manufacture  of 
candles.  Any  part  of  the  carcass  not  useful  in  any  other  way  is  con- 
verted into  fertilizer. 

LOCALITIES  ADAPTED  TO  ANGORA  CULTURE. 

CLIMATE. 

So  far  as  temperature  is  concerned,  no  place  has  been  found  that  is 
too  hot  or  too  cold  for  Angoras.  Although  not  partial  to  heat,  they 
will  stand  it  quite  as  easily  as  sheep.  Shade  is  essential  to  success  if 
the  sunshine  is  very  warm. 

The  climate  in  Angora,  where  the  breed  originated  and  is  still  sup- 
posed to  flourish  in  its  more  perfect  state,  is  extreme.  A temperature 
as  high  as  85°  F.  is  registered  in  the  summer  and  as  low  as  0°  F.  in 
the  winter.  In  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  where  they  are  thriving  well,  the 
temperature  goes  higher  in  the  summer,  but  not  so  low  in  the  winter. 
The  United  States  presents  a wider  range  of  temperature,  where,  in 
southern  Texas  and  New  Mexico,  it  may  go  above  100°  F.  in  the  sum- 
mer, and  in  Idaho  as  low  as  30°  F.  below  zero  in  winter.  The  range 
of  localities  where  Angoras  have  done  well  is  from  Guadalupe  Islands, 
in  the  Lesser  Antilles,  toUkamak  Island,  belonging  to  the  Alaska  Pen- 
insula. Mr.  M.  L.  Washburn,  superintendent  for  the  Alaska  Com- 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


55 


mercial  Company  at  Kadiak,  says:  44  On  Ukamak  Island  we  have  a 
flock  of  Angora  goats,  which  have  increased  60  per  cent  a year  since 
they  were  placed  there.  They  have  given  very  good  results  in  mohair, 
which  is  of  good  quality  and  fine  texture.”  There  are  a few  small 
flocks  in  New  England  and  in  nearly  every  State  west  until  the  Pacific 
Ocean  is  reached.  The  Western  States  have  many  thousands.  Mr. 
William  M.  Landrum  is  quoted  as  follows: 

White  goats  can  stand  any  amount  of  cold  and  snow,  but  sleet  and  wind  are  very 
injurious.  On  the  other  hand,  they  can  endure  the  scorching  heat  of  the  Tropics. 
Their  fleece  is  best  at  an  altitude  of  from  3,000  to  6,000  feet  above  the  sea  level.  The 
fleece  never  sheds  on  the  Guadalupe  Island,  210  miles  from  San  Diego,  at  an  altitude 
of  only  from  2,000  to  4,000  feet.  I have  grown  mohair  there  2 feet  long,  of  lovely 
texture.  ' We  had  80,000  wild  goats  roaming  on  the  island  without  any  attention, 
except  in  slaughtering  season,  when  we  sheared  the  Angoras  and  slaughtered  from 
14,000  to  15,000  common  goats  for  their  hides  and  tallow.  The  goats  all  ran  wild 
and  took  care  of  themselves.  We  were  not  at  one  dollar  expense  on  them. 

In  considering  Angora  culture  it  is  of  more  importance  to  study  the 
climate  with  reference  to  moisture  rather  than  temperature.  It  should 
be  remembered  that  the  original  home  of  the  goat  is  high  up  in  the 
mountains,  where  the  air  is  not  laden  with  moisture.  Under  like  con- 
ditions it  thrives  best  here.  Lowlands  that  are  wet  or  marshy  are  not 
at  all  suitable.  The  effect  of  such  situations  soon  makes  itself  appar- 
ent in  a flock  of  goats.  Foot  rot  is  apt  to  give  endless  trouble,  and 
the  feet  will  need  much  attention  in  other  respects.  Therefore  low- 
lands with  much  moisture  and  high  temperature  are  not  recommended 
for  goat  culture..  It  is  a historical  fact  that  the  first  effort  to  trans- 
plant the  Angora  goat  outside  of  Asia  was  a failure  on  account  of 
these  conditions.  This  was  in  1554,  when  a few  individuals  were  taken 
to  Holland,  but  they  soon  died,  owing  to  the  moist  climate. 

The  effect  of  climate  has  a great  deal  to  do  with  the  character  of 
mohair.  On  this  point  Mr.  John  S.  Harris,  of  Oakley,  Idaho,  who  is 
a gentleman  of  much  experience,  is  quoted: 

Mohair  grown  here  in  Idaho  is  very  bright  when  scoured,  and,  owing  to  the  elec- 
tric currents  which  exist  in  the  air,  the  hair  possesses  elasticity,  a property  requisite 
to  mohair.  Goats  do  not  grow  a long  staple  here,  but  owing  to  the  cold  it  is  very 
dense.  Neither  do  they  grow  so  heavy  a fleece  as  in  a milder  climate,  owing  to  the 
dryness  of  the  air.  Plenty  of  green,  natural  herbage  the  year  round  would  produce 
a heavier  fleece  and  ultimately  deteriorate  its  quality. 

A high  altitude  is  a locality  always  preferable  in  goat  culture.  This 
is  especially  true  with  Angoras,  as  the  climate  in  high  altitudes  seems 
to  have  a beneficial  effect  upon  the  mohair. 

Colonel  Black,  whose  experience  covers  a period  of  thirty  years, 
says  that  the  Angora  goat  will  thrive  in  any  part  of  our  country,  and 
the  yield  of  mohair  will  be  greatest  in  the  colder  States.  He  estimates 
that  the  yield  can  be  increased  fully  1 pound  by  removing  the  goats 
from  Texas  to  any  of  the  Northern  States. 


56 


BUREAU  OE  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY o 


CHARACTER  OF  SOIL. 

Almost  any  kind  of  soil,  except  wet  and  marshy  land,  is  suitable 
for  these  goats.  Their  preference'  is  mountainous  or  rocky  land, 
where  they  find  it  necessary  to  climb  mountain  sides  and  rocky  cliffs 
to  browse.  Such  situations  not  only  afford  them  satisfaction  in  climb- 
ing and  feeding,  but  the  rocks  serve  to  keep  the  feet  trimmed.  This  is 
an  important  matter,  for  on  soils  devoid  of  stones  or  sand  the  feet  must 
oftentimes  be  trimmed  by  hand. 

One  of  the  reasons  for  the  freedom  of  goats  from  most  diseases  is 
that  they  require  pure  water,  and  in  no  place  is  better  water  found 
than  in  the  springs  and  rivulets  of  hilly  or  rocky  localities.  Goats  also 
require  much  exercise,  much  more  than  sheep,  and  such  situations 
satisfy  this  inclination. 

However,  it  must  not  be  understood  that  rocks  and  hills  are  essen- 
tial, although  they  provide  for  the  goat  an  ideal  situation.  As  stated 
above,  almost  any  kind  of  soil  is  suitable  except  wet  and  marshy  land. 
Goats  are  not  partial  to  water  in  any  form — in  the  soil  or  in  the  form 
of  rain,  snow,  or  sleet — and  they  drink  a very  small  amount.  Keep  the 
goats  dry  overhead  and  under  foot. 

LAND  AVAILABLE  FOR  GOAT  CULTURE. 

The  habits  of  goats,  as  set  forth  in  the  earlier  paragraphs  of  this 
paper,  suggest  at  once  to  the  informed  person  that  there  are  in  the 
United  States  millions  of  acres  of  land  suitable  for  goat  culture  which 
are  now  serving  no  economic  purpose  whatever.  Much  of  this  would 
answer  for  sheep  raising,  but  much  more  of  it  is  suitable  for  goats 
only. 

In  the  northwestern  States  there  are  hundreds  of  thousands  of  . acres 
of  forest  land  which,  on  account  of  the  forest  covering,  is  useless,  but 
when  goats  clear  it  of  all  underbrush  and  put  it  in  proper  condition 
for  cultivation,  as  they  are  doing  there  at  this  time,  the  land  becomes 
more  valuable  for  other  kinds  of  farm  crops.  In  other  places  there 
is  much  brush  land  which  it  is  desirable  to  have  goats  transform  into 
good  pasture  land,  and  there  are  also  vast  acres  of  mountainous  and 
hilly  districts  which  are  ideal  locations  for  Angora  goats,  but  which 
could  be  of  no  importance  as  pasture  or  as  tillable  land. 

Capt.  Almont  Barnes,  in  the  article  entitled  “ Keeping  goats  for 
profit,”  makes  some  estimates  of  the  amount  of  unimproved  land  in 
the  country,  basing  his  calculations  upon  the  reports  of  the  Eleventii 
Census.  He  finds  that  the  total  amount  of  unimproved  land  in  the 
United  States  is  265,000,000  acres.  In  Maine  there  are  6,000,000  acres 
in  farms,  of  which  3,000,000  are  improved;  in  Georgia  are  25,000,000 
in  farms,  of  which  9,500,000  are  improved.  He  concludes: 

There  is,  however,  in  the  United  States  a large,  continuous  area,  embracing  over 
one-third  of  the  States  and  Territories,  which  invites  particular  attention  in  connec- 
tion with  this  subject.  It  includes  the  South  Atlantic  and  South  Central  divisions 


Angora  Goats  in  Yard;  also  shows  one  Kind  of  suitable  Fence. 

(Photograph  furnished  by  Harris  & Baylor,  Montell,  Tex.) 


Bulletin  No.  27,  B.  A.  I. 


Plate  IX 


(Photograph  furnished  by  Mr.  Fuchs.) 


Bulletin  No.  27,  B.  A.  I. 


Plate  X 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


57 


and  a part  of  the  Western  division  of  the  Census  groupings1,  or  twenty  States  and 
Territories,  which  together  contain  nearly  285,000,000  acres  in  farms,  of  which  over 
122,000,000  are  improved  and  over  162,000,000,  or  57  per  cent,  unimproved.  The 
average  size  of  farms  and  the  average  amounts  of  unimproved  land  are  greater  in 
this  area  than  elsewhere,  and  the  climatic  conditions  are  more  uniform. 

It  is  safe  to  say  that  it  will  be  many  years  before  the  matter  of 
available  land  for  goat  culture  becomes  a problem.  It  is  sufficient  at 
this  time  to  know  that  there  is  an  abundance  of  suitable  land  every- 
where in  the  country. 

Mr.  W.  Hammond  Tooke,  in  the  Agricultural  Journal  of  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  for  May,  1899,  says: 

He  [Schreiner]  admits  that  it  is  generally  agreed  that  very  large  portions  of  the 
States  are  well  adapted  to  Angora  goats,  an  opinion  formed  from  actual  experience 
over  a number  of  years.  This  being  so,  it  is  difficult  to  understand  how  it  is  that 
the  industry  has  progressed  so  slowly,  seeing  that  the  hair  is  valuable,  the  skins  in 
great  demand,  the  flesh  prized  as  good,  and  the  tallow  as  good  as  any  that  reaches 
the  Chicago  market.  It  is  not  more  easy  to  understand  when  it  is  considered  that 
large  portions  of  the  country  are  suitable  for  goats  and  not  suitable  for  sheep. 

There  seems  no  reason,  therefore,  to  the  outsider  why  the  industry  should  not  make 
almost  as  rapid  progress  in  the  States  as  it  has  in  South  Africa. 

THE  CARE  OF  ANGORA  GOATS. 

The  preceding  pages  have  no  doubt  given  the  impression  that 
Angora  goats  are  very  hardy,  and,  indeed,  it  is  true,  especially  if  their 
foundation  is  upon  crosses  with  the  common  goat;  but  this  should  not 
be  taken  by  the  careless  or  shiftless  man  as  a license  to  subject  his 
goats  to  all  manner  of  discomfort  with  the  expectation  that  the  results 
will  be  fully  as  satisfactory  as  if  rational  attention  were  given  them. 
That  these  animals  can  withstand  extreme  cold,  such  as  that  of  the 
islands  of  Alaska,  or  extreme  heat,  such  as  that  of  Guadalupe  Island, 
is  strong  evidence  of  their  fortitude  and  of  their  adaptabilit}^  to  a 
wide  range  of  temperature  under  proper  care.  The  same  fortitude  is 
exhibited  by  horses,  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs,  but  no  one  thinks  of  turn- 
ing these  domesticated  animals  out  upon  their  own  resources,  as  wild 
animals  are  forced  to  exist.  That  they  can  subsist  upon  vegetation 
which  is  utterly  useless  for  any  other  purpose  is  evidence  simply  of 
their  economical  keeping;  it  does  not  permit  one  to  conclude  that  they 
never  need  any  other  kind  of  feed  at  times.  In  a word,  it  is  intended 
here  to  impress  the  fact  that,  if  satisfactory  results  are  to  be  obtained 
in  goat  raising,  the  animals  must  receive  the  same  rational  treatment 
that  is  received  by  other  live  stock  when  best  results  are  sought.  The 
goat  is  a hardy  animal  in  the  fullest  sense  of  the  word,  but  this  char- 
acteristic only  enables  him  to  respond  the  more  quickly  and  satisfac- 
torily to  careful  treatment. 

1 South  Atlantic  division:  Delaware,  Maryland,  District  of  Columbia, Virginia,  West 
Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida;  South  Central  division: 
Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Texas,  Oklahoma,  Arkansas; 
Western  division:  Montana,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Utah,  Ne- 
vada, Idaho,  Washington,  Oregon,  California. 


58 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


HERDING  AND  FENCING. 

Goats  require  a great  amount  of  exercise,  much  more  than  sheep. 
The  one  is  by  nature  a browser  and  the  other  a grazer,  and  the  brows- 
ing habit  naturally  requires  more  activity  on  the  part  of  the  goats. 
They  are  sensitive  to  restraint  and  do  better  if  not  herded,  but  of 
course  this  is  often  a necessity,  and  therefore  should  be  done  under  as 
favorable  circumstances  as  possible.  So  far  as  possible  they  should  not 
be  allowed  to  feel  their  restraint.  If  constant  attendance  is  necessary, 
the  herder  should  be  of  quiet  disposition.  The  next  best  thing  to  the 
freedom  of  a range  is  a large  pasture,  where  the  goats  may  have  over- 
sight, but  not  constant  attendance.  Such  pastures  are  considered  the 
cheapest  method  of  keeping  these  goats.  They  can  easily  be  trained 
to  come  home  by  feeding  a little  and  salting  regularly  at  home. 

The  fencing  for  pastures  is  a matter  which  early  concerns  one  who 
contemplates  going  into  the  business,  for  it  is  the  current  belief  that 
goats  will  climb  onto  any  shed  of  ordinary  height  or  jump  any  fence 
that  will  stop  other  animals.  While  they  will  climb  anything  that  is 
built  in  such  a manner  that  it  may  be  climbed  easily,  they  will  not  jump 
any  ordinary  fence.  They  will,  however,  creep  through  if  there  is  an 
opening  large  enough.  The  old-fashioned  u worm”  fence,  especially 
if  it  leans  outward,  will  not  stop  goats.  The  angles  in  such  a fence 
are  an  incentive  and  a delight  to  them.  Indeed,  there  are  many  hogs 
that  will  go  over  a fence  of  this  kind. 

In  building  a goat  fence  there  are  other  matters  to  be  taken  into 
account  than  simply  that  the  goats  shall  be  kept  in:  the  animals  them- 
selves (especially  the  young  ones)  must  be  protected  from  dogs  and 
wolves  from  the  outside.  In  the  Southwest  it  is  much  more  important 
to  fence  to  keep  varmints  out  than  it  is  to  fence  to  keep  the  goats  in. 
So  the  double  object  must  be  kept  in  view  in  building  a goat  fence. 
Such  a fence  must  be  dogproof,  hogproof , and  wolfproof.  A hog  at 
liberty  which  has  once  had  the  taste  of  chicken,  or  lamb,  or  kid  is  a 
greater  nuisance  than  any  wolf  or  dog,  and  should  be  dispatched  as 
being  an  enemy  to  other  young  live  stock  as  well  as  kids. 

One  correspondent  of  the  Bureau  constructs  a fence  of  ten-barbed 
hog  wires,  with  posts  set  20  feet  apart,  having  three  stays  between  the 
posts.  The  lowest  wire  is  only  1 inch  from  the  ground;  the  next  four 
wires  3i  inches  apart,  and  one-half  inch  added  to  every  space  above. 
It  is  necessary  that  all  the  wires  should  be  kept  very  tight.  This 
correspondent  adds  the  interesting  note  that  many  wolves  are  killed 
by  screw  worms  in  wounds  received  while  attempting  to  crawl 
through  such  a fence.  A good  fence  may  be  made  of  woven  wire  3 
feet  high,  drawn  on  the  inside  of  the  posts,  and  a closely  barbed 
strand  of  wire  3 or  4 inches  above  fastened  to  the  outside  of  the  posts 
to  prevent  animals  from  jumping  in.  A straight  rail  fence,  if  the 
rails  are  laid  close  enough,  as  well  as  an  ordinary  board  fence,  will 
turn  goats. 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


59 


Mr.  Jobson  says  that  a five-board  panel  fence  4 feet  high  is  suffi- 
cient for  goats.  He  also  says  that  zigzag,  or  worm,  fences  are  an 
incentive  for  the  goats  to  climb,  and  that  they  will  walk  along  the  top 
of  such  fences  as  easily  as  on  the  ground. 

If  they  are  permitted  to  climb  onto  the  roofs  of  buildings  it  will 
not  be  long  before  they  will  have  them  completely  ruined. 

SHELTER  AND  PENS. 

A shelter  is  necessary  during  wet  spells,  and  more  especially  if  the 
rain  is  cold  or  in  case  of  a sleet  storm.  Dry  cold  alone  has  little  or 
no  injurious  effect  after  the  kids  are  three  or  four  weeks  old,  and  they 
will  even  frolic  in  the  snow  when  the  mercury  is  at  zero,  and  sleep 
with  apparent  comfort  in  an  open  shed.  With  their  dense  covering 
there  is  no  reason  why  this  should  not  be  true;  but  this  same  dense 
covering,  when  soaked  with  cold  water  or  driven  full  of  sleet,  is  a 
deadly  menace.  Goats  will  not  get  wet  if  they  have  an  opportunity 
to  avoid  it.  They  appreciate  a shelter  and  will  always  seek  it  at  night, 
and  during  the  day  in  the  event  of  storms.  They  are  said  to  be  excel- 
lent barometers,  being  able  to  foretell  stormy  weather,  and  always 
contrive  to  place  themselves  under  shelter  before  the  advance  of  a 
storm,  if  possible.  Mr.  Diehl  says  they  will  run  miles  to  avoid  an 
undesirable  rain. 

Goats  should  not  be  left  on  the  range  or  in  pasture  over  night.  The 
latter  is  practiced  to  a considerable  extent,  but  experience  has  shown 
that  they  are  safer  in  closer  confinement  during  the  nighttime. 

The  pens  in  which  the  goats  are  kept  at  night  should,  above  all 
things,  be  in  such  a location  that  they  can  be  kept  dry  by  drainage. 
Other  live  stock  should  be  excluded,  as  they  would  only  help  to 
trample  the  ground  into  mud.  They  should  have  a dry  place  to  stand 
and  sleep,  for  they  are  apt  to  contract  rheumatism  in  the  knees.  There 
would  be  little  use  in  raising  Angoras  for  their  fleeces  if  they  are  com- 
pelled to  wade  through  mud  and  filth,  or  be  confined  under  these  con- 
ditions. The  fleece  would  soon  become  so  soiled  and  matted  as  to  be 
a “burden  unto  death.” 

The  sheds  provided  for  their  shelter  must  be  of  a size  to  give  an 
abundance  of  room.  The  goats  should  not,  under  any  circumstances, 
be  huddled  together.  If  they  are  thus  crowded  in  cold  weather  they 
will  pile  up,  with  the  result  that  some  of  the  younger  ones  will  die 
from  suffocation.  One  writer  states  that  he  has  known  as  high  as  30 
being  killed  in  this  manner  in  one  night.  Mr.  Oscar  Tom,  of  Angora, 
Oreg.,  describes  a shelter  that  proves  satisfactory  in  the  following 
language: 

The  sheds  should  have  eave  troughs,  and  De  boarded  down  to  within  3 or  4 feet  of 
the  ground.  There  should  be  a ditch  around  the  shed  to  prevent  any  water  from 
running  into  it,  and  it  should  be  open  all  around,  so  that  the  goats  would  not  have  to 
wait  for  others  ahead  of  them  to  go  in;  a few  cross  ones  could  not  block  the  way  and 


60 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


keep  other  goats  in  or  out,  and  the  rain  would  not  blow  in,  but  the  goats  would  have 
plenty  of  fresh  air.  There  should  be  a good  fence  around  the  shed  at  a distance  of 
at  least  50  yards,  to  keep  cattle  and  horses  from  trampling  up  the  ground  and  work- 
ing it  into  mud.  Have  the  fence  high  enough  for  the  goats  to  go  under,  but  never 
allow  hogs  to  run  into  the  goat  shed,  for  goats  are  easily  frightened  after  dark. 

In  some  parts  of  the  country  the  strong  winds  will  blow  rain  under 
a shed  such  as  Mr.  Tom  describes.  In  such  cases,  the  side  from  which 
these  storms  usually  come  might  be  boarded  to  the  ground.  A better 
plan,  in  the  opinion  of  some,  is  to  have  a few  solid  movable  panels  of 
fence  to  place  around  the  openings  of  the  shed  on  such  occasions. 
This  plan  is  convenient,  too,  as  the  panels  may  be  taken  awa}^  in  fair 
weather,  thus  permitting  a free  circulation  of  air  from  all  sides. 

Shelter  from  the  sun’s  rays  should  be  provided  for  summer  time. 
Although  goats  are  able  to  withstand  intense  heat,  they  do  not  thrive 
well  when  subjected  to  it.  For  this  purpose  sheds  more  open  than 
that  described  above  are  preferred,  for  the  reason  that  the  air  will 
have  freer  circulation.  Better  yet  than  a shed  against  the  sun’s  rays 
are  large  trees.  In  this  case  there  is  no  obstruction  whatever  to  the 
air. 

FEEDING. 

The  principal  reason  why  goats  will  be  raised  instead  of  sheep  in 
some  places  is  because  they  are  practically  inexpensive  so  far  as  feed- 
ing is  concerned.  This  phase  of  the  subject  is  quite  fully  discussed 
under  the  head  of  “Browsing  and  pasturage”  (p.  26).  They  eat  the 
leaves  in  summer  and  the  soft  twigs  in  winter,  and  if  there  is  an 
abundance  of  either  they  will  not  require  anything  else  to  sustain  life; 
but  this  condition  exists  only  in  certain  localities,  and  other  means 
must  be  adopted  elsewhere.  They  are  fond  of  straw  and  fodder  of 
any  kind.  Plate  XI  shows  where  a herd  in  Iowa  has  access  to  a straw 
stack. 

Notwithstanding  the  ability  of  goats  to  subsist  upon  coarse  fodder 
in  the  winter  season,  the  impression  must  not  be  held  that  they  will 
thrive  well  upon  it  in  the  absence  of  browse.  They  will  extract  from 
these  fodders  all  the  nourishment  obtainable,  which  is  not  very  great, 
but  must  receive  some  supplementary  feed.  Any  kind  of  grain  will 
answer  this  purpose.  Probably  the  best  feed  is  oats,  and  if  it  is  sheaf 
oats  better  still.  In  Texas  some  of  the  large  goat  raisers  feed  cotton 
seed  by  scattering  it  upon  the  snow  so  that  goats  will  have  to  exercise 
somewhat  in  picking  it  up;  besides,  the  time  consumed  in  picking  up 
the  seed  thus  scattered  insures  better  mastication. 

In  feeding  grain  care  must  be  taken  not  to  make  the  supply  too 
liberal,  unless  the  object  is  to  fatten  for  slaughter.  Goats  easily 
become  lazy  on  a plentiful  supply  of  grain  and  will  decline  to  go  out 
to  feed  upon  the  brush.  This  is  an  important  point,  as  their  hardi- 
ness to  a large  extent  is  attributed  to  their  feeding  upon  browse  and  to 
the  resulting  exercise. 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


61 


As  to  the  coarse  feed  for  winter  use,  straw  is  eaten  with  relish; 
corn  fodder  is  better  and  more  nourishing;  clover  and  alfalfa  hay  are 
excellent.  Indeed,  very  little  grain  will  be  required  where  either 
clover  or  alfalfa  hay  is  provided.  Mr.  Hoerle  says: 

The  quantity  of  food  necessary  to  keep  them  in  good  condition  varies  according  to 
the  climate,  but  one-fourth  pound  of  corn  or  its  equivalent  in  other  grain  and  Im- 
pounds of  hay  at  a ration  is  about  a fair  average.  With  abundant  winter  pasture 
this  ration  once  a day  (in  the  evening)  is  sufficient;  if  the  pasture  is  scant,  they 
ought  to  have  it  both  morning  and  evening,  and  on  wet,  cold  days,  when  they  are 
kept  in  the  sheds  all  day,  feed  them  three  times  or  make  their  rations  correspond- 
ingly larger.  They  should  be  taught  early  to  eat  their  hay  chopped,  moistened,  and 
sprinkled  with  bran,  oil  meal,  or  corn  meal,  which,  if  it  digests  easier  if  given  in  that 
way,  will  save  about  20  per  cent  of  the  feed.  They  should  also  be  taught  to  eat 
ensilage  where  practicable. 

Sugar-beet  pulp  has  been  fed  with  success.  The  goats  must  be 
taught  to  eat  it,  but  after  once  learning  they  seem  not  to  be  able  to 
get  enough. 

In  feeding  either  hay  or  grain  absolute  cleanliness  must  rule,  as 
goats  will  not  eat  soiled  food.  There  is  no  animal  more  particular 
about  his  food  than  the  goat.  He  has  no  inclination  for  mud  or  tilth 
in  which  to  stand  or  walk,  much  less  having  to  pick  his  food  out  of  it. 
Bryan  Hook,  author  of  Milch  Goats  and  Their  Management,1  says: 

The  goat  is  of  all  animals  the  most  fastidious  in  the  matter  of  the  cleanliness  of  its 
food,  refusing,  even  though  ever  so  hungry,  to  eat  food  that  has  been  soiled  or  trodden 
under  foot.  For  this  reason  a rack  should  be  provided  for  the  hay,  and  only  as  much 
given  at  each  meal  as  the  animal  will  consume,  for  that  which  has  been  trampled 
under  foot  will  ever  after  be  rejected,  even  though  carefully  collected  and  replaced 
in  the  rack. 

When  the  production  of  mohair  is  reduced  to  a fine  art,  the  question 
of  feed  will  receive  the  most  careful  consideration,  because  of  its  influ- 
ence upon  the  fiber. 

The  replies  received  by  the  Bureau  to  the  question  u Do  }^ou  feed 
in  winter  ? If  so,  what  is  the  character  of  feed  ? ” are  interesting  in 
many  particulars.  It  will  be  observed  that  in  the  Southwest  the  treat- 
ment of  goats  in  winter  is  not  very  different  from  that  received  by 
them  in  the  summer.  Below  are  given  quotations  from  some  of  the 
letters  received,  credit  being  given  to  States  only: 

Winters  being  mild,  do  not  feed. — Arizona. 

I have  to  feed  here.  They  like  alfalfa  best.  In  southern  New  Mexico  they  never 
need  any  feed,  and  are  good  mutton  the  year  round. — New  Mexico. 

We  do  not  feed,  there  being  plenty  of  evergreen  brush. — New  Mexico. 

Feed  only  during  severe  storms,  perhaps  an  average  of  three  days  in  the  winter, 
and  then  any  kind  of  good  hay  will  suffice. — Texas. 

Feed  some  poor  old  goats  on  cotton  seed  and  hay. — Texas. 

Winters  are  mild,  and  the  goats  live  on  evergreen  brush  (four  kinds). — Texas. 


1 Vinton  & Co.,  Limited.  London,  1896. 


62 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Feed  only  when  the  ground  is  covered  with  snow  and  sleet.  I like  shelled  corn 
best.  Feed  in  troughs  or  scattered  on  the  snow. — Texas. 

Yes;  in  stormy  winters  we  feed  hay  so  placed  that  they  can  run  to  it  in  the  shed, 
for  they  must  have  shelter. — Oregon. 

Native  hay. — Oregon. 

Very  little;  a few  oats,  and  straw. — Oregon. 

We  manage  to  cut  grubs  in  winter,  but  give  them  some  straw;  will  eat  most  any 
kind  of  straw  or  hay. — Oregon. 

I feed  out  in  the  prairie,  along  with  the  sheep;  feed  wild  hay  and  lucern  (alfalfa).— 
Idaho. 

Hay,  oat  hay,  and  corn  from  shock,  unhusked;  some  roots,  and  more  or  less 
bran. — Iowa. 

Sheaf  oats,  fodder,  straw,  and  hay  in  spring. — Iowa. 

They  run  on  the  range  all  winter. — Texas. 

Have  never  had  occasion  to  feed,  except  during  a snowstorm,  when  we  cut  down 
branches  of  live  oak. — Texas. 

Do  not  feed,  except  the  bucks  at  breeding  time;  give  them  wheat  hay  and  barley. — 

Texas. 

In  Nevada  we  feed  our  kids  some  alfalfa  hay,  at  night,  for  two  or  three  months. — 
Nevada. 

I find  shelled  oats  best  for  weakly  ones;  usually  cut  brush  for  the  main  herd  dur- 
ing winter  months. — Oregon. 

We  find  clover  hay  and  wheat  and  oats  cut  in  the  dough.  We  prefer  that  to  any- 
thing else. — Oregon. 

Stock  fodder  and  clover  hay.  They  will  do  well  on  the  same  feed  as  sheep. — 
Missouri. 

Not  much  grain,  a little  corn  fodder,  and  wheat  straw. — Kansas. 

Shredded  corn  fodder,  wheat  straw,  and  a little  corn  in  bad  weather. — Kansas. 

SALTING. 

Goats  require  more  salt  than  sheep,  owing  to  the  more  astringent 
character  of  their  food.  If  loose  salt  is  used,  the  general  custom  is  to 
give  it  once  a week  on  regular  days.  If  rock  salt  is  used,  it  should  be 
placed  where  the  animals  can  get  to  it  at  any  time.  Rock  salt  is  pref- 
erable, as  it  can  be  placed  in  boxes  or  troughs  raised  from  the  ground, 
and  thus  be  kept  out  of  the  dirt  and  be  of  easy  access  to  the  goats  at 
any  time;  and,  too,  there  is  no  waste  and  no  danger  that  the  animal 
will  eat  too  much  of  it. 

MARKING. 

The  question  of  marking  is  always  proper.  Several  devices  are  in 
use,  but  the  metal  tag  in  the  ear  is  probably  best  known.  A practice 
which  appears  to  give  satisfaction  is  to  tattoo  the  numbers  into  the 
ear,  using  indelible  ink.  It  is  found  that  the  metal  is  sometimes  pulled 
out  by  brush. 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


63 


KIDDING  AND  THE  KIDS. 

The  kidding  time  is  the  most  important  in  the  life  of  the  goats. 
For  two  or  three  days  after  the  kids  are  dropped  they  are  exceedingly 
delicate,  and  there  will  be  no  future  success  unless  good  care  is  given 
at  the  time.  They  can  not  “rough  it”  at  this  period,  but  will  die 
from  very  little  exposure  or  neglect.  They  are  more  delicate  for  a 
few  weeks  than  lambs.  When  the  kids  are  large  enough  to  follow 
the  flock  they  have  constitutions  stronger  than  lambs  of  like  age  and 
are  able  to  care  for  themselves  very  well. 

The  proper  time  for  kids  to  arrive  is  in  the  spring,  about  the  time 
when  leaves  start  on  the  trees  and  bushes.  At  that  time  there  is  milk- 
producing  food  for  the  doe,  and  the  weather  is  also  warm  enough  to 
favor  the  kids.  The  exact  time  may  be  governed,  of  course,  by  the 
service  of  the  bucks  and  will  be  earlier  in  localities  where  the  seasons 
are  earlier.  If  kidding  comes  in  cold  weather,  there  will  be  greater 
difficulty  in  saving  the  kids.  Warm  stabling  must  also  be  provided, 
and  the  does  will  require  extra  feeding  in  order  that  they  may  supply 
milk  for  the  kids. 

A few  days  before  a kid  is  due  the  doe  should  be  separated  from 
the  flock.  Some  breeders  would  put  her  in  a pen  alone,  while  others 
would  put  as  many  as  20  in  one  pen.  If  the  facilities  are  at  hand,  a 
small  pen  for  each  doe  is  better,  for  the  reasons  that  the  doe  will 
sooner  “ own”  the  kid  and  there  will  be  less  danger  of  injury  than  if 
among  a number.  A doe  knows  her  kid  by  the  sense  of  smell,  espe- 
cially when  it  is  young.  This  characteristic  is  so  strong  that  some 
breeders  assert  that  if  two  kids  of  different  mothers  are  rubbed 
together,  the  does  will  often  refuse  to  own  them.  Whoever  cares  for 
the  doe  at  kidding  time  will  find  it  an  important  part  of  his  work  to 
see  that  the  does  own  their  kids.  This  difficulty  in  any  case  will  dis- 
appear in  a few  days,  and  it  will  then  only  be  necessary  to  arrange  for 
the  does  to  get  to  the  kids  whenever  they  desire. 

If  kids  are  dropped  on  the  range  or  in  the  pasture,  they  must  be 
carried  home  and  special  care  given  to  see  that  the  does  are  made  to 
own  them,  for  many  times  they  will  refuse.  A lamb  will  follow  its 
mother  very  soon  after  it  is  dropped,  but  a doe  will  hide  her  kid  as 
best  she  can  in  bushes,  or  behind  a stone  or  log,  and  leave  it  there 
while  she  goes  away  to  feed;  and  on  her  return  she  expects  to  find  it 
where  she  left  it. 

The  Mexican  method  of  handling  the  kid  is  largely  practiced  in 
Texas  and  New  Mexico  and  consists  in  “staking,”  or  “toggling,”  the 
kid.  When  the  kid  is  dropped,  take  it  to  a protected  place  (shed  or 
barn),  seeing  to  it  that  the  doe  follows,  and  “stake  it  out”  or  “ toggle” 
it  with  a string  about  14  inches  long.  Tie  this  string  to  one  leg, 
changing  occasionally  to  other  legs  to  avoid  lameness.  This  string 
should  have  a swivel  in  it  to  prevent  twisting,  and  the  kids  should  be 


64 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


carefully  watched  so  long  as  they  are  so  tied,  which  will  be  from 
seven  to  ten  days. 

The  does  should  remain  with  the  kids  until  they  leave  them  of  their 
own  accord  to  go  out  for  feed.  The  kids  may  then  be  allowed  to  run 
loose  in  a pen  together  until  they  are  large  enough  to  go  out  with  the 
flock,  which  is  when  they  are  from  four  to  six  weeks’  old,  or  when 
they  are  able  to  jump  a board  from  12  to  20  inches  high  placed  across 
the  gate.  The  height  of  this  board  restrains  the  kids  that  are  too 
small  to  follow  the  flock  and  at  the  same  time  enables  the  does  to  go 
and  come  as  they  please.  W.  G.  Hughes  & Co.,  of  Hastings,  Tex., 
have  a device  for  separating  the  does  from  the  kids  which  is  better 
than  the  board.  It  is  a bridge,  either  end  of  which  drops  to  the 
desired  height.  This  device  enables  the  does  to  go  out  and  in  without 
injuring  the  udder,  which  is  apt  to  occur  where  they  have  to  jump  a 
board.  A picture  of  this  bridge  in  use  is  shown  in  fig.  2 of  Plate  XII. 

The  following  is  from  “ California  Angoras,”  published  by  C.  P. 
Bailey  & Sons  Company: 

There  are  in  use  two  methods  of  handling  kids  at  kidding  time,  namely,  the  cor- 
ral method  and  the  staking  method.  Each  of  these  has  points  which  render  it 
most  valuable  under  certain  conditions  and  in  certain  localities. 

The  corral  method. 

This  method  may  be  used  with  any  number  of  goats.  With  various  modifications 
and  adaptations  which  best  suit  the  size  of  the  flock,  the  climatic  conditions,  the  facil- 
ities for  feeding,  etc. , it  may  be  used  by  the  beginner  with  success.  W e have  practiced 
this  method  in  Nevada  for  more  than  twenty-five  years.  If  the  herd  is  a large  one, 
say  1,000  head,  three  men  are  required  to  handle  the  goats  at  kidding  time.  The 
service  of  the  bucks  is  so  managed  that  the  kids  will  be  dropped  gradually  through 
several  weeks.  At  the  height  of  the  season  we  expect  from  75  to  100  kids  a day. 
The  season  lasts  about  thirty  or  forty  days.  Fortunately,  most  of  the  kids  are 
dropped  in  the  daytime. 

We  have  four  or  five  small  corrals,  fenced  with  36-inch  woven  wire  and  large 
enough  to  hold  50  does  and  their  kids.  The  doe  should  be  allowed  plenty  of  room, 
because  if  too  close  to  her  neighbor  she  may  adopt  the  other  doe’s  kid.  Besides 
these  small  corrals,  two  large  ones  are  needed,  each  large  enough  to  hold  1,000  does. 
Along  the  fence  of  one  of  these  corrals  are  a dozen  small  pens  just  large  enough  to 
hold  a doe  and  kid.  At  the  gate  of  this  large  corral  a jump  board  is  placed.  This 
jump  board  is  intended  to  keep  back  those  kids  which  are  not  large  and  strong 
enough  to  jump  over  it.  A 2-inch  board  about  18  inches  high  will  answer  the  pur- 
pose. Another  device  sometimes  used  is  a platform  open  at  the  end,  so  that  the  kids 
may  run  under  it  and  thus  avoid  being  trampled  upon  when  the  goats  are  going  out 
over  the  platform. 

The  small  corrals  may  be  made  of  panel  fence  and  located  in  a meadow  where 
some  feed  is  afforded.  The  does  should  always  have  some  kind  of  feed  at  kidding 
time. 

In  the  morning  the  flock  is  carefully  examined,  and  all  does  which  show  signs  of 
kidding  during  the  day  should  be  separated  and  placed  in  one  of  the  small  corrals. 
The  large  flock  is  now  turned  out,  and  one  of  the  men  is  sent  with  them  with  instruc- 
tions to  take  the  herd  at  once  as  far  as  he  intends  to  go  for  feed  that  day,  and  then 


Flock  of  Angora  Goats  at  Straw  Stack. 


Bulletin  No.  27,  B.  A.  I. 


Plate  XI. 


Bulletin  No.  27,  B.  A.  I. 


Plate  XII. 


Fig.  1 .—Angora  Kids. 

(Illustration  furnished  by  W.  G.  Hughes  & Co.,  Hastings,  Tex.) 


Fig.  2.— Going  to  Pasture.  (Separation  of  Does  from  Kids  by  Means  of  Bridge.) 

(Illustration  furnished  by  W.  G.  Hughes  & Co.,  Hastings,  Tex.) 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


65 


to  let  them  feed  over  a limited  area  and  gradually  work  their  way  home.  A few 
does  will  drop  their  kids  on  the  range,  and  the  herder  should  carefully  note  the 
number  and  their  location.  He  should  see  that  the  herd  does  not  feed  around  one 
of  these  does,  as  she  is  apt  to  leave  her  kid  and  join  the  band,  thus  necessitating 
much  extra  work  in  finding  the  kid  and  in  giving  it  to  its  mother.  Early  in  the 
afternoon  the  band  is  placed  in  one  of  the  large  corrals.  Now  the  herder  and 
another  man  go  out  with  a wagon  or  on  foot  and  carry  the  kids  home,  gently  driv- 
ing the  mothers.  The  kids  should  not  be  handled  or  rubbed  against  one  another 
more  than  is  necessary,  as  the  doe  knows  her  kid  by  the  scent.  These  does  and 
kids  are  placed  in  the  small  corral  which  contains  the  does  held  back  in  the  morn- 
ing with  the  expectation  that  they  would  kid  during  the  day.  We  now  have  one 
day’s  kidding  in  one  of  the  small  corrals.  The  does  and  kids  should  be  watched  to 
see  that  they  are  properly  arranged.  Do  not  bother  them  more  than  is  absolutely 
necessary.  Do  not  be  in  a hurry  to  make  a doe  own  a kid.  Do  not  drive  the  goats 
around  one  of  the  small  pens. 

The  does  should  remain  with  their  kids  in  the  corral  for  a day  or  two  at  least,  or 
until  the  kids  are  properly  mothered.  Any  does  which  have  not  kidded  should  be 
taken  out.  The  next  morning  any  kids  which  may  have  been  born  during  the  night 
are  put  in  another  small  corral  with  their  mothers,  as  well  as  the  does  which  are 
expected  to  kid  during  the  day.  The  procedure  of  the  previous  day  is  repeated.  In 
about  three  days,  if  one  has  limited  quarters,  the  first  day’s  mothers  and  kids  may 
be  put  in  the  second  large  corral;  that  is,  the  one  with  the  jump  board  at  the  gate. 
Now  this  “wet”  band  is  placed  in  charge  of  one  of  the  men  and  sent  out  to  feed. 
The  gate  is  opened,  the  mothers  passing  out  over  the  jump  board,  and  the  kids 
remain  in  the  corral.  The  herder  must  not  range  his  goats  near  the  does  that  are 
kidding  upon  the  range,  and  he  should  be  cautioned  to  come  in  later  than  the  “dry” 

band,  so  as  to  avoid  any  possibility  of  their  mixing.  When  his  band  arrives  at  the 
corral  the  gate  is  opened,  and  each  mother  hunts  for  her  kid.  Some  of  the  kids 
may  not  find  their  mothers,  and  if  after  a day  or  two  there  are  a few  unnourished 
kids  and  some  does  with  overdistended  udders  they  should  be  placed  together  in 
the  small  pens  along  the  side  of  the  corral.  The  doe  will  own  the  kid  in  a day  or 

two,  whether  she  is  its  mother  or  not.  The  kids  should  not  be  allowed  to  become 
too  weak  before  this  is  done.  If  one  does  not  have  enough  small  pens,  a doe  may  be 
held  while  two  or  three  kids  suckle  her,  and  thus  tide  them  over  until  some  of  the 
small  pens  are  vacant. 

The  next  day  the  second  day’s  kidding  is  added  to  the  wet  band.  The  wet  band 
thus  gradually  grows,  while  the  dry  band  decreases.  During  the  day  two  men  will 
be  employed  at  herding  the  dry  and  wet  bands,  respectively,  and  the  third  man  will 
be  kept  busy  inspecting  the  kids,  feeding  the  does  in  confinement,  etc.  If  the 
weather  is  stormy  some  of  the  kids  will  have  to  be  sheltered.  The  advisability  of 
having  the  kids  dropped  gradually  through  a period  of  thirty  or  forty  days  will 
readily  be  seen.  If  help  is  inexperienced  they  may  be  gradually  trained,  or  if  the 
weather  is  stormy  there  will  be  time  to  get  all  things  arranged  properly. 

The  kids  should  not  be  allowed  to  go  with  their  mothers  until  they  are  about  6 or  8 
weeks  old.  If  they  go  before  this,  they  will  probably  become  tired  very  soon  and  go 
to  sleep.  When  they  awake  the  band  will  have  gone,  and  they  are  liable  to  be  lost. 
During  the  day,  while  the  mothers  are  feeding,  the  kids  would  eat  a little  grass  if 
they  could  be  herded  near  the  corral. 

As  stated  before,  there  may  be  many  modifications  of  this  method  which  will 
suggest  themselves,  but  the  above  is  a general  outline  of  a method  commonly  in  use. 

The  staking  method. 

This  method  is  largely  employed,  even  with  large  flocks,  in  New  Mexico,  but  is 
possibly  best  suited  to  small  flocks.  It  is  without  doubt  the  best  method  for  certain 
surroundings.  About  the  same  amount  of  help  will  be  required  as  with  the  corral 

11786 — No.  27—01 5 


66 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


method.  There  should  he  a good  supply  of  stakes  similar  to  tent  stakes.  There 
should  also  be  a supply  of  swivel  blocks  which  are  about  4 inches  long  and  having 
a hole  bored  near  each  end.  A piece  of  rope  about  6 inches  long  is  fastened  to  the 
stake,  and  the  other  end  is  passed  through  one  of  the  holes  in  the  swivel  block  and 
a knot  tied  in  the  end.  Another  piece  of  rope  of  equal  length  is  likewise  knotted 
and  passed  through  the  other  hole  of  the  swivel  block,  the  loose  end  being  tied  to 
the  kid’s  leg.  Any  swivel  will  take  the  place  of  this  primitive  method.  The  herder 
or  owrner  can  busy  himself  during  the  winter  months  by  making  stakes  and  swivels 
and  by  cutting  and  attaching  the  ropes. 

When  a kid  is  born  it  is  taken  to  a convenient  place  to  stake  and.  the  mother  is 
gently  coaxed  to  follow.  The  stake  is  securely  driven  into  the  ground,  and  the  kid 
fastened  to  it  by  the  hind  leg.  The  mother  is  left  with  the  kid,  in  order  that  she 
may  know  where  to  find  it  upon  returning  from  feeding.  The  kid  should  be  staked 
where  he  can  get  plenty  of  sunshine,  shade,  and  shelter.  A small  bush,  a post,  or  a 
box  will  answer  the  purpose  admirably.  If  there  are  twins,  they  must  be  so  staked 
that  they  can  suckle  at  the  same  time.  The  rope  should  be  changed  from  one  hind 
leg  to  the  other  occasionally,  to  prevent  unequal  development.  Sometimes  a vigor- 
ous kid  gets  thoroughly  tangled  and  requires  help. 

The  kid  may  thus  be  left  staked  until  he  is  old  enough  to  go  with  the  flock,  which 
is  after  six  or  eight  weeks,  or  he  may  be  put  in  a corral  after  a few  days,  as  is  done 
in  the  corral  method. 

There  are  many  successful  breeders  who  use  this  method  entirely.  One  may  expect 
to  get  good  results  if  he  follows  either  the  corral  or  staking  method  carefully. 

There  is  very  small  loss  among  kids  cared  for  as  set  forth  above. 
Many  of  the  breeders  on  a large  scale  report  the  percentage  of  increase 
as  100.  This  does  not  mean  that  every  kid  lives,  but  that  so  few  die 
that  the  loss  is  offset  by  the  number  of  twins  that  are  dropped. 

The  most  practicable  fencing  to  be  used  at  kidding  time  is  made  of 
portable  panels.  By  the  use  of  these  panels  a pen  may  be  made  large 
or  small  and  be  moved  from  one  place  to  another  without  difficulty 
and  with  very  little  work. 

Weaning. — Kids  should  not  be  weaned  until  they  are  4\  months  old 
unless  they  are  very  strong;  but  they  should  not  remain  with  their 
mothers  after  they  are  5 months  old.  This  especially  applies  to  the 
buck  kids,  as  they  will  often  breed  at  6 months  of  age  or  even  younger. 

Castration. — The  buck  kids  not  reserved  for  breeding  purposes 
should  be  castrated  when  about  two  weeks  old.  The  earlier  it  is  done, 
the  better  will  be  the  meat  and  the  mohair.  It  is  pointed  out  in  pre- 
vious pages  that  the  mohair  from  wethers  ranks  with  that  from  the 
does,  and  the  flesh  is  superior  to  that  of  the  does  and  inferior  only  in 
small  degree  to  that  of  the  kids.  A cool  day  should  always  be  selected 
for  the  operation  of  castration  and  careful  attention  given  for  a few 
days. 

Opinions  of  correspondents. — The  quotations  given  below  are  a 
symposium  of  the  opinions  of  most  of  the  leading  breeders  of  Angora 
goats  in  the  United  States  on  the  matter  of  kidding: 

There  are  several  methods  of  handling  goats  during  kidding.  The  one  employed 
here  is  the  Mexican  plan.  When  the  kid  is  dropped  take  it  by  the  hind  legs,  so  that 
the  doe  will  follow,  to  where  you  want  to  stake  him.  Stake  with  rope  about  12 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


67 


inches  long,  with  wooden  swivel  in  center.  Leave  them  staked  until  after  they  are 
marked  and  castrated  and  well  owned  by  the  mother.  Sometimes  kids  are  herded 
with  their  mothers  and  sometimes  by  themselves  until  they  learn  to  be  herded.  If 
not  handled  properly  and  the  kids  are  allowed  to  mix  together,  the  doe  loses  the 
scent  of  her  kid,  and  young  does  will  often  disown  them. — F.  0.  Landrum , Laguna , 
Tex. 

This  is  the  most  critical  period  in  the  handling  of  goats.  The  kids  are  generally 
collected  daily,  as  soon  as  dropped  and  able  to  stand  and  suckle  the  mother,  and  are 
confined  in  a corral  for  several  weeks,  much  of  the  time  tied  to  a stake  driven  into 
the  ground.  It  is  not  safe  to  let  them  run  with  the  flock  until  they  are  a month  to 
six  weeks  of  age,  as  they  are  liable  to  drop  out  of  the  flock  and  be  lost. — Col.  W.  L. 
Black , Fort  McKavett,  Tex. 

The  kidding  season  is  the  time  when  the  work  and  care  comes.  The  kids  are  more 
delicate  than  lambs,  and  require  a great  deal  of  care. — Harris  & Baylor , Montell,  Tex. 

The  easiest  way  to  get  through  kidding  time  is  to  put  all  the  does  that  are  soon  to 
bring  kids  in  a separate  small  pasture  where  they  can  be  looked  up  easily.  In  case 
of  bad  weather  they  should  be  brought  into  their  shed  every  evening  before  sundown; 
but  if  the  weather  is  dry  and  not  too  cold  they  can  be  left  out,  and  all  the  does  will 
likely  own  their  kids.  Of  course,  the  kids  will  not  follow  their  mother  as  lambs  do, 
but  will  lie  down  in  a thicket  or  under  a bush,  a weed,  a log,  or  a rock,  and  remain 
there  till  the  mother  comes  back  to  it,  even  if  it  should  have  to  wait  till  it  starved  to 
death;  but  after  a kid  is  a few  days  old  it  is  able  to  follow  its  mother,  although  it  is 
best  to  keep  the  kids  at  home.  Kids  need  not  suck  oftener  than  twice  a day. — H.  T. 
Fuchs,  Tiger  Mills,  Tex. 

I stake  the  kid  in  a barn  for  two  weeks.  The  mother  goes  out  in  the  daytime  to  feed 
and  is  put  with  the  kid  at  night.  After  two  weeks  the  kid  is  turned  loose  and  kept 
in  a pen  until  2 months  old,  when  it  is  allowed  to  go  out  with  the  flock. — Henry 
Fink,  Leon  Springs , Tex. 

We  keep  the  nannie  and  kid  to  themselves  so  far  as  possible  for  a day  or  so,  and 
do  not  allow  more  than  20  nannies  and  kids  in  the  same  pen  until  the  kids  are  over 
a week  old,  nor  more  than  50  nannies  and  kids  in  the  same  pen  until  2 weeks  old. 
Kids  are  kept  in  the  pen  day  and  night  until  a month  old,  and  are  then  allowed  to 
run  outside  the  pen  during  the  day  to  eat  a little;  the  feed  may  be  furnished  them  in 
the  form  of  cut  branches  if  there  are  no  bushes  near  the  pen.  They  should  also  have 
access  to  water  after  4 weeks  old.  When  6 weeks  old  they  can  go  out  with  the 
flock  for  a few  hours  in  the  afternoon,  the  flock  being  brought  in  at  midday  for  this 
purpose.  After  eight  weeks  they  can  go  regularly  all  day  with  the  flock.  We  use  a 
bridge  for  the  purpose  of  “cutting  back”  such  kids  as  should  not  go  out  with  the 
flock. — W.  G.  Hughes  & Co. , Hastings,  Tex. 

Protection  from  rain;  confinement  in  a corral  or  small  pasture  until  the  kids  are 
6 weeks  old.  We  allow  the  does  to  jump  over  a 21-inch  board  to  get  food  and  return 
as  they  please.  We  separate  all  does  every  morning  that  will  drop  kids  within  two 
or  three  days  and  keep  them  in  a pasture  by  themselves. — Conklin  Brothers,  Newville, 
Cal. 

I put  nannies  that  are  soon  to  kid  in  an  open  pasture  (not  bushy) . As  the  kids 
come,  gather  them  into  a corral  with  a shed  or  barn  in  it,  taking  the  mothers  with 
them.  Keep  the  kids  in  the  corral  until  they  can  jump  over  a 16-inch  board,  turn- 
ing their  mothers  in  and  out  evening  and  morning.  At  about  2 weeks  of  age  they 
are  usually  fit  to  run  with  their  mothers. — George  A.  Houck,  Eugene,  Or  eg. 

I aim  to  have  a field  of  fall  grain  or  reserved  pasture  to  turn  does  in  a few  days 
before  kidding  commences,  and  turn  the  does  in  another  pasture  as  fast  as  they  drop 
their  kids.  Keep  the  kids  up  about  two  weeks,  then  let  them  go  with  their  mothers. — 
Oscar  Tom,  Angora,  Oreg. 


68 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Put  the  goats  in  a small  pasture  near  a shed.  If  stormy,  take  the  kid  and  doe  to 
the  shed  at  once.  Every  night  put  all  the  kids  and  does  in  the  shed.  Put  bars  up 
20  inches  high,  and  when  the  kid  can  jump  over,  let  it  go.  Without  a shed  in  this 
State  you  could  not  raise  two  out  of  ten  kids;  there  is  too  much  cold  rain  in  kidding 
time — March  and  April. — U.  S.  Grant,  Dallas,  Or  eg. 

Put  the  nannies  by  themselves  and  then  look  after  them  once  or  twice  a day  to  see 
that  the  kids  are  able  to  get  up  and  suckle.  Don’t  bother  them,  if  they  are  all  right 
and  are  in  a sheltered  place,  until  three  or  four  days,  and  then  change  them  to  suit 
your  convenience. — W.  W.  Smith,  Eola,  Or  eg. 

Take  all  the  nannies  out  from  the  other  goats  as  soon  as  they  kid,  and  put  them  by 
themselves.  I have  about  100  small  pens  in  which  I put  the  nannies.  Put  the  young 
nannies  and  old  ones  in  different  pens.  Here  they  remain  for  four  or  five  days  and 
they  are  then  turned  into  a larger  pen,  but  not  more  than  50  should  be  put  together. — 
G.  M.  Scott,  Malta,  Idaho. 

Comfortable  shelter  and  close  watch  to  see  that  the  kids  get  milk  promptly.  Put 
the  doe  and  kid  away  from  flock  for  a few  days. — J.  Murray  Hoag,  Maquoketa,  Iowa. 

We  have  a man  on  the  spot  all  the  time  to  help  the  goats  in  kidding,  if  necessary, 
and  also  to  see  that  the  kids  begin  to  suck. — Richardson  Brothers,  Dubuque,  Iowa. 

Have  good  warm  shelter,  and  under  no  circumstances  allow  cold  rain  to  fall  on  the 
kids  till  after  they  are  2 weeks  old.  The  shed  should  be  open  to  the  south,  so  that 
the  sun  can  shine  in  on  the  kids.  Turn  the  does  out  of  the  shed  once  a day,  and  leave 
the  kids  in  the  shed  for  the  first  two  weeks.  By  that  time  the  kids  will  be  old  enough 
to  follow  the  doe. — W.  T.  Mclntire,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

I always  keep  the  kids  in  a corral  until  they  are  old  enough  to  follow  the  doe,  which 
is  when  they  are  about  thirty  days  old.  In  taking  the  kids  to  the  corral  care  should 
be  taken  to  get  nothing  on  them  that  will  change  the  scent,  for  does  are  very  sensi- 
tive. If  two  kids  from  different  does  are  rubbed  together,  the  does  will  often  refuse 
to  own  either  of  them.  All  kids  should  be  castrated  before  two  weeks  old,  as  there 
is  less  danger  and  they  do  not  get  so  sore. — H.  I.  Kimball,  Maxwell  City,  N.  Mex. 

I cut  out  the  heavy  ewes  from  the  rest  of  the  herd,  and  hold  them  in  a close  herd, 
and  catch  the  kids  and  bring  them  with  their  mothers  to  the  corral,  where  each  kid 
is  staked  separately  with  a toggle,  or  swivel,  being  careful  to  see  that  the  mother  knows 
where  the  kid  is.  After  this  I let  the  new  mother  goats  come  and  go  at  will,  only 
noticing  them  enough  to  see  that  they  come  to  their  kids  regularly.  The  kids  should 
be  watched  closely  in  order  that  they  may  not  get  tangled  up  and  hurt.  When  they 
are  about  2 weeks  old  they  are  turned  loose  in  a corral  and  a board  is  put  at  the  gate 
over  which  the  mothers  jump  in  going  to  and  from  their  kids.  When  the  kids  are  3 
months  old  they  may  be  allowed  to  go  with  the  herd. — Josephus  R.  Barnette,  Globe, 
Ariz. 

THE  BUILDING  UP  AND  MANAGEMENT  OF  A FLOCK  OF  ANGORA  GOATS. 

THE  BEST  FLOCK. 

It  is  assumed  that  whoever  goes  into  the  business  of  raising  Angora 
goats  does  so  for  the  production  of  mohair,  rather  than  meat  or  skins, 
and  so  it  is  to  his  interest  to  have  a flock  that  will  yield  a profit  from 
the  beginning.  The  best  flock  for  this  purpose  is  one  composed  of 
thoroughbreds.1  Such  a flock  will  yield  good  mohair  from  the  first. 

JThe  term  purebreds  is  not  used  here,  as  there  is  strong  objection  to  it  by  many  of 
the  best  breeders,  on  the  ground  that  there  are  no  purebreds,  as  explained  elsewhere. 
As  the  term  thoroughbreds  will  exactly  suit  the  purposes  of  this  chapter  it  is  pre- 
ferred, leaving  the  question  of  purebreds  to  be  discussed  by  others. 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


69 


Those  who  enter  upon  the  business  of  goat  raising,  however,  must  make 
their  operations  conform  to  their  capital,  the  same  as  in  any  other 
business.  They  will  find  that  desirable  does  will  cost  from  $5  to  $12 
each,  and  bucks  all  the  way  from  $50  to  $100  each;  so  that  a large  herd 
of  this  kind,  although  preferable,  will  cost  a small  fortune,  and  is 
beyond  consideration  by  most  people  who  will  engage  in  the  industry. 

BUILDING  UP  A FLOCK  FROM  SMALL  BEGINNING. 

Another  plan  that  may  be  pursued  by  one  who  has  limited  capital, 
but  time  and  the  patience  to  wait,  is  to  begin  with  a few  first-class 
animals  and  build  up  a flo6k  from  these.  The  result  will  be  satisfac- 
tory, and  the  only  drawback  is  the  length  of  time  required.  After 
all,  this  may  be  the  wisest  plan  for  most  beginners  to  pursue,  as 
experience,  so  necessary  always  to  success,  will  be  gained  as  the  flock 
increases. 

BUILDING  UP  A FLOCK  BY  CROSSING  UPON  THE  COMMON  GOAT. 

It  is  noted  in  the  historical  part  of  this  paper  that  the  Turks  many 
years  ago  began  the  practice  of  crossing  Angora  bucks  upon  Kurd 
does.  They  probably  had  in  mind  the  twofold  purpose  of  producing 
thereby  a hardier  goat  than  the  pure  Angoras  and  of  increasing  the 
number  of  goats  in  order  to  supply  the  increased  demand  of  Europe 
for  mohair.  Crossing  the  Angora  bucks  upon  the  common  goats  of 
the  United  States  has  been  practiced  since  their  introduction,  and  the 
results  have  been  very  satisfactory  in  many  respects.  Many  of  the 
large  flocks  of  Texas  and  New  Mexico  have  had  Mexican  does  for  their 
foundation.  Building  up  a good  mohair-producing  flock  upon  this 
plan  requires  five  or  six  years.  The  advantages  are  that  the  does  with 
which  the  beginning  is  made  are  cheap,  costing  from  $1.50  to  $2.50  per 
head.  During  the  first  and  second  crosses  there  are  many  twin  kids, 
thus  increasing  the  herd  in  that  proportion — a condition  not  existing, 
except  to  a small  extent,  among  either  the  purebred  or  thoroughbred 
Angoras;  the  size  and  hardihood  of  the  progeny  are  increased  and  the 
liability  to  disease  decreased. 

Care  should  be  exercised  in  starting  a flock  by  this  method  to  select 
only  such  common  does  as  are  entirely  white;  any  other  color,  how- 
ever slight,  is  objectionable.  If  otherwise,  the  results  might  be  satis- 
factory, but  the  probabilities  would  be  the  contrary.  In  handling  the 
crosses  the  breeder  often  finds  that  atavism  becomes  apparent  when  it 
is  most  objectionable.  For  instance,  the  progeny  for  two  generations 
of  a doe  having  black  spots  might  appear  all  that  is  desirable,  while 
the  third  generation  would  produce  the  latent  color. 

In  starting  with  a bunch  of  common  goats  that  you  want  to  use  for  raising  a graded 
flock  of  shearing  goats  you  should  use  only  as  pure  white  goats  as  you  can  get,  and 
you  should  allow  no  colored  goats  in  the  flock.  You  should  also  dispose  of  all 
those  that  have  long,  coarse  hair  on  the  thigh  and  on  the  fore  legs,  below  the  shoulder. 


70 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


In  fact,  the  common  goats  that  you  want  to  start  your  flock  with  should  be  nice  and 
smooth  built,  with  small  head  and  short,  smooth  hair  and  small  horns.  From  muleys 
you  can  raise  heavy  shearers,  but  their  mohair  is  not  quite  so  fine. — H.  T.  Fuchs, 
Tiger  Mills,  Tex. 

If  bred  for  the  purpose  of  quick  propagation,  and  with  very  fine,  robust  goats  of 
both  sexes  to  begin  with,  in  six  years  five  or  six  crosses  can  easily  be  obtained  if 
nutrimental  advantages  are  favorable;  and  if  really  first-class  bucks,  having  all  the 
most  valuable  points  this  side  of  perfection,  can  be  procured,  and  inbreeding  care- 
fully avoided,  even  our  common  short-haired  and  smooth-coated  goat  will,  after  the 
fourth  cross — say,  beginning  with  the  thirty-second — show  improvement,  which  in  a 
large  flock  on  general  inspection  would  defy  detection  by  anyone  but  an  expert 
judge  of  Angora  goats. — G.  A.  Hoerle,  Ridgewood,  N.  J. 

It  is  always  quite  necessary  that  the  common  does  should  be  of  the 
short-haired  variety.  Long-haired  ones  will  give  trouble  in  persisting 
to  throw  out  long  hairs  among  the  mohair. 

The  buck  used  upon  these  does  should  be  the  best  one  can  afford. 
The  better  the  buck,  the  better  the  result.  There  will  be  many  twins 
among  the  kids  from  this  first  cross,  and  if  proper  care  is  exercised 
at  kidding  time  it  will  not  be  difficult  to  increase  the  flock  as  much  as 
100  per  cent.  The  higher  the  cross,  the  fewer  twins  will  be  dropped. 
As  the  fleece  upon  the  first  cross  is  not  worth  more  than  the  effort  to 
clip  it,  the  males  among  them  should  be  castrated  when  about  2 
weeks  old  and  disposed  of  for  meat  as  soon  as  old  enough.  The  females 
among  them,  being  half-blood  Angoras,  are  kept  for  service  with 
another  thoroughbred  buck.  The  result  of  this  second  cross  is  three- 
quarter  blood  Angoras.  The  mohair  from  them  has  a marketable 
value,  but  is  very  limited  in  quantity  and  usually  mostly  kemp.  It  is 
best  to  deal  with  this  cross  in  the  same  manner  as  with  the  first  cross. 
If  this  method  of  procedure  is  followed  up  to  the  fifth  or  sixth  cross 
a flock  will  result  that  will  produce  most  excellent  mohair. 

It  has  no  doubt  occurred  to  the  reader  that  we  now  have  four  or  five 
different  grades  of  does,  beginning  with  the  common  breed.  There- 
fore after  a thoroughbred  flock  has  once  been  produced  in  this  manner, 
each  year  brings  forth  another  one  from  the  same  sources,  and  this 
condition  continues  as  long  as  the  breeding  life  of  the  does  continues. 

PROPER  AGE  FOR  BREEDING. 

Goats  of  both  sexes  will  sometimes  breed  when  they  are  5 months 
old,  and  often  at  6 months,  but  from  the  fact  that  they  are  at  this  age 
but  a month  or  two  from  weaning  time  and  are  not  nearly  full  grown, 
it  is  obvious  that  they  should  not  be  permitted  to  breed.  They  reach 
maturity  when  about  16  or  18  months  old,  and  they  ought  not  to  breed 
before  this  time.  If  bred  earlier  the  kids  will  not  be  so  strong  or  so 
well  developed.  They  are  in  their  prime  when  from  2 to  6 years  old, 
but  with  proper  feeding  in  winter  they  have  been  known  to  breed 
regularly  until  15  years  old.  The  average  life  of  goats,  however,  is 
about  12  years.  There  should  be  no  tendency  to  keep  does  until  they 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


71 


are  very  old  unless  they  bring  kids  of  exceptional  merit,  for  it  must 
be  remembered  that  their  mohair  gets  coarser,  and  consequently  less 
valuable,  as  they  grow  older. 

The  accompanying  illustration  (Fig.  1)  shows  how  the  age  of  goats 
may  be  determined  until  they  are  four  }^ears  old.  After  that,  in  the 
absence  of  definite  information,  the  age  is  a mere  matter  of  guess, 
based  upon  the  general  appearance  of  the  animal.  The  new  teeth  are 
longer  and  larger. 


Fig.  1. — The  age  of  goats  shown  by  the  teeth.  [Copied  from  Bryan  Hook’s  “ Milch  goats  and  their 
management.”] 


IN-AND-IN  BREEDING. 


In-and-in  breeding  means  the  breeding  of  related  individuals.  The 
term  is  indefinite,  and  with  some  refers  to  a close  relationship  and  with 
others  any  degree  of  relationship.  The  correspondence  of  the  Bureau 


72 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


with  goat  raisers  shows  that  the  term  with  them  means  generally  the 
breeding  of  individuals  of  close  relationship. 

It  is  safe  to  say  that  there  is  an  overwhelming  sentiment  against  the 
practice.  This  will  be  apparent  after  one  has  read  the  replies  which 
are  published  herewith  to  the  question,  “What  is  your  opinion  of 
in-and-in  breeding  ? ” It  is  quite  generally  agreed,  however,  that  this 
practice  will  give  a fleece  of  finest  fiber,  having  a beautiful  luster  and 
little  oil,  but  the  weight  will  not  be  so  great.  Those  who  favor  the 
practice  contend  that  the  quality  more  than  offsets  the  quantity.  The 
animals  resulting  from  this  practice  are  not  so  large  and  strong  as 
those  which  are  not  related.  The  fact  must  not  be  overlooked,  how- 
ever, that  Mr.  John  S.  Harris,  of  Oakley,  Idaho,  has  followed  in-and-in 
breeding  continuously  and  with  evident  success,  and,  too,  they  are  kept 
in  a climate  where  the  temperature  in  winter  is  sometimes  far  below 
zero.  But  Mr.  Harris  is  a gentleman  who  understands  the  art  of 
breeding;  if  all  goat  raisers  knew  so  well  the  principles  of  breeding  as 
he  does  there  might  not  be  so  many  to  condemn  the  practice.  How- 
ever, they  have  learned  much  by  experience,  and  it  can  not  be  con- 
tended that  they  are  wrong  in  advising  generally  against  the  practice. 
Col.  Richard  Peters,  the  most  successful  breeder  of  his  day,  said  that 
half-blood  does  can  with  best  results  be  bred  to  their  own  sires,  provided 
the  sires  have  proved  themselves,  to  be  good  breeders. 

If  inbreeding  of  closely  related  animals  is  meant,  it  should  not  be  resorted  to  with 
live  stock  of  any  kind  except  when  individuals  which  show  very  desirable  points  are 
at  the  same  time  of  very  strong  constitution  and  of  good  size.  But,  then,  I would 
never  hesitate  to  breed  even  parents  to  children.  Strict  observance  of  this  rule  I con- 
sider doubly  necessary  with  Angoras,  which  are  naturally  tender  and  delicate,  and 
it  should  be  risked  only  when  chances  are  very  strong  that  the  gain  of  fleece  or  shape 
will  fully  compensate  for  the  inevitable  loss  of  size  and  constitution.  I believe  that 
in  a very  few  years  that  the  value  of  the  annual  product  of  meat  (from  her  offspring) 
of  a doe  will  surpass  that  of  her  mohair.  Besides,  the  more  constitution  is  gained, 
the  more  apt  are  we  to  return  to  the  original  prolificness  of  the  goat  tribe,  which  has 
been  entirely  lost  with  Angoras  in  consequence  of  inbreeding.  With  the  third  free 
generation  usually,  but  always  with  the  fourth,  bad  effects  of  mating  relations  wrould 
not  be  felt  any  more. — G.  A.  Hoerle,  Ridgewood , N.  J. 

The  opinion  of  our  leading  authorities,  such  as  Professor  Sanford  and  others,  is  that 
in-and-in  breeding  is  the  most  successful  way,  and  many  cases  are  cited  where  this 
has  been  carried  on  for  over  thirty  years.  We  have  some  breeders  here  who  have 
been  inbreeding  for  the  past  eight  years,  and  the  result,  when  the  greatest  of  care  is 
exercised,  is  that  wTe  have  produced  some  very  fine  stock,  as  fine,  I believe,  as  any 
that  has  been  raised  in  this  country.  This  in-and-in  breeding  is  a very  particular 
piece  of  work  and  should  not  be  attempted  by  anyone  unless  he  intends  to  give  it 
his  undivided  attention.  I believe  it  is  the  most  successful  way  to  breed  for  a fine 
fiber.  The  greatest  trouble  seems  to  be  in  the  size  of  the  animal,  but  if  careful  atten- 
tion is  paid  to  the  work  there  is  no  excuse  for  losing  size.  We  have  demonstrated 
beyond  all  doubt  that  in-and-in  breeding  produces  a finer  wool,  a longer  wool,  and  a 
better  wool;  so  if  one  desires  to  breed  for  fine  wmol  he  will  have  to  follow  in-and-in 
breeding. — E.  H.  Jobson,  Lake  Valley , N.  Mex. 


Angora  Goats  in  rocky  Pasture. 

(Photograph  furnished  by  H.  T.  Fuchs,  Tiger  Mills,  Tex.) 


Bulletin  No.  27,  B.  A.  I. 


Plate  XIII 


Bulletin  No.  27,  B.  A.  i. 


Plate  XIV, 


Mr 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


73 


I think  that  to  get  a perfect  goat  one  should  inbreed  to  the  finest  buck  or  ewe 
obtainable;  but  don’t  keep  it  up  too  long,  as  the  goat  will  be  small  a^.l  weakly. — 
Josephus  R.  Barnette,  Globe,  Ariz. 

We  think  it  should  be  avoided  so  far  as  possible,  as  it  reduces  the  size  and  general 
stamina  of  the  goat. — W.  G.  Hughes  & Co.,  Hastings,  Tex. 

It  will  ruin  a flock  of  goats  the  same  as  any  other  animal. — R.  C.  Johnston,  Law- 
rence, Kans. 

If  done  properly,  closely  watching  defects,  it  is  all  right. — J.  R.  Standley,  Platleville, 
Iowa. 

Would  not  practice  it  if  I could  help  it.  We  want  goats  wTith  long,  fine  mohair, 
but  at  the  same  time  we  must  look  to  the  build  of  the  goat. — Q.  M.  Beck,  Bear  grove, 
Iowa. 

Am  opposed  to  it  on  general  principles.  Would  prefer  it,  however,  to  a moderate 
extent,  to  using  inferior  sires. — J.  Murray  Hoag,  Maquoketa,  Iowa. 

I don’t  like  inbreeding,  as  it  weakens  the  goat.  They  don’t  have  the  ambition 
that  fresh  blood  imparts  to  them. — G.  M.  Scott,  Malta,  Idaho. 

They  will  be  small  and  not  strong,  and  harder  to  raise;  will  not  shear  so  much, 
and  more  difficult  to  keep  in  flesh. — W.  W.  Smith,  Eola,  Oreg. 

My  stock  are  all  inbred  (600  does),  but  they  are  very  small  and  tender.  Would 
not  advise  it. — V.  Cladek,  Larwood,  Oreg. 

Once  will  do,  provided  you  have  an  extra  buck.  After  that  you  weaken  the  con- 
stitution of  your  goat. — U.  S.  Grant,  Dallas,  Oreg. 

It  can  be  practiced  to  advantage  in  producing  a fine  fleece,  but  if  indulged  too  much 
will  weaken  the  constitution  and  the  goat  will  be  small. — Abe  Blackburn,  North  Yam- 
hill, Oreg. 

I believe,  by  careful  selection  of  bucks,  they  can  be  improved,  but  I prefer  crossing 
with  new  blood  when  it  is  just  as  good. — Oscar  Tom,  Angora,  Oreg. 

It  shatters  the  constitution  without  a relative  gain  in  weight  of  fleece.  Fine  mohair 
and  light  fleeces  are  all  right,  but  I don’t  practice  inbreeding.  It  produces  such  a 
goat  as  the  practical  man  does  not  want. — George  A.  Houck,  Eugene,  Oreg. 

We  do  not  approve  of  it  on  general  principles,  but  have  not  experimented  much 
along  this  line. — C.  P.  Bailey,  San  Jose,  Cal. 

Under  certain  circumstances  inbreeding  for  points  in  thoroughbreds  is  necessary, 
but  it  will  degenerate  a grade  herd  very  quickly. — Conklin  Brothers,  Newville,  Cal. 

I do  not  like  it  and  have  never  practiced  it.  I have  seen  it  practiced,  and  the  goats 
lack  constitution. — Henry  Fink,  Leon  Springs,  Tex. 

It  brings  the  mohair  to  the  greatest  fineness  if  properly  managed,  but  it  should  not 
be  kept  up  too  long. — H.  T.  Fuchs,  Tiger  Mills,  Tex. 

It  is  beneficial  in  the  matter  of  improving  the  fleece,  but  a decided  injury  to  the 
constitution  and  size  of  the  animal. — Col.  W.  L.  Black,  Fort  McKavett,  Tex. 

I used  one  billy  five  years.  He  was  the  best  goat  that  I ever  saw,  shearing  10^ 
pounds  of  clean  mohair  annually. — G.  B.  Miller,  Gervais,  Oreg. 

Inbreeding  makes  the  fleece  thinner  and  shorter  and  the  constitution  of  the  goat 
weaker. — F.  0.  Landrum,  Laguna,  Tex. 


74 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


MANAGEMENT  OF  THE  BUCK. 

Bucks  usually  come  in  heat  about  the  middle  of  July  and  continue 
so  about  six  months;  does,  however,  do  not  usually  come  in  heat  until 
the  latter  part  of  August  or  the  1st  of  September.  As  the  period  of 
gestation  in  goats  is  from  147  to  155  days  (or  about  five  months),  care 
must  be  taken  in  mating  the  animals  in  order  to  have  the  kids  dropped 
in  proper  season,  which  will  vary  somewhat  with  the  locality.  The 
kids  should  not  come  before  the  warm  days  of  spring,  or  when  vegeta- 
tion begins  to  put  out  vigorously.  Therefore  the  buck  should  be  put 
to  service  from  November  1 to  December  1,  so  that  the  kids  will  come 
about  the  1st  of  April  or  May.  The  only  objection  to  earlier  kidding 
is  the  extra  care  required  to  preserve  the  life  of  the  kids,  for  they  are 
exceedingly  delicate  for  a few  days,  as  has  been  stated  before,  and  even 
a little  cold  at  this  season  will  probably  prove  fatal. 

A buck,  like  any  other  domestic  animal,  should  be  in  the  best  possi- 
ble condition  when  put  to  service.  He  should  be  well  fed  with  grain 
for  a few  weeks  before  this  time,  and  the  feeding  should  be  kept  up 
until  a few  weeks  after  his  service  is  ended. 

As  to  the  number  of  does  which  a buck  may  serve,  there  is  a great 
diversity  of  opinion.  The  greater  number  of  goat  raisers,  however, 
think  forty  or  fifty  is  all  that  may  be  served  with  good  results.  Col. 
Richard  Peters  wrote  that  he  had  obtained  the  best  results  with  two 
hundred  breeding  does  by  turning  in  with  them  ten  selected  bucks. 
His  object  was  to  have  the  kids  come  as  nearly  at  one  time  as  possible, 
thus  shortening  the  period  of  careful  watching.  Referring  to  Colonel 
Peters’s  practice,  Dr.  J.  R.  Standley  says  he  regards  it  a great  success, 
and  will  adopt  it  in  the  future.  He  says,  further:  UI  have  tried  the 
one-service  system,  also  turning  in  bucks  at  night,  removing  them 
during  the  day,  and  other  plans,  but  decidedly  prefer  Colonel  Peters’s 
plan.” 

Where  there  are  very  large  flocks  it  is  not  always  desirable  that  the 
kids  should  all  come  at  one  time.  If  they  are  dropped  at  intervals  for 
a month  one  attendant  may  thus  be  enabled  to  look  after  a large  num- 
ber, whereas  if  all  come  about  the  same  time  one  attendant  could  not 
do  the  work,  and  assistants  who  may  be  strangers  to  the  flock  would 
be  necessary.  (It  is  not  well  to  have  many  strangers  with  these  goats 
at  any  time,  and  certainly  not  at  kidding  time.)  Upon  this  point  Mr. 
G.  A.  Hoerle  has  written  out  a plan,  given  below,  which  is  quite  gen- 
erally followed  where  there  are  large  flocks: 

A great  difference  of  opinion  exists  as  to  how  many  ewes  an  Angora  buck  should 
be  allowed  to  serve.  This  depends  both  upon  the  bucks  and  the  condition  they  are 
in,  as  well  as  upon  the  length  of  the  period  during  which  you  want  the  kids  to  drop. 
In  a small  herd,  and  where  ample  conveniences  for  kidding  are  furnished,  so  that 
good  care  can  be  taken  of  all  the  kids  at  once  if  necessary,  one  buck  should  serve 
from  thirty  to  fifty  (as  above  said,  according  to  the  animal);  but  should  the  flock  be 
large,  and  owing  to  the  uncertainty  of  the  climate  or  the  insufficient  help  or  shelter 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


75 


it  should  be  desirable  to  have  the  kids  drop  gradually,  say  during  a period  of  two 
months,  especially  when  winter  kidding  is  made  a practice,  from  75  to  150  ewes  for 
each  buck  is  not  too  much — again,  according  to  animal  and  time.  They  should  not 
run  with  the  entire  flock  at  once,  but  begin  with  say  one-third  to  one-fourth  of  it, 
according  to  circumstances.  The  next  similar  fraction  should  be  put  in  the  breeding 
flock  from  two  to  five  days  later,  and  so  on  until  gradually  the  entire  flock  is  with 
the  bucks.  In  this  way  a full  crop  of  kids  would  be  insured  and  at  the  same  time 
the  bucks  prevented  from  doing  excessive  service. 

The  handling  of  “riginals”  (ridgels)  should  have  a word  here.  If 
the  one  testicle  which  descends  is  removed,  the  riginal  will  not  get 
kids,  but  he  will  bother  the  does.  If  the  descended  testicle  is  not 
removed,  he  will  breed  without  difficulty.  He  should  be  killed  as  soon 
as  practicable. 

NUMBER  OF  KIDS. 

Thoroughbred  Angora  goats  do  not  often  drop  more  than  one  kid  at 
a time,  while  the  common  goats  nearly  always  drop  twx>.  There  are 
many  twins  with  the  first  cross,  but  the  number  diminishes  as  the 
crosses  become  higher.  It  is  stated  that  the  purebred  Angoras  never 
dropped  but  one  at  a time,  and  that  the  presence  of  twins  in  a flock  is 
evidence  of  a base  origin  of  the  goats.  The  latter  statement  is  disputed 
by  some,  who  believe  that  the  purebred  Angora  (having  no  trace 
whatever  of  base  blood)  will  drop  twins  as  regularly  as  the  common 
goat. 

SIZE  OF  FLOCKS. 

All  goat  raisers  agree  that  Angoras  can  not  stand  crowding  together; 
and  the  higher  the  grade  of  the  goats  the  more  susceptible  are  they  to 
injury  from  crowding.  But  to  state  just  how  many  should  be  kept  in 
a flock  is  difficult,  as  the  number  depends  upon  the  character  of  their 
restraint.  Where  they  have  the  range  at  day  and  large  yards  at  night, 
the  flocks  may  be  very  large,  but  where  the}^  have  pastures  and  small 
pens  at  night  the  flock  must  not  be  large. 

W riters  upon  the  Angora  industry  have  placed  so  much  stress  upon 
the  point  of  overcrowding  that  the  Bureau  sought  for  information 
upon  the  question  “What  should  be  the  size  of  Angora  flocks?  ” Each 
correspondent  replied  with  his  own  experience,  and  the  conclusion  is 
reached  from  the  replies  that  they  may  be  handled  in  flocks  about  as 
sheep  are  handled,  the  number  depending  wholly  upon  the  capacity 
of  the  range  or  pasture,  as  the  numbers  reported  for  flocks  are  from 
100  to  2,500.  However,  the  danger  from  crowding  is  not  disputed  by 
any  of  the  correspondents,  and  many  of  them  mention  it  specifically. 
This  phase  of  the  matter  must  be  carefully  considered  in  connection 
with  the  question  of  housing  and  shelter.  These  must  be  ample  to 
afford  abundance  of  room  and  fresh  air. 

It  is  stated  by  some  that  goats  running  in  small  flocks  shear  more 
than  the  same  number  running  in  large  flocks. 


76 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


DEHORNING. 

Dehorning  the  goats  has  received  very  little  consideration,  and  it  is 
probable  that  Mr.  Q.  M.  Beck,  of  Beargrove,  Iowa,  is  the  only  goat 
raiser  who  is  now  practicing  it.  Many  other  breeders  report  that  they 
do  not  dehorn  but  believe  it  practicable,  while  a very  few  express 
opposition  to  the  practice.  Mr.  Beck  writes  as  follows:  44  I dehorned 
forty-five  head  last  fall  (1889)  and  found  it  a success,  as  it  stops  a great 
deal  of  bunting,  which  is  liable  to  cause  abortion,  saves  shed  room, 
saves  broken  legs,  and  will  save  many  kids.”  These  same  reasons  have 
brought  the  dehorning  of  cattle  in  quite  general  favor  among  feeders, 
and  it  is  probable  that  as  the  Angora  goat  industry  grows  into  a large 
industry  the  practice  of  relieving  the  goats  of  their  uncivilized  weap- 
ons of  warfare  will  be  generally  adopted. 

Mr.  Beck  dehorns  in  the  fall  after  all  flies  are  gone. 

A different  view  of  the  question  of  dehorning  is  taken  by  C.  P. 
Bailey  & Sons  Co.,  who  dehorned  250  head  which  were  in  a band  by 
themselves.  They  bunted  as  much  or  more  than  before  the  horns 
were  removed.  4 4 Goats  always  butt  each  other,  but  we  have  never 
seen  any  ill  effects  resulting,  except  occasionally  a leg  being  broken 
from  being  caught  between  the  horns.  It  deprives  them  of  their  only 
means  of  defense,  and  we  consider  it  unnecessary  and  objectionable.” 

SHEAKING  AND  SHEDDING. 

SHEARING  ONCE  OR  TWICE  A YEAR. 

In  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  sometimes  in  California  shear- 
ing is  done  twice  a year- — in  the  months  of  March  or  April  and  in 
September  or  October.  The  reasons  are  that,  owing  to  the  warm 
climate,  the  fleece  will  often  shed  in  the  fall  if  not  clipped.  Mr.  H.  T. 
Fuchs,  of  Tiger  Mills,  Tex.,  says:  44 1 find  it  quite  necessary  to  shear 
twice  a year,  as  they  suffer  too  much  from  heat  in  the  summer  and 
autumn  and  even  during  the  warm  days  in  winter  if  they  are  not 
sheared  about  the  middle  of  September,  and  in  the  springtime  as  soon 
as  they  begin  to  shed  their  long  silky  hair.”  There  are  instances  in 
these  localities  where  goats  carry  their  fleece  through  the  year,  but 
all  breeders,  except  in  some  parts  of  California,  report  the  practice  of 
shearing  twice  a year.  In  the  other  parts  of  the  country  shearing  is 
done  but  once  a year,  and  that  in  the  months  of  March  or  April.  The 
rule  for  shearing  time  does  not  depend  so  much  upon  the  calendar  as 
upon  the  condition  of  the  fleece.  It  should  not  be  delayed  until  the 
fiber  begins  to  shed,  as  then  the  oil  will  begin  to  go  back  into  the  body 
of  the  animal,  the  mohair  thus  losing  its  life  and  luster. 

As  to  the  relative  values  of  the  semiannual  and  annual  fleeces,  there 
does  not  seem  to  be  much  difference  of  opinion.  The  semiannual  fiber 
is  shorter  and  therefore  less  desirable  for  fabricating,  and  the  price  is 
not  so  high  as  for  that  of  the  annual  fleece.  It  is  generally  agreed 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


77 


that  the  two  shearings  combined  weigh  a little  more  than  the  annual 
shearing,  but  probably  the  increase  does  not  average  more  than  a 
quarter  of  a pound.  However,  some  who  have  practiced  it  report  that 
the  gain  is  not  equal  to  the  cost  of  the  second  shearing,  and  that 
shearing  twice  is  done  from  necessity  rather  than  from  the  standpoint 
of  profit. 

USE  OF  CLIPPING  MACHINES. 

The  use  of  clipping  machines,  although  largely  employed  among 
large  sheep  raisers,  has  not  yet  come  into  general  use  among  goat 
raisers.  Those  who  have  used  them  indorse  them,  and  they  will  no 
doubt  soon  come  into  general  use.  They  are  more  rapid  than  hand 
work,  and  the  results  are  more  satisfactory.  The  cutting  of  the  skin 
is  easily  avoided  in  reasonably  careful  hands,  while  it  requires  extreme 
care  with  hand  shears  to  prevent  cutting.  Mr.  H.  I.  Kimball,  of  New 
Mexico,  says  of  the  use  of  the  machines:  “ I sheared  them  [the  goats] 
myself  faster  than  the  best  hand  shearer  I ever  saw,  and  I got  a better 
price  for  my  mohair.”  Another  gentleman  says:  “I  will  say  that  the 
clipping  machine  for  sheep  will  work  well  on  goats  in  every  respect. 
I have  sheared  ten  goats  in  one  hour  and  done  up  the  fleeces.” 

Of  course,  the  goat  raiser  will  consider  the  relative  cost  of  shearing 
with  machines  and  by  hand  before  he  will  purchase  a machine.  The 
decision  will  probably  depend  upon  the  number.  The  cost  of  hand 
shearing  is  about  4 cents  a head.  In  the  Southwest  there  are  Mexicans 
who  follow  the  profession  of  shearing  sheep  and  goats;  these  usually 
receive  2 cents  a head  with  their  board.  Many  of  them  will  shear  85 
or  90  a day,  the  average  of  all  being  about  60.  Any  man  who  can 
shear  sheep  can  shear  goats.  If  shearing  is  done  by  hand,  a short- 
bladed  shear  should  be  used  in  order  to  avoid  cutting  the  hair  twice. 

Another  objection  to  hand  shearing  is  that  there  is  often  double 
cutting  of  the  hair.  The  result  is  a shortening  of  the  fiber  and  an 
increased  amount  of  noilage. 

If  the  animals  are  well  cared  for  during  the  year,  their  fleece  will 
not  require  washing  before  clipping.  One  writer  of  experience  says 
that  “the  natural  habits  of  the  Angora  goats  are  clean  enough  to 
enable  spinning  before  washing,  at  least  for  some  purposes.”  Any 
dirt  that  may  adhere  to  the  fleece  should  carefully  be  picked  off  after 
shearing. 

CARE  OF  THE  FLEECE  AFTER  SHEARING. 

The  operation  of  shearing  should  be  done  in  a building  free  from 
straw  and  dirt,  which  might  adhere  to  the  fleece  after  it  drops  from  the 
goat.  It  should  then  be  rolled  up,  inside  out,  and  packed  in  the  sack 
without  being  tied  in  any  way.  This  is  the  manner  in  which  the  mills 
desire  to  receive  it.  The  practice  of  tying  the  fleece  with  almost  any 
kind  of  twine  that  may  be  at  hand  obtains  very  largely  among  goat 
raisers,  but  the  wishes  of  the  mill  operators  are  already  receiving 


78 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


proper  attention.  The  reasons  why  the  mill  operators  do  not  desire 
fleeces  tied  are  very  forcibly  stated  by  one  of  them  (George  B. 
Goodall),  as  follows: 

I want  to  mention  another  evil  which  should  be  corrected,  and  that  is  the  use  of 
twine  or  string  around  the  fleeces.  Vegetable  fibers  will  not  take  dyes  used  for 
animal  fibers,  and  in  cutting  these  strings  by  the  sorters  more  or  less  of  the  vege- 
table fibers  get  into  the  mohair  and  have  to  be  carefully  burled  out  from  the  face  of 
the  finished  goods,  which  adds  to  the  cost  of  each  piece.  A mohair  fleece  should  be 
simply  rolled  up  without  twine  of  any  description.  You  never  see  it  on  Turkey  or 
Cape  mohair. 

If  mohair  producers  insist  on  the  use  of  twine,  the  quality  should 
be  hard  and  smooth,  so  that  no  particle  of  it  will  adhere  to  the  mohair 
when  it  is  cut  away. 

As  to  assorting  the  fleeces  with  reference  to  the  quality  of  the 
mohair,  no  common  practice  is  followed  by  producers.  Some  assort 
them  at  shearing  time  and  pack  in  separate  sacks,  while  others  pack 
all  sorts  together.  If  the  producer  is  a good  judge  of  mohair,  the 
former  method  will  prove  more  satisfactory.  When  all  are  packed 
together  indiscriminately,  the  poorer  grades  of  fiber  tend  to  reduce 
the  average  price  of  the  whole  lot.  However,  many  prefer  to  pack 
thus  indiscriminately,  leaving  the  work  and  judgment  of  assorting  to 
the  commission  merchant.  Most  of  the  mills  purchase  from  the  com- 
mission merchant  because  of  his  skill  in  assorting. 

There  are  appended  some  opinions  on  this  subject  of  Mr.  Hoerle 
which  are  worthy  of  consideration: 

Before  folding  up  the  fleeces  they  should  be  carefully  assorted,  if  this  is  possible, 
in  the  following  way: 

A.  Combing  hair,  or  all  hair  over  4\  inches  in  length: 

1.  The  very  finest,  as  fine  as  fine  kid  hair. 

2.  Next  finest,  or  average  run  of  good  doe  fleeces. 

3.  General  run  of  fair  doe  and  good  wether  fleeces. 

4.  Coarse  fleeces. 

B.  Carding  hair,  or  less  than  inches  long: 

1.  Fineness  of  class  1 above. 

2.  Fineness  of  classes  2 and  3. 

3.  Coarse  fleeces. 

At  shearing  time  fleeces  of  similar  quality  and  length  should  be  packed  together, 
and  special  care  should  be  taken  not  to  allow  tag  ends  and  burrs  to  remain  in  the 
fleeces.  The  latter  should  be  carefully  picked  out  before  the  shearing  begins  and 
the  former  pulled  off  before  packing  and  placed  in  a special  bag,  and  marked  sepa- 
rately. It  is  much  more  profitable  to  have  small  lots  of  low-priced  short  ends  and 
tags  and  to  pull  out  with  the  burrs  a few  strands  of  the  mohair  than  to  have  an 
entire  clip  depreciated  by  careless  shearing  and  packing. 

. SHEDDING. 

The  question  of  shedding  is  provoking  much  discussion  among  goat 
raisers  at  this  time.  Some  maintain  that  the  goats  shed  regularly, 
while  others  assert  that  the  purebreds  and  best  thoroughbreds  do  not 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


79 


shed  at  all.  The  correspondence  of  the  Bureau  shows  that  practically 
all  of  the  goats  in  this  country  shed  their  fleece,  either  annually  in 
the  colder  localities  or  semiannually  in  the  warmer  climates.  The 
question  submitted  by  the  Bureau  was,  uDo  thoroughbreds  shed  if 
not  sheared  ? ” There  were  many  positive  affirmative  replies  received 
and  several  modified  answers.  Among  the  latter  are  reasons  why 
some  goats  do  not  shed.  It  will  be  of  interest,  and  probably  of  some 
profit,  to  consider  some  of  these  replies  in  any  effort  toward  reaching 
a conclusion  regarding  this  question,  and  they  are  given  herewith: 

They  will  all  shed  in  the  spring,  when  warm  weather  begins,  but  the  higher  they 
are  bred  up  the  longer  they  will  go  without  shedding. — H.  T.  Fuchs , Tiger  Mills,  Tex . 

Some  will  shed.  I regard  the  nonshedding  Angora  as  a distinct  type,  and  all  the 
various  crosses  will  retain  their  fleece. — William  L.  Black,  Fort  McKavett,  Tex. 

I have  goats  that  never  shed,  but  they  are  fed  for  show  purposes  during  winter. 
If  ordinary  care  is  given,  they  shed. — Abe  Blackburn,  North  Yamhill,  Oreg. 

I have  had  goats  that  did  not  shed  at  1 year  old,  but  did  at  2.  I think  feeding 
conditions  are  responsible  for  such  cases. — George  A.  Houck,  Eugene,  Oreg. 

Goats  of  second  cross  sometimes  do  not  shed.  Depends  on  condition  of  goat. — 
U.  S.  Grant,  Dallas,  Oreg. 

Many  thoroughbreds  will  shed,  and  we  have  grades  that  do  not.  Much  depends 
upon  the  physical  condition  of  the  goat.  If  it  is  in  poor  flesh  and  fattens  rapidly  in 
spring,  it  is  very  apt  to  commence  shedding,  just  as  many  sheep  do  under  similar 
conditions. — W.  G.  Hughes  <b  Co.,  Hastings,  Tex. 

Though  most  breeders  in  this  country  disagree  with  me  in  my  nonshedding  views, 
I am  supported  by  the  Cape  breeders.  One  of  them,  Mr.  R.  C.  Holmes,  is  very 
decided  in  his  expressions.  He  says:  “With  regard  to  well-bred  goats  shedding 
their  hair,  I quite  agree  with  you  that  they  should  not  do  so.  In  fact,  among  my 
goats  it  is  an  exceptional  thing  to  see  a goat  shed,  and  even  the  ewes  at  kidding  time 
do  not  shed.  At  this  period  some  few  may  do  so,  but  very  few  indeed,  and  a ram 
should  never  shed.”  This  does  not  lack  in  clearness.  Angoras  will  sometimes  lose 
their  hair  from  disease,  a change  of  climate,  or  a change  of  weather  even,  or  a sud- 
den change  from  a continued  dry  food  to  green  food,  etc.  This  may  appear  at  any 
time  of  the  year,  regardless  of  the  season,  and  has  absolutely  nothing  to  do  with  the 
yearly  shedding  of  low-bred  goats.  No  yearly  shedder  should  be  classed  as  a thor- 
oughbred.”— G.  A.  Hoerle,  Ridgewood,  N.  J. 

Under  certain  conditions  they  will  shed,  but  not  if  the  goats  are  in  good  health. — 
E.  A.  Hinkle,  Roseburg,  Oreg. 

I have  about  fifty  head  of  nannies  that  do  not  shed,  but  most  goats  shed  if  not 
sheared. — G.  M.  Scott,  Malta,  Idaho. 

DISEASES  AND  OTHER  ENEMIES. 

Goats  are  less  subject  to  disease  than  sheep;  but  these  species  are  so 
closely  allied  that  treatment  in  cases  of  disease  is  the  same  for  both. 
Several  accounts  have  been  published  in  the  agricultural  press  of  goats 
in  the  Southwest  being  affected  with  stomach  worms  and  with  grub  in 
the  head,  the  same  as  sheep  are  affected  in  the  same  localities.  There 
are  occasionally  outbreaks  of  disease  in  certain  localities,  but  these  are 
due  to  local  causes,  and  generally  have  not  been  difficult  to  overcome. 


80 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


The  treatment  recommended  for  the  screw  worm  is  as  follows:  Add 
to  any  one  of  the  carbolic  sheep  dips  10  per  cent  of  chloroform. 
Apply  this  mixture,  after  thoroughly  cleaning  the  wound,  with  a wad 
of  cotton.  The  chloroform  immediately  destroys  the  larvae  and  the 
carbolic  dip  prevents  the  further  blowing  of  the  wound. 

The  stomach  worm  ( Strongylus  contortus)  is  the  same  form  as  found 
in  sheep,  cattle,  and  deer.  The  treatment  in  all  cases  is  the  same  as 
for  sheep. 

Goats  have  at  least  three  kinds  of  scab  parasites  peculiar  to  their 
species,  but  apparently  only  two  kinds  of  scab  develop.  Psoroptic 
scab  of  sheep  does  not  develop  disease  upon  them,  though  it  can 
undoubtedly  sustain  life  for  a while. 

Tapeworms  of  the  genus  Moniezia  are  found  in  goats.  In  the  intes- 
tines are  also  found  five  round  worms,  namely,  Strongylus filicollis, 
(Esophagostoma  venulosum , Sclerostoma  hypostomum , TJncinaria  cer- 
nua , and  Trichocephalus  affinis. 

Verminous  pneumonia  of  sheep  also  occurs  in  goats. 

Tuberculosis  is  so  rare  in  goats  that  every  case  is  recorded,  the 
number  of  such  cases  being  less  than  a dozen.  It  may  be  said,  there- 
fore, that  they  are  practically  immune  from  this  widespread  and  insid- 
ious disease. 

Goats  are  apt  to  have  foot  rot,  but  a cure  is  easily  effected  by  the 
use  of  sulphate  of  copper  (blue  vitriol).  It  is  usually  applied  by  driv- 
ing the  goats  through  a trough  containing  a solution  of  strong  blue 
vitriol.  The  solution  should  be  about  an  inch  in  depth.  Oscar  Tom, 
a breeder  of  much  experience,  says: 

Butter  of  antimony  applied  with  a stiff  feather  will  cure  it,  or  mix  1 ounce  of  sul- 
phuric acid  with  2 ounces  of  vinegar  and  apply  as  above.  Go  over  the  whole  band. 
Generally  one  application  cures  if  well  done.  Change  the  range  at  the  same  time  if 
you  can. 

Angoras  are  frequently  affected  with  lice,  which  cause  a loss  of 
mohair  from  the  rubbing  and  scratching  of  the  goat.  The  lice  may  be 
exterminated  by  dipping.  The  common  sheep  dips  are  generally  used 
for  the  purpose.  It  is  a common  practice  to  dip  the  goats  once  a year, 
and  some  advise  dipping  twice  a year — in  spring  just  after  shearing  and 
again  in  the  fall. 

One  of  the  principal  enemies  of  the  Angoras  is  the  wolf.  The  best 
guard  against  wolves  is  a good  wire  fence.  Sometimes  the  wolves  dig 
under  the  fence,  and  then  it  becomes  necessary  to  trap  them.  This  is 
practiced  by  Mr.  H.  T.  Fuchs,  who  says: 

Three  steel  traps  are  fastened  to  each  other,  but  to  nothing  else,  and  catch  the 
wolves.  If  the  trap  is  made  fast  the  wolf  will  break  loose,  but  the  weight  of  three 
traps  fastened  together  simply  tires  the  wolf  out,  and  it  rarely  drags  them  more  than 
200  or  300  yards. 

1 In  many  localities  the  wildcats  are  especially  troublesome.  Their 
prey  is  the  kids. 


Angora  Goats  in  Pasture. 


Bulletin  No.  27  B,  A.  I. 


Plate  XV. 


« 


Angora  Goats  in  Yard. 


Bulletin  No.  27,  B.  A.  I. 


Plate  XVI. 


Bulletin  No.  2.1,  B.  A.  L 


Plate  XVII. 


Fig.  1.— A Yearling  Angora  Goat. 

Photograph  furnished  by  W.  G.  Hughes  & Co.) 


Fig.  2.— Shearing  Angora  Goats. 

(Photograph  furnished  by  W.  G Hughes  & Co.) 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


81 


The  fact  that  many  plants  which  are  poisonous  to  sheep  and  cattle 
may  be  eaten  with  impunity  by  goats  is  frequently  referred  to  by 
writers  for  the  press.  It  is  true,  however,  that  goats  sometimes  die 
from  eating  poisonous  plants,  especially  in  the  mountainous  districts 
of  the  Carolinas,  as  the  Bureau  is  informed  through  correspondence. 
The  so-called  46 ground  ivy”  is  specially  referred  to.  It  is  believed 
that  goats  will  not  eat  poisonous  plants  to  an  injurious  extent  unless 
driven  by  hunger  to  do  so. 

NUMBER  OF  ANGORA  GOATS. 


IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  census  reports  previous  to  the  year  1900  have  not  given  the 
number  of  goats  in  the  United  States;  the  Twelfth  Census,  however, 
will  show  the  number  of  Angoras,  as  well  as  the  number  of  common 
goats. 

Col.  William  M.  Black,  of  Fort  McKavett,  Tex.,  in  1898  estimated 
the  total  number  (including  all  grades)  to  be  247,775,  located  in  States 
and  Territories  as  follows: 


Texas 75, 000 

California 59,  000 

New  Mexico 52, 000 

Oregon 1 15,  000 

Nevada 11, 500 

Idaho 8,000 

Wyoming 7,000 

Arizona 5,  700 

Missouri 5,  200 

Utah 2,  000 

Montana 1,500 

Kansas 1,  200 

Indian  Territory 900 

Georgia 750 

Kentucky 500 

Pennsylvania 400 

Illinois 300 


Tennessee 250 

South  Carolina 200 

North  Carolina 200 

Colorado 200 

Mississippi 150 

^Louisiana 150 

Connecticut 150 

Alabama 75 

Arkansas 75 

Florida 75 

Iowra 75 

Virginia 75 

Nebraska 50 

Washington 50 

West  Virginia 50 


Total 247,  775 


About  a year  later  Mr.  William  li.  Payne,  of  New  York,  estimated 
the  total  number  at  300,000.  If  these  estimates  are  anywhere  nearly 
correct,  the  present  number  must  be  very  much  greater,  probably  as 
many  as  400,000. 

IN  CAPE  OF  GOOD  HOPE. 


Mr.  W.  Hammond  Tooke,  in  the  Agricultural  Journal  of  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  for  May  25,  1899,  gives  the  number  of  Angora  goats 


for  1893-1898  as  follows: 


2,  811,  206 
2,  619,  708 
2,  611,  082 


1895- 96 

1896- 97 

1897- 98 


1 A home  authority  estimates  the  Angoras  in  the  State  at  65,0(1)0. 

11786— No.  27—01 6 


1892- 93 

1893- 94 

1894- 95 


2,  546, 981 
2,  685,  080 
2,  982,  811 


82 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


IN  ANGORA  VILAYET. 

Schreiner  estimated  that  the  number  of  Angoras  in  the  vilayet  of 
Angora  in  1894,  was  1,230,000.  He  also  directs  attention  to  the  fact 
that  the  mohair  area  of  Turkey  in  Asia  extends  beyond  that  province. 

PRODUCTION  OF  MOHAIR. 

The  quantity  of  mohair  of  all  grades  produced  in  the  United  States 
has  been  a matter  of  guess,  and  the  estimates  have  been  wide  apart. 
Assuming  that  practically  the  entire  domestic  product  goes  to  the  mills 
for  fabrication,  the  Bureau  addressed  to  the  mills  that  consume  mohair 
a request  to  be  furnished  a statement  of  the  amount  of  domestic  and 
imported  mohair  used  annually.  It  is  believed,  therefore,  that  these 
statistics  which  are  given  herewith  represent  the  total  product  of  the 
United  States  for  the  year  1899: 


Consumption  of  mohair  in  the  United  States  in  1899. 


Mills. 

Domestic. 

Imported. 

Sanford  Mills  and  the  Goodall  Worsted  Co.,  Sanford,  Me 

Pounds. 

840,000 

Pounds. 

460.000 

15.000 
1 296, 465 

1,000 

300. 000 
*8,000 

39.000 

Tingue  Manufacturing  Co.,  Seymour,  Conn 

Atlantic  Mills,  Providence,  R.  I 

Gold  Medal  Braid  Co.,  Attleboro  Falls,  Mass 

Massachusetts  Mohair  Plush  Co.,  Lowell,  Mass 

200,000 

Westfield  Braid  Co.,  Westfield,  Mass 

Cranston  Worsted  Mills,  Bristol,  R.  I 

32,000 

5,000 

Qnppnshnry  Mills,  Wnrnpst.pr,  Ma.ss  _ 

Total 

1,077,000 

1,119,465 

1 Not  certain  it  was  imported  mohair,  but  assumed  to  be. 


The  customs  figures  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  as  quoted  by 
W.  Hammond  Tooke,  show  that  mohair  was  produced  there  for  various 
years  previous  to  1898  in  the  following  amounts: 


1877 1, 433,  774 

1882 3,766,657 

1887 7, 153,  730 

1892  J 10,516,837 

1893  9, 457,  278 


1894  10,003,173 

1895  11,090,449 

1896  10,001,028 

1897  12,583,601 


According  to  Commercial  Relations  for  1899  the  entire  product  of 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  for  1897  was  exported,  as  well  as  that  for 
1898,  which  is  given  as  10,876,014  pounds. 

It  has  not  been  possible  to  obtain  figures  showing  the  production  of 
Turkey  for  any  specific  year  or  for  a series  of  years,  but  the  average 
annual  production  is  frequently  given  as  7,650,000  pounds. 


TARIFF. 

The  act  approved  July  24, 1897,  places  a duty  of  12  cents  per  pound 
upon  mohair.  Mohair  cloth  for  buttons  is  taxed  10  per  cent  ad 


THE  ANGORA  GOAT. 


83 


valorem.  The  duty  on  dressed  and  finished  goatskins  is  20  per  cent 
ad  valorem;  on  skins  for  morocco,  tanned  but  unfinished,  10  per  cent 
ad  valorem.  These  rates  are  subject  to  increase  under  certain  condi- 
tions of  shipments. 

REGISTRATION  ASSOCIATIONS. 

The  Bailey  Angora  Goat  Registration  Association,  of  San  Jose,  Cal., 
has  kept  a private  register  for  many  years,  and  became  a general 
record  association  in  1898. 

There  are  two  registration  associations  in  the  United  States  which 
were  organized  during  the  year  1900 — the  American  Angora  Goat 
Breeders’  Association,  with  headquarters  at  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  and  the 
National  Angora  Record  Association,  with  headquarters  at  Salem,  Oreg. 

LITERATURE  CONSULTED. 

The  principal  works  consulted  in  the  preparation  of  this  paper  are 
as  follows: 

Schreiner,  S.  C.  Cronwright: 

The  Angora  Goat  (published  under  the  auspices  of  the  South  African  Angora  Goat 
Breeders’  Association).  Longmans  Green  & Co.,  London,  New  York,  and  Bombay. 
1898.  Pp.  256,  figs.  22. 

Hayes,  John  L. : 

The  Angora  Goat:  Its  Origin,  Culture,  and  Products.  American  Agriculturist, 
New  York.  1882. 

Hook,  Bryan: 

Milch  Goats  and  their  Management.  Vinton  & Co.,  Limited,  London.  1896.  Pp. 
115,  figs.  17. 

Hoerle,  Gustav  A. : 

The  Angora  Goat:  Its  Habits  and  Culture.  Fink  & Co.,  Leon  Springs,  Tex.  1886. 
Pp.  32. 

Jobson,  E.  H.: 

Angora  Goat  Raising.  E.  H.  Jobson,  Lake  Valley,  N.  Mex.  1900.  Pp.  29,  fig.  1. 
Allen,  George  Edward: 

Angora  Goats:  The  Wealth  of  the  Wilderness.  Horace  A.  Field  & Co.,  Wellsboro, 
Pa.  1900.  Pp.  32,  fig.  1. 

C.  P.  Bailey  & Sons  Co.  : 

California  Angoras.  San  Jose,  Cal.  1900. 

Besides  these  access  has  been  had  to  hundreds  of  articles  in  the 
agricultural  press.  Special  mention  should  be  made  of  the  Oregon 
Agriculturist,  Portland,  Oreg.,  thu  Pacific  Rural  Press,  San  Francisco, 
Cal.,  and  the  American  Sheep  Breeder,  Chicago,  111.  The  two  latter 
devote  a page  regularly  to  the  goat  industry. 

The  library  force  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  have  prepared 
a bibliography  of  goat  literature,  but  the  titles  are  so  numerous  that 
it  has  been  deemed  advisable  to  hold  them  for  separate  publication 
rather  than  to  append  them  here. 


INDEX. 


Age—  Page. 

and  blood,  influence  on  fiber 39 

average 70 

how  to  tell  by  teeth 71 

proper  for  breeding 70 

Agriculturist,  Oregon,  notes  on  the  meat  as  food 48 

Allen,  Richard,  remarks  on  history  of  importation  into  United  States 14 

American — 

Angora  Goat  Breeders’  Association 83 

Institute,  report  of  committee  on  examination 17 

Angora — 

city,  geographical  and  historical  notes 12 

temperature 54 

number  of  Angora  goats,  1894 82 

number  of  Angora  goats,  production  of  mohair,  etc 38 

Angora  goats — 

building  up  and  management  of  flock 68 

care,  general  remarks 57 

description 21 

early  distribution 19 

history  in  United  States 13 

number  in  Angora,  1894  82 

number  in  Angora  and  Cape  of  Good  Hope 38 

number  in  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1893-1898 81 

number  in  United  States,  1898  81 

number  to  an  acre 36 

readily  sold  for  meat 49, 50 

recent  awakened  interest 9 

origin  and  history 10 

place  of  origin 12 

uses,  general  remarks 26 

where  and  what  they  are 10 

Antimony  butter  for  foot  rot 80 

Ash  in  goats’  and  cows’  milk 51 

Asia  Minor,  different  kinds  of  Angora  goats 15 

Bachman,  John — 

description  of  Angora  goats 22 

relation  between  mohair  and  climate  of  Angora 12 

Bailey  Angora  Goat  Registration  Association 83 

Bailey,  C.  P. — 

notes  on  browsing 31 

notes  on  in-and-in  breeding 73 

notes  on  kemp * 43 

notes  on  pasturage 35 


85 


86  INDEX. 

Bailey,  C.  P. — Continued.  Page 

notes  on  sale  for  meat 50 

notes  on  the  meat  as  food 48 

notes  on  weight  and  value  of  fleece 39 

opinion  of  dehorning 76 

remarks  on  kemp 40 

remarks  on  management  of  kids 64 

Barnes,  Almont — 

estimate  of  available  land 56 

reference  to  article  on  goats 9 

Barnette,  Josephus  R. — 

notes  on  in-and-in  breeding 73 

notes  on  kidding 68 

notes  on  pasturage 35 

notes  on  sale  for  meat 50 

notes  on  the  meat  as  food 48 

Beck,  Q.  M. — 

notes  on  in-and-in  breeding 73 

opinion  of  dehorning 76 

remarks  on  browsing 29 

Bezoar  goat,  note 11 

“Billy  Atlanta”  in  California 19 

Binns,  Henry  0. — 

crossing  of  Angora  and  Kurd  goats  15 

description  of  Angora  goats 21 

Black,  William  L. — 

effect  of  climate  on  mohair 55 

hornless  Angora  goats 23 

notes  on  in-and-in  breeding 73 

notes  on  kemp ; 43 

notes  on  kidding 67 

notes  on  sale  for  meat 50 

notes  on  shedding 79 

remarks  on  browsing . 30 

Blackburn,  Abe — 

notes  on  in-and-in  breeding 73 

notes  on  kemp 43 

notes  on  pasturage 35 

notes  on  sale  for  meat 50 

notes  on  shedding 79 

notes  on  the  meat  as  food 48 

Blood  and  age,  influence  on  fiber 39 

Blue  vitriol  for  foot  rot 80 

Breed,  name 24 

Breeding — 

in-and-in 71 

in-and-in,  notes  by  breeders 72 

proper  age 70 

Brown,  W. — 

notes  on  sale  for  meat 50 

notes  on  the  meat  as  food 48 

Browsing — 

adds  game  flavor 33 

and  pasturage 26 

character  furnished  by  different  States 32 


INDEX. 


87 


Browsing — Continued.  Page. 

notes  by  breeders 31 

remarks  by  E.  H.  Jobson 30 

remarks  by  H.  T.  Fuchs 29 

remarks  by  J.  R.  Standley 28 

remarks  by  Q.  M.  Beck 29 

remarks  by  William  L.  Black 30 

supplements  feeding 33 

value  in  Iowa 28 

value  in  Oregon : 27 

Brush — 

destroyers,  utility  of  common  goats 33 

land,  ability  to  clear 26 

land,  preserving  for  browsing 33 

Buck — 

management 74 

number  of  does  he  should  serve 74 

service,  remarks  by  G.  A.  Hoerle 74 

Butter — 

fat  in  goats’  and  cows’  milk 51 

of  antimony  for  foot  rot 80 

Cape  of  Good  Hope — 

heavy  export  duty 18 

number  of  Angora  goats,  1893-1898 81 

number  of  Angora  goats,  production  of  mohair,  etc 38* 

production  of  mohair,  1877, 1882, 1887, 1892-1897  82 

temperature 54 

Capra  segagrus — 

description 11 

note 11 

Capra  falconeri — 

description 11 

note 11 

Capra  hircus,  note 11 

Casein  in  goats’  and  cows’  milk 51 

Cashmere  goats,  description  by  Israel  S.  Diehl 15 

Castration  of  kids 66 

Chenery,  C.  W.,  importer 18 

Chenery  importation  in  California 19 

Cladek,  Y. — 

notes  on  in-and-in  breeding 73 

notes  on  pasturage 35 

notes  on  sale  for  meat '50 

notes  on  the  meat  as  food 48 

Climate — 

adapted 54 

effect  on  mohair 55 

Clipping  machine  for  shearing  goats 77 

Conklin  Bros.— 

notes  on  in-and-in  breeding 73 

notes  on  kidding 67 

notes  on  sale  for  meat 50 

Cook  & Buck — 

notes  on  pasturage 35 

notes  on  the  meat  as  food 48 


88 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Copper  sulphate  for  foot  rot 80 

Cows’  and  goats’  milk,  comparison ; 51 

Cranston  Worsted  Mills,  mohair  consumed,  1899 82 

Cumberbatch,  H.  A.,  climate  of  Angora  vilayet 12 

Davis,  James  B. — 

appointment  as  cotton  expert  for  Turkey 13 

first  importer 14 

number  and  sex  of  animals  imported 14 

Dehorning 76 

Diehl  & Brown — 

importation  into  Ohio 20 

importers 18 

Diehl,  Israel  S. — 

description  of  Angora  goats 15, 22 

different  kinds  of  Angora  goats  in  Asia  Minor 15 

investigation  of  mohair  industry  in  Angora 21 

Dip,  carbolic,  for  screw  worm 80 

Dipping  for  lice 80 

Diseases  and  other  enemies 79 

Eheler,  W.  W. , notes  on  browsing 32 

Enemies 79 

Eutichydes,  A.,  importer 18 

Factories  and  markets 43 

Feeding — 

general  remarks 60 

fastidiousness  of  goats 61 

in  winter,  notes  by  breeders 61 

quantity  of  grain 61 

supplemented  by  browsing 33 

Fence,  suitable  kind 58 

Fencing  and  herding 58 

Fiber — 

influence  of  age  and  blood 39. 

of  mohair,  quality 36 

Fink,  Henry — 

notes  on  in-and-in  breeding 73 

notes  on  kidding 67 

Flavor,  game,  added  by  browsing 33 

Fleece — 

care  after  shearing 77 

system  of  assorting 78 

weight  and  length 39 

Flock — 

best 68 

building  up  and  management 68 

building  up  by  crossing  upon  common  goat 69 

building  up  from  small  beginning 69 

building  up,  remarks  by  G.  A.  Hoerle 70 

building  up,  remarks  by  H.  T.  Fuchs 69 

Flocks,  size 75 

Foot  rot,  treatment 80 

Fuchs,  H.  T. — 

notes  on  in-and-in  breeding 73 

notes  on  kemp 43 


INDEX. 


89 


Fuchs,  H.  T. — Continued.  Page. 

notes  on  kidding 67 

notes  on  pasturage 35 

notes  on  sale  for  meat 50 

notes  on  shearing 76 

notes  on  shedding 79 

notes  on  the  meat  as  food 48 

notes  on  trapping  wolves 80 

remarks  on  browsing 29,  32 

remarks  on  building  up  flock 69 

remarks  on  protection  to  sheep  by  goats 53 

Game  flavor  added  by  browsing 33 

Gestation,  period 74 

Goats — 

and  cows’  milk,  comparison 51 

Angora.  ( See  Angora  goats. ) 

common,  as  brush  destroyers 33 

common,  number  in  United  States 9 

distinctive  characteristics 10 

wild,  number  of  species 10 

Gold  Medal  Braid  Co. , mohair  consumed,  1899 82 

Goodall,  George  B. — 

defects  of  American-grown  mohair 38 

notes  on  handling  fleeces 78 

remarks  on  kemp 41 

Goodall  Worsted  Co.,  mohair  consumed,  1899 82 

Grant,  U.  S. — 

notes  on  in-and-in  breeding 73 

notes  on  kidding 68 

notes  on  pasturage 35 

notes  on  shedding 79 

notes  on  the  meat  as  food 48 

Grass  and  weeds  as  pasturage 34 

Hair  of  goats  spun  by  Israelites 12 

Harris  & Baylor — 

effect  of  climate  on  mohair 55 

notes  on  kemp 43 

notes  on  kidding 67 

notes  on  pasturage 35 

notes  on  the  meat  as  food 48 

Harris,  John  S. — 

importer 18 

practice  of  in-and-in  breeding 72 

Hayes,  John  L. — 

opinion  of  descent  of  Angora  goats 11 

report  on  test  of  the  meat  in  California 46 

Herding  and  fencing 58 

Hinkle,  E.  A.,  notes  on  shedding 79 

History — 

and  origin 10 

in  United  States 13 

Hoag,  J.  Murray — 

notes  on  in-and-in  breeding 73 

notes  on  shedding 68 


90 


INDEX. 


Hoerle,  Gustav  A. — ^ Page. 

description  of  Angora  goats 23 

notes  on  browsing 31 

notes  on  in-and-in  breeding 72 

notes  on  kemp 42 

notes  on  mohair 37 

notes  on  pasturage 35 

notes  on  shedding 79 

notes  on  sale  for  meat  . 50 

notes  on  the  meat  as  food 47 

quantity  of  grain  to  feed 61 

remarks  on  building  up  flock 70 

remarks  on  service  of  bucks 74 

system  of  assorting  fleeces 78 

Hollings,  S.  B.,  notes  on  mohair 37 

Hook,  Bryan,  remarks  on  fastidiousness  of  goats 61 

Hornless  Angora  goats 23 

“Hornless  Johnnie,”  note  by  W.  M.  Landrum 23 

Houck,  George  A. — 

notes  on  in-and-in  breeding 73 

notes  on  kemp , 43 

notes  on  kidding 67 

notes  on  sale  for  meat 50 

notes  on  shedding 79 

notes  on  the  meat  as  food 48 

Hughes,  W.  G.,  & Co. — 

method  of  separating  kids  and  does 64 

notes  on  in-and-in  breeding 73 

notes  on  kidding 67 

notes  on  pasturage 35 

notes  on  sale  for  meat 50 

notes  on  shedding 79 

notes  on  the  meat  as  food 47 

Ibexes,  distinctive  characteristics 10 

In-and-in  breeding — 

general  remarks 71 

notes  by  breeders 72 

Jobson,  E.  H. — 

notes  on  in-and-in  breeding 72 

notes  on  pasturage 35 

notes  on  sale  for  meat 50 

notes  on  the  meat  as  food 46, 47, 48 

remarks  on  browsing 30 

remarks  on  kemp 41 

Johnston,  It.  C. — 

notes  on  browsing 32 

notes  on  in-and-in  breeding 73 

notes  on  sale  for  meat 50 

notes  on  the  meat  as  food 48 

Keipp — 

description 40 

general  remarks 40 

remarks  by  breeders 42 

remarks  by  C.  P.  Bailey 40 

remarks  by  E.  H.  Jobson 41 


INDEX. 


91 


Kidding — Page. 

and  the  kids,  general  remarks 63 

corral  method 64 

Mexican  method  of  management 63 

notes  by  breeders 66 

proper  time * 63 

staking  method 65 

Kids — 

and  kidding,  general  remarks 63 

castration 66 

number  dropped  by  one  doe 75 

weaning 66 

Kimball,  H.  I.— 

notes  on  kidding 68 

notes  on  pasturage 35 

notes  on  the  meat  as  food 48 

notes  on  use  of  clipping  machines 77 

Kurd  goat,  crossing  with  Angora  goats  in  Angora 21 

Land — 

available  for  goat  culture 56 

brush,  ability  to  clear 26 

brush,  preserving  for  browsing 33 

enrichment  from  manure  53 

Landrum,  F.  0. — 

notes  on  in-and-in  breeding 73 

notes  on  kidding 66 

Landrum,  William  M. — 

award  by  California  Exposition 15 

first  Angora  goats  in  California 19 

first  to  discover  that  so-called  Cashmere  was  Angora 16 

remarks  on  temperature  withstood  by  goats 55 

Leather  from  goatskins,  remarks 52 

Lewis,  J.  D.,  notes  on  browsing 32 

Lice,  remedy 80 

Localities  adapted 54 

Looms  once  in  operation  in  Angora 21 

McGovern,  I.,  notes  on  the  meat  as  food 48 

Mclntire,  W.  T. — 

notes  on  kidding 68 

notes  on  pasturage 35 

notes  on  sale  for  meat 50 

notes  on  the  meat  as  food 48 

Machine,  clipping,  for  shearing  goats 77 

Manufactures — 

of  mohair,  general  remarks 44 

of  mohair,  uses 45 

Manure,  enrichment  of  land 54 

Markets — 

and  factories 43 

and  the  meat 45 

general  remarks 49 

Marking,  general  remarks 62 

Massachusetts  Mohair  Plush  Company,  mohair  consumed,  1899 82 

Mastin,  Thomas  II.,  notes  on  sale  for  meat 50 


92 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Maurice,  Price,  importer 18 

Meat — 

and  the  markets,  general  remarks 45 

as  food,  notes  by  breeders 47 

name 24 

tests  in  California 46 

Milk- 

comparison  of  that  of  the  goat  and  the  cow 51 

of  the  Angora  goat 50 

sugar  in  goats’  and  cows’  milk 51 

Miller  & Sibley,  notes  on  the  meat  as  food 47 

Miller,  G.  B.,  notes  on  in-and-in  breeding 73 

Mohair — 

defects  of  American-grown 38 

deleterious  features 43 

effect  of  climate  on  character 55 

from  United  States  in  Bradford  market 37 

how  separated  from  kemp 41 

imported,  amount  manufactured  in  United  States,  1899 82 

manufactures,  general  remarks 44 

name 36 

production  in  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1877, 1882, 1887, 1892-1897 82 

production  in  United  States,  1899 82 

uses  in  manufactures 45 

what  quality  depends  upon 36 

National  Angora  Record  Association 83 

New  York  State  fair,  report  on  examination 17 

Noilage,  meaning  of  term 41 

Noils 43 

Odor  of  bucks  and  fleece 24 

CEsophagostoma  venulosum 80 

Ogden,  Philo,  notes  on  pasturage 34 

Oregon  Agriculturist,  notes  on  the  meat  as  food 48 

Origin  and  history 10 

Parasites 80 

Pasturage — 

and  browsing 26 

of  grass  and  weeds 34 

Pasturing  with  other  stock 35 

Paseng  goat,  note 11 

Pashum — 

how  taken  and  prepared  for  use 16 

under  coat  of  Cashmere 16 

Payne,  William  R. — 

manufactures  of  mohair 45 

uses  of  Angora  skins 52 

Pelts,  uses  and  value 52 

Pens  and  shelter,  general  remarks 59 

Peters,  Richard — 

award  at  United  States  Agricultural  Society 16 

founder  of  industry  in  United  States 18 

importation  from  Asia  Minor 18 

purchase  of  Davis  importation  in  1853  17 


INDEX. 


93 


Page. 

Pets,  use  of  Angora  goats 54 

Plants  poisonous  to  goats 80 

Pneumonia,  verminous 80 

Porter,  George  A.,  note  on  Davis  importation 14 

Queensbury  mills,  mohair  consumed,  1899 82 

Queensland  Agricultural  Journal,  notes  on  the  meat  as  food 47 

Registration  associations 10, 83 

Richardson  Brothers — 

notes  on  kidding 68 

notes  on  sale  for  meat 50 

notes  on  the  meat  as  food 48 

Ridgels  ( ‘ ‘ riginals ”),  disposal 75 

Robes  from  skins 52 

Round  worms  affecting 80 

Rugs  from  skins 52 

Sanford  Mills,  mohair  consumed,  1899 82 

Salting,  general  remarks 62 

Scab  parasites 80 

Schreiner,  S.  C.  Cronwright — 

description  of  Angora  goats 22 

opinion  of  descent  of  Angora  goats 11 

Sclerostoma  hypostomum 80 

Scott,  G.  M. — 

notes  on  in-and-in  breeding 73 

notes  on  kidding 68 

notes  on  shedding 79 

Screw  worm,  treatment 80 

Sexes,  name 24 

Shearing — 

and  shedding 76 

care  of  fleece 77 

once  or  twice  a year 76 

use  of  clipping  machines 77 

Shedding — 

and  nonshedding,  existing  contention 24 

and  shearing 76 

general  remarks 78 

notes  by  breeders 79 

Sheep  protected  by  goats 53 

Shelter  and  pens,  general  remarks 59 

Skins — 

for  robes,  rugs,  and  trimmings 52 

uses  and  value 51 

Smith,  W.  W.— 

notes  on  kidding l 68 

notes  on  in-and-in  breeding 73 

Soil,  character  adapted 56 

Staking  the  kid 63 

Standley,  J.  R. — 

notes  on  in-and-in  breeding 73 

notes  on  pasturage 35 

notes  on  sale  for  meat 50 

remarks  on  browsing 28 


94 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Stiles,  W.  H. , importer 18 

Stomach  worm,  treatment  as  for  sheep 80 

Strongylus  contortus , treatment  as  for  sheep 80 

Strongylus  filicollis 80 

Sulphate  of  copper  for  foot  rot 80 

Tapeworms,  kinds  affecting 80 

Tariff  on  mohair 82 

Teeth,  showing  age 71 

Temperature  adapted 54 

Tingue  Manufacturing  Co.,  mohair  consumed,  1899 82 

Toggling  the  kid 63 

Tom,  Oscar — 

notes  on  in-and-in  breeding 73 

notes  on  kemp 43 

notes  on  kidding 67 

notes  on  pasturage 35 

notes  on  sale  for  meat 50 

notes  on  the  meat  as  food 48 

remedy  for  foot  rot 80 

suitable  shed 59 

Tooke,  W.  Hammond — 

number  of  Angora  goats  in  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1893-1898  81 

remarks  on  suitable  land  in  United  States 57 

statement  of  production  of  mohair  in  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1877, 1882, 1887, 

1892-1897  82 

United  States  as  competitor  of  Cape  of  Good  Hope 18 

Trapping  wolves 80 

Trichocephalus  affinis 80 

Trimmings  from  skins 52 

Tuberculosis 80 

Turkey — 

production  of  mohair 82 

prohibition  of  exports  of  goats 18 

Sultan’s  request  for  cotton  expert 13 

Uncinaria  cernua 80 

United  States  Agricultural  Society,  award  to  Bichard  Peters 16 

Verminous  pneumonia 80 

Wain,  A.  T.,  notes  on  the  meat  as  food 48 

Water  in.  goats’  and  cows’  milk 51 

Weaning  the  kids 66 

Weeds  and  grass  as  pasturage 34 

Westfield  Braid  Co.,  mohair  consumed,  1899 82 

Weyand,  Julius,  report  on  industry  in  California 20 

Williamson,  H.  M.,  notes  on  pasturage 34 

Wolf,  enemy  to  goats * 80 

Worm — 

screw,  treatment 80 

stomach,  treatment  as  for  sheep 80 

Worms,  round,  affecting 80 


o 


Bulletin  No.  28. 


(B.  A.  I.  157.) 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 

D.  E.  SALMON,  D.  V.  M,  Chief. 

LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  of  ILLINOIS. 

LEGISLATION 

WITH  REFERENCE  TO 

BOVINE  TUBERCULOSIS, 

BEING 


A DIGEST  OF  THE  LAWS  NOW  IN  FORCE  AND  A TRANSCRIPT  OF  THE 
LAWS,  RULES  AND  REGULATIONS,  AND  PROCLAMATIONS  FOR 
THE  SEVERAL  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


D.  E.  SALMON,  D.  V.  M., 

Chief  of  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 


WASHINGTON: 

government  printing  office. 
1901. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 

Washington , D.  C. , February  9 , 1901. 

Sir:  I have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  a compilation  of  the 
laws  and  rules  and  regulations  of  the  several  States  and  Territories, 
so  far  as  they  relate  to  bovine  tuberculosis,  and  recommend  that  it  be 
published  as  Bulletin  No.  28  of  this  Bureau.  This  information  is 
designed  to  supply  the  needs  of  breeders  and  shippers  of  cattle. 

Respectfully, 

D.  E.  Salmon, 

Chief  of  Bureau. 


Hon.  James  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 


3 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Alabama . 7 

Arizona - - - — 7 

Arkansas - - - - - 12 

California . - 12 

Colorado... - 12 

Connecticut 13 

Delaware  ...... - ... 13 

District  of  Columbia . . . . 14 

Florida 16 

Georgia. - 16 

Idaho ..  16 

Illinois - . 16 

Indiana  26 

Iowa 32 

Kansas 34 

Kentucky 36 

Louisiana . 38 

Maine . _ 38 

Maryland 43 

Massachusetts 47 

Michigan - .. 60 

Minnesota 66 

Mississippi 71 

Missouri 71 

Montana 72 

Nebraska.- 78 

Nevada 79 

New  Hampshire 81 

New  Jersey 93 

New  Mexico.  ...  100 

New  York .' 102 

North  Carolina . 104 

North  Dakota 108 

Ohio 114 

Oklahoma 116 

Oregon 116 

Pennsylvania.. 120 

Rhode  Island... .. 136 

South  Carolina 141 

South  Dakota 141 

Tennessee 142 

Texas...  146 

Utah 151 

Vermont 152 

Virginia 158 

Washington 162 

West  Virginia  164 

Wisconsin 165 

Wyoming 168 


5 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS 


ALABAMA. 

Alabama  has  an  old  law  relative  to  infectious  and  contagious  dis- 
eases which  might  be  construed  so  as  to  include  tuberculosis  of  cattle; 
however,  nothing  has  been  done  with  reference  to  that  disease  under 
this  or  any  other  law. 

LAW. 


AN  ACT  for  the  prevention  and  suppression  of  infectious  and  contagious  diseases  of  horses  and 
other  animals.  (Approved  February  28, 1887.) 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Alabama,  That  it  shall  be 
the  duty  of  any  person,  who  is  the  owner  or  possessor  of  a horse,  mule,  or  other 
animal  having  the  glanders,  or  other  fatal  contagious  or  infectious  disease,  to  keep 
such  diseased  animal  away  and  removed  from  any  public  or  other  place  where 
horses,  mules,  or  other  animals  are  usually  kept  in  said  counties,  and  also  to  keep 
such  diseased  animals  at  a distance  from  any  common  rendezvous  for  animals 
therein,  whether  such  rendezvous  or  place  of  resort  be  maintained  for  public  or 
private  use  and  conveniences;  and  any  person  refusing  or  wilfully  neglecting  to 
obey  this  provision  of  law,  by  bringing  such  diseased  horse,  mule,  or  other  animal, 
or  causing  the  same  to  be  brought,  to  any  rendezvous  of  animals  or  other  place 
where  the  same  shall  be  usually  kept,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor, 
and  may  be  indicted  therefor;  and  upon  conviction  thereof  by  or  before  any  court 
of  this  State  competent  at  this  time  to  try  and  punish  misdemeanors  committed  in 
said  counties,  shall  be  fined  not  exceeding  $50,  nor  less  than  $5,  for  any  violation 
of  this  law:  Provided,  That  the  prosecution  and  conviction  of  any  person  under 
this  statute  shall  not  be  a bar  to  an  action  for  civil  damages  against  said  person 
for  loss  or  injury  incurred  by  reason  of  the  violation  thereof. 

ARIZONA. 

Arizona  has  no  special  law  relative  to  bovine  tuberculosis,  but  the 
disease  is  included  in  the  general  law  of  March  1,  1897. 

The  work  against  contagious  diseases  of  animals  in  Arizona  is  done 
by  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board,  consisting  of  three  persons  appointed 
by  the  Governor.  The  Governor  also  appoints  a Territorial  Veteri- 
nary Surgeon  who  operates  under  the  Sanitary  Board. 

The  duty  of  the  board  is  “to  protect  the  health  of  the  domestic 
animals  of  the  Territory  from  contagious  and  infectious  diseases  of  a 
malignant  character,  and  for  this  purpose  it  is  hereby  authorized  and 
empowered  to  establish,  maintain,  and  enforce  such  quarantine,  sani- 
tary, and  other  regulations,  including  methods  of  disinfecting  railroad 
cars,  as  it  may  deem  necessary.” 


7 


8 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


The  Territorial  Veterinarian  investigates  reports  of  the  presence  of 
contagious  or  infectious  diseases,  and,  if  he  finds  that  they  do  exist, 
establishes  a temporary  quarantine  and  reports  the  results  of  his  inves- 
tigations to  the  board,  which  establishes  a permanent  quarantine  and 
prescribes  rules  and  regulations  for  enforcing  it.  The  proclamation 
of  this  quarantine  is  made  by  the  Governor  if  the  board  so  recom- 
mends. 

The  veterinarian,  with  the  consent  of  the  board,  may  slaughter  dis- 
eased animals  after  certain  conditions  shall  have  been  complied  with. 
The  slaughter  by  the  veterinarian  of  animals  which  have  been  exposed 
and  do  not  show  disease  can  be  done  only  with  the  written  consent  of 
the  owner  and  when  the  order  for  the  same  is  signed  by  another  vet- 
erinarian. There  appears  to  be  no  provision  for  indemnity  for  animals 
slaughtered. 

It  is  made  a misdemeanor  to  sell,  drive,  ship,  trade,  or  give  away 
any  animals  affected  with  or  exposed  to  any  contagious  or  infectious 
disease. 

Whenever  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  has  reason  to  believe 
that  such  diseases  exist  in  other  States  or  Territories,  it  reports 
the  fact  to  the  Governor,  who  issues  a proclamation  of  quarantine 
against  those  districts,  prohibiting  the  importation  from  them  of  any 
live  stock  of  the  kind  diseased  unless  accompanied  by  a certificate  of 
health.  An  exception  is  made  of  cattle  in  transit  through  the  Terri- 
tory by  railroad  and  not  unloaded. 

It  is  also  made  a misdemeanor  to  bring  into  the  Territory  any 
animal  which  is  affected  with  or  has  been  exposed  to  any  contagious 
or  infectious  disease. 


LAW. 

AN  ACT  to  codify  and  revise  the  laws  with  reference  to  live  stock. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Legislative  Assembly  of  the  Territory  of  Arizona: 

Section  1.  Three  commissioners  identified  with  the  live  stock  interests  of  the 
Territory  of  Arizona  shall  be  appointed  by  the  Governor,  with  the  advice  and 
consent  of  the  legislative  council,  who  shall  constitute  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary 
Board  of  the  Territory  of  Arizona.  Before  entering  upon  the  duties  of  his  office 
each  commissioner  shall  take  and  subscribe  the  oath  of  office  according  to  law,  and 
file  the  same  with  the  Secretary  of  the  Territory;  and  each  commissioner  before 
entering  upon  the  performance  of  his  duties  shall  execute  a bond,  to  be  approved 
by  the  Governor,  in  the  sum  of  $2,000,  conditioned  that  he  will  faithfully  perform 
the  duties  of  his  office,  and  file  the  same  with  the  Secretary  of  the  Territory.  The 
term  of  office  of  the  first  commissioner  named  by  the  Governor  shall  be  for  three 
years  from  the  1st  day  of  April,  1897;  the  second  one  named  shall  be  for  two  years, 
and  the  third  one  named  shall  be  for  one  year  from  said  1st  day  of  April,  1897,  and 
the  successors  of  each  shall  be  appointed  for  the  term  of  three  years  thereafter. 
The  Governor  shall  have  the  power  to  fill  vacancies  in  said  board.  Said  board 
shall  elect  one  of  their  number  chairman.  The  board  shall  keep  a full  and  com- 
plete record  of  their  proceedings  and  make  such  report  to  the  Governor  as 
may  from  time  to  time  be  required,  and  a biennial  report  to  the  legislative  assembly. 
The  members  of  the  board  appointed  by  the  Governor  as  hereinbefore  provided 
shall  receive  $5  per  day  for  the  time  by  them  necessarily  employed  in  discharging 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


9 


the  duties  required  by  this  act:  Provided,  however,  That  in  no  one  year  shall  the 
board  be  in  session  more  than  sixty  days,  except  upon  call  of  the  Governor,  and 
eacL  member  of  the  board  shall  receive  10  cents  for  each  and  every  mile  actually 
traveled,  which  per  diem  and  mileage  shall  be  paid  on  the  warrant  of  the  Auditor, 
to  be  issued  on  the  filing  in  the  Auditor’s  office  of  an  itemized  account  thereof, 
properly  certified  thereto  by  such  member,  duly  countersigned  by  the  Secretary, 
with  the  seal  of  the  board  and  approval  of  its  chairman. 

Sec.  2.  The  Governor  shall  nominate,  and  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent 
of  the  legislative  council  appoint,  a skilled  veterinary  surgeon  for  the  Territory  of 
Arizona,  who  at  the  date  of  such  appointment  shall  be  a graduate  in  good  stand- 
ing of  a recognized  college  of  veterinary  surgeons,  and  who  shall  hold  his  office 
for  the  term  of  two  years,  unless  sooner  removed  by  the  board;  the  salary  of  said 
veterinary  surgeon  shall  be  the  sum  of  $1,200  per  annum  and  10  cents  per  mile  for 
each  mile  actually  and  necessarily  traveled  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties.  Before 
entering  upon  the  discharge  of  his  duties  the  Territorial  Veterinarian  shall  take 
and  subscribe  an  oath  to  faithfully  perform  the  duties  of  his  said  office  and  shall 
execute  a bond  to  the  Territory  of  Arizona  in  the  sum  of  $5,000,  with  good  and 
sufficient  sureties,  conditioned  for  the  faithful  performance  of  the  duties  of  his 
office,  which  bond  and  sureties  thereto  shall  be  approved  by  the  Governor,  and 
said  bond,  together  with  the  oath  of  office,  shall  be  deposited  in  the  office  of  the  Sec- 
retary of  the  Territory. 

Sec.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  any  owner  or  person  in  charge  of  any  domestic 
animal  or  animals  who  discovers,  suspects,  or  has  reason  to  believe  that  any  of 
his  domestic  anima's,  or  domestic  animals  in  his  charge,  are  affected  with  any 
infectious  or  contagious  disease  to  immediately  notify  such  fact,  belief,  or  sus- 
picion to  the  board  or  any  member  of  it  or  to  the  Territorial  Veterinarian;  and  it 
shall  be  the  duty  of  any  person  who  discovers  the  existence  of  any  contagious  or 
infectious  disease  among  the  domestic  animals  of  another  to  report  the  same  to 
the  said  board  or  Territorial  Veterinarian,  and  any  attempt  to  conceal  the  exist- 
ence of  such  disease,  or  to  wilfully  or  maliciously  obstruct  or  resist  the  said  board 
or  the  Territorial  Veterinarian  in  the  discharge  of  their  duties  as  herein  set  forth, 
shall  be  deemed  a misdemeanor. 

Sec.  4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  board  provided  for  in  the  first  section  of  this 
act  to  protect  the  health  of  the  domestic  animals  of  the  Territory  from  the  con- 
tagious and  infectious  disease  of  a malignant  character,  and  for  this  purpose  it  is 
hereby  authorized  and  empowered  to  establish,  maintain,  and  enforce  such  quar- 
antine, sanitary,  and  other  regulations,  including  methods  of  disinfecting  railroad 
cars,  as  it  may  deem  necessary.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  any  member  of  said  board, 
upon  receipt  by  him  of  reliable  information  of  the  existence  among  the  domestic 
animals  of  the  Territory  of  any  malignant  disease,  to  immediately  notify  the 
Territorial  Veterinarian,  who  shall  go  at  once  to  the  place  where  any  such  disease 
is  alleged  to  exist  and  make  a careful  examination  of  the  animals  believed  to  be 
affected  with  any  such  disease,  and  ascertain,  if  possible,  what,  if  any,  disease 
exists  among  the  live  stock  reported  to  be  affected  and  whether  the  same  is  con- 
tagious or  infectious  or  not;  and  if  said  disease  is  found  to  be  of  a malignant,  con- 
tagious. or  infectious  character,  he  shall  direct  a temporary  quarantine  and  sani- 
tary regulations  necessary  to  prevent  the  spread  of  any  such  disease  and  report 
forthwith  his  findings  and  actions  to  the  chairman  of  the  board. 

Sec.  5.  Upon  the  receipt  by  the  chairman  of  the  board  of  the  report  of  the  Ter- 
ritorial Veterinarian  provided  for  in  Section  4 of  this  act,  he  shall  immediately,  if 
the  exigencies  of  the  case  require  it,  convene  the  board  at  the  most  convenient 
place;  and  if  upon  consideration  of  the  report  of  the  veterinarian  the  board  shall  be 
satisfied  that  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease  exist  which  seriously  affects  the 
health  of  domestic  animals,  they  shall,  after  ascertaining  and  determining  the 
extent  of  premises  or  grounds  infected,  authorize  the  veterinarian  to  establish  the 


10 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


quarantine,  sanitary,  and  police  regulations  necessary  to  circumscribe  and  exter- 
minate such  disease:  and  no  domestic  animal  liable  to  become  infected  with  the 
disease  or  capable  of  communicating  the  same  shall  be  permitted  to  leave  the  dis- 
trict, premises,  or  grounds  so  quarantined  except  by  the  authority  of  the  veterina- 
rian. The  said  board  shall  prescribe  such  rules  and  regulations  as  will  enable  the 
veterinarian  to  perfectly  isolate  the  diseased  and  exposed  animals  from  all  other 
domestic  animals  which  are  susceptible  of  becoming  infected  with  disease;  they 
shall  also,  from  time  to  time,  prescribe  and  enforce  such  directions,  rules,  and 
regulations  as  to  separating,  mode  of  handling,  treating,  feeding,  and  caring  for 
such  infected  or  diseased  and  exposed  animals  as  it  shall  deem  necessary  to  pre- 
vent the  two  classes  of  anima  s from  coming  iu  contact  with  each  other;  and  the 
said  board  or  any  of  the  members  thereof,  or  said  veterinarian,  are  hereby  author- 
ized and  empowered  to  enter  upon  any  grounds  or  premises  to  carry  out  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act. 

Sec.  6.  When  the  said  board  shall  have  determined  the  quarantine  and  other 
regulations  necessary  to  prevent  the  spread  among  domestic  animals  of  any  malig- 
nant, contagious,  or  infectious  disease  found  to  exist  among  the  live  stock  of  the 
Territory,  and  given  the  orders  as  hereinbefore  provided  prescribing  quarantine 
and  other  regulations,  it  shall  notify  the  Governor  thereof,  who  shall  issue  his 
proclamation  proclaiming  the  boundary  of  such  quarantine  and  the  orders,  rules, 
and  regulations  prescribed  by  the  board,  which  proclamation  may  be  published  by 
written  or  printed  handbills  posted  within  the  boundaries  or  on  the  lines  of  the 
district,  premises,  places,  or  grounds  so  quarantined,  or  by  being  published  in  the 
stock  papers  of  the  Territory:  Provided,  That  if  the  board  decides  that  it  is  not 
necessary,  by  reason  of  the  limited  extent  of  the  district  in  which  such  disease 
exists,  that  a proclamation  should  be  issued,  then  none  shall  be  issued,  but  the 
board  shall  give  notice  as  may  to  it  seem  best  to  make  the  quarantin  ■)  established 
effective. 

Sec.  7.  In  any  case  of  epidemic  disease  where  premises  have  been  previously 
quarantined  by  the  Territorial  Veterinarian,  as  before  provided,  he  is  further 
authorized  and  empowered,  when  in  his  judgment  necessary,  by  and  with  the  con- 
sent of  the  board,  to  order  the  slaughter  of  any  or  of  all  diseased  animals  upon  said 
premises  and  of  all  animals  that  have  been  exposed  to  contagion  or  infection,  under 
the  following  restrictions:  The  order  for  slaughter  shall  be  in  writing  and  shall 
be  made  in  duplicate,  and  there  shall  be  a distinct  order  and  a duplicate  for  each 
owner  of  the  animal  or  animals  condemned,  the  original  of  each  order  to  be  filed 
in  the  office  of  the  said  board  and  the  duplicate  given  to  the  said  owner.  And, 
further,  before  slaughtering  any  animal  or  animals  that  have  been  exposed  only 
and  do  not  show  disease  the  veterinarian  shall  call  in  consultation  with  him  two 
reputable  practicing  veterinarians  or  physicians,  residents  of  the  Territory,  or  if 
this  is  impracticable,  then  two  reputable  and  well-known  stock  owners,  residents 
of  the  Territory,  and  shall  have  the  written  indorsement  upon  his  orders  of  at  least 
one  of  said  consulting  physicians  or  stock  owners,  stating  that  the  said  action  is 
necessary,  and  the  consent  in  writing  of  the  owner  or  person  in  charge  before  such 
animal  or  animals  shall  be  slaughtered.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Territorial 
Veterinarian  to  superintend  the  slaughtering  of  such  animals  as  may  be  con- 
demned, and  also  the  destruction  of  the  carcass,  causing  the  same  to  be  destroyed 
as  cheaply  as  practicable,  which  destruction  shall  be  by  burning  to  ashes,  and 
shall  include  every  part  of  the  animal  and  hide  and  also  excrement  and  stable 
bedding  or  corral  litter  as  far  as  possible. 

Sec,  8.  Any  person,  persons,  firm,  or  corporation  who  shall  have  in  his  possession 
any  domestic  animal  affected  with  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease,  knowing 
such  animal  to  be  so  affected,  or  after  having  received  notice  that  such  animal  is 
so  affected,  who  shall  sell,  drive,  ship,  trade,  or  give  away  such  diseased  animal 
or  animals  which  have  been  exposed  to  such  infection  or  contagion,  sheep  infected 
with  scab  upon  the  range  excepted,  or  who  shall  move  or  drive  any  domestic 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


11 


animal  in  violation  of  any  direction,  rule,  regulation,  or  order  establishing  and 
regulating  quarantines,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor:  Provided,  That 
any  owner  of  any  domestic  animal  which  has  been  affected  with  or  exposed  to 
any  contagious  or  infectious  disease  may  dispose  of  the  same  after  having  obtained 
from  the  Territorial  Veterinarian  a bill  of  health  of  such  animal.  It  shall  be 
unlawful  to  kill  for  butcher  purposes  any  diseased  animal,  to  sell,  give  away,  or 
use  any  part  of  it  or  its  milk,  or  to  remove  any  part  of  the  skin. 

Sec.  9.  Whenever  the  said  board  shall  have  good  reason  to  believe  that  any  con- 
tagious or  infectious  disease  exists  in  any  other  State,  Territory,  or  countries,  or 
that  there  are  conditions  that  render  domestic  animals  from  such  districts  liable 
to  convey  such  disease,  they  shall  report  the  same  to  the  Governor.  Thereupon, 
the  Governor  shall,  by  proclamation,  prohibit  the  importation  of  any  live  stock  of 
the  kind  diseased  into  the  Territory,  unless  accompanied  with  a certificate  of 
health  given  by  a duly  authorized  State  or  Territorial  Veterinarian,  and  all  such 
animals  arriving  in  this  Territory  shall  be  examined  upon  arrival  by  the  Terri- 
torial Veterinary  Surgeon,  and  if  deemed  necessary  placed  in  close  quarantine 
until  all  danger  of  infection  is  passed,  when  they  shall  be  released  by  order  of  the- 
Territorial  Veterinarian.  All  expense  connected  with  such  examination  shall  be 
paid  by  the  owner  or  owners  of  such  stock. 

Sec.  10.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person,  persons,  firm,  or  corporation  to 
drive  or  transport,  or  cause  to  be  driven  or  transported,  into  the  Territory  of  Ari- 
zona any  live  stock  from  those  States,  Territories,  or  countries  against  which  the 
Governor  has  proclaimed  a quarantine,  as  hereby  provided  for  in  Section  9 of  this 
act:  Provided , That  cattle  in  transit  through  the  Territory  on  a railroad,  when 
not  unloaded,  are  not  liable  to  any  penalties  attached  to  this  act.  Otherwise  the 
regulations  contained  herein  shall  apply  as  well  to  those  animals  in  transit  through 
the  Territory  as  to  those  resident  therein,  and  the  said  board,  a member  thereof, 
or  the  Territorial  Veterinary  Surgeon  shall  have  full  authority  to  examine,  whether 
in  yards,  or  pasture,  or  stables,  or  upon  the  public  domain,  all  animals  passing 
through  the  Territory  or  any  part  of  it,  and  on  detection  or  suspicion  of  disease- 
to  take  possession  of  and  treat  and  dispose  of  said  animals  in  the  same  manner  as 
is  prescribed  for  animals  resident  in  the  Territory. 

Sec.  11.  Any  person,  persons,  firm,  corporation,  owner,  or  agent  who  shall  know- 
ingly bring  into  this  Territory  any  domestic  animal  or  animals  affected  with  any 
contagious  or  infectious  disease,  or  any  animal  or  animals  which  have  been  exposed 
to  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor. 

Sec.  12.  Except  as  otherwise  provided  in  this  act,  any  person,  persons,  firm, 
corporation,  owner,  or  agent  who  shall  violate,  disregard,  or  evade,  or  attempt 
to  violate,  disregard,  or  evade  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  or  who  shall  violate, 
disregard,  or  evade,  or  attempt  to  violate,  disregard,  or  evade  any  of  the  rules, 
regulations,  orders,  or  directions  of  the  said  board  establishing  and  governing 
quarantine,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor;  and  any  person,  persons, 
firm,  corporation,  owner,  or  agent  who  violates  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  or  of 
Sections  3,  5,  8,  or  11  of  this  act  shall  be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  con- 
viction thereof  in  any  court  of  competent  jurisdiction  shall  be  fined  not  less  than 
$50  nor  more  than  $300  and  shall  be  liable  for  any  damages  that  may  be  sustained 
by  reason  of  their  failure  to  comply  with  the  provisions  of  the  said  sections. 
******* 

REGULATIONS. 

Paragraphs  1,  2,  and  4 of  the  regulations  issued  by  the  Live  Stock 
Sanitary  Board  on  May  1,  1900,  are  applicable  to  tuberculosis  as  one 
of  the  contagious  diseases,  and  they  are  given  herewith: 

First.  All  persons  desirous  of  shipping  or  driving  live  stock  of  any  class  into 
or  through  the  Territory  of  Arizona  should  secure  a certificate  of  health  for  the 


12 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


same  from  the  State  or  county  veterinarian  where  they  originate,  declaring  that 
said  animals  are  free  irom  all  contagious  and  infectious  diseases,  and  a copy  of 
said  health  certificate  should  be  sent  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Board  or  Territorial 
Veterinarian  as  early  as  possible. 

Second.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  all  transportation  companies  before  entering  the 
Territory  with  any  live  stock  to  inform  the  Sanitary  Board,  through  its  Secretary 
or  Territorial  Veterinarian  at  Phoenix,  stating: 

(a)  Name  of  the  shipper.  ( b ) Place  from  which  the  stock  originated,  (c) 
Destination  of  stock.  ( d ) Whether  or  not  shipment  is  accompanied  by  certificate 
of  health,  and,  if  so,  by  whom  signed. 

Should  they  originate  in  a healthy  district,  they  will  be  admitted  if  accompanied 
by  proper  health  certificate  (according  to  Rule  1). 

Should  the  stock  originate  in  an  infected  district  which  would  render  them  liable 
to  communicate  an  infectious  or  contagious  disease,  the  Territorial  Veterinarian 
shall  place  them  in  quarantine  until  all  danger  of  infection  is  passed. 

Fourth.  When  application  is  made  for  the  admission  of  live  stock  into  the  Ter- 
ritory of  Arizona,  not  accompanied  by  proper  health  certificate,  the  Territorial 
Veterinarian  may  inspect  said  stock  at  point  of  entry  into  the  Territory  of  Arizona 
before  issuing  such  permit,  and  the  owner  of  said  stock  shall  pay  the  Territorial 
Veterinarian  his  legal  mileage  and  per  diem  while  making  such  inspection. 

ARKANSAS. 

There  is  no  law  relative  to  bovine  tuberculosis  in  Arkansas. 

CALIFORNIA. 

California  has  a general  law  against  contagious  or  infectious  dis- 
eases of  domestic  animals  which  in  a general  sense  includes  tuber- 
culosis. This  law  provides  that  the  owners  of  diseased  animals  shall 
keep  them  isolated  from  other  animals  of  the  same  species  and  shall 
not  drive  them  upon  a public  highway  or  onto  a range  where  thej' 
will  come  in  contact  with  other  animals  of  like  species  not  so  affected. 

LAW. 

AN  ACT  to  prevent  the  spread  of  contagious  or  infectious  diseases  among  domestic  animals. 

(Approved  March  23, 1893.) 

The  people  of  the  State  of  California , represented  in  Senate  and  Assembly , do 
enact  as  follows: 

Section  1.  Any  person  or  persons,  company,  or  corporation,  owning  or  having 
possession  or  control  of  any  animal  affected  by  any  contagious  or  infectious  dis- 
ease, who  shall  fail  to  keep  the  same  within  an  inclosure,  or  herd  the  same  in  some 
place  where  they  will  be  secure  from  contact  with  other  animals  of  like  kind  not 
so  affected,  or  who  shall  suffer  such  infected  animals  to  be  driven  on  the  public 
highway  or  to  range  where  they  will  be  likely  to  come  in  contact  with  other  ani- 
mals not  so  affected,  shall  be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and,  on  conviction,  pun- 
ished by  a fine  of  not  more  than  $500  for  each  offense. 

Sec.  2.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

COLORADO. 

■Colorado  has  no  law  relative  to  bovine  tuberculosis. 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


13 


CONNECTICUT. 

Dr.  C.  A.  Lindsley,  Secretary  of  the  Connecticut  State  Board  of 
Health,  says:  “ There  were  a number  of  laws  relating  to  tuberculosis 
in  cattle.  In  1895  some  additional  legislation  was  enacted  which  was 
somewhat  in  advance  of  public  sentiment,  and  in  1897  every  law  on 
the  subject  was  repealed  excepting  one  forbidding  the  sale  of  milk  from 
any  cows  that  were  known  to  be  tuberculous.” 

The  section  (General  Statutes,  1888)  not  repealed  is  as  follows: 

Sec.  2664.  Any  person  who  shall  knowingly  sell  or  expose  for  sale  milk,  or 
any  product  of  milk,  from  any  cow  which  shall  have  been  adjudged  by  the  Com- 
mission upon  Diseases  of  Domestic  Animals  affected  with  tuberculosis  or  other 
blood  disease,  shall  be  fined  not  more  than  $7  or  imprisoned  not  more  than  thirty 
days,  or  both. 

DELAWARE. 

No  special  law  relating  to  bovine  tuberculosis  is  on  the  statutes  of 
Delaware;  the  disease  is  embraced  in  the  general  act  of  May  4,  1893, 
providing  for  the  eradication  of  infectious  and  contagious  diseases 
among  domestic  animals. 

The  Governor  of  the  State  is  authorized  to  issue  a proclamation, 
when  necessary,  stating  that  an  infectious  or  contagious  disease  exists 
in  the  State,  naming  the  locality,  and  warning  all  persons  to  seclude 
their  animals  of  the  kind  diseased  and  to  take  the  necessary  precau- 
tions to  prevent  the  spread  of  the  disease. 

Animals  coming  into  the  State  may  be  detained  for  inspection  and 
examination.  The  Governor  may  prescribe  regulations  for  the 
destruction  of  animals  affected  with  a contagious  or  infectious  disease; 
no  animal  shall  be  destroyed,  however,  until  examined  by  a veteri- 
narian in  the  employ  of  the  Governor.  No  provision  is  made  for 
indemnifying  the  owners  of  animals  killed  on  account  of  being 
diseased. 

LAW. 

(Chapter  639,  Vol.  19,  Laws  of  Delaware.) 

AN  ACT  for  the  eradication  of  infectious  and  contagious  diseases  among  the  1 )wer  animals. 

(Passed  at  Dover,  May  4, 1893.) 

Section  1.  That  in  order  to  protect  the  lives  and  property  of  citizens  of  Dela- 
ware when  threatened  by  epidemics  of  contagious  and  infectious  diseases  among 
the  lower  animals,  authority  is  hereby  vested  in  the  Governor  of  this  State  to 
issue  his  proclamation  stating  that  an  infectious  or  contagious  disease  exists  in 
any  county  or  geographical  district  of  the  State,  and  warning  all  persons  to  seclude, 
in  the  premises  where  they  may  be  at  the  time,  all  animals  within  the  quarantined 
district  that  are  of  a kind  susceptible  to  contract  the  disease  in  question,  and 
ordering  all  persons  to  take  such  precautions  against  the  spread  of  such  disease 
as  the  nature  thereof  may  in  his  judgment  render  necessary  or  expedient. 

Sec.  2.  To  call  upon  all  sheriffs  and  deputy  sheriffs  to  carry  out  and  enforce 
the  provisions  of  such  proclamations,  orders,  and  regulations;  and  it  shall  be  the 
duty  of  all  sheriffs  and  deputy  sheriffs  to  obey  and  observe  all  orders  and  instruc- 
tions which  they  may  receive  from  the  Governor  in  the  premises. 


14 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Sec.  3.  To  employ  such  and  so  many  medical  and  veterinary  practitioners  and 
such  other  persons  as  he  may  from  time  to  time  deem  necessary  to  assist  in  per- 
forming his  duties,  as  set  forth  in  the  first  section  of  this  act,  and  to  fix  their  com- 
pensation. 

Sec.  4r  To  order  all  or  any  animals  coming  into  the  State  to  be  detained  at  any 
place  or  places  for  the  purpose  of  inspection  and  examination. 

Sec.  5.  To  prescribe  regulations  for  the  destruction  of  animals  affected  wi  h 
infectious  or  contagious  disease,  and  for  the  proper  disposition  of  their  hides  and 
carcasses,  and  of  all  objects  which  might  convey  infection  or  contagion:  Provided , 
That  no  animal  shall  be  destroyed  until  first  examined  by  a medical  or  veterinary 
practitioner  in  the  employ  of  the  Governor  as  aforesaid. 

Sec.  6.  To  prescribe  regulations  for  the  disinfection  of  all  premises,  buildings, 
boats,  and  railway  cars,  and  of  all  objects  from  or  by  which  infection  or  contagion 
may  take  place  or  be  conveyed. 

Sec.  7.  To  take  such  action  in  regard  to  exposed  carcasses,  bones,  etc.,  and  to 
graves  of  lower  animals  known  to  have  died  from  diseases  directly  communicable 
in  a fatal  form  to  man  as  he,  after  consultation  with  well-informed  persons,  may 
deem  to  be  expedient. 

Sec.  8.  To  alter  and  modify,  from  time  to  time,  as  he  may  deem  expedient,  the 
terms  of  all  such  proclamations,  orders,  and  regulations,  and  to  cancel  and  with- 
draw the  same  at  any  time. 

Sec.  9.  For  the  purpose  of  defraying  the  expenses  involved  in  carrying  out  the 
provisions  of  this  act  an  annual  appropriation,  not  to  exceed  $500,  or  so  much 
thereof  as  occasion  may  require,  is  hereby  made  from  the  funds  of  this  State. 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

The  eighth  section  of  the  act  creating  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry 
requires  the  Commissioners  of  the  District  of  Columbia  to  take  meas- 
ures for  the  prompt  suppression  of  all  contagious,  infectious,  and 
communicable  diseases  affecting  domestic  animals  and  to  prescribe 
regulations  to  prevent  infection  and  contagion. 

Owners  of  animals  affected  with  or  supposed  to  be  affected  with  any 
such  disease  are  required  to  isolate  them  and  forthwith  report  the  facts 
to  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  and  to  follow  such 
directions  as  said  chief  may  prescribe. 

All  veterinary  surgeons  of  the  District  and  all  members  of  the  police 
force  are  required  to  inquire  into  and  report  upon  known  or  suspected 
cases  of  such  diseases. 

The  Chief  of  the  Bureau  only  has  authority  to  order  the  killing  of 
any  animal  affected  with  a contagious  or  infectious  disease;  he  also 
has  power  to  quarantine  premises. 

LAW. 

REGULATION  for  the  suppression  and  prevention  of  contagious,  infectious,  and  communi- 
cable diseases  affecting  domestic  animals  in  the  District  of  Columbia. 

Office  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  District  of  Columbia, 

Washington , August  21,  1888. 

Whereas  the  eighth  section  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  May  29, 1884,  entitled 
“An  act  for  the  establishment  of  a Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  to  prevent  the 
exportation  of  diseased  cattle,  and  to  provide  the  means  for  the  suppression  and 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


15 


extirpation  of  pleuropneumonia  and  other  contag'ous  diseases  among  domestic 
animals,”  authorizes  and  requires  the  Commissioners  to  take  measures  for  the 
prompt  suppression  of  all  contagious,  infectious,  and  communicable  diseases 
affecting  domestic  animals  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  to  prescribe  regulations 
for  disinfection,  and  such  other  regulations  as  they  may  deem  necessary  to  prevent 
infection  and  contagion,  as  provided  in  said  section,  do  ordain,  declare,  and  pub- 
lish the  following: 

Ordered,  That  all  persons  having  the  care  or  custody  of  any  domestic  animal  in 
the  District  of  Columbia  affected  or  supposed  to  be  affected  with  any  infe;  tious, 
contagious,  or  communicable  disease  shall  isolate  and  forthwith  report  the  same 
to  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture, 
or  to  some  officer  in  said  Bureau  in  said  District,  designating  the  place  where  the 
same  may  be  found,  and  shall  place  the  same  at  his  disposal  and  observe  and  fol- 
low such  directions  as  such  chief  or  officer  shall  prescribe  in  such  case. 

2.  That  it  is  hereby  made  the  duty  of  all  veterinary  surgeons  in  said  District 
and  sanitary  inspectors  of  the  health  department  of  the  District,  and  of  every 
member  of  the  Metropolitan  police  force,  to  inquire  and  report  upon  all  known  or 
suspected  cases  referred  to  in  Section  1 of  this  order. 

3.  That  if  any  person  or  persons  having  the  care  or  custody  of  any  domestic 
animal  in  said  District,  affected  or  supposed  to  be  affected  as  aforesaid,  shall 
secrete  or  conceal  the  same,  or  use  any  device  to  conceal  the  same,  or  mislead  the 
persons  or  officers  who  are  charged  with  any  duty  with  reference  to  such  domestic 
animals,  and  all  persons  aiding  therein,  shall  each  suffer  the  penalty  hereinafter 
described. 

4.  That  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  only  may  cause  the  death 
of  any  so  diseased,  or  supposed  to  be  diseased,  animal  in  said  District  upon  order, 
oral  or  written,  from  him  for  the  death  of  such  animal,  and  shall  also  prescribe 
the  mode  and  place  of  such  death,  which  shall  be  strictly  pursued  in  the  destruc- 
tion of  said  animal,  and  the  bodies  of  such  animals  so  killed  shall  be  removed  by 
the  health  officer  of  the  District  upon  notice  from  said  chief. 

5.  That  every  person  who  shall  violate  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  regulation 
shall  be  fined  in  any  sum  not  less  than  $10  nor  more  than  $25  for  each  offense,  to 
be  enforced  in  the  police  court  of  the  District  of  Columbia  in  the  name  of  the 
District  on  information,  etc. 

The  Commissioners  having  learned  that  a dangerous  communicable  disease  pre- 
vails among  domestic  animals  in  the  vicinity  of  the  district  which  by  contagion 
or  transportation  may  affect  the  general  health  and  safety,  the  Commissioners,  in 
pursuance  of  the  provisions  of  Section  8 of  the  act  approved  May  29,  1884,  order 
the  following  measures  for  the  prompt  suppression  of  the  same: 

1.  Upon  the  recommendation  of  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  the  Chief 
of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  in  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture 
is  hereby  authorized  and  empowered  to  act  as  veterinarian  for  the  District  of 
Columbia  for  the  purposes  named  in  the  act  above  quoted. 

2.  So  much  of  the  rules  and  regulations  prepared  by  the  Commissioner  of  Agri- 
culture in  accordance  with  the  requirements  of  the  act  aforesaid,  and  published 
under  date  of  April  15,  1887,  as  are  applicable  to  the  District  of  Columbia  are 
hereby  approved  and  adopted  by  the  Commissioners  as  regulations  for  the  District: 
Provided , That  wherever  said  regulations  require  report  and  action  by  the  Com- 
missioner of  Agriculture,  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  acting  as 
veterinarian  for  the  District,  shall  submit  the  requisite  reports  and  recommenda- 
tions for  the  consideration  of  and  action  by  the  Commissioners  of  the  District  of 
Columbia. 

3.  The  legally  appointed  agents  and  inspectors  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Indus- 
try are  hereby  empowered,  under  the  direction  of  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau,  to  dis- 
charge corresponding  duties  for  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  all  citizens  of  the 


16 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


District  are  hereby  directed  and  required  to  recognize  and  respect  the  said  Chief 
of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  and  his  duly  appointed  agents  as  lawful  officers 
of  the  District. 

4.  The  said  Chief  of  the  Bureau  and  his  agents  are  authorized  to  inspect  any 
premises  in  the  District  of  Columbia  where  it  is  believed  there  exists  any  conta- 
gious, infectious,  or  communicable  disease  among  any  domestic  animals,  and  if 
found  needful  to  order  the  temporary  quarantine  of  said  animals,  to  cause  prem- 
ises to  be  disinfected,  and  if  necessary  to  condemn  the  animals  to  be  killed  in  order 
to  prevent  the  spread  of  the  disease. 

5.  The  proceedings  for  the  appraisal  of  the  value  of  animals  condemned  to  be 
killed  shall  be  under  the  provisions  of  Section  8 of  the  regulations. 

6.  The  Chief  of  the  Bureau  aforesaid,  acting  as  veterinarian  for  the  District, 
shall  make  to  the  Commissioners  monthly  reports  of  all  matters  relating  to  the 
subject  of  this  order  within  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  in  addition  thereto 
special  reports  and  recommendations  as  often  as  shall  be  needful  for  the  informa- 
tion of  the  Commissioners  to  enable  them  to  carry  into  effect  the  provisions  of 
the  law. 

FLORIDA. 

Florida  has  no  law  relative  to  bovine  tuberculosis. 

GEORGIA. 

Georgia  has  no  law  relating  to  bovine  tuberculosis. 

IDAHO. 

Idaho  has  no  legislation  with  reference  to  bovine  tuberculosis. 

ILLINOIS. 

The  law  provides  for  the  appointment  by  the  Governor  of  three 
practical  stock  breeders,  who  shall  constitute  a Board  of  Live  Stock 
Commissioners. 

The  duties  of  said  board  shall  be  to  investigate  all  cases  of  conta- 
gious or  infectious  diseases  coming  to  their  knowledge  and,  so  far  as 
possible,  to  prevent  their  spread  and  provide  for  their  extirpation. 
Owners  of  animals  so  diseased  must  notify  the  board,  and  the  board 
may  quarantine. 

The  board  has  power  to  slaughter  diseased  or  exposed  animals;  to 
destroy  or  quarantine  all  barns,  stables,  premises,  fixtures,  etc. ; to 
allow  indemnity  for  slaughtered  animals  upon  agreement  or  appraise- 
ment. 

Claims  for  indemnity  for  animals  slaughtered  are  made  to  the 
board,  who  shall  determine  the  amount  of  indemnity,  the  maximum 
pajunent  not  to  exceed  $7 5 for  bovine  species. 

The  Governor  shall  appoint  a State  Veterinarian,  who  shall  operate 
under  the  direction  of  the  board,  and  who  may  appoint  assistants. 

He  may  also  issue  proclamation  prohibiting  entry  into  the  State  of 
diseased  animals*  except  under  prescribed  regulations,  and  transpor- 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


17 


tation  corporations  which  violate  such  regulations  are  subject  to  a 
fine  of  not  less  than  $1,000  nor  more  than  $10,000  for  each  offense. 

No  person  knowing  of  the  existence  of  contagious  or  infectious 
disease  among  his  animals  shall  conceal  such  fact;  he  shall  not  sell 
such  diseased  or  exposed  animals  or  remove  them  from  his  premises 
except  by  order  of  the  board;  he  shall  not  import  any  such  animals 
from  another  State,  or  in  any  way  engage  in  traffic  of  such  animals. 
The  penalty  for  such  violation  of  these  provisions  is  not  less  than 
$25  nor  more  than  $200,  and  imprisonment  in  county  jail  until  fine 
and  costs  are  paid  for  each  offense;  and  he  forfeits  all  right  to 
indemnity. 

The  sum  of  $20,000  is  appropriated  to  pay  for  property  destroyed 
and  for  disinfection,  and  $5,000  for  tuberculin  tests  and  for  indem- 
nity for  animals  responding  to  the  tuberculin  test. 

LAWS. 

AN  ACT  to  Revise  the  law  in  relation  to  the  suppression  and  prevention  of  the  spread  of 

contagious  and  infectious  diseases  among  domestic  animals,  approved  June  27,  1885,  in  force 

July  1, 1885,  as  amended  by  an  act  approved  and  in  force  April  20,  1887,  and  an  act  approved 

June  15,  1887,  in  force  July  1,  1887. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  People  of  the  State  of  Illinois , represented  in  the  General 
Assembly: 

Section  1.  That  the  (Governor  shall,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate, 
appoint  three  practical  stock  breeders,  not  more  than  two  of  whom  shall  be  mem- 
bers of  the  same  political  party,  who  shall  constitute  a Board  of  Live  Stock  Com- 
missioners, who  shall  hold  their  office  in  the  order  in  which  they  are  named,  the 
first  for  one  year,  the  second  for  two  years,  and  the  third  for  three  years;  and  their 
successors  in  office  shall  be  appointed  for  three  years  each.  Before  entering  on  the 
duties  of  their  office  they  snail  take  and  subscribe  to  an  oath  of  office  for  the  faith- 
ful performance  of  their  duties  as  such  commissioners,  and  shall  file  the  same  with 
the  Governor. 

Sec.  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  Board  of  Commissioners  to  cause  to  be  inves- 
tigated any  and  all  cases,  or  alleged  cases,  coming  to  their  knowledge  of  contagious 
and  infectious  diseases  among  domestic  animals,  and  to  use  all  proper  means  to 
prevent  the  spread  of  such  diseases  and  to  provide  for  the  extirpation  thereof;  and 
in  the  event  of  reasonable  ground  for  belief  that  any  such  contagious  or  infectious 
disease  has  broken  out  in  this  State,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  person  owning  or 
having  in  charge  any  animal  or  animals  infected  with  disease,  or  any  other  person 
having  knowledge  or  reason  to  suspect  the  existence  of  such  disease,  to  immedi- 
ately notify  said  Board  of  Commissioners,  or  some  member  thereof,  by  communi- 
cation to  said  board,  of  the  existence  of  such  disease;  and  thereupon  it  shall  be  the 
duty  of  said  board,  or  some  member  thereof,  or  authorized  agent  of  the  board, 
immediately  to  cause  proper  examination  thereof  to  be  made,  and  if  said  disease 
shall  be  found  to  be  a dangerously  contagious  or  dangerously  infectious  malady, 
said  board  or  any  member  thereof,  or  the  State  Veterinarian  or  any  Assistant 
Veterinarian,  shall  order  said  diseased  animals,  and  such  as  have  been  exposed  to 
contagion,  and  the  premises  in  which  they  are,  to  be  strictly  quarantined  for  such 
time  as  the  board,  or  any  member  thereof,  or  such  veterinarian  may  deem  neces- 
sary, in  charge  of-  such  person  as  the  board,  or  any  member  thereof,  or  such  veter- 
inarian, shall  designate,  and  they  shall  have  power  to  order  any  premises  and 
farms  where  the  disease  exists,  or  has  recently  existed,  as  well  as  exposed  premises 
and  farms,  to  be  put  in  quarantine,  so  that  no  domestic  animal  which  has  been  or 

17022— No.  28—01 2 


18 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


is  so  diseased,  or  has  been  exposed  to  such  contagious  or  infectious  disease,  be 
removed  from  the  places  so  quarantined,  nor  allow  any  healthy  animal  to  be 
brought  therein,  except  under  such  rule  or  regulation  as  the  said  board  may  pre- 
scribe; and  said  board  shall  prescribe  such  regulations  as  they  may  deem  necessary 
to  prevent  such  disease  from  being  communicated  in  any  way  from  places  quar- 
antined. In  all  such  cases  of  contagious  and  infectious  disease,  the  said  board, 
or,  in  case  the  number  of  animals  shall  not  exceed  five,  any  member  thereof, 
shall  have  power  to  order  the  slaughter  of  all  such  diseased  and  exposed  animals. 
The  said  board  shall  have  power  to  cause  to  be  destroyed  all  barns,  stables,  prem- 
ises, fixtures,  furniture,  and  personal  property  infected  with  any  such  contagious 
or  infectious  disease,  so  far  as  in  their  judgment  may  be  necessary  to  prevent  the 
spread  of  such  disease,  and  where  the  same  can  not  be  properly  disinfected.  When 
the  board,  upon  the  written  report  of  the  State  Veterinarian,  or  any  of  his  assist- 
ants, determine  that  any  animal  is  affected  with,  or  has  been  exposed  to,  any 
dangerously  contagious  or  infectious  disease,  the  board,  or  any  member  thereof, 
may  agree  with  the  owner  upon  the  value  of  such  animal  or  property,  and  in  case 
such  agreement  can  not  be  made,  said  board,  or  the  member  acting  in  behalf  of 
the  board,  may  appoint  three  disinterested  citizens  of  the  State  to  appraise  such 
diseased  animal  or  exposed  animals  or  property.  Such  appraisers  shall  subscribe 
to  an  oath  in  writing  to  fairly  value  such  animal  in  accordance  with  the  require- 
ments of  the  act,  which  oath,  together  with  the  valuation  fixed  by  said  appraisers, 
shall  be  filed  with  the  board  and  be  preserved  by  them.  Upon  such  appraisement 
being  made,  it  shall  become  the  duty  of  the  owner  to  immediately  destroy  such 
animal  and  dispose  of  the  same  in  accordance  with  the  order  of  said  board,  or 
member  thereof,  and  upon  failure  so  to  do  said  board,  or  any  member  thereof, 
shall  cause  such  animal  or  animals  or  property  to  be  destroyed  and  disposed  of, 
and  thereupon  the  said  owner  shall  forfeit  all  right  to  receive  the  compensation 
allowed  by  said  appraisers  and  provided  for  by  this  act.  When  the  board,  upon 
the  written  opinion  of  the  State  Veterinarian,  determines  that  any  barns,  stables, 
outbuildings,  or  premises  are  so  infected  that  the  same  can  not  be  disinfected,  they 
may  quarantine  such  barns,  stables,  outbuildings  or  premises  from  use  for  the  ani- 
mals that  may  be  infected  by  such  use,  and  such  quarantine  shall  continue  until 
removed  by  the  board,  and  a violation  of  such  quarantine  shall  be  punished  as  is 
provided  for  violations  of  other  quarantine  by  this  act. 

Sec.  3.  The  Governor  shall  appoint  a competent  veterinary  surgeon,  who  shall 
be  known  as  the  State  Veterinarian,  who,  together  with  his  assistants,  shall  act 
under  the  direction  of  said  board  in  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act.  In 
the  event  of  the  inability  of  the  said  State  Veterinarian  to  perform  all  the  work 
which  he  may  be  directed  to  do  by  the  said  Board  of  Commissioners,  he  may,  by 
and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  said  board,  appoint  such  other  necessary 
assistant  veterinarians  upon  terms  not  exceeding  that  paid  the  State  Veterinarian. 
The  State  Veterinarian  shall  receive  for  his  services  the  sum  of  $3  per  day,  for  each 
day  actually  employed  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  together  with  his  neces- 
sary expenses,  to  be  certified  to  by  said  Board  of  Commissioners. 

Sec.  4.  Whenever  said  Board  of  Commissioners  shall  report  to  the  Governor 
that  such  diseases  have  become  epidemic  in  certain  localities  in  other  States,  or 
that  their  condition  would  render  such  domestic  animals  liable  to  convey  such 
disease,  he  may,  by  proclamation,  schedule  such  localities,  and  prohibit  the  impor- 
tation of  any  live  stock  of  the  kind  diseased  into  the  State,  except  under  such  regu- 
lations as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  said  board  and  approved  by  the  Governor. 
Any  corporation  which  shall  knowingly  transport,  receive,  or  conve}r  prohibited 
stock,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall 
be  fined  not  less  than  $1,000  nor  more  than  $10,000  for  each  and  every  offense,  and 
shall  become  liable  for  any  and  all  damage  or  loss  that  may  be  sustained  by  any 
party  or  parties  by  reason  of  such  importation  or  transportation  of  such  prohibited 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


19 


stock.  Such  penalty  shall  be  recovered  in  any  county  in  this  State  into  or  through 
which  stock  is  brought,  upon  information  filed  in  the  circuit  or  county  court  of 
any  such  county,  or  of  the  Superior  court  of  Cook  County.  Any  person  who, 
knowing  that  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease  exists  among  his  domestic 
animals,  shall  conceal  such  fact,  or  knowing  of  the  existence  of  such  disease  shall 
sell  the  animal  or  animals  so  diseased,  or  any  exposed  animal,  or  knowing  the 
same,  shall  remove  such  diseased  or  infected  animals  from  his  premises  to  the 
premises  of  another,  or  knowing  of  the  existence  of  such  disease  or  exposure,  shall 
drive  or  lead  or  ship  the  same  by  any  car  or  steamboat  to  any  other  place  in  or  out 
of  this  State,  and  any  person  or  persons  who  shall  bring  any  such  diseased,  or 
knowingly,  shall  bring  any  such  exposed  animal  or  animals  into  this  State  from 
another  State,  and  any  person  or  persons  who  shall  knowingly,  buy,  receive,  sell, 
convey,  or  engage  in  the  traffic  of  such  diseased  or  exposed  stock,  and  any  person 
who  shall  violate  any  quarantine  regulations  established  under  the  provisions  of 
this  act,  shall,  for  each,  either,  anjr,  and  all  acts  above  mentioned  in  this  section 
be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor  and,  on  conviction  thereof,  or  of  any  said  acts,  shall 
be  fined  in  any  sum  not  less  than  $25  nor  more  than  $200,  and  imprisonment  in  the 
county  jail  until  the  fine  and  costs  are  paid,  and  shall  forfeit  all  right  to  the  com- 
pensation for  any  animal  or  property  destroyed  under  the  provisions  of  this  act. 
Any  veterinary  practitioner  having  information  of  any  contagious  or  infectious 
disease  in  this  State,  and  who  shall  fail  to  promptly  report  such  knowledge  to  the 
Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners,  shall  be  fined  not  exceeding  $500,  or  be 
imprisoned  in  the  county  jail  not  more  than  one  year  for  each  offense. 

Sec.  5.  Whenever  said  board  shall  become  satisfied  that  any  dangerously  con- 
tagious or  infectious  disease  among  domestic  animals  exists  throughout  any  munic- 
ipality or  geographical  district  within  this  State,  and,  in  their  judgment,  it  is 
necessary  to  quarantine  such  municipality  or  geographical  district  in  order  to  pre- 
vent the  spread  of  such  disease  into  contiguous  territory,  they  shall  report  the 
same  to  the  Governor,  who  may  thereupon  by  proclamation  schedule  and  quaran- 
tine such  district,  prohibiting  all  domestic  animals  of  the  kind  diseased  within 
such  district  from  being  removed  from  one  premises  to  another  or  over  any  public 
highway  or  any  unfenced  lot  or  piece  of  ground,  or  from  being  brought  into  or 
taken  from  such  infected  district,  except  upon  obtaining  a special  permit,  signed 
by  the  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners,  or  members  thereof,  or  agents  or  offi- 
cer of  the  board  duly  authorized  by  it  to  issue  such  permits;  and  such  proclama- 
tion shall  from  the  time  of  its  publication  bind  all  persons.  After  the  publication 
of  aforesaid  proclamation,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  every  person  who  owns  or  is  in 
charge  of  animals  of  the  kind  diseased  within  the  scheduled  district  to  report  to 
said  board  within  one  week  the  number  and  description  of  such  animals,  location, 
and  the  name  and  address  of  the  owner,  and  during  the  continuance  of  such  quar- 
antine to  report  to  said  board  all  cases  of  sickness,  deaths,  or  births  among  such 
animals.  It  shall  also  be  the  duty  of  any  and  all  persons  within  the  scheduled 
district  receiving  and  purchasing  cattle  for  slaughter  to  delay  the  killing  of  such 
animals  until  a veterinary  surgeon  with  authority  from  said  board  is  present  to 
make  a postmortem  examination  of  the  carcasses.  Any  violation  of  the  aforesaid 
quarantine  regulations  and  duties  shall  be  visited  with  like  penalties,  which  may 
be  recovered  in  like  manner  as  is  provided  for  the  violation  of  other  quarantine 
as  provided  in  Section  4 of  this  act:  Provided,  That  nothing  contained  in  this  sec- 
tion shall  be  so  construed  as  to  prevent  the  movement  of  any  animals  of  the 
kind  diseased  through  such  territory  under  such  regulations  as  the  Board  of  Live 
Stock  Commissioners  may  prescribe,  and  the  Governor  approve:  And  'provided 
further,  That  all  cattle  within  the  scheduled  district  slaughtered  by  order  of  the 
board  shall  not  be  taken  from  said  district  for  slaughter. 

Sec.  6.  Nothing  contained  in  this  act,  or  any  section  thereof,  shall  be  interpreted 
so  as  to  prevent  the  removal  or  shipment  of  diseased  or  exposed  animals,  under  the 


20 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


orders  of  the  board  created  by  this  act,  from  one  place  to  another  by  said  board  or 
its  agents,  by  driving  along  the  public  highway  or  shipment  on  cars  or  steamboats, 
when,  in  the  opinion  of  said  board,  such  removal  is  necessary  for  the  suppression 
of  such  contagious  or  infectious  disease. 

Sec.  7.  Whenever  quarantine  is  established  in  accordance  with  the  provisions 
of  Section  2 of  this  act,  valid  notice  of  the  same  may  be  given  by  leaving  with  the 
owner  or  occupant  of  any  premises  in  person,  or  delivering  to  any  member  of  his 
family,  or  any  employee  over  the  age  of  10  years  found  on  the  premises  so  quaran- 
tined, notice  thereof,  written  or  printed,  or  partly  written  and  partly  printed,  and, 
at  the  same  time,  explaining  the  contents  thereof.  Such  quarantine  shall  be  suf- 
ficiently proven  in  any  court  by  the  production  of  a true  copy  of  such  notice  of 
quarantine,  with  a return  thereon  of  the  service  of  the  same  in  the  manner  above 
required.  Any  person  violating  said  quarantine  shall  be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor 
and  punished  as  is  provided  in  Section  4 of  this  act,  and  on  conviction  shall  be  liable 
for  all  damage  that  may  result  to  other  persons  in  consequence  of  such  violation: 
Provided , That  anyone  feeling  himself  aggrieved  by  such  quarantine  may  appeal 
to  the  full  Board  of  Commissioners,  who  shall  thereupon  sustain,  modify,  or  annul 
said  quarantine  as  they  deem  proper. 

Sec.  8.  All  fines  recovered  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  paid  into  the 
county  treasury  of  the  county  in  which  the  suit  is  tried  by  the  person  collecting 
the  same  in  the  manner  now  provided  by  law,  to  be  used  for  county  purposes; 
and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  State's  attorneys  in  their  respective  counties  to  prosecute 
for  all  violations  of  this  act. 

Sec.  9.  All  claims  against  the  State  arising  from  the  slaughter  of  animals,  as 
herein  provided  for,  shall  be  made  to  said  Board  of  Commissioners,  under  such 
rules  and  regulations  as  they  may  prescribe,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  Board 
of  Commissioners  to  determine  the  amount  which  shall  be  paid  in  each  case  on 
account  of  animals  so  slaughtered,  which,  in  case  of  animals  of  the  bovine  species, 
shall  be  based  on  the  fair  cash  market  value  thereof  for  beef,  or  for  use  for  dairy 
purposes,  not  to  exceed  $75  per  head,  and,  in  cases  of  animals  of  the  equine  species, 
on  their  fair  cash  market  value,  not  to  exceed  $100  per  head,  and  report  the  same 
to  the  Governor;  and  the  Governor  shall  indorse  thereon  his  order  to  the  State 
Auditor,  who  shall  thereupon  issue  his  warrant  on  the  State  Treasurer  for  the 
same. 

Sec.  10.  Said  Board  of  Commissioners,  or  any  member  thereof,  and  the  State 
Yeterinarian  and  his  assistants,  in  the  performance  of  their  duties  under  this  act, 
shall  have  power  to  call  on  sheriffs  and  their  deputies,  constables,  and  peace  offi- 
cers, mayors  of  cities,  city  and  town  marshals  and  policemen  to  assist  them  in 
carrying  out  its  provisions,  and  it  is  hereby  made  the  duty  of  all  such  officers  to 
assist  in  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act  when  ordered  so  to  do;  and  said 
Commissioners  and  the  State  Yeterinarian  and  his  assistants  shall  have,  while 
engaged  in  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act.  the  same  power  and  protection 
that  other  peace  officers  have,  and  any  such  officer  who  fails  or  refuses  to  enforce 
the  lawful  orders  and  quarantine  of  said  board,  or  any  member  thereof,  or  any 
veterinarian  acting  under  them,  in  the  proper  execution  of  the  powers  conferred 
by  this  act,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor  and  punished  as  provided  in 
Section  4 of  this  act. 

Sec.  11.  The  said  board  shall  cooperate  with  any  commissioner  or  other  officer 
appointed  by  the  United  States  for  the  suppression  of  contagious  diseases  among 
domestic  animals,  so  far  as  the  provisions  of  this  act  and  the  appropriations  made 
in  accordance  therewith  will  allow,  in  suppressing  and  preventing  the  spread  of 
contagious  and  infectious  diseases  among  domestic  animals  in  this  State. 

Sec.  12.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  Board  of  Commissioners  to  keep  a record 
of  all  their  acts  and  proceedings  and  report  the  same  to  the  Governor  annually, 
or  often er  if  required,  for  publication.  The  annual  report  shall  include  an  item- 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


21 


ized  statement  of  all  sums  expended  by  them  under  this  act,  including  a statement 
of  all  damages  recommended  by  them  to  be  paid  for  all  animals  slaughtered,  and 
the  amounts  paid  therefor. 

Sec.  13.  The  members  of  said  .board  shall  each  receive  the  sum  of  $5  per  day 
for  each  day  necessarily  employed  in  the  discharge  of  their  duties,  their  nec- 
essary expenses,  and  other  incidental  expenses  necessarily  incurred  in  the  per- 
formance of  their  duties  under  this  act,  to  be  paid  on  certified  and  itemized 
vouchers  to  be  approved  by  the  Governor. 

Sec.  14.  All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  herewith  are  hereby  repealed. 

[Clause  35  of  the  general  appropriation  act  of  1899.] 

Thirty-fifth.  To  the  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners  the  following  sums 
are  hereby  appropriated:  For  salary  of  Secretary,  $1,800  per  annum;  to  pay  the 
expenses  of  the  commissioners,  $3,000  per  annum;  for  assistant  secretary,  who 
shall  be  a stenographer  and  typewriter,  the  sum  of  $1,200  per  annum;  for  sal- 
ary of  five  agents  at  the  Union  Stock  Yards  (Chicago),  one  agent  at  the  National 
Stock  Yards  (East  St.  Louis),  and  one  at  Peoria.  $9,000  per  annum;  for  janitor 
and  messenger  of  office,  $720  per  annum;  for  salary  of  assistant  veterinarian 
at  Union  Stock  Yards,  Chicago,  $1,800  per  annum;  for  salary  and  expenses  of 
State  Veterinarian,  $3,500  per  annum;  for  telegraphing,  postage,  express,  and 
other  incidental  expenses  of  the  office,  $1,200  per  annum;  also  for  paying  dam- 
ages for  animals  diseased  or  exposed  to  contagion  slaughtered;  for  per  diem 
and  traveling  expenses  of  assistant  State  veterinarians  and  agents,  and  expenses 
of  the  board  or  its  officers  incurred  in  making  examinations'  of  the  same  or 
in  making  examinations  of  any  animals  supposed  to  be  diseased;  for  property 
necessarily  destroyed,  and  for  expenses  of  disinfection  of  premises  when  such 
disinfection  is  practicable  under  the  provisions  of  any  law  of  this  State  for  the 
suppression  and  prevention  of  the  spread  of  contagious  and  infectious  diseases 
among  domestic  animals,  the  sum  of  $20,000,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be 
necessary;  and  any  sums  of  money  that  may  be  received  by  the  Board  of  Live 
Stock  Commissioners  as  the  net  proceeds  of  sale  of  the  healthy  carcasses  of 
slaughtered  animals  under  the  provisions  of  this  law  shad  be  paid  by  them 
into  the  State  Treasury;  also  for  paying  expenses  of  conducting  tuberculin 
tests  among  dairy  and  breeding  cattle,  and  for  paying  damages  for  cattle 
destroyed  that  respond  to  the  tuberculin  test  and  are  diseased  with  tubercu- 
losis, $5,000  per  annum,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  the  valuation 
in  such  cases  to  be  determined  by  the  board  in  accordance  with  the  provisions 
of  law,  and  the  amount  of  damages  to  be  paid  in  each  case  to  be  based  upon  the 
value  of  each  animal  as  disclosed  and  determined  by  a postmortem  examination. 

PROCLAMATIONS  AND  RULES  AND  REGULATIONS. 

In  consequence  of  the  second  proclamation  given  herewith,  dated 
August  7,  1900,  there  are  no  restrictions  on  the  importation  of  dairy 
and  breeding  cattle  now  being  enforced  in  Illinois. 

Proclamation  scheduling  localities  and  territory  on  account  of  tuberculosis  among  dairy  and 

breeding  cattle. 

State  of  Illinois,  Executive  Department, 

Springfield . June  13 , 1899. 

Whereas  I have  received  from  the  State  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners 
the  following  communication: 

To  His  Excellency  John  R.  Tanner,  Governor  of  Illinois: 

Si3:  Pursuant  to  the  terms  of  an  act  of  the  General  Assembly  entitled.  ‘An 
act  to  revise  the  law  in  relation  to  the  suppression  and  prevention  of  the  spread 


22 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


of  contagious  and  infectious  diseases  among  domestic  animals,”  approved  June 
27,  1885,  in  force  July  1,  1885,  as  amended  by  an  act  approved  and  in  force 
April  20,  1887,  and  an  act  approved  June  15,  1887,  and  in  force  July  1, 1887,  the 
State  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners  herewith  reports  to  your  Excellency 
the  fact  that  tuberculosis,  a dangerously  contagious  disease,  prevails  to  a greater  or 
less  exent  among  the  cat!  le  constituting  the  dairy  and  breeding  herds  of  all  t e 
States  and  Territories  of  the  United  States,  and  of  foreign  countries,  and  that 
cattle  affecte  1 with  this  disease,  being  brought  into  the  State  of  Illinois,  are  dan- 
gerous and  liable  to  communicate  said  disease  to  other  cattle  with  which  they  are 
brought  in  contact,  and  respectfully  requests  your  Excellency  to  issue  a procla- 
mation in  pursuance  of  the  terms  of  said  above-entitled  act,  scheduling  all  States 
and  territory  within  the  United  States,  other  than  the  State  of  Illinois,  and  all 
foreign  countries,  and  prohibiting  the  importation  of  dairy  or  breeding  cattle 
(cows,  bulls,  or  calves)  therefrom  into  the  State  of  Illinois,  except  in  accordance 
with  the  rules  and  regulations  adopted  by  this  board  and  herewith  submitted  for 
your  approval. 

We  have  the  honor  to  be,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servants, 

J.  H.  Paddock, 

James  P.  Lott, 

J.  M.  Darnell, 

Commissioners. 


Attest: 

C.  P.  Johnson,  Secretary. 


Now,  therefore,  I,  John  R.  Tanner,  Governor  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  as  provided 
by  Section  4 of  the  above-entitled  act,  do  hereby  make  proclamation  of  the  fore- 
going facts,  and  schedule  the  foregoing  territory,  to  wit: 

All  of  the  States  and  territory  of  the  United  States,  other  than  the  State  of 
Illinois,  and  all  foreign  countries. 

And  prohibit  the  importation  of  dairy  or  breeding  cattle  (cows,  calves,  or  bulls, 
used  or  intended  to  be  used  for  dairy  or  breeding  purposes)  from  the  above- 
described  territory  into  the  State  of  Illinois,  except  under  the  regulations  hereto 
attached  and  made  a part  hereof,  that  have  been  prescribed  by  the  State  Board  of 
Live  Stock  Commissioners  and  approved  by  me. 


RULES  AND  REGULATIONS  prescribed  by  the  State  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners  of 
Illinois,  governing  the  importation  of  dairy  and  breeding  cattle  into  this  State  from  States 
and  territory  scheduled  or  to  be  scheduled  by  the  Governor’s  proclamation  with  reference 
to  tuberculosis  among  cattle. 

Rule  1.  Any  shipper  or  owner  of  dairy  or  breeding  cattle  in  States  or  territory 
scheduled  or  to  be  scheduled  by  the  Governor  on  account  of  tuberculosis  among 
cattle,  desiring  to  ship  such  cattle  into  the  State  of  Illinois,  must,  before  offering 
the  same  for  shipment  to  any  railroad  or  transportation  company — which  is  meant 
to  include  boats,  ferries,  and  bridges— or  before  driving  the  same  into  this  State, 
have  such  cattle  tested  with  tuberculin  by  a veterinarian  recognized  by  the  sani- 
tary authorities  of  the  State  in  which  such  owner  or  shipper  resides  and  author- 
ized by  such  authorities  to  make  such  tests. 

Rule  2.  Before  any  such  cattle  destined  for  shipment  as  aforesaid  are  offered 
to  any  railroad  company  for  such  shipment,  or  are  driven  into  the  State  of  Illinois, 
they  must  be  tested  with  tuberculin  by  a veterinary  inspector  duly  authorized  by 
the  State  Veterinary  Sanitary  authorities  of  the  State  from  which  such  cattle  are 
to  be  shipped  or  driven,  who  has  been  accepted  by  the  State  Board  of  Live  Stock 
Commissioners  of  Illinois  to  make  such  tests  in  accordance  with  the  rules  of  said 
Board.  On  the  completion  of  said  test,  said  veterinary  inspector  shall  make  out  a 
statement  of  the  temperatures  in  duplicate  of  such  cattle  as  shall  not  show  a 
reaction  to  the  tuberculin  test  to  exceed  1.5  degrees  in  excess  of  the  highest  tem- 
perature taken  before  injecting  with  tuberculin,  filling  out  properly  all  blanks 
therein;  he  shall  certify  such  statement  and  when  the  owner  of  the  cattle  shall 
have  made  the  affidavit  on  the  back  thereof  that  the  animals  to  be  shipped  are  the 
identical  animals  referred  to  in  the  certificate,  said  veterinary  inspector  shall 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


23 


deliver  the  original  copy  of  said  certificate  to  said  owner  and  shall  mail  the  dupli- 
cate copy  thereof  to  the  Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners 
at  Springfield,  111.  The  shipper  may  then  immediately  ship  such  certified  cattle, 
by  presenting  the  original  copy  of  certificate  to  the  railroad  company,  to  be 
attached  to  way  bill,  memorandum  bill,  or  bill  of  lading  accompanying  the  ship- 
ment. [Note. — Blanks  will  be  furnished  on  application  to  the  Secretary  of  the 
State  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners,  Springfield.  111.] 

Rule  3.  In  conducting  such  tuberculin  test,  the  veterinarian  shall  take  at  least 
four  preliminary  temperatures  at  intervals  of  two  hours  during  the  day  of  the 
evening  of  injecting,  and  at  least  five  temperatures  at  intervals  of  two  hours,  com- 
mencing ten  hours  after  injection. 

Rule  4.  No  shipment  of  dairy  or  breeding  cattle  destined  to  any  point  in  the 
State  of  Illinois  from  States  and  territory  described  and  designated  in  the  proc- 
lamation of  the  Governor  aforesaid  shall  be  received  by  any  railroad  or  trans- 
portation company  doing  business  in  the  State  of  Illinois  from  the  original  shipper 
or  from  any  connecting  railroad  or  transportation  company,  unless  the  same  be 
accompanied  by  the  certificate  designated  in  Rule  2,  properly  endorsed  as  provided 
therein;  such  certificate  to  be  attached  to  the  way  bill,  memorandum  bill,  or  bill 
of  lading  accompanying  the  shipment,  and  to  be  delivered  with  said  bill  to  the 
consignee. 

Rule  5.  Any  dairy  or  breeding  cattle  (cows,  bulls,  or  calves)  shipped  or  driven 
into  the  State  of  Illinois  from  other  States  and  territory  designated  and  described 
in  the  Governor's  proclamation  aforesaid  without  being  accompanied  by  the  cer- 
tificate aforesaid  properly  endorsed,  will,  upon  discovery,  be  placed  in  quarantine 
until  tested  with  tuberculin  by  a veterinarian  designated  by  this  board,  which 
test  shall  be  made  at  the  expense  of  the  owner;  and  any  cattle  that  shall  react  to 
such  test  and  be  condemned  will  be  destroyed  without  compensation  to  the  owner. 

This  proclamation  to  go  into  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  the  first  day 
of  July,  A.  D.  1899. 

In  testimony  whereof  I hereunto  set  my  hand  and  cause  the  great  seal  of  the 
State  of  Illinois  to  be  affixed. 

Done  at  the  city  of  Springfield  on  the  day  and  year  first  above  written. 

John  R.  Tanner,  Governor . 

By  the  Governor: 

James  A.  Rose , Secretary  of  State. 


State  of  Illinois, 

Office  of  State  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners, 

Springfield,  June  22,  1899. 

To  whom  it  may  concern: 

By  direction  of  the  Governor,  it  is  herewith  ordered  that  his  proclamation  with 
reference  to  tuberculosis  among  dairy  and  breeding  cattle  destined  for  shipment 
into  the  State  of  Illinois,  and  the  regulations  under  said  proclamation,  shall  not 
be  held  to  apply  to  cattle  to  be  brought  into  the  State  from  other  States  for  the 
purpose  of  exhibition  at  the  State  Fair,  or  District  or  County  Fairs:  Provided, 
That  in  the  event  that  sales  shall  be  made  from  such  exhibition  herds,  to  remain  in 
the  State  of  Illinois,  such  cattle  so  sold  shall  be  first  submitted  to  the  tuberculin 
test  before  the  sale  is  consummated  and  the  cattle  are  shipped  to  their  destination. 

J.  H.  Paddock, 

J.  P.  Lott, 

J.  M.  Darnell, 
Commissioners. 

Attest: 

C.  P.  Johnson,  Secretary. 

Approved: 

John  R.  Tanner,  Governor . 


24 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


PROCLAMATION  temporarily  suspending  the  operation  of  the  regulations  contained  in  the 
proclamation  of  the  Governor  of  Illinois  with  reference  to  tuberculosis  among  dairy  and 
breeding  cattle,  issued  June  13.  1899. 


State  of  Illinois,  Executive  Department, 

Springfield , August  7,  1900. 

Whereas  I have  received  from  the  State  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners  the 
following  communication: 

Springfield,  August  6,  1900. 

To  His  Excellency,  John  R.  Tanner,  Governor  of  Illinois: 

Sir:  Whereas,  The  Judge  of  the  County  Court  of  Dekalb  County,  111.,  has,  in 
the  trial  of  a criminal  case  pending  in  said  court,  on  change  of  venue  from  Kane 
County,  entitled,  The  People  of  the  State  of  Illinois  vs.  Smith  Younges,  brought 
for  the  violation  of  the  quarantine  regulations  contained  in  your  proclamation  of 
June  13,  1899,  with  reference  to  tuberculosis  among  cattle,  held  that  your  said 
proclamation  is  void  because  the  report  of  the  State  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commis- 
sioners of  Illinois  and  the  representations  contained  therein  upon  which  said 
proclamation  was  based  are  insufficient  and  not  in  compliance  with  the  provisions 
of  the  statute  in  such  case  made  and  provided,  and 

Whereas,  In  a similar  case,  pending  and  on  trial  in  Kane  County,  entitled.  The 
People  of  the  State  of  Illinois  vs.  Elmer  Fellows,  the  Judge  of  the  County  Court 
held  that  the  act  under  which  said  proclamation  was  issued  is  constitutional  and 
that  the  proclamation  itself  is  valid,  and 

Whereas,  The  aforesaid  case,  tried  in  Dekalb  County,  because  of  being  a crim- 
inal prosecution,  can  not  be  appealed  to  the  Supreme  Court  and  a Judicial  decision 
of  the  highest  tribunal  of  the  State  secured,  and 

Whereas,  A replevin  case  is  now  pending  in  Kane  County,  growing  out  of  the 
enforcement  of  the  aforesaid  quarantine  regulations,  that  will  come  up  for  a hear- 
ing in  the  Circuit  Court  of  Kane  County  at  the  September  term,  and  will  afford 
an  opportunity  for  a final  decision  on  the  constitutionality  of  the  act  in  question 
and  the  validity  of  the  aforesaid  proclamation  by  the  Supreme  Court, 

The  State  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners  of  Illinois  herewith  respectfully 
recommends  to  Your  Excellency  the  issuance  of  a proclamation  suspending  the 
operation  of  your  proclamation  of  June  13, 1899,  scheduling  all  States  and  territory 
of  the  United  States,  other  than  the  State  of  Illinois,  and  all  foreign  countries,  and 
prohibiting  the  importation  of  cattle  therefrom  into  the  State  of  Illinois  until  such 
cattle  shall  be  tested  with  tuberculin,  etc.,  until  a decision  is  procured  from 
the  Supreme  Court  in  the  case  now  pending,  above  referred  to,  as  to  the  constitu- 
tionality of  the  law  and  validity  of  said  proclamation. 

We  have  the  honor  to  be,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servants, 

J.  li.  Paddock, 
James  P.  Lott, 

J.  M.  Darnell, 

Attest:  State  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners. 

C.  P.  Johnson,  Secretary. 

Now,  therefore,  I,  John  R.  Tanner,  Governor  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  do  hereby 
make  proclamation  in  pursuance  of  the  recommendations  contained  in  the  forego- 
ing communication,  and  hereby  suspend  the  further  operation  of  my  proclamation 
scheduling  localities  and  territory  on  account  of  tuberculosis  among  dairy  and 
breeding  cattle,  dated  and  issued  at  Springfield.  June  13,  1899,  until  such  time  as 
the  Supreme  Court  shall  pass  upon  the  constitutionality  of  the  act  by  authority  of 
which  said  proclamation  was  issued,  and  the  validity  of  said  proclamation:  Pro- 
vided, That  nothing  in  this  proclamation  shall  be  construed  so  as  prevent  the 
prosecution  or  defense  of  any  litigation  now  pending,  growing  out  of  the  enforce- 
ment of  the  quarantine  regulations  in  said  proclamation  of  June  13,  1899. 

This  proclamation  to  go  into  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  date  of  the 
issuance  thereof. 

In  testimony  whereof,  I hereunto  set  my  hand  and  cause  the  great  seal  of  the 
State  of  Illinois  to  be  affixed. 

Done  at  the  city  of  Springfield  this  7th  day  of  August,  A.  D.  1900. 


By  the  Governor: 

James  A.  Rose,  Secretary  of  State. 


John  R.  Tanner,  Governor . 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


25 


RULES  of  tlie  State  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners  of  Illinois  regarding  investigation 
of  tuberculosis  among  dairy  and  breeding  cattle,  and  making  compensation. 

Whereas,  The  Forty-first  General  Assembly  has  made  an  appropriation  to  this 
Board  for  the  payment  of  damages  to  the  owners  of  dairy  and  breeding  cattle 
affected  with  tuberculosis,  as  determined  by  the  tuberculin  test,  therefore,  in 
pursuance  of  the  terms  of  the  clause  making  such  appropriation  aforesaid, 

Resolved , That  the  following  rules  governing  the  investigation  of  the  reported 
or  suspected  cases  of  tuberculosis  among  cattle,  and  for  determining  the  compen- 
sation in  each  case  to  be  made,  be,  and  the  same  are  hereby,  adopted: 

Rule  1.  All  cases  of  supposed  tuberculosis  among  dairy  or  breeding  cattle 
reported  to  this  board,  or  any  member  or  officer  thereof,  State  Veterinarian,  or 
any  Assistant  State  Veterinarian  or  agent  of  the  board,  shall  be  investigated 
under  the  direction  of  the  board,  and  if  upon  clinical  examination  by  the  veter- 
inarian designated  to  make  such  examination  sufficient  evidence  of  the  existence 
of  tuberculosis  in  any  animal  of  any  herd  shall  appear,  the  affected  animal, 
together  with  all  the  exposures,  shall  be  placed  in  quarantine  until  the  entire 
herd  is  tested  with  tuberculin  under  the  direction  of  the  board. 

Rule  2.  All  animals  in  any  herd  tested  with  tuberculin  that  shall  give  a reaction 
in  temperature  of  2 or  more  degrees  (where  such  reaction  is,  in  the  opinion  of 
the  veterinarian  in  charge,  due  to  the  tuberculin)  shall  be  deemed  affected  with 
tuberculosis,  isolated  from  the  balance  of  the  herd,  and  held  in  quarantine  until 
slaughtered  and  examined  postmortem.  All  animals  that  react  1.5  degrees  and 
less  than  2 degrees  shall  be  isolated  and  held  in  quarantine  for  a retest. 

Rule  3.  For  the  purpose  of  fixing  and  determining  the  value  of  animals  to  be 
slaughtered  because  of  reaction  to  the  tuberculin  test,  and  for  determining  the 
amount  of  compensation  to  the  owner  to  be  certified  in  each  case,  animals  tested 
and  taken  for  slaughter  shall  be  divided  into  six  classes,  to  be  known  as  follows: 
Class  A,  Class  B,  Class  C,  Class  D,  Class  E,  and  Class  F,  and  the  class  to  which 
any  animal  belongs  shall  be  determined  by  the  State  Veterinarian  (or  the  Assist- 
ant State  Veterinarian  in  charge  of  the  postmortem  inspection),  who  shall  be 
guided  in  such  determination  by  the  appearance  and  condition  of  the  internal 
organs  of  each  animal  upon  postmortem  inspection. 

Class  A shall  include  all  animals  that  shall,  upon  postmortem  examination,  fail 
to  disclose  the  presence  of  tuberculosis  in  any  of  the'r  organs. 

Class  B shall  include  all  animals  affected  with  the  disease  in  its  incipient  stage. 

Class  C shall  include  all  animals  apparently  affected  for  a period  of  one  year. 

Class  D shall  include  all  animals  apparently  affected  for  a period  of  two  years. 

Class  E shall  include  all  animals  apparently  affected  for  a period  of  three  years. 

Class  F shall  include  all  animals  apparently  affected  for  a period  of  more  than 

three  years. 

For  all  animals  of  the  A Class  the  owner  shall  be  entitled  to  the  full  amount  of 
the  appraisement. 

For  all  animals  of  the  B Class  he  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  75  per  cent  of  the 
appraisement. 

For  all  animals  of  the  C Class  he  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  50  per  cent  of  the 
appraisement. 

For  all  animals  of  the  D Class  he  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  35  per  cent  of  the 
appraisement. 

For  all  animals  of  the  E Class  he  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  25  per  cent  of  the 
appraisement. 

For  all  animals  of  the  F Class  he  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  15  per  cent  of  the 
appraisement. 

Provided , That  in  the  event  that  the  proceeds  from  any  carcass  shall  exceed  the 
percentage  of  valuation  determined,  the  owner  shall  receive  the  full  amount  of 
such  proceeds. 


26 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


INDIANA. 

Indiana  has  a general  law  concerning  contagious  diseases  among 
domestic  animals,  hut  the  only  work  done  in  connection  with  tuber- 
culosis is  in  making  examinations,  when  requested,  in  cases  where  a 
veterinarian’s  certificate  is  required  to  accompany  cattle  entering 
from  another  State. 

The  law  under  which  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission  is  oper- 
ating and  the  rules  governing  the  work  of  the  commission  are  given 
below : 

LAW. 

[Chapter  212.] 

AN  ACT  to  provide  fora  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission  and  a State  Veterinarian,  and  to 
prescribe  their  powers  and  duties,  and  to  prevent  and  suppress  contagious  and  infectious 
diseases  among  the  live  stock  of  the  State,  and  to  declare  an  emergency.  (Approved  March  9, 
1889.) 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Indiana , That 
a commission  is  hereby  established  which  shall  be  known  under  the  name  and 
style  of  “The  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission.”  The  commission  shall 
consist  of  three  commissioners  who  are  practical  agriculturists  and  engaged  in  and 
identified  with  the  live  stock  interests  of  the  State.  One  of  said  commissioners 
shall  be  elected  for  a term  of  four  years,  one  for  a term  of  three  years,  and  one  for 
the  term  of  two  years,  whose  terms  of  office  shall  commence  upon  the  taking  and 
filing  with  the  Secretary  of  State  the  oath  of  office  herein  provided  for,  and  shall 
continue  in  office  until  their  successors  are  elected  and  qualified.  The  said  Live 
Stock  Sanitary  Commission,  as  soon  as  practicable  after  its  organization,  [shall] 
appoint  an  experienced,  competent,  and  skilled  veterinary  surgeon  for  the  State, 
who  at  the  time  of  his  appointment  shall  be  a graduate  in  good  standing  of  a rec- 
ognized college  of  veterinary  surgery,  who  shall  hold  his  office  for  the  term  of  two 
years,  and  until  his  successor  shall  be  appointed  and  qualified,  unless  for  cause  he 
shall  be  sooner  removed  from  said  office  by  order  of  said  commission. 

Sec.  2.  Immediately  on  the  taking  effect  of  this  act  the  State  Board  of  Agricul- 
ture shall  nominate  and  the  Governor  confirm  the  appointment  of  three  commis- 
sioners, as  provided  for  in  Section  1 of  this  act,  and  during  the  annual  meeting  of 
the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  immediately  preceding  the  expiration  of  the  term 
of  any  commissioner  his  successor  shall  be  nominated  and  confirmed  by  the  Gov- 
ernor for  a term  of  four  years. 

Sec.  3.  Said  commissioners  and  veterinary  surgeons,  before  they  enter  upon  the 
duties  of  their  said  offices,  shall  each  take  and  subscribe  an  oath  of  office  similar 
in  form  to  that  required  of  State  officers,  and  file  the  same  with  the  Secretary  of 
State. 

Sec.  4.  Each  commissioner  shall  receive  the  sum  of  $4  per  day  and  necessary 
expenses  for  the  time  necessarily  spent  in  the  discharge  of  the  duties  herein 
required  of  him,  and  the  said  veterinary  surgeon  shall  receive  such  sum  for  his 
services  as  said  commission  may  from  time  to  time  allow  him,  not  to  exceed  in  any 
one  year  the  rate  of  $2,000  per  year,  and  never  to  equal  that  amount  unless  said 
commission  should  require  his  entire  time  to  be  devoted  to  said  service  during  said 
year. 

Sec.  5.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  commission  to  protect  the  health  of  the 
domestic  animals  of  the  State  from  all  contagious  or  infectious  diseases  of  a 
malignant  character,  and  for  this  purpose  said  commission  is  hereby  authorized 
and  empowered  to  establish,  maintain,  and  enforce  such  quarantine,  sanitary, 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


27 


and  other  regulations  as  it  may  deem  necessary:  Provived,  That  the  provisions  of 
this  act  shall  not  apply  to  swine. 

Sec.  6.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  any  person  who  discovers,  or  has  reason  to  believe, 
that  any  domestic  animal  belonging  to  him  or  her,  in  his  care,  or  that  may  come 
under  his  observation  belonging  toother  parties,  is  infected  with  any  disease  sup- 
posed to  be  dangerous,  contagious,  or  infectious,  to  immediately  report  such  fact 
to  the  secretary  of  the  board  of  health  of  the  county  where  such  animal  is  situated, 
whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  report  the  fact  to  said  Sanitary  Commission. 

Sec.  7.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  secretary  of  such  county  board  of  health  to 
keep  a record  of  all  cases  so  reported  to  him,  including  the  age,  sex,  and  distin- 
guishing characteristics  of  such  animals,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  such  secretary 
of  said  board  of  health  to  immediately  examine,  either  in  person  or  by  a qualified 
person  appointed  by  him  for  that  purpose,  all  animals  so  reported  to  be  diseased, 
and  if  they  find  that  said  animal  or  animals  are  affected  with  a contagious  disease, 
to  immediately  report  the  same  to  said  commission,  or  some  member  thereof,  and 
the  said  secretary  shall  promptly  take  such  measures  as  he  shall  deem  most  expe- 
dient to  prevent  the  spread  of  the  disease  until  said  commission  shall  be  able  to 
relieve  him  from  the  charge  and  care  of  such  animal  or  animals.  All  the  neces- 
sary expenses  necessarily  incurred  by  said  secretary  of  such  board  of  health  and 
his  agents  in  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  paid  in  the  same 
manner  as  are  those  of  the  commission. 

Sec.  8.  The  commission,  or  any  member  thereof  to  whom  the  existence  of  any 
infectious  or  contagious  disease  of  domestic  animal  or  animals  is  reported,  shall 
forthwith  proceed  to  the  place  where  such  domestic  animal  or  animals  are  and 
examine  the  same,  and  if  in  his  or  their  opinion  any  infectious  or  contagious 
disease  exists,  he  or  they  shall  prescribe  such  temporary  quarantine  and  regula- 
tions as  will  prevent  the  spread  of  the  contagion  or  infection,  and  notify  the  State 
Veterinarian,  who  shall  forthwith  proceed  to  the  place  where  the  said  contagious 
or  infectious  disease  is  said  to  exist,  and  examine  said  animal  or  animals  and 
report  his  finding  to  said  commission,  who  shall  at  once  prescribe  and  apply  such 
rules  and  regulations  as  in  their  judgment  the  exigencies  of  the  case  may  require 
for  the  effectual  suppression  and  eradication  of  the  disease;  and  for  that  purpose 
the  said  commission  may  list  and  describe  the  domestic  animals  affected  with  such 
disease,  and  those  which  have  been  exposed  thereto,  and  include  within  the 
affected  district  or  premises  so  defined  and  quarantined  with  reasonable  certainty 
as  would  lead  to  their  identification,  and  no  domestic  animal  liable  to  become 
infected  with  the  disease,  or  capable  of  communicating  the  same,  shall  be  per- 
mitted to  enter  or  leave  the  district,  premises,  or  grounds  so  quarantined,  except 
by  authority  of  the  commission.  The  said  commission  shall  also,  from  time  to 
time,  give  and  enforce  such  directions  and  prescribe  such  rules  and  regulations  as 
to  separating,  mode  of  handling,  treating,  feeding,  and  caring  for  such  diseased  and 
exposed  animals  as  shall  be  necessary  to  prevent  the  two  classes  of  animals  from 
coming  in  contact  with  each  other,  and  perfectly  isolate  them  from  all  other 
domestic  animals  of  the  same  class  which  have  not  been  exposed  thereto,  and 
which  are  susceptible  to  becoming  infected  with  the  disease:  and  the  said  com- 
mission and  veterinarian  are  hereby  authorized  and  empowered  to  enter  upon  any 
ground  or  premises,  and  into  any  building  upon  such  premises, when  and  wherever 
it  may  be  necessary  to  enter,  to  fully  carry  out  the  provisions  of  this  act.  When 
in  the  opinion  of  said  commission  it  shall  be  necessary,  in  order  to  prevent  the 
further  spread  of  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease  among  the  live  stock  of  the 
State,  to  destroy  animals  affected  with  or  which  have  been  exposed  to  any  such 
disease,  it  shall  determine  what  animals  shall  be  slaughtered,  and  appraise  the 
same,  as  hereinafter  provided,  and  cause  the  same  to  be  slaughtered  and  the  car- 
casses disposed  of  as  in  their  judgment  will  best  protect  the  health  of  domestic 
animals  in  that  locality. 


28 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Sec.  9.  When  the  commission  shall  have  determined  the  quarantine  and  other 
regulations  necessary  to  prevent  the  spread  among  domestic  animals  of  any  malig- 
nant, contagious,  or  infection  disease  found  to  exist  among  the  live  stock  of  the 
State  and  given  their  orders  as  hereinbefore  provided,  prescribing  quarantine  and 
other  regulations,  it  shall  notify  the  Governor  of  the  State  thereof,  whose  duty  it 
shall  be  to  at  once  issue  his  proclamation  proclaiming  the  boundary  of  such  quar- 
antine as  fixed  by  such  commission,  together  with  the  orders,  rules,  and  regulat'ons 
prescribed  by  said  commission,  which  proclamation  may  be  published  by  written 
or  printed  handbills  posted  within  the  boundaries  or  on  the  lines  of  the  district, 
premises,  places,  or  grounds  quarantined:  Provided,  however.  That  if  the  commis- 
sion decide  that  it  is  not  necessary,  by  reason  of  the  limited  extent  of  the  district 
in  which  such  diseases  exist,  that  a proclamation  should  be  issued,  then  none  shall 
be  issued,  but  such  commission  shall  give  such  notice  as  may  to  it  seem  best  to 
make  the  quarantine  established  by  it  effective. 

Sec.  10.  Whenever  said  commission  shall  direct  the  killing  of  any  domestic  ani- 
mal or  animals,  it' shall  be  the  duty  of  the  commissioners  to  appraise  the  animal 
or  animals  condemned,  and  in  fixing  the  value  thereof  the  commissioners  shall  be 
governed  by  the  value  of  said  animal  or  animals  at  the  date  of  appraisement. 

Sec.  11.  When  any  live  stock  shall  be  appraised  and  killed  by  order  of  the  com- 
mission, it  shall  issue  to  the  owner  of  said  stock  so  slaughtered  a certificate  show- 
ing the  number  and  kind  of  animals  killed,  for  what  reason  killed,  and  the  amount, 
in  their  judgment,  to  which  the  owner  is  entitled  for  said  animals  from  the  State, 
and  report  the  same  to  the  Governor  of  the  State,  which  certificate,  if  approved  by 
the  Governor,  shall  be  presented  to  the  Auditor  of  State,  who  shall  draw  his  war- 
rant therefor  on  the  State  Treasury,  payab’e  out  of  any  moneys  in  the  Treasury 
not  otherwise  appropriated. 

Sec.  12.  When  any  animal  or  animals  are  slaughtered  under  the  provisions  of 
this  act  by  order  of  the  commission,  the  owner  thereof  shall  be  paid  therefor  the 
appraised  value  as  fixed  by  the  appraisement  hereinbefore  provided  for:  Provided, 
however,  That  the  right  to  payment  for  animals  slaughtered  by  order  of  the  com- 
mission under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  not  extend  to  the  owners  of  animals 
which  have  been  brought  into  the  State  in  a diseased  condition,  or  from  a State, 
country,  territory,  or  district  in  which  the  disease  with  which  the  animal  is 
affected,  or  to  which  it  has  been  exposed,  exists.  Nor  shall  any  animal  be  paid 
for  by  the  State  which  may  have  been  brought  into  the  State  in  violation  of  any 
law  or  quarantine  regulation  thereof",  or-  the  owner  of  which  shall  have  violated 
any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  or  disregarded  any  rule,  regulation,  or  order  of 
the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission,  or  any  member  thereof,  made  under  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act.  Nor  shall  any  animal  be  paid  for  by  the  State  which  came  into 
the  possession  of  the  claimant  with  the  claimant’s  knowledge  that  such  animal 
was  diseased,  or  was  suspected  of  any  disease,  or  having  been  exposed  to  any  con- 
tagious or  infectious  disease. 

Sec.  13.  Any  person  who  shall  have  in  his  possession  any  domestic  animal  affected 
with  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease,  knowing  such  animal  to  be  so  affected, 
or,  after  having  received  notice  that  such  animal  is  so  affected,  who  shall  permit 
such  animal  to  run  at  large,  or  who  shall  keep  such  animal  where  other  domestic 
animals  not  affected  by,  or  previously  exposed  to,  such  disease  may  be  exposed  to 
its  contagion  or  infection,  or  who  shall  sell,  ship,  drive,  trade,  or  give  away  such 
diseased  animal  or  animals  which  have  been  exposed  to  such  infection  or  conta- 
gion. or  who  shall  move  or  drive  any  domestic  animal  in  violation  of  any  direction, 
rule,  regulation,  or  order  establishing  or  regulating  any  quarantine,  shall  be 
deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be  fined  in  any 
sum  not  less  than  $10  nor  more  than  $500  for  each  of  such  diseased  cr  exposed 
domestic  animals  which  he  shall  have  thus  permitted  to  run  at  large,  sell,  ship, 
drive,  trade,  or  give  away  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of  this  act:  Provided,  That 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


29 


any  owner  of  any  domestic  animal  which  has  been  with  or  exposed  to  any  conta- 
gious or  infectious  diseases  may  dispose  of  the  same  after  having  obtained  from 
the  State  Veterinarian  a certificate  of  health  for  such  animal  or  animals. 

Sec.  14.  Any  person  or  corporation  who  shall  knowingly  bring  into  the  State 
any  domestic  animal  or  animals  which  are  infected  with  any  contagious  or  infec- 
tious disease,  or  any  animal  or  animals  which  have  been  exposed  to  any  such  con- 
tagious or  infectious  disease  shall,  for  every  such  offense,  forfeit  and  pay  to  the 
State  not  less  than  $100  nor  more  than  $500,  to  be  recovered  by  suit  in  the  name  of 
the  State. 

Sec.  15.  Any  person  who  owns  or  is  in  possession  of  live  stock  which  is  infected, 
or  which  is  reported  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  to  be  infected  with  any  con- 
tagious or  infectious  disease,  who  shall  wilfully  prevent  or  refuse  to  allow  the 
State  Veterinarian  or  commission  or  other  authorized  officer  or  officers  to  examine 
such  stock,  or  shall  hinder  or  obstruct  the  State  Veterinarian  or  other  authorized 
officer  or  officers  in  any  examination  of  or  in  any  attempts  to  examine  such  stock, 
shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be 
fined  in  any  sum  not  less  than  $10  nor  more  than  $500. 

Sec.  16.  Any  person  who  shall  knowingly  violate,  disregard,  evade,  or  attempt 
to  violate,  disregard,  or  evade  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  or  who  shall  know- 
ingly violate,  disregard,  or  evade  any  of  the  rules,  regulations,  orders,  or  directions 
of  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission  establishing  and  governing  quarantine 
shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof,  shall  be 
fined  in  any  sum  not  less  than  $10  nor  more  than  $500. 

Sec.  IT.  The  comm.ssion  provided  for  in  this  act  shall  have  power  to  employ  at 
the  expense  of  the  State  such  persons  and  purchase  such  supplies  and  materials  as 
may  be  necessary  to  carry  into  full  effect  all  necessary  orders  given  by  it. 

Sec.  18.  The  commissioners  shall  have  power  to  call  upon  any  sheriff,  deputy 
sheriff,  or  constable  to  execute  their  orders,  and  such  officers  shall  obey  the  orders 
of  said  commiss  oners,  and  the  officers  performing  such  duties  shali  receive  com- 
pensation therefor  as  is  provided  by  law  for  like  services,  and  shall  be  paid  therefor 
in  like  manner  as  other  expenses  of  said  commission  are  paid.  And  any  officer 
may  arrest  and  take  before  any  justice  of  the  peace  of  the  county  any  person 
found  violating  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and  such  officer  shall  immedi- 
ately notify  the  prosecuting  attorney  of  such  arrest,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to 
prosecute  the  person  so  offending  according  to  law. 

Sec.  19.  Whenever  the  Governor  of  the  State  shall  have  good  reason  to  believe 
that  dangerous,  contagious,  or  infectious  disease  has  become  epizootic  in  certain 
localities  in  offier  States,  Territories,  or  countries,  or  that  there  are  conditions 
which  render  such  domestic  animals  from  such  infected  districts  liable  to  convey 
such  disease,  he  shall  by  proclamation  prohibit  the  importation  of  any  live  stock 
of  the  kind  diseased  into  the  State,  unless  accompanied  by  a certificate  of  health 
given  by  a duly  authorized  veterinary  surgeon,  and  all  such  animals  arriving  in 
this  State  shall  be  examined  immediately  by  said  commission  or  some  member 
thereof,  and  if  he  or  they  deem  it  necessary,  he  or  they  shall  have  said  animal 
inspected  by  the  State  Veterinary  Surgeon,  and  if,  in  his  opinion,  there  is  any 
danger  of  contagion  or  infection,  they  shall  be  placed  in  close  quarantine  until 
such  danger  of  contagion  or  infection  is  passed,  when  they  shall  be  released  by 
order  of  said  commission  or  some  member  thereof. 

Sec.  20.  For  the  purposes  of  this  act,  each  member  of  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary 
Commission  is  hereby  authorized  to  administer  oaths  and  affirmations. 

Sec.  21.  The  commission  is  hereby  authorized  and  required  to  cooperate  with 
any  board,  commission,  or  officer  acting  under  any  present  or  future  act  of  the 
Congress  of  the  Un  ted  States  for  the  suppression  and  prevention  of  contagious 
and  infectious  diseases  among  domestic  animals,  and  the  same  right  of  entry, 
inspection,  and  condemnation  of  diseased  animals  upon  private  premises  is  hereby 


30 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


granted  to  the  United  States  board,  commission,  or  officer  as  is  hereby  granted 
to  the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission. 

Sec.  22.  Whenever  it  is  deemed  necessary  by  the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary 
Commission  to  supervise  and  inspect  any  of  the  lines  of  transportation  in  this 
State  and  the  stock  yards  in  connection  with  the  same,  suitable  inspectors  shall 
be  appointed  by  said  commission  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  examine  such  lines  of 
transportation  and  stock  yards  as  to  condition,  manner  of  transporting  stock,  and 
such  other  matters  as  such  commission  may  direct,  and  report  such  examination 
in  detail  to  said  commission,  and  the  expense  of  such  examination  shall  be  paid  by 
the  corporation  or  corporations  or  individuals  in  charge  of  such  lines  of  trans- 
portation or  stock  yards.  Any  such  corporation,  corporations,  or  individuals 
owning  or  operating  such  lines  of  transportation  or  stock  yards  shall  conform 
promptly  to  all  regulations  made  by  said  Sanitary  Commission  of  which  they  shall 
have  notice  from  such  commission,  and  for  any  neglect  or  omission  to  comply  with 
such  regulations  as  herein  provided,  they  shall  be  subject  to  the  fines  and  penalties 
in  this  act  provided,  to  be  enforced  and  collected  according  to  the  provisions  of 
this  act. 

Sec.  23.  That  whenever  by  act  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  the  payment 
of  the  appraised  value  of  domestic  animals  slaughtered  for  the  purpose  of  prevent- 
ing the  spread  of  infectious  and  contagious  diseases  among  any  class  or  classes  of 
domestic  animals  in  the  several  States  shall  have  been  provided,  and  the  necessary 
appropriation  for  such  payment  out  of  the  National  Treasury  made  by  such  act  of 
Congress,  then,  from  and  after  that  date  there  shall  be  no  further  payment  made 
out  of  the  State  Treasury  for  domestic  animals  of  the  class  or  classes  payment  for 
which  is  so  provided  by  said  act  or  acts  of  Congress,  by  order  of  said  State  Live 
Stock  Sanitary  Commission. 

Sec.  24.  The  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission  shall  make  annually  a 
detailed  report  of  its  doings  to  the  Governor,  which  report  shall  by  the  Governor 
be  transmitted  to  the  Legislature  at  its  next  regular  or  called  session. 

Sec.  25.  That  an  emergency  exists  for  the  immediate  taking  effect  of  this  act; 
therefore,  the  same  shall  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

RULES. 

RULES  OF  THE  STATE  LIVE  STOCK  SANITARY  COMMISSION. 

1.  Upon  reliable  information  that  any  domestic  animal  is  infected  with  any 
dangerously  contagious  or  infectious  disease,  the  case  must  at  once  be  reported  to 
the  secretary  of  the  county  board  of  health  of  the  county  in  which  the  case  exists, 
and  said  secretary  shall  at  once  notify  the  secretary  of  this  commission.  A failure 
to  comply  with  the  above  will  render  the  party  liable  to  be  prosecuted  under  the 
laws  of  the  State  of  Indiana  provided  in  such  cases. 

2.  When  any  horse,  mule,  ass.  cattle,  or  sheep  is  reported  to  be  infected  with 
any  dangerously  contagious  or  infectious  disease,  said  secretary  or  any  member 
of  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission  shall  at  once  notify  the  State  Vet- 
erinarian of  such  report,  who  shall  at  once  visit  the  presm  ses  where  such 
animals  are  and  thoroughly  examine  the  same,  and  if,  upon  examination, 
he  is  satisfied  that  the  disease  is  a dangerously  contagious  or  infectious  disease 
he  shall  quarantine  the  animal  or  animals  and  premises,  and  also  quarantine  all 
animals  or  premises  that  have  been  exposed  to  such  disease,  and  promptly  notify 
the  commission  of  his  action,  accompanying  the  same  with  all  the  correspondence 
relative  to  the  case,  and  also  notify  the  owner  of  his  opinion. 

3.  All  quarantines  established  by  the  State  or  an  Assistant  State  Veterinarian 
shall  continue  in  force  until  removed  by  order  of  the  commission.  Parties  whose 
animals  are  quarantined  under  the  provisions  of  this  law  may  have  the  same 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


31 


released  from  quarantine  by  making  satisfactory  proof  to  the  commission  that 
the  cause  for  which  such  quarantine  was  originally  declared  no  longer  exists. 

4.  The  State  Veterinarian  or  secretaries  of  county  boards  of  health  making 
reports  of  investigation  shall  give  the  name  and  post  office  address  of  the  owner 
of  animals  inspected,  location  of  such  animals,  date  of  inspection,  complete 
description  of  animals  diseased  and  of  animals  exposed,  a description  of  the 
exposure  to  which  they  have  been  subjected,  the  condition  of  the  diseased  ani- 
mals, the  name  and  address  of  the  nearest  constable,  and  the  time  employed  in 
such  investigation.  The  report  must  be  accompanied  by  an  exact  duplicate  of 
the  quarantine  notice  served,  with  return  made  thereon  of  the  manner  of  service, 
and  all  correspondence  relative  to  the  cause.  Said  report  must  be  addressed  to 
the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commissioners  of  the  State  of  Indiana,  and  directed  to 
the  secretary  at  Lafayette,  Indiana.  Proper  blanks  will  be  furnished  upon 
application  to  the  secretary. 

5.  Whenever  it  shall  come  to  the  knowledge  of  the  secretary  of  the  county 
board  of  health  that  animals  have  been  brought  into  his  locality  from  a State  or 
county  known  or  believed  to  be  infected,  against  which  the  Governor  of  the  State 
has  proclaimed,  he  shall  immediately  notify  the  secretary  of  this  commission  of 
the  facts  so  far  as  he  knows  them  covering  the  following  points,  viz:  Locality 
from  whence  such  animals  came,  name  and  post-office  of  owner  or  person  in 
charge,  if  shipped  by  railroad  or  boat,  giving  names  of  same,  time  of  arrival, 
number,  age,  sex,  and  breed  of  animals,  so  far  as  it  is  practicable  to  ascertain. 

6.  The  commission  will  not  approve  the  claim  for  any  animals  destroyed  unless 
they  were  so  destroyed  by  the  order  of  some  member  of  the  commission,  having 
first  been  appraised  by  them. 

7.  When  it  is  deemed  necessary,  any  member  of  the  commission  may  appoint 
any  local  veterinarian  to  do  any  service  in  examining,  treating,  and  caring  for 
diseased  animals,  and  no  bill  for  services,  examinations,  or  for  materials  and 
expenses  will  be  recognized  unless  first  ordered  by  some  one  of  the  commission. 

8.  Assistant  State  Veterinarians,  when  appointed  by  the  commission  to  do 
special  work,  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  for  their  services  $3  per  day  and  neces- 
sary expenses;  but  in  no  case  shall  they  receive  more  than  $4  per  day  and  neces- 
sary expenses  while  engaged  in  the  public  service;  neither  shall  they  be  permitted 
to  make  any  charge  nor  receive  any  compensation  from  a private  individual  dur- 
ing the  time  they  are  actually  employed  and  paid  by  the  State.  Nor  will  any  bill 
for  services  or  expenses  be  approved  unless  so  ordered  by  some  member  of  the 
commission. 

9.  Any  person  desiring  to  ship  any  animal  or  animals  from  this  State  to  another 
State,  the  authorities  of  which  require  health  certificates  to  accompany  such  ani- 
mal or  animals,  may  call  upon  the  State  Veterinarian,  or  some  one  authorized  by 
this  commission,  and  request  him  to  inspect  such  animal  or  animals.  It  shall 
thereupon  be  the  duty  of  such  veterinarian  to  at  once  make  such  inspection,  and 
if  he  finds  the  animal  or  animals  to  be  healthy  and  to  come  from  a locality  wherein 
there  does  not,  nor  has  not  for  four  months  preceding,  existed  any  case  of  con- 
tagious disease  among  the  kind  of  animals  in  question,  he  shall  give  to  the  owner 
of  such  animal  or  animals  a certificate  of  health,  specifying  the  number,  sex,  and 
breed  of  such  animal  or  animals.  For  such  services  said  veterinarian  shall  be 
entitled  to  receive  from  the  owner  the  same  compensation  as  herein  allowed  him 
by  the  State,  together  with  his  necessary  expenses  in  going  from  and  to  his  regular 
place  of  business  or  abode.  In  no  case  shall  the  State  be  liable  for  the  cost  of  such 
services;  neither  shall  the  veterinarian  receive  from  any  private  person  for  such 
service  a compensation  greater  than  herein  authorized.  Any  violation  of  this 
provision  shall  be  considered  sufficient  ground  for  dismissal  from  the  service  of 
the  State.  At  the  end  of  each  month  veterinarians  making  such  inspections  are 
required  to  make  a tabulated  report  of  the  same  to  the  secretary  of  this  commis- 
sion. 


32 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


IOWA. 

A veterinary  surgeon,  appointed  by  the  Governor,  has  supervision 
of  all  contagious  and  infectious  diseases  among  domestic  animals, 
and,  with  the  concurrence  of  the  State  Board  of  Health,  “may  make 
such  rules  and  regulations  as  he  may  regard  necessary  for  the  preven- 
tion and  suppression  and  against  the  spread  ” of  said  diseases.  These 
rules  and  regulations  require  the  concurrence  of  the  executive  coun- 
cil for  publishment  and  enforcement. 

The  veterinarian  makes  investigations  of  animals  upon  the  order 
of  the  Governor;,  he  may  destroy  diseased  animals  under  certain  con- 
ditions, paying  for  them  their  actual  value  in  their  condition  when 
condemned.  An  appeal  may  be  taken  to  the  district  court  by  either 
party  if  a condemned  animal  is  found  not  to  be  diseased  and  the 
indemnity  exceeds  $25.  No  indemnity  shall  be  paid  for  animals 
destroyed  while  in  transit  across  the  State. 

The  authorities  are  empowered  to  cooperate  with  the  United  States 
authorities  in  the  prevention  or  eradication  of  infectious  or  conta- 
gious diseases. 

LAW. 

[Chapter  14,  Title  12,  Code.] 

Sec.  2529.  The  State  Veterinary  Surgeon  shall  be  appointed  by  the  Governor, 
subject  to  removal  by  him  for  cause,  who  shall  hold  office  for  three  years.  He 
shall  be  a graduate  of  some  regularly  established  veterinary  college,  skilled  in  that 
science,  and  shall  be  by  virtue  of  his  office  a member  of  the  State  Board  of  Health. 

Sec.  2530.  He  shall  have  supervision  of  all  contagious  and  infectious  diseases 
among  domestic  animals  in,  or  being  driven  or  transported  through,  the  State,  and 
is  empowered  to  establish  quarantine  against  animals  thus  diseased  or  that  have 
been  exposed  to  others  thus  diseased,  whether  within  or  without  the  State,  and 
with  the  concurrence  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  may  make  such  rules  and  regu- 
lations as  he  may  regard  necessary  for  the  prevention  and  suppression,  and  against 
the  spread  of  said  disease  or  diseases,  which  rules  and  regulations,  the  executive 
council  concurring,  shall  be  published  and  enforced,  and  in  the  performance  of 
his  duties  he  may  call  for  the  assistance  of  any  peace  officer. 

Sec.  2531.  Any  person  who  wilfully  hinders,  obstructs,  or  resists  said  Veterinary 
Surgeon,  his  assistants,  or  any  peace  officer  acting  under  him  or  them  when 
engaged  in  the  duties  or  exercising  the  powers  herein  conferred,  or  violates  any 
quarantine  established  by  him  or  them,  shall  be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor. 

Sec.  2532.  Said  surgeon  shall  biennially  make  a full  and  detailed  report  of  his 
doings  since  his  last  report  to  the  Governor,  including  his  compensation  and 
expenses,  which  report  shall  not  exceed  150  pages  of  printed  matter. 

Sec.  2533.  Whenever  a majority  of  any  board  of  supervisors  or  township  trustees, 
or  any  city  or  town  council,  whether  in  session  or  not,  shall  in  writing  notify  the 
Governor  of  the  prevalence  of,  or  probable  danger  from,  any  of  said  diseases,  he 
shall  notify  the  Veterinary  Surgeon,  wTho  shall  at  once  repair  to  the  place  desig- 
nated in  said  notice  and  take  such  action  as  the  exigencies  may  demand,  and  the 
Governor  may,  in  case  of  emergency,  appoint  a substitute  or  assistants  with  like 
qualifications  and  with  equal  powers  and  compensation. 

Sec.  2534.  Whenever  in  the  opinion  of  the  State  Veterinary  Surgeon  the  public 
safety  demands  the  destruction  of  any  stock,  the  same  may  be  destroyed  upon  the 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


33 


written  order  of  such  surgeon,  with  the  consent  of  the  owner,  or  upon  approval 
of  the  Governor,  and  by  virtue  of  such  order  such  surgeon,  his  deputy  or  assistant, 
or  any  peace  officer  may  destroy  such  diseased  stock,  and  the  owner  thereof  shall 
be  entitled  to  receive  its  actual  value  in  its  condition  when  condemned,  to  be 
ascertained  and  fixed  by  the  State  Veterinary  Surgeon  and  the  nearest  justice  of 
the  peace,  who,  if  unable  to  agree,  shall  call  upon  the  nearest,  or  other  justice  of 
the  peace  upon  whom  they  agree  as  umpire,  and  their  judgment  shall  be  final 
when  the  value  of  the  stock,  if  not  diseased,'  would  not  exceed  $25;  but  in  all  other 
cases  either  party  shall  have  the  right  of  appeal  to  the  district  court,  but  such 
appeal  shall  not  delay  the  destruction  of  the  diseased  animals.  The  Veterinary 
Surgeon  shall  at  once  file  with  the  Governor  his  written  report  thereof,  who  shall, 
if  found  correct,  indorse  his  finding  thereon,  whereupon  the  Auditor  of  State  shall 
issue  his  warrant  therefor  upon  the  Treasurer  of  State,  who  shall  pay  the  same 
out  of  any  moneys  at  his  disposal  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  but  no  compen- 
sation shall  be  allowed  for  stock  destroyed  while  in  transit  through  or  across  the 
State,  and  the  word  “ stock,”  as  herein  used,  shall  be  held  to  mean  cattle,  horses, 
mules,  and  asses. 

Sec.  2535.  The  Governor,  with  the  Veterinary  Surgeon,  may  cooperate  with  the 
Government  of  the  United  States  for  the  objects  of  this  chapter,  and  the  Governor 
may  accept  and  receipt  for  any  moneys  receivable  by  the  State  under  the  provi- 
sions of  any  act  of  Congress  which  may  at  any  time  be  in  force  upon  this  subject 
and  pay  the  same  into  the  State  treasury  to  be  used  according  to  the  act  of 
Congress  and  the  provisions  of  this  chapter  as  n?arly  as  may  be. 

Sec.  2536.  There  is  annually  appropriated,  out  of  any  moneys  not  otherwise 
appropriated,  the  sum  of  $3,000,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  for  the 
uses  and  purposes  herein  set  forth. 

Sec.  2537.  Any  person,  except  the  Veterinary  Surgeon,  called  upon  under  the 
provisions  of  this  chapter,  shall  be  allowed  and  received  $2  per  day  while  actually 
employed. 

Sec.  2538.  When  engaged  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties  the  Veterinary  Surgeon 
shall  receive  the  sum  of  $5  per  day  and  his  actual  expenses,  the  claim  therefor  to 
be  itemized,  verified,  accompanied  with  written  vouchers,  and  filed  with  the  State 
Auditor,  who  shall  allow  the  same  and  draw  his  warrant  upon  the  treasury 
therefor. 

RULES  AND  REGULATIONS. 

Rules  and  regulations  for  the  control  of  contagious  and  infectious 
diseases  of  animals  were  issued  on  January  19,  1898,  hut  the  only 
reference  to  bovine  tuberculosis  is  in  Rule  12,  which  is  as  follows: 

Rule  12.  In  suspected  cases  of  bovine  tuberculosis  the  tuberculin  test  shall  be 
recognized  as  a valuable  diagnostic. 

The  report  of  the  veterinarian  for  the  biennial  period  ended  June 
30,  1899,  contains  the  following  as  rules  which  “should  be  adopted 
by  all  who  desire  to  have  healthy  animals  and  their  dairy  products 
free  from  taint  of  any  kind.”  These  were  also  published  as  infor- 
mation by  the  State  Board  of  Health  in  Circular  No.  5 — 1900: 

DIRECTIONS  FOR  DISINFECTING  DAIRY  BARNS  AND  FOR  THE  CARE  OF  MILK. 

1.  Clean  out  all  litter,  excrement,  rejected  fodder,  cobwebs,  and  dust,  thoroughly 
sweeping  down  the  walls  and  ceilings. 

2.  Spray  ceiling,  walls,  and  floor  with  a solution  of  bichloride  and  water,  one  to 
five  hundred. 

17022— No.  28—01 3 


34 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


3.  Thoroughly  whitewash  all  parts  of  the  barn  with  a wash  containing  one- 
quarter  of  a pound  of  carbolic  acid  and  a pound  and  one-half  of  lime  to  a gallon 
of  water. 

4.  See  that  the  drainage  from  under  the  floors  is  sufficient  to  carry  away  all 
refuse  matter.  This  is  an  important  factor  in  keeping  a healthy,  clean  barn. 

5.  See  that  all  manure  is  carted  away  daily.  We  find  in  some  instances  great 
piles  of  heating  manure  against  the  outside  walls,  and  the  offensive  fumes  there- 
from permeating  all  parts  of  the  barn. 

6.  See  that  the  watering  troughs  are  cleansed  two  or  three  times  a week,  and 
only  pure  water  given  the  dairy  cow. 

After  milking  each  cow  the  milk  should  be  carried  to  a scrupulously  clean  milk 
room,  and  there  strained  and  cooled.  It  should  be  stirred  frequently  until  thor- 
oughly cooled.  A can  of  milk  may  be  placed  in  a refrigerator  and  allowed  to 
cool  without  stirring  and  it  is  certain  to  have  a bad  odor  and  taste,  but  with  proper 
stirring  while  cooling  this  will  be  prevented. 


KANSAS. 

Kansas  has  no  specific  laws  relative  to  tuberculosis,  but  rules  and 
regulations  were  issued  by  the  State  Sanitary  Commission  on  March 
1,  1900,  which  were  the  basis  of  a proclamation  by  the  Governor  on 
March  5,  1900.  However,  a second  proclamation,  raising  quarantine 
established  by  the  first,  was  made  on  October  17, 1900,  due  to  a decision 
of  a court  in  Illinois  adverse  to  tuberculosis  regulations.  This  action 
was  taken  because  Illinois  had  suspended  all  rules  and  regulations 
pending  a decision  of  the  supreme  court,  and  because  Missouri  had 
done  likewise. 

The  proclamations  are  given  herewith : 

PROCLAMATIONS. 

Topeka,  Kans.,  March  1,  1900. 
To  His  Excellency  W.  E.  Stanley,  Governor  of  Kansas: 

For  the  better  protection  of  the  domestic  animals  of  the  State  of  Kansas,  and  to 
prevent  the  spread  of  contagious  and  infectious  diseases  among  same,  we  herewith 
report  to  your  excellency  the  fact  that  tuberculosis,  a dangerous  and  contagious 
disease,  prevails  to  a greater  or  less  extent  among  the  cattle  constituting  the  dairy 
and  breeding  herds  of  the  States  hereinafter  named,  and  that  cattle  affected  with 
this  disease  are  being  brought  into  the  State  of  Kansas,  and  are  liable  to  com- 
municate said  disease  to  other  cattle  with  which  they  are  brought  in  contact. 
Therefore  we  respectfully  request  your  excellency  to  issue  a proclamation  prohib- 
iting the  importation  of  cattle  from  the  States  hereinafter  named,  except  in 
accordance  with  the  rules  and  regulations  adopted  by  this  board  and  herewith 
submitted  to  you  for  your  approval. 

M.  C.  Campbell, 

Taylor  Riddle, 

F.  H.  Chamberlain, 
Members  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission. 

Whereas  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission  of  the  State  of  Kansas  on  March 
1,  1900,  adopted  the  following  rules  and  regulations: 

Whereas  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission  of  the  State  of  Kansas  have  ascer- 
tained that  a great  many  of  the  breeding  and  dairy  cattle  in  the  States  of  Maine, 
New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New  York, 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


35 


New  Jersey,  De1  aware,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Indiana,  Michi- 
gan, Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  Iowa,  and  Nebraska  are  infected  with  a con- 
tagious and  infectious  disease  in  cattle  known  as  tuberculosis,  and  that  some  of 
said  cattle  are  being  shipped  into  the  State  of  Kansas  for  breeding  and  dairy  pur- 
poses, it  is  therefore  ordered: 

First.  That  from  and  after  this  date  it  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  cattle  to  be 
shipped,  driven,  or  transported  from  the  above-named  States  into  the  State  of 
Kansas  for  breeding  or  dairy  purposes:  Provided,  however,  That  shipments  may 
be  made  from  such  States  into  the  State  of  Kansas  for  breeding  and  dairy  pur- 
poses after  said  cattle  have  been  examined  and  found  free  of  tuberculosis  and  a 
permit  and  bill  of  health  given  by  a veterinarian  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of 
Animal  Industry,  or  a veterinarian  acting  under  the  order  and  direction  of  the 
Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  of  any  of  the  above-named  States,  and  the  certificate 
so  given  by  such  veterinarians  shall  be  given  in  duplicate,  the  original  of  which 
shall  be  forwarded  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission, 
Topeka,  Kans., and  the  duplicate  given  to  the  railroad  company,  to  be  attached 
to  the  bill  of  lading  for  said  cattle.  And  no  railroad  company  shall  accept  any 
such  cattle  nor  bring  nor  ship  any  such  cattle  into  the  State  of  Kansas  from  any 
of  the  above-named  States  for  breeding  or  dairy  purposes  without  the  certificate 
and  bill  of  health  herein  provided  for;  and  no  railroad  company  shall  accept  from 
its  connecting  lines  any  cattle  shipped  in  violation  of  this  provision. 

Second.  Provided , however,  That  native  cattle  of  the  State  of  Nebraska  may  be 
moved  into  the  State  of  Kansas  upon  the  owner  or  person  in  charge  thereof  making 
affidavit,  stating,  in  substance,  that  said  cattle  are  natives  of  said  State,  and  that 
said  cattle  have  not  been  in  any  of  the  States  above  named  for  a year  immediately 
preceding  the  making  of  said  affidavit.  Said  affidavit  shall  be  made  before  some 
officer  authorized  to  administer  oaths,  and  the  above  affidavit  so  made  shall  be 
given  in  duplicate,  the  original  of  which  shall  be  forwarded  to  the  Secretary  of 
the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission,  Topeka,  Kans.,  and  the  duplicate  shall  be 
given  to  the  owner  or  person  in  charge  of  said  cattle,  to  be  attached  to  the  bill 
of  lading  for  said  cattle,  or  carried  by  the  owner  or  person  in  charge  when  driven 
in;  and  no  railroad  company  shall  accept  any  such  cattle  for  shipment,  nor  bring 
nor  ship  any  such  cattle  into  the  State  of  Kansas  for  breeding  or  dairy  purposes 
from  the  State  of  Nebraska,  nor  accept  from  its  connecting  lines  any  cattle  shipped 
in  violation  of  this  provision. 

Third.  Cattle  brought  into  Kansas  from  any  of  the  above  named  States  for  the 
purpose  of  exhibition  at  county,  district,  or  State  fairs  shall  not  be  subject  to  the 
above  regulations:  Provided,  however , That  in  the  event  sales  shall  be  made  from 
such  exhibition,  and  the  cattle  destined  to  points  in  Kansas,  the  animal  sold  shall 
be  submitted  to  the  tuberculin  test  before  the  sale  is  consummated  or  the  cattle 
moved  or  shipped  to  their  destination.  In  case  the  test  should  show  any  such 
animals  to  be  affected  with  tuberculosis,  a permit  for  shipment  to  any  point  in 
this  State  shall  not  be  granted. 

Fourth.  All  railroad,  live  stock,  transportation,  and  stock-yard  companies,  and 
their  employees,  and  all  other  persons,  are  hereby  forbidden  to  transport,  drive,  or 
in  any  way  handle  cattle  in  Kansas,  except  in  compliance  with  the  foregoing  rules, 
under  the  pains  and  penalties  of  the  following  statute: 

Extract  of  Chapter  2,  Session  Laws  of  1884:  “ Sec.  21.  Any  person  who  shall  vio- 
late, disregard,  or  evade,  or  attempt  to  violate,  disregard,  or  evade,  any  of  the 
* * * rules  and  regulations,  orders  or  directions  of  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary 
Commission  establishing  and  governing  quarantine,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a 
misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be  fined  in  any  sum  not  less  than 
$100  or  more  than  $5,000.” 

Sheriffs,  constables,  and  police  officers  in  Kansas  are  hereby  directed  to  enforce 
these  regulations,  and  to  report  any  violations  of  same  to  this  commission. 


36 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


In  testimony  whereof  I hereby  set  my  hand,  and  cause  to  be  affixed  the  great 
seal  of  the  State  of  Kansas. 

Done  at  Topeka,  Kans.,  this  5th  day  of  March,  1900. 

W.  E.  Stanley,  Governor  of  Kansas . 

By  the  Governor: 

Geo.  A.  Clark,  Secretary  of  State. 


PROCLAMATION  RAISING  QUARANTINE. 

State  of  Kansas,  Executive  Department. 

Whereas  on  the  13th  day  of  October,  A D.  1900,  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Com- 
mission of  the  State  of  Kansas  made  the  following  recommendation,  to  wit: 

To  the  Governor  of  the  State  of  Kansas: 

Pending  a decision  ot  the  supreme  court  of  the  State  of  Illinois  as  to  the  legality 
of  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  State  governing  the  movement  of  cattle,  and 
requiring  the  application  of  tuberculin  to  ascertain  whether  or  not  the  cattle  are 
afflicted  with  tuberculosis,  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission  of  Illinois  have 
suspended  their  rules  and  regulations.  The  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission  of 
the  State  of  Missouri  have  done  likewise;  and  at  a meeting  of  the  Live  Stock  San- 
itary Commission  of  Kansas,  held  at  our  office  October  11,  1900,  it  was  unani- 
mously decided  to  recommend  to  your  excellency  to  suspend  the  rules  and  regu- 
lations promulgated  by  you  March  1,  1900,  scheduling  the  following  States,  to 
wit,  Maine,  New  Hampshire.  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut, 
New  York,  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Tennessee, 
Indiana,  Michigan,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  Iowa,  and  Nebraska,  and  by 
so  doing  to  permit  cattle  from  said  scheduled  States  to  enter  Kansas  without 
restrictions. 

M.  C.  Campbell,  Chairman. 

Now,  therefore,  I,  W.  E.  Stanley,  Governor  of  the  State  of  Kansas,  in  accord- 
ance with  said  recommendation  of  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission,  do  hereby 
proclaim  and  declare  that  the  quarantine  established  March  1,  1900,  as  aforesaid, 
against  the  introduction  of  cattle  into  the  State  of  Kansas  from  the  said  States  of 
Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut, 
New  York,  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio.  Kentucky,  Tennessee, 
Indiana,  Michigan,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota.  Iowa,  and  Nebraska  be,  and 
the  same  is  hereby,  raised,  and  that  said  rules  and  regulations  promulgated  March 
1,  1900,  be  suspended  from  and  after  this  date. 

In  testimony  whereof  I have  hereunto  subscribed  my  name  and  caused  to  be 
affixed  the  great  seal  of  the  State  of  Kansas.  Done  at  Topeka  this  17th  day  of 
October,  A.  D.  1900. 

W.  E.  Stanley,  Governor. 

Attest: 

Geo.  A.  Clark,  Secretary  of  State. 


KENTUCKY. 

There  is  no  specific  law  in  Kentucky  relative  to  bovine  tuberculosis, 
but  the  general  law  against  contagious  and  infectious  diseases  affect- 
ing cattle  is  broad  enough  to  embrace  tuberculosis. 

The  State  Board  of  Health  is  charged  with  the  enforcement  of  the 
law  against  contagious  or  infectious  diseases,  and  it  is  made  their 
duty  promptly  to  take  measures  for  suppressing  or  preventing  their 
spread.  They  may  issue  a proclamation  stating  that  such  a disease 
exists  within  the  State,  naming  the  locality,  and  ordering  owners  of 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


37 


affected  stock  to  seclude  the  same.  The  farms  or  premises  where  such 
disease  exists  may  he  quarantined  by  the  board  and  issue  such  regu- 
lations concerning  the  quarantine  as  they  ma}^  deem  necessary.  The 
board  may  prescribe  regulations  for  the  destruction  of  diseased  ani- 
mals. No  animal,  however,  shall  be  killed  until  after  examination  by 
a veterinarian  in  the  employ  of  the  board.  Indemnity  is  not  provided. 

LAW. 

[Chapter  5,  Article  II,  Kentucky  Statutes.] 

Section  48.  Whenever  any  contagions  or  infectious  disease  affecting  cattle  shall 
exist  in  this  State,  it  shall  he  the  duty  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  to  take  meas- 
ures to  promptly  suppress  and  effectively  prevent  the  same  from  spreading. 

Sec.  49.  For  such  purposes  the  State  Board  of  Health  shall  have  power  to  issue 
their  proclamation,  stating  that  infectious  or  contagious  disease  exists  in  any  county 
or  counties  of  the  State,  and  warning  all  persons  to  seclude  all  animals  in  their  pos- 
session that  are  affected  with  such  disease,  or  have  been  exposed  thereto,  and  order- 
ing all  persons  to  take  such  precautions  against  the  spreading  of  such  disease  as 
the  nature  thereof  may,  in  their  judgment,  render  necessary  or  expedient;  to 
order  that  any  premises,  farm  or  farms  where  such  disease  exists,  or  has  existed, 
be  put  in  quarantine  at  the  owner’s  expense,  so  that  no  cattle  be  removed  from  or 
brought  to  the  premises  so  quarantined,  and  to  prescribe  such  regulations  concern- 
ing the  mode  of  quarantine  as  they  may  judge  necessary  or  expedient  to  prevent 
infection  or  contagion  being  communicated  in  any  way  from  the  places  so  quar- 
antined; to  call  on  the  sheriffs  and  deputy  sheriffs  to  assist  in  enforcing  and  carry- 
ing out  the  provisions  of  said  proclamations  and  orders,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to 
observe  and  obey  all  of  said  orders  and  proclamations;  to  employ  a veterinary  sur- 
geon and  practitioner,  and  such  other  persons  as  may  be  necessary  from  time  to 
time  in  performing  their  duties  under  this  article,  and  to  prescribe  regulations 
for  the  destruction  of  such  animals  so  affected,  and  for  the  disposition  of  their 
hides  and  carcasses,  and  all  objects  which  might  convey  infection  or  contagion,  at 
the  owner's  expense.  But  no  animal  shall  be  destroyed  by  said  board  unless  first 
examined  by  a veterinary  practitioner  acting  in  the  employ  or  under  the  direction 
of  said  board,  or  unless  the  owner  thereof  knows  that  such  cattle  are  so  affected. 
Said  board  shall  also  have  power  to  prescribe  regulations  for  the  disinfection  of 
all  premises,  buildings,  and  railway  cars,  and  all  objects  by  or  from  which  infec- 
tion may  take  place  or  be  conveyed:  to  alter,  modify,  cancel,  or  withdraw  any  of 
said  proclamations,  orders,  or  regulations  whenever  they  may  deem  it  proper  so 
to  do. 

Sec.  50.  Any  person  knowingly  transgressing  or  failing  to  comply  with  the 
terms  of  any  proclamation,  order,  or  regulation  issued  or  prescribed  by  the  board 
shall  be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor  and  on  indictment  be  fined  in  a sum  not  less  than 
$200  nor  more  than  $1,000;  and  the  owner  of  any  cattle  affected  with  the  conta- 
gious disease  known  as  pleuropneumonia,  and  knowing  the  same  to  be  so  affected, 
who  fails  to  kill  and  bury  or  burn  them,  or  fails  to  report  the  same  at  once  to  the 
State  Board  of  Health,  shall  be  fined  for  each  offense  in  a sum  not  less  than  $200 
nor  more  than  $1,000;  and  the  said  board,  upon  the  failure  of  any  such  person  to 
immediately  kill  said  diseased  cattle  when  ordered  by  the  board  so  to  do,  shall 
have  the  right  to  kill  the  same  at  the  owner's  expense. 

Sec.  51.  [Refers  to  pleuropneumonia.] 

Sec.  52.  [Refers  to  pleuropneumonia.] 

Sec.  53.  The  State  Board  of  Health  shall  have  the  power  to  employ  a veterina- 
rian, who  shall  be  a regular  practitioner  and  graduate  of  some  college  of  veteri- 
nary surgery  and  practice,  and  who  shall  be  known  as  the  State  veterinarian, 


38 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  render  such  service  under  this  law  as  the  board  may 
direct.  Said  veterinarian  shall  be  entitled  for  the  services  rendered  to  a sum  not 
exceeding  $5  per  day  and  traveling  expenses  for  the  time  he  is  actually  engaged 
at  work  for  said  board,  td  be  paid  by  the  county  court  of  the  county  in  which  the 
disease  is  prevailing.  The  veterinarian  shall  receive  nothing  from  any  other  per- 
son for  examinations  and  work  done  at  the  instance  of  said  board,  and  in  the 
event  he  does  he  shall,  upon  indictment  and  conviction,  be  fined  in  a sum  not  less 
than  §200  nor  more  than  §1,000. 

Sec.  54.  In  order  to  effectually  carry  out  the  provisions  and  intentions  of  this 
law,  the  board  may  engage  and  obtain  the  services  of  any  veterinarian  in  the 
employ  of  the  United  State ;,  and  otherwise  cooperate  with  the  proper  department 
of  the  Federal  Government  in  the  suppression  of  said  disease  in  this  Commonwealth. 

Sec.  55.  The  Governor  shall,  in  addition  to  the  number  of  persons  now  on  said 
State  Board  of  Health,  appoint  three  discreet  and  intelligent  housekeepers  engaged 
in  the  cattle  business,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  serve  on  said  board  without  any 
charge  for  services,  but  said  three  persons  shall  only  have  the  right  and  power  to 
act  thereon  with  reference  to  matters  embraced  in  this  article. 

Sec.  56.  If  any  person  shall  be  convicted  of  a violation  of  50th,  51st,  or  52d  sec- 
tions of  this  article,  the  jury  shall  have  the  power  to  determine  by  their  verdict 
whether  or  not  such  person  is  at  the  time  of  his  trial  and  conviction  the  owner  of 
any  cattle  which  have  been  exposed  to  said  disease  by  having  been  within  the  same 
inclosure  with  a diseased  animal  within  four  months  next  before  trial,  and  if  they 
find  he  has  such  cattle  they  will  find  the  number,  se  :.  and  distinguishing  marks, 
and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  court  to  order  the  destruction  of  said  cattle  b.v  the 
sheriff  at  the  owner's  expense,  and  the  expense  thereof  shall  be  taxed  as  costs  in 
the  case. 

LOUISIANA. 

Louisiana  has  no  law  relative  to  bovine  tuberculosis. 


MAINE. 

The  administration  of  the  laws  relative  to  tuberculosis  in  Maine  is 
by  a commission  of  three  persons  appointed  by  the  Governor. 

One  of  the  duties  of  the  State  of  Maine  Cattle  Commission  is  to 
cause  investigation  to  be  made  of  tuberculosis,  and  for  this  purpose 
the  commission  or  its  agent  may  enter  any  premises,  cars,  or  vessels 
where  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  the  disease  exists.  If  the  disease 
is  discovered,  the  fact  shall  be  published  in  the  newspapers  and  the 
officials  of  transportation  companies  notified. 

Quarantine  is  required,  as  is  the  appraisal  of  the  diseased  animals, 
in  accordance  with  the  rules  and  regulations  made  by  the  commission. 
The  commission  must  destroy  such  diseased  animals  and  pay  the 
owner  one-half  of  their  value,  as  determined  upon  the  basis  of  health 
before  infection:  Provided , however , That  the  appraised  value  shall 
not  be  more  than  $100  for  pedigreed  animals  nor  more  than  $50  for 
those  not  pedigreed.  No  indemnity  is  allowed  for  an  animal  which 
may  have  contracted  or  been  exposed  to  tuberculosis  in  a foreign 
country,  or  on  the  high  seas,  or  may  have  been  brought  into  the  State 
from  another  State  within  three  years  previous;  and  no  indemnity  is 
allowed  when  the  owner  or  agent  knowingly  conceals  the  existence  of 
such  disease  or  the  fact  of  exposure  to  it. 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


39 


The  commission  is  empowered  to  issue  rules  and  regulations  for 
carrying  the  laws  into  effect.  All  such  rules  and  regulations,  how- 
ever, must  have  the  approval  of  the  Governor  before  they  become 
operative  and  be  published. 

A fine  of  $100,  or  imprisonment  not  exceeding  ninety  days,  or  both 
fine  and  imprisonment,  is  the  penalty  for  obstructing  in  any  way  the 
work  of  the  commission. 

If  the  appraised  value  of  an  animal  is  not  accepted  by  the  owner,  a 
rigid  quarantine  is  maintained  against  such  animal. 

Transportation  companies  within  the  State  are  prohibited  from 
accepting  for  shipment  any  cattle  known  to  be  affected  with  tubercu- 
losis, and  no  owner  of  cattle  so  affected  shall  drive  them  on  foot  from 
one  part  of  the  State  to  another.  The  penalty  for  violation  of  this 
provision  is  a fine  not  exceeding  $200,  or  by  imprisonment  not  exceed- 
ing six  months,  or  by  both  fine  and  imprisonment. 

LAW. 

AN  ACT  to  extirpate  contagious  diseases  among  cattle.  (Approved  February  14, 1899.) 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  in  Legislature  assem- 
bled, asfolloics: 

Section  1.  [As  amended  by  act  approved  March  10,  1893.]  Chapter  194.  That 
for  the  purpose  of  facilitating  and  encouraging  the  live-stock  interests  of  Maine, 
and  for  extirpating  all  insidious,  infectious,  and  contagious  diseases,  now  or  that 
may  be  among  cattle,  horses,  and  sheep,  and  especially  tuberculosis,  the  Governor 
of  the  State  is  here  by  authorized  and  required,  immediately  after  the  passage  of  this 
act.  to  appoint  a board  of  cattle  commissioners  consisting  of  three  persons  of  known 
executive  ability  who  shall  be  charged  with  the  execution  of  the  provisions  of  this 
act,  and  who  shall  be  known  and  designated  as  the  State  of  Maine  Cattle  Commis- 
sion, and  whose  powers  and  duties  shall  be  those  provided  for  in  this  act,  and 
whose  tenure  of  office  shall  be  at  the  option  of  the  Governor.  The  compensation 
of  said  commissioners  shall  be  at  the  rate  of  $3  per  day  during  the  time  they  are 
actually  engaged  in  the  discharge  of  their  duties  as  commissioners.  The  said 
commiss ‘oners  shall  respectively  take  an  oath  to  faithfully  perform  the  duties  of 
their  office,  and  shall  immediately  organize  as  such  commiss. on  by  the  election  of 
one  of  their  number  as  president  thereof,  and  proceed  forthwith  to  the  discharge 
of  the  duties  devolved  upon  them  by  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

Sec.  2.  [As  amended  by  act  approved  March  10,  1893.]  Chapter  194,  That  it 
shall  be  the  duties  of  said  commissioners  to  cause  investigation  to  be  made  as  to 
the  existence  of  tuberculosis,  pleuropneumonia,  foot  and- mouth  disease,  and  in 
any  other  infectious  or  contagious  diseases.  And  such  commissioners  or  their 
duly  constituted  agent  are  hereby  authorized  to  enter  any  premises  or  places, 
including  stock  yards,  cars,  and  vessels  within  any  county  or  part  of  the  State  in 
or  at  which  they  have  reason  to  believe  there  exists  any  su  h diseases,  and  to 
make  search,  investigation,  and  inquiry  in  regard  to  the  existence  thereof.  Upon 
the  discovery  of  the  existence  of  any  of  the  said  diseases,  the  said  commissioners  are 
hereby  authorized  to  give  notice,  by  publication,  of  the  existence  of  such  disease, 
and  the  locality  thereof,  in  such  newspapers  as  they  may  select,  and  to  notify  in 
writing  the  officials  or  agents  of  any  railroad,  steamboat,  or  other  transportation 
company  doing  business  in  or  through  such  infected  locality  of  the  existence  of 
such  disease;  and  are  hereby  authorized  and  required  to  establish  and  maintain 
such  quarantine  of  animals,  places,  premises,  or  localities  as  they  may  deem  neces- 


40 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


sary  to  prevent  the  spread  of  any  such  disease,  and  also  to  cause  the  appraisal  of  the 
animal  or  animals  affected  with  the  said  disease,  in  accordance  with  such  rules 
and  regulations  by  them  as  hereinafter  authorized  and  provided,  and  also  to  cause 
the  same  to  be  destroyed,  and  to  pay  the  owner  or  owners  thereof  one-half  of  their 
value,  as  determined  upon  the  basis  of  health  before  infection,  out  of  any  moneys 
appropriated  by  the  legislature  for  that  purpose:  Provided , however,  That  no 
appraised  value  shall  be  more  than  $100  for  an  animal  with  pedigree  recorded  or 
recordable  in  the  recognized  herdbooksof  the  breed  in  which  the  animal  destroyed 
may  belong,  nor  more  than  $50  for  an  animal  which  has  no  recordable  pedigree: 
'Provided  further,  That  in  no  case  shall  compensation  be  allowed  for  an  animal 
destroyed  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  which  may  have  contracted  or  been 
exposed  to  such  disease  in  a foreign  country,  or  on  the  high  seas,,  or  that  may 
have  been  brought  into  this  State  within  three  years  previous  to  such  animal's 
showing  evidence  of  such  disease,  and  the  owner  or  owners  shall  f rrnish  satisfac- 
tory evidence  as  to  the  time  such  animal  or  animals  shall  have  been  owned  in  the 
State;  nor  shall  compensation  be  allowed  to  any  owner  who  in  person  or  by  agent 
knowingly  and  wilfully  conceals  the  existence  of  such  disease,  or  the  fact  of 
exposure  thereto  in  animals  of  which  the  person  making  such  concealment,  by 
himself  or  agent,  is  in  whole  or  part  owner. 

Sec.  8.  That  the  said  commissioners  are  hereby  authorized  and  required  to  make, 
record,  and  publish  rules  and  regulations  providing  for  and  regulating  the  agen- 
cies, methods,  and  manners  of  conducting,  the  investigations  aforesaid  regard- 
ing the  existence  of  said  contagious  diseases:  for  ascertaining,  entering,  and 
searching  places  where  such  diseased  animals  are  supposed  to  exist:  for  ascertain- 
ing what  animals  are  so  diseased  or  have  been  exposed  to  contagious  diseases;  for 
making,  reporting,  and  recording  descriptions  of  the  said  animals  so  diseased  or 
exposed  and  destroyed,  and  for  appraising  the  same,  and  for  making  payment 
therefor;  and  to  make  all  other  needful  rules  and  regulations  which  may,  in  the 
judgment  of  the  commissioners,  be  deemed  requisite  to  the  full  and  due  execution 
of  the  provisions  of  this  act.  All  such  rules  and  regulations,  before  they  shall 
become  operative,  shall  be  approved  by  the  Governor  of  Maine  and  thereafter 
published  in  such  manner  as  may  be  provided  for  in  such  regulations:  and  after 
such  publication  said  rules  and  regulations  shall  have  the  force  and  effect  of  law, 
so  far  as  the  same  are  not  inconsistent  with  this  act  and  other  laws  of  the  State 
or  United  States. 

Sec.  4.  That  any  person  or  persons  who  shall  knowingly  and  wilfully  refuse 
permission  to  said  commissioners,  or  either  of  them,  or  their  duly  constituted 
agent,  to  make,  or  who  knowingly  and  wilfully  obstructs  said  commissioners,  or 
either  of  them,  or  their  duly  constituted  agent,  in  making  all  necessary  examina- 
tions of  and  as  to  animals  supposed  by  said  commissioners  to  be  diseased  as  afore- 
said, or  in  destroying  the  same,  or  who  knowingly  attempts  to  prevent  said  com- 
missioners. or  either  of  them,  or  their  duly  constituted  agent,  from  entering  upon 
the  premises  and  other  places  hereinbefore  specified  where  any  of  said  diseases 
are  by  said  commissioners  supposed  to  exist,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misde- 
meanor, and,  upon  conviction  thereof,  or  of  either  of  the  acts  in  this  section  pro- 
hibited, shall  be  punished  by  fine  not  exceeding  $100  or  by  imprisonment  not 
exceeding  ninety  days,  or  by  both  fine  and  imprisonment,  at  the  discretion  of  the 
court. 

Sec.  5.  That  any  person  who  is  the  owner  of  or  who  is  possessed  of  any  interest 
in  any  animals  affected  with  any  of  the  diseases  named  in  Section  2 of  this  act, 
or  any  person  who  is  agent,  common  carrier,  consignee,  or  otherwise  is  charged 
with  any  duty  in  regard  to  any  animal  so  diseased  or  exposed  to  the  contagion  of 
such  disease,  or  any  officer  or  agent  charged  with  any  dut  es  under  the  provisions 
of  this  act,  who  shall  knowingly  conceal  the  existence  of  such  contagious  disease 
or  Jiefact  of  such  exposure  to  said  contagion,  and  who  shall  knowingly  and  wil- 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


41 


fully  fail  within  a reasonable  time  to  report  to  the  said  commissioners  their 
knowledge  or  their  information  in  regard  to  the  existence  and  location  of  said  dis- 
ease or  of  such  exposure  thereto,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and 
shall  be  punishable  as  provided  in  Section  4 of  this  act. 

Sec.  6.  That  when  the  owner  of  animals  decided  under  the  provisions  of  this 
act,  by  the  proper  authority,  to  be  diseased  or  to  have  been  exposed  to  contagion, 
refuses  to  accept  the  sum  authorized  to  be  paid  under  the  appraisement  provided 
for  in  this  act,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  commissioners  to  declare  and  maintain 
a rigid  quarantine  as  to  the  animals  decided  as  aforesaid  to  be  diseased  or  to  have 
been  exposed  to  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease,  and  of  the  premises  or  places 
where  said  cattle  may  be  found,  according  to  the  rules  and  regulations  to  be  pre- 
scribed by  said  commissioners,  approved  by  the  Governor,  and  published  as  pro- 
vided in  the  third  section  of  this  act. 

Sec.  7.  That  no  person  or  persons  owning  or  operating  any  railroad,  nor  the 
owner  or  owners  or  masters  of  any  steam,  sailing,  or  other  vessels  within  the 
State,  shall  receive  for  transportation  or  transport  from  one  part  of  the  State  to 
another  part  of  the  State,  or  to  bring  from  any  other  State  or  foreign  country  any 
animals  affected  with  any  of  the  diseases  named  in  Section  2 of  this  act,  or  that 
have  been  exposed  to  such  diseases,  especially  the  disease  known  as  tuberculosis, 
knowing  such  animals  to  be  affected  or  to  have  been  so  exposed,  nor  shall  any 
person  or  persons,  company  or  corporation,  deliver  for  such  transportation  to  any 
railroad  company  or  to  the  master  or  owner  of  any  ves  el  any  animals,  knowing 
them  to  be  affected  with  or  to  have  been  exposed  to  any  of  said  diseases;  nor 
shall  any  person  or  persons,  company  or  corporation,  drive  on  foot  or  transport 
in  private  conveyance  from  one  part  cf  the  State  to  another  part  of  the  State  any 
animal,  knowing  the  same  to  be  affected  with  or  to  have  been  exposed  to  any  of 
said  diseases.  Any  person  or  persons  violating  the  provisions  of  this  section  shall 
be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be  punished 
by  fine  not  exceeding  the  sum  of  $200  or  by  imprisonment  not  exceeding  six 
months,  or  by  both  fine  and  imprisonment. 

Sec.  8.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  several  county  attorneys  to  prosecute  all 
violations  of  this  act  which  shall  be  brought  to  their  notice  or  knowledge  by  any 
person  making  the  complaint  under  oath:  and  the  same  shall  be  heard  in  any 
supreme  judicial  court  having  jurisdiction  in  the  county  in  which  the  violation  of 
this  act  has  been  committed. 

Sec.  9.  That  the  said  commissioners  are  hereby  authorized  to  appoint  or  elect 
one  of  their  number  as  secretary  of  said  board,  who  shall  receive  a reasonable 
compensation  for  his  services  during-  the  time  in  which,  under  the  provisions  of 
this  act,  the  services  of  the  said  commissioners  shall  be  required.  The  said  com- 
missioners shall  make  and  preserve  a full  record  of  all  rules  and  regulations  pro- 
mulgated under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  of  all  payments  and  expenses  hereunder 
incurred,  and  all  other  transactions  performed  by  said  commissioners  in  the  dis- 
charge of  their  duties  as  herein  provided:  and  the  said  commissioners  shall,  on  or 
before  the  first  Wednesday  in  January  of  each  year,  during  their  continuance  in 
service,  and  at  other  times  as  they  may  deem  conducive  to  the  public  interests,  or 
as  they  may  be  required  so  to  do  by  the  Governor  of  State,  report  to  said  Governor 
full  and  accurate  accounts  of  their  expenditures,  and  othe  - proceedings  under  the 
provisions  of  this  act,  and  of  the  condition  of  said  diseases  if  any,  in  the  State,  to 
be  communicated  by  him  to  the  Legislature.  Whenever  the  functions  of  said 
commission  shall  be  suspended  or  terminated,  it  shall  turn  over  to  the  Secretary 
of  State  all  its  books,  papers,  records,  and  other  effects,  taking  his  receipt  therefor, 
and  he  shall  remain  the  custodian  of  the  same  until  such  time  as  the  functions  of 
said  commission  may  be  restored. 

Sec.  10.  Thatthe  commissioners  shall  have  power,  and  are  hereby  authorized,  to 
employ  skilled  veterinarians  and  such  other  agents  and  employees  as  they  may 


42 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


deem  necessary  to  carry  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  act.  and  to  fix  the  com- 
pensation of  the  person  or  persons  so  employed,  and  to  terminate  such  employ- 
ment at  their  discretion;  and  they  are  authorized,  out  of  the  moneys  by  this  act 
appropriated,  to  make  such  expenditures  as  may  be  needed  for  the  actual  and 
neces  ary  traveling  expenses  of  themselves  and  their  said  employees,  stationery, 
expense  o:  disinfecting  premises,  cars,  and  other  places,  destroying  diseased  and 
exposed  animals,  and  paying  for  the  same,  and  such  other  expenses  and  expendi- 
tures as  they  may  find  to  be  actually  necessary  to  properly  carry  into  effect  the 
provisions  of  this  act. 

Sec.  11.  That  the  moneys  appropriated  by  this  act  shall  be  paid  over  to  the  sec- 
retary of  said  commission  from  time  to  time  as  the  same  may  be  found  to  be 
needed,  upon  requisition  made  by  the  said  commissioners,  and  shall  le  disbursed 
by  the  said  secretary  of  said  commission  only  upon  vouchers  approved  by  said 
commissioners  or  a majority  of  them.  The  said  secretary  shall,  before  entering 
upon  the  duties  of  his  office,  take  an  oath  to  faithfully  discharge  the  duties  thereof, 
and  shall  enter  into  a bond  to  the  State  of  Maine,  with  sureties  to  be  approved  by 
the  Treasurer  of  State,  in  such  sum  as  he  may  designate,  for  the  faithful  account- 
ing of  all  moneys  received  by  the  said  secretary  of  the  commission  under  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act. 

Sec.  12.  That  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  act, 
the  sum  of  $5,000,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  is  hereby  appropriated 
out  of  any  moneys  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated. 

Sec.  13.  That  all  acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  or  in  conflict  with  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act  be,  and  the  same  are  hereby,  repealed. 

RULES  AND  REGULATIONS. 

NOTICE  OF  QUARANTINE. 

To  whom  it  may  concern:  Public  notice  is  hereby  g'ven,  that  in  consequence 
of  the  prevalence  of  tuberculosis  among  Massachusetts  cattle,  as  disclosed  by  the 
official  reports  of  their  authorities,  supplemented  by  postmortems  held  in  Maine 
of  cattle  purchased  in  that  State  for  dairying  and  breeding  purposes,  the  Cattle 
Commissioners  of  the  State  of  Maine  believe  that  the  public  health  of  its  citizens 
and  the  weifare  of  this  commonwealth  demand  that  a rigid  quarantine  (against 
all  cows  whether  in  milk  or  dry,  and  all  bulls  for  breeding  purposes)  be  maintained 
on  and  alter  January  1,  1892,  until  further  notice,  and  all  such  cattle  entering  the 
State  of  Ma  ne  thereafter  will  be  subject  to  quarantine  at  the  owner’s  expense: 
Provided , however , That  the  above  regulations  shall  not  apply  to  Western  cattle 
coming  through  Massachusetts  into  Maine  for  the  purpose  of  slaughter. 

The  attention  of  all  persons  is  directed  to  Sections  2,  3,  4,  5,  and  7,  of  Chapter 
138.  of  the  Public  Laws  of  Maine,  1887,  applying  to  cattle  affected  with  contagious 
diseases,  and  which  will  hereafter  be  rigidly  enforced. 

John  W.  Deering,  Saco,  President. 

F.  O.  Beal,  Bangor,  Treasurer. 

Geo.  H.  Baileyl  Deering,  D.  V.  S. 

A quarantine  station  will  be  provided  near  Morrill’s  Corner,  Deering,  where  all 
cattle  brought  into  Maine  in  violation  of  the  above  notice  will  be  kept  until  dis- 
charged, at  the  expense  of  the  owner  or  owners:  and  particular  attention  is  called 
to  the  full  reprint  of  the  law  relating  to  contagious  diseases  upon  the  following 
pages  of  this  circular  letter,  which  will  be  rigidly  enforced  after  this  date. 

Portland,  January  1,  1892. 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


43 


NOTICE  OF  QUARANTINE. 

The  Cattle  Commissioners  of  the  State  of  Maine,  having  found  from  recent  expe- 
rience that  it  has  become  absolutely  necessary  to  supplement  our  former  notice  of 
quarantine  issued  January  1, 1892,  so  that  it  shall  include  not  only  Massachusetts, 
but  all  other  States,  order  that  no  cattle  for  dairy  or  breeding  purposes  shall  be 
brought  into  this  State  either  by  road,  water,  railroad,  or  other  conveyance  until 
further  notice;  and  all  such  cattle  entering  our  State  without  a permit  signed  by 
some  member  of  our  board  will  be  subject  to  quarantine  at  the  owner’s  expense, 
and  the  attention  of  all  persons  is  directed  to  Chapters  177  and  194  of  the  Public 
Laws  of  Maine,  which  will  hereafter  be  rigidly  enforced. 

John  W.  Deering,  Saco,  President. 

F.  O.  Beal,  Bangor,  Treasurer. 

Geo.  H.  Bailey, 

Peering,  State  Veterinary  Surgeon. 

MARYLAND. 

Maryland  has  a general  law  concerning  contagions  and  infectious 
diseases  among  domestic  animals,  but  tuberculosis  is  not  specifically 
mentioned.  The  enforcement  of  such  laws  is  by  the  State  Live  Stock 
Sanitary  Board,  whose  duty  it  is  “ to  protect  the  health  of  the  domes- 
tic animals  of  the  State  from  all  exotic,  contagious,  or  infectious  dis- 
eases,” and  is  authorized  to  enforce  such  quarantine,  sanitary,  or  other 
regulations  as  it  may  deem  necessary. 

Local  boards  of  health  are  required  to  investigate  reported  cases  of 
contagious  or  infectious  diseases  in  their  respective  counties,  and,  if 
found  to  be  contagious  or  infectious,  to  report  the  same  to  the  Live 
Stock  Sanitary  Board. 

The  board  has  power  to  prohibit  the  introduction  into  the  State  of 
animals  which  they  have  reason  to  believe  are  affected  with  such  dis- 
eases or  which  have  been  exposed  thereto. 

The  Governor  is  authorized  to  issue  a proclamation  declaring  a quar- 
antine against  States  or  Territories  where  such  diseases  exist,  and 
during  the  pendency  of  the  quarantine  no  animals  shall  be  brought 
into  the  State  from  the  districts  named. 

A Chief  Veterinary  Inspector  is  appointed  by  the  Governor,  who 
has  power,  with  the  consent  of  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board,  to 
isolate  and  quarantine  all  infected  or  exposed  animals;  to  prescribe 
such  regulations  as  he  may  deem  necessary  to  prevent  infection  or 
contagion  being  communicated  in  any  way  from  the  premises  so 
quarantined;  to  prescribe  regulations  for  the  destruction  of  such 
animals,  etc. 

Practicing  veterinarians  within  the  State  are  required  to  report  all 
cases  of  contagious  or  infectious  disease  that  may  come  to  their  knowl- 
edge; a failure  to  do  so  renders  them  liable  to  a fine  not  exceeding  $50 
for  each  offense. 

All  rules  and  regulations  issued  by  the  board  have  the  force  and 
effect  of  laws. 


44 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Whether  to  quarantine  or  slaughter  diseased  animals  is  in  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  board.  Animals  may  be  slaughtered  after  appraise- 
ment, and  the  amount  appraised  is  authorized  as  indemnity. 

The  board  is  authorized  to  cooperate  with  the  Bureau  of  Animal 
Industry  in  the  work  of  eradicating  any  contagious  or  infectious 
disease. 


LAW. 

AN  ACT  to  prevent  the  spread  of  contagious  or  infectious  diseases  among  the  live  stock  of  this 
State.  (Approved  April  5,  1888.) 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Maryland,  That  a commis- 
sion is  hereby  established  which  shall  be  known  under  the  name  and  style  of  the 
'‘State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board,”  to  consist  of  three  commissioners,  who  are 
practically  engaged  in  the  breeding  of  live  stock,  who  shall  be  appointed  by  the 
Governor,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  biennially,  at  such 
time  as  executive  appointments  are  required  by  law  to  be  made,  and  who  shall 
hold  their  offices  until  their  successors  are  duly  appointed  and  qualified. 

Sec.  2.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  board,  as  far  as  pos- 
sible, to*  protect  the  health  of  the  domestic  animals  of  the  State  from  all  exotic, 
contagious,  or  infectious  diseases,  and  glanders  in  horses,  and  for  this  purpose  it 
is  authorized  and  empowered  to  establish,  maintain,  and  enforce  such  quarantine, 
sanitary  or  other  regulations  as  it  may  deem  necessary,  and  shall  maintain  an 
office  in  the  city  of  Baltimore;  it  shall  constitute  and  prosecute  diligent  inquiries 
in  the  several  counties  and  ascertain  so  far  as  possible  the  exact  condition  of  the 
health  of  the  live  stock  in  said  counties,  and  the  local  boards  of  health  of  the 
several  counties  shall  investigate  all  reported  cases  of  contagious  or  infectious 
diseases  of  live  stock  in  their  respective  counties,  and  if  found  to  be  contagious  or 
infectious  shall  report  the  same  at  once  to  the  said  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board; 
and  sue  h board  shall  have  the  power  to  prevent  the  introduction  into  this  State  of 
animals  from  other  States  which  they  may  have  reason  to  believe  are  affected 
with  a contagious  or  infectious  disease,  or  have  been  exposed  thereto,  and  to 
deta  n the  same  at  any  place  for  inspection  or  quarantine,  in  its  discretion. 

Sec.  3.  And  be  it  enacted , That  on  presentation  to  the  Governor  by  the  said 
Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  of  the  facts,  showing  the  existence  of  any  contagious 
or  infectious  disease  among  the  domestic  animals  of  any  other  State,  Territory,  or 
district,  the  Governor  may.  by  proclamation,  declare  such  State,  Territory,  or 
district,  or  any  part  thereof,  in  quarantine,  and  during  the  pendency  of  such 
quarantine  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  person  or  persons,  company  or  corpora 
tion,  to  bring  into  the  State  of  Maryland  any  animals  or  animal  of  the  kind  so 
infected  from  the  district  so  quarantined.  Any  person  or  persons,  company  or 
corporation  whether  owner,  agent,  or  carrier,  convicted  of  a violation  of  the  pro- 
visions of  this  section,  shall  be  subject  to  a fine  not  less  than  $l00  nor  more  than 
$500  for  each  offense. 

Sec.  4.  And  be  it  enacted , That  each  member  of  said  board  shall  be  paid  the 
sum  of  $5  per  day  and  the  necessary  expenses  for  time  actually  spent  in  the  dis- 
charge of  his  duties.  And  the  sum  of  $3,000  per  year  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby, 
appropriated,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary  to  meet  the  expenses  of  said 
board,  including  rent,  printing,  counsel  fees,  etc. 

Sec.  5.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  Governor  shall  also  appoint  a Chief  Veteri- 
nary Inspector,  who  shall  be  a graduate  in  good  standing  of  some  recognized 
school  of  veterinary  medicine,  who  shall  hold  his  office  and  be  paid  a salary  not 
exceeding  $1,000  and  traveling  expenses,  in  the  discretion  of  the  Governor,  whose 
duty  it  shall  be  to  visit  the  stables  of  the  city  and  counties  wherever  and  when- 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


45 


ever  he  has  reason  to  believe  contagious  or  infectious  disease  may  exist,  and  he 
may  visit  any  such  stable  at  any  hour  of  the  day,  between  sunrise  and'  sunset, 
and  shall  have  power,  with  the  consent  of  the  said  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board,  to 
order  all  animals  which  have  been  exposed  to  such  contagion  or  infection  to  be 
isolated  in  such  manner  as  the  nature  thereof  may,  in  his  judgment,  render  neces- 
sary to  prevent  the  spreading  of  such  disease;  to  order  that  any  premises,  farm  or 
farms,  stables,  or  railway  cars  where  such  disease  exists,  or  has  existed,  be  put  in 
quarantine,  so  that  no  domestic  animals  of  the  same  species  shall  be  removed 
from  or  brought  to  the  premises  or  place  so  quarantined  until  the  same  shall  have 
been  properly  disinfected;  to  prescribe  such  regulations  as  he  may  judge  neces- 
sary or  expedient  to  prevent  infection  or  contagion  being  communicated  in  any 
way  from  the  places  so  quarantined;  to  call  upon  all  sheriffs  and  deputy  sheriffs, 
constables,  policemen,  or  other  officers  of  the  State,  the  city  of  Baltimore,  or  of 
any  county,  for  information  and  assistance  to  carry  out  and  enforce  the  provisions 
of  such  orders  and  regulations;  to  prescribe  regulations  for  the  destruction  of 
animals  affected  with  or  exposed  to  an  infectious  or  contagious  disease,  and  for 
the  proper  destruction  of  their  hides  and  carcasses,  and  all  objects  which  might 
carry  infection  or  contagion;  to  prescribe  regulations  for  the  disinfection  of  all 
bui’dings,  premises,  and  railway  cars,  and  of  all  objects  from  which  or  by  which 
infection  or  contagion  might  take  place  or  be  conveyed;  to  alter  and  modify  from 
time  to  time,  as  he  may  deem  expedient,  the  terms  of  all  such  orders  and  regula- 
tions. and  to  cancel  or  withdraw  the  same  at  any  time;  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of 
all  sheriffs  and  deputy  sheriffs,  constables,  policemen,  or  other  officers  of  the  State, 
city  of  Baltimore,  or  counties,  to  obey  and  observe  all  orders  and  instructions 
which  they  may  receive  from  said  veterinary  inspector  in  the  enforcement  of  the 
provisions  of  this  act  within  their  respective  jurisdiction. 

Sec.  6.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  any  person  who  shall  violate  or  transgress  the 
terms  or  requirements  of  any  order  or  regulation  issued  and  prescribed  by  the 
said  Veterinary  Inspector,  with  the  consent  of  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board, 
under  the  authority  of  this  act,  or  shall  refuse  to  said  Veterinary  Inspector  or  his 
assistants,  access  to  his,  her.  or  their  premises,  farms,  stables,  cars,  sheds,  or  pens, 
or  shall  resist  said  inspector  or  his  assistants  in  applying  any  of  the  quarantine 
orders  or  regulations,  or  shall  conceal  the  fact  that  the  contagious  or  infectious 
disease  exists  on  his  premises,  shall  be  subject  to  a fine  of  not  more  than  $100  nor 
less  than  $50,  which  fine  may  be  imposed  by  any  justice  of  the  peace  of  the  city 
of  Baltimore  or  any  county  where  such  offense  may  be  committed. 

Sec.  7.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  it  skall  be  the  duty  of  all  persons  practicing 
veterinary  medicine  in  this  State  to  report  immediately  to  said  board  all  cases  of 
contagious  or  infectious  disease  among  the  live  stock  which  may  come  to  their 
knowledge,  and  a failure  to  report  for  forty-eight  hours  after  he  or  they  shall 
come  into  such  knowledge  shall  be  deemed  a misdemeanor,  and  on  conviction 
thereof  he  or  they  shall  be  fined  not  exceeding  $50  for  each  offense. 

Sec.  8.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person  to  inoculate 
any  animal  in  this  State  with  the  virus  of  any  infectious  or  contagious  disease 
incident  to  animals,  without  th'b  consent  of  the  said  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board, 
and  that  any  person  convicted  of  this  offense  shall  be  fined  a sum  not  less  than  $1 
[$100?]  nor  more  than  $500,  in  the  discretion  of  the  court. 

Sec.  9.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  for  the  performance  of  the  duties  imposed  on 
them  by  this  act  all  constables,  sheriffs,  or  deputy  sheriffs,  or  other  State  officers, 
shall  be  paid  as  for  the  performance  of  similar  duties  under  existing  laws. 

Sec.  10.  And  be  it  enacted , That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  all  State’s  Attorneys  to 
prosecute  all  persons  accused  of  violating  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and  to  defend 
in  all  cases  of  appeals  from  appraisements. 

Sec.  11.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  all  rules  and  regulations  formulated  and  issued 
by  said  board  in  pursuance  of  the  powers  hereby  conferred  on  it  shall  have  the  force 


46 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


and  effect  of  laws,  and  all  violations  of  such  rules  and  regulations  shall  be  punished 
as  misdemeanors  are  punished  at  common  law.  and  all  appraisements  of  animals 
to  be  slaughtered  or  of  buildings  to  be  destroyed  shall  be  approved  by  said  board 
before  such  animals  are  slaughtered  or  such  buildings  destroyed:  and  said 
board  shall  have  the  discretion  to  have  such  animals  slaughtered  or  quarantined. 

Sec.  12.  And  be  it  enacted , That  any  person  who  shall  sell  or  otherwise  dispose 
of  an  animal  which  he  knows  or  has  good  reason  to  believe  is  affected  with  any 
contagious  or  infectious  disease,  or  has  been  exposed  thereto  within  ninety  days, 
or  shall  permit  the  same  to  pass  over  or  upon  any  public  highway,  street,  lane,  or 
alley,  or  to  graze  any  unfenced  lot  or  piece  of  ground  without  the  consent  of 
the  said  board,  shall,  on  conviction  thereof,  be  fined  not  less  than  $50  nor  more 
than  $100  for  each  animal  so  driven  or  exposed;  such  fine  may  be  imposed  by  any 
justice  of  the  peace  of  the  city  of  Baltimore  or  county  where  the  offense  was 
committed. 

Sec.  13.  And  be  it  enacted , That  it  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person  or  persons 
to  wilfully  expose  any  animal  to  others  affected  with  a contagious  or  infectious 
disease,  or  to  put  or  suffer  to  be  put  any  healthy  or  unexposed  animals  of  the 
same  species  into  any  stable  or  on  any  premises  which  have  been  declared  to  be 
infected  until  the  same  shall  have  been  declared  to  be  free  from  such  infection  by  the 
said  veterinary  inspector  with  the  consent  of  said  board;  any  person  or  persons 
convicted  of  violating  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  section  shall  be  subject  to  a 
fine  of  not  less  than  $1  [$100?]  nor  more  than  $500  for  each  offense;  and  the  animal  or 
animals  so  introduced  into  such  infected  stables  or  premises  shall  be  slaughtered 
by  said  veterinary  inspector  without  appraisement  or  compensation  from  the 
State. 

Sec.  14.  And  be  it  enacted , That  in  the  event  of  any  building  or  buildings, 
sheds,  stables,  stable  furniture,  hay,  straw,  or  fodder  being  reported  to  the  said 
board  by  said  inspector  as  being  incapable  of  proper  disinfection,  the  said  board 
may,  in  its  discretion,  have  such  buildings  and  articles  so  infected  appraised,  as 
hereinafter  provided  for  the  appraisement  of  animals,  and  destroyed. 

Sec.  15.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  in  the  event  of  its  being  deemed  necessary  for 
the  said  Veterinary  Inspector  and  said  board,  to  prevent  the  spread  of  contagious 
or  infectious  disease,  to  cause  any  animal  or  animals  so  diseased  or  exposed  to 
such  disease  to  be  slaughtered,  the  value  of  such  animal  or  animals  shall  be 
appraised  in  their  then  condition  by  two  sworn  appraisers,  to  be  sworn  before  any 
officer  authorized  to  administer  oaths  and  affirmations,  one  of  which  appraisers 
to  be  appointed  by  the  owner  or  custodian  of  such  animals,  the  other  by  the 
said  Veterinary  Inspector,  or  in  case  the  said  owner  or  custodian  of  such  animals 
shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  name  such  appraiser,  then  by  two  appraisers,  to  be 
appointed  by  said  inspector,  who,  in  case  of  disagreement,  shall  call  in  a third, 
which  appraisement,  when  approved  by  said  board,  shall  be  filed  with  the  Comp- 
troller; and  the  Comptroller  shall  forthwith  issue  his  warrant  to  the  Treasurer 
for  the  amount  of  said  appraisement,  in  favor  of  said  owner  or  owners,  and  if  the 
owner  or  owners  of  such  animals  or  buildings  or  other  property  shall  not  be  satis- 
fied with  the  amount  of  said  appraisement,  he  or  they  may,  within  sixty  days, 
appeal  to  the  circuit  court  of  the  county,  or  to  the  Baltimore  City  court,  if  such 
animals  or  buildings  are  within  the  city  of  Baltimore,  by  filing  in  said  court  a copy 
of  the  appraisement  with  a petition  for  a writ  of  subpoena  against  the  said  Vet- 
erinary Inspector,  which  appeals  shall  be  acted  on  by  said  court  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  appeals  from  justices  of  the  peace. 

Sec.  16.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  said  board  is  hereby  authorized  and  empowered 
to  agree  with  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
of  the  United  States,  or  other  properly  constituted  authority  of  the  United  States, 
for  cooperation  in  the  work  of  eradicating  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease 
among  live  stock  in  the  State  of  Maryland,  but  such  agreement  shall  provide  that 
such  work  shall  be  under  the  control  of  the  State  authorities. 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


47 


Sec.  17.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  in  the  event  of  an  epidemic  of  contagious  or 
infectious  disease  among  the  live  stock  of  this  State,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
said  board  to  appoint  such  assistants  to  said  inspector  as  may  be  necessary  to 
promptly  suppress  the  same  and  to  fix  their  pay. 

Sec.  18.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  all  diseased  animals  that,  under  the  provisions 
of  this  act,  shall  be  slaughtered  at  any  slaughterhouse  where  meat  is  prepared  for 
market  shall  be  slaughtered  under  the  supervision  of  the  Chief  Veterinary  Inspector 
or  his  assistant,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  inspector  to  see  that  the  carcasses 
and  offal  of  such  diseased  animals,  whether  such  disease  is  contagious  or  other- 
wise, are  destroyed  and  not  sold  for  food.  Any  inspector  who  shall  corruptly 
pass  as  healthy  a diseased  animal  shall,  on  conviction  thereof,  be  fined  not  exceed- 
ing $500  and  forfeit  his  commission. 

Sec.  19.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  all  acts  or  parts  of  acts  incons'stent  with  this 
act  be,  and  they  are  hereby,  repealed,  provided  nothing  herein  shall  affect  the 
commissions  or  terms  of  office  of  the  Chief  Veterinary  Inspector  and  members  of 
said  Sanitary  Board  appointed  and  confirmed  at  this  session  of  the  General 
Assembly,  nor  shall  any  prosecution  now  pending  for  violation  of  the  acts  of  1884, 
Chapter  157,  and  1886,  Chapter  80,  abate,  but  the  same  shall  be  prosecuted  to  final 
judgment  under  the  provisions  of  said  acts  as  if  this  act  had  not  been  passed. 

Sec.  20.  And  be  it  enacted , That  this  act  shall  take  effect  from  the  date  of  its 
passage. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

The  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners,  in  their  report  for  1899,  say: 
“During  the  past  year  the  Commission  has  acted  under  two  sets  of 
laws.  Until  May  25  it  carried  out  the  provisions  of  Chapter  491,  Acts 
of  1894,  as  amended  by  Chapters  476  and  496,  Acts  of  1896;  since 
then  it  has  had  the  enforcement  of  the  new  law  to  deal  with.” 

The  new  law  referred  to  provides  for  the  appointment  by  the  Gov- 
ernor of  a Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners,  who  shall  have  the  power 
to  make  from  time  to  time  orders  and  regulations  concerning  the 
extirpation,  prevention,  and  suppression  of  contagious  diseases  among 
domestic  animals;  and  it  is  their  duty  to  make  orders  and  regulations 
concerning  the  inspection  and  examination  of  animals.  The  board 
may  establish  quarantine  stations  wherein  animals  may  be  treated 
for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  characteristics  of  a specific  con- 
tagion and  the  methods  by  which  it  may  be  disseminated  or  destroyed. 
Animals  which  are  found  to  be  affected  with  a contagious  disease 
may  be  securely  isolated  or  killed  without  appraisal  or  payment.  If 
an  animal  so  killed  shall  appear  upon  postmortem  examination  to  be 
free  from  the  disease  for  which  it  was  condemned,  “a  reasonable 
sum  therefor  shall  be  paid  to  the  owner  by  the  Commonwealth.”  If 
such  an  animal  is  found  to  be  affected  with  tuberculosis  the  full 
value  at  the  time  of  condemnation  is  paid;  but  no  sum  exceeding 
$40  shall  be  paid.  Indemnity  does  not  extend  to  animals  which  have 
been  brought  into  the  State  within  six  months  or  to  cases  where  the 
owner  lias  in  any  way  contributed  to  the  spread  of  the  disease.  Pro- 
vision is  made  for  arbitration  in  the  matter  of  indemnity. 

Animals  imported  into  the  State  from  infected  places  outside  the 
State  may  be  seized  by  the  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  and  held 


48 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


in  quarantine  so  long  as  public  safety  may  require;  and  the  Board 
may  kill  such  animals  without  appraisement  or  payment  for  the 
same. 

Any  board  of  health,  or  agent  thereof,  or  any  person  who  has  rea- 
son to  suspect  the  existence  of  any  contagious  disease  in  the  State 
must,  under  penalty,  give  written  notice  to  the  board,  who  shall 
cause  an  inspection  to  be  made.  If  such  animals  are  found  to  be 
free  from  disease,  a certificate  of  the  fact  is  issued  to  the  owner;  if 
found  diseased,  or  suspected  as  being  diseased,  quarantine  measures 
are  put  in  force. 

Inspectors  are  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners, 
who  operate  under  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  Board. 

Owners  using  tuberculin  are  not  entitled  to  indemnity  for  animals 
which  react,  unless  the  testing  is  done  by  the  Board  of  Cattle  Com- 
missioners or  by  its  direction. 

LAW. 

AN  ACT  relative  to  infectious  diseases  among  domestic  animals  and  to  establish  a new  Board 
of  Cattle  Commissioners.  (Approved  May  25,  1899.) 

Be  it  enacted , etc. , as  follows: 

Section  1.  The  Governor,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  council,  shall 
appoint  a Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  of  not  more  than  three  members  whose 
terms  of  office  shall  begin  on  the  first  day  of  J une  in  the  year  1899,  and  who  shad  hold 
office  as  follows:  One  of  said  members  for  the  term  of  three  years,  one  for  the  term 
of  two  years,  and  one  for  the  term  of  one  year,  and  thereafter  one  of  said  members 
shall  be  appointed  annually  for  the  term  of  three  years.  The  compensation  of  said 
commissioners  shall  not  exceed  $5  a day  for  each  day  of  actual  service,  in  addition 
to  their  traveling  expenses  necessarily  incurred.  Any  member  of  the  board  may 
be  removed  by  the  Governor  and  council,  who  may  revoke  the  commissions  of  the 
entire  board  when  in  their  judgment  the  public  safety  may  permit.  Vacancies  in 
the  board  by  expiration  of  terms  of  service  or  otherwise  shall  from  time  to  time 
be  filled  by  appointment  by  the  Governor  with  the  consent  of  the  council.  The 
Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  as  now  constituted  shall  cease  to  exist  on  the  thirty- 
first  day  of  May  in  the  year  1899,  and  the  duties  now  devolving  by  law  upon  said 
board  shall  thereafter  be  performed  by  the  board  created  by  this  act. 

Sec.  2.  The  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  may  appoint  a clerk  to  keep  the 
record  of  its  doings,  who  shall  receive  such  compensation,  not  exceeding  the  sum 
of  $500  a year,  as  it  shall  determine. 

Sec.  3.  The  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  shall  keep  a full  record  of  its  doings 
and  report  the  same  to  the  Legislature  on  or  before  the  tenth  day  of  January  in 
each  year,  unless  an  earlier  report  is  required  by  the  Governor.  An  abstract  of 
its  report  shall  be  printed  in  the  annual  report  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture. 

Sec.  4.  The  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  shall  have  power  to  make  from  time 
to  time  orders  and  regulations  concerning  the  extirpation,  prevention,  and  sup- 
pression of  contagious  diseases  among  domestic  animals,  or  concerning  the  care 
and  treatment  or  destruction  of  animals  affected  with  or  which  have  been  exposed 
to  any  contagious  disease. 

Sec.  5.  The  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  shall  from  time  to  time  make  orders 
and  regulations  concerning  the  inspection  and  examination  of  animals,  the  quar- 
antine and  killing  of  animals  affected  with  or  which  have  been  exposed  to  con- 
tagious disease,  the  burial  or  other  disposal  of  their  carcasses,  and  the  cleansing 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


49 


and  disinfecting  of  districts,  buildings,  or  places  where  such  contagion  exists  or 
has  existed.  Said  board  shall  from  time  to  time  make  and  prescribe  forms  for 
records  of  inspectors,  certificates  of  examinations,  notices,  and  orders  of  quaran- 
tine. orders  for  killing  and  burial,  and  all  returns  to  be  made  by  inspectors  which 
are  provided  for  under  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

Sec.  6.  The  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  may  establish  hospitals  or  quaran- 
tine stations,  with  proper  accommodations,  wherein,  under  prescribed  regulations, 
animals  selected  by  such  commissioners  may  be  confined  and  treated  for  the  pur- 
pose of  determining  the  characteristics  of  a specific  contagion  and  the  methods 
by  which  it  may  be  disseminated  or  destroyed,  and  it  may  direct  inspectors  to 
enforce  and  carry  into  effect  all  regulations  made  from  time  to  time  for  that 
purpose. 

Sec.  7.  The  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  may  appoint  from  time  to  time 
officers,  agents,  and  assistants  whose  appointment  is  necessary  or  expedient  to 
carry  out  the  purposes  of  this  act,  and  may  remove  any  and  all  of  the  persons  so 
appointed.  All  such  officers/  agents,  and  assistants  shall  have  the  power  and 
authority  conferred  upon  inspectors  under  the  provisions  of  Section  28  of  this 
act,  and  shall  receive  such  compensation  as  the  board  shall  determine. 

Sec.  8.  When  the  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  or  any  of  its  members  or 
agents,  by  examination  of  a case  of  contagious  disease  among  domestic  animals, 
is  convinced  that  the  public  good  requires  it,  the  board,  commissioner,  or  agent 
shall  cause  such  animal  or  animals  to  be  securely  isolated,  or  shall  cause  it  or 
them  to  be  killed  without  appraisal  or  payment.  Such  order  for  killing  shall  be 
issued  in  writing  by  the  board  or  any  of  its  members,  and  may  be  directed  to  an 
inspector  or  other  person,  and  shall  contain  such  direction  as  to  the  examination 
and  disposal  of  the  carcass  and  the  cleansing  and  disinfecting  of  the  premises 
where  such  animal  was  condemned  as  the  board  or  commissioner  shall  deem 
expedient.  A reasonable  sum  may  be  paid  out  of  the  Treasury  of  the  Common- 
wealth for  the  expense  of  such  killing  and  burial.  If  it  shall  subsequently  appear, 
upon  postmortem  examination  or  otherwise,  that  such  animal  was  free  from  the 
disease  for  which  it  was  condemned,  a reasonable  sum  therefor  shall  be  paid  to 
the  owner  by  the  Commonwealth.  Whenever  any  cattle  condemned  as  afflicted 
with  the  disease  of  tuberculosis  are  killed  under  the  provisions  of  this  section,  the 
full  value  thereof  at  the  time  of  condemnation,  not  exceeding  the  sum  of.  $40  for 
any  one  animal,  shall  be  paid  to  the  owner  out  of  the  Treasury  of  the  Common- 
wealth, if  such  animal  has  been  owned  within  the  State  six  months  continuously 
prior  to  its  being  killed:  Provided,  however , That  such  person  shall  not  have, 
prior  thereto,  in  the  judgment  of  the  board,  by  wilful  act  or  neglect,  contributed 
to  the  spread  of  tuberculosis;  but  such  decision  on  the  part  of  the  commissioners 
shall  not  deprive  the  owner  of  the  right  of  arbitration  as  hereinafter  provided. 

Sec.  9.  Said  board  may  make  and  issue  rules  and  regulations  for  the  guidance 
of  inspectors  of  animals  and  provisions  in  the  inspection  of  meat  which  shall  con- 
form with  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Animal  Indus- 
try for  the  inspection  of  meat  for  export  and  for  interstate  commerce. 

Sec.  10.  Said  board  may  examine  under  oath  all  persons  believed  to  possess 
knowledge  of  material  facts  concerning  the  existence  or  dissemination,  or  danger 
of  dissemination,  of  contagious  diseases  among  domestic  animals,  or  concerning 
any  other  matter  within  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and  each  member  of  said  board 
shall  have,  for  any  purpose  of  this  act,  all  the  powers  vested  in  justices  of  the 
peace  by  Chapters  155  and  169  of  the  Public  Statutes  and  acts  in  amendment 
thereof,  to  take  depositions,  to  compel  witnesses  to  attend  and  testify  before  said 
board,  and  to  administer  oaths.  The  f es  for  such  witnesses  for  attendance  and 
travel  shall  be  the  same  as  for  witnesses  before  the  superior  court.  All  costs  and 
expenses  incurred  in  procuring  the  attendance  of  such  witnesses  shall  be  allowed 

17022— No.  28—01 4 


50 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


and  paid  by  the  Commonwealth.  Copies  of  the  records  of  said  board,  or  of  any  reg- 
ulation or  order  issued  by  it  or  by  any  of  its  members  under  the  provisions  of  this 
act,  when  duly  certified  by  the  secretary  of  said  board,  and  any  certificate  by  said 
secretary  of  the  issuing,  recording,  delivering,  or  publishing  of  any  such  orders 
or  regulations  under  the  provisions  of  Section  13  of  this  act  shall  be  competent 
evidence  of  such  fact  in  any  tribunal. 

Sec.  11.  Every  cattle  commissioner  and  inspector  shall  have  power  to  call  on 
sheriffs,  constables,  and  police  officers  to  assist  him  or  them  in  the  discharge  of  the 
duty  provided  for  in  this  act,  and  it  is  hereby  made  the  duty  of  sheriffs,  consta- 
bles, and  police  officers  to  assist  such  commissioner  or  inspector  when  requested 
to  do  so,  and  he  or  they  shail  have  the  same  powers  and  protection  while  engaged 
in  the  discharge  of  his  or  their  duties  which  peace  officers  have. 

Sec.  12.  When  animals  are  transported  within  this  State  from  places  beyond  its 
boundary  lines,  which  places  the  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  deems  to  be 
infected,  such  animals  may  be  seized  and  quarantined  by  the  commissioners  at 
the  expense  of  the  owners  or  consignees  thereof  so  long  as  the  public  safety 
requires;  and  if,  in  their  judgment,  it  is  necessary  to  secure  that  safety  they  may 
cause  such  animals  to  be  killed  without  appraisal  of  or  payment  for  the  same. 

Sec.  13.  All  orders  and  regulations  made  by  said  board  under  the  provisions  of 
this  act  shall  be  spread  upon  the  records  of  the  board,  and  a copy  thereof  shall  be 
sent  to  each  inspector  in  the  city  or  town  to  which  the  regulations  or  orders  apply, 
and  shall  be  published  by  such  inspector  in  such  manner  as  the  orders  and  regu- 
lations shall  prescribe. 

Sec.  14.  Whenever  in  any  city  or  town  the  board  of  health  or  any  member  or 
agent  thereof  or  any  other  person,  except  the  members  of  the  Board  of  Cattle 
Commissioners,  who  has  knowledge  of  or  has  good  reason  to  suspect  the  existence 
of  any  contagious  disease  among  any  species  of  domestic  animals  within  the  limits 
of  this  Commonwealth,  or  that  any  domestic  animal  is  affected  with  any  such  con- 
tagious disease,  whether  such  knowledge  is  obtained  by  personal  examination  or 
otherwise,  shall  immediately  give  written  notice  thereof  to  the  Board  of  Cattle 
Commissioners  or  any  of  its  members,  agents,  or  inspectors,  and  for  failure  so  to 
do  shall  be  punished  by  a fine  not  exceeding  $100:  Provided , however , That  no 
such  notice  shall  be  given  in  the  city  of  Boston  relating  to  the  diseases  known  as 
glanders,  farcy,  and  rabies,  which  diseases  shall  be  cared  for  by  the  board  of 
health  of  the  city  of  Boston. 

Sec.  15.  Upon  the  receipt  of  such  notice  from  any  person  the  Board  of  Cattle 
Commissioners  shall  inspect  or  cause  to  be  inspected  by  its  authorized  agents  any 
such  animal  or  animals;  and  if  upon  such  inspection  such  board  or  such  inspector 
suspects  or  has  reason  to  believe  that  contagion  exists  the  board  or  inspector  shall 
proceed  according  to  the  provisions  of  Sections  23,  24,  25,  and  26  of  this  act. 

Sec.  16.  When  complaint  is  made  on  oath  to  any  police,  district,  or  municipal 
court,  or  to  any  magistrate  authorized  to  issue  warrants  in  criminal  cases,  that 
the  complainant  believes  that  any  diseased  animal  or  animals  are  kept  or  concealed 
in  any  particular  building,  place,  or  inclosure,  the  court  or  magistrate,  if  con- 
vinced that  there  is  reasonable  cause  for  such  belief,  shall  issue  a warrant  to  search 
for  such  animal  or  animals,  and  all  such  warrants  shall  be  directed  and  executed 
as  provided  in  Section  3 of  Chapter  212  of  the  Public  Statutes.  If  upon  a hear- 
ing said  court  or  magistrate  determines  that  any  such  diseased  animal  or  animals 
were  so  kept  or  concealed,  the  same  shall  be  destroyed  or  disposed  of  by  the  Board 
of  Cattle  Commissioners  or  its  authorized  agent,  and  no  compensation  shall  be 
paid  to  the  owner  or  owners  thereof.  If  the  court  or  magistrate  does  not  so  deter- 
mine, said  animal  or  animals  shall  be  returned  to  the  owner. 

Sec.  17.  The  mayor  and  aldermen  of  cities,  except  as  provided  in  Chapter  250 
of  the  acts  of  the  year  1896,  and  the  selectmen  of  the  towns  shall,  within  thirty 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS.  5T 

days  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  and  thereafter  annually  in  the  month  of  March, 
appoint  one  or  more  persons  to  be  the  inspectors  of  animals,  subject  to  the  approval 
of  the  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners.  Each  inspector  shall  be  sworn  faithfully 
to  discharge  the  duties  of  his  office,  and  shall  receive  a reasonable  compensation, 
to  be  paid  by  the  city  or  t<3wn  for  which  he  is  appointed.  Such  city  and  town 
officers  shall  have  the  power  to  remove  any  inspector  appointed  by  them,  and  in 
such  case  shall  immediately  appoint  another  in  his  place.  Every  city  and  town 
shall,  within  thirty  days  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  and  thereafter  before  the 
first  day  of  April  in  each  year,  send  to  the  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  a list  of 
the  qualified  inspectors  of  animals  appointed  under  this  section  for  such  city  or 
town,  which  notice  shall  give  the  name  and  address  of  each  such  inspector  and  his 
occupation. 

Sec.  18.  Whenever  the  officers  of  a city  or  town  neglect  or  refuse  to  carry  into 
effect  the  provisions  of  Section  17  of  this  act,  such  city  or  town  shall  be  liable  to 
forfeit  a sum  not  exceeding  $500  for  each  such  refusal  or  neglect,  and  the  Board 
of.  Cattle  Commissioners  shall  have  the  power  to  appoint  one  or  more  persons  to 
be  such  inspector  or  inspectors  for  such  city  or  town.  Said  board  shall  also  have 
the  power  to  remove  any  inspector  of  animals  appointed  under  the  provisions  of 
this  act  whenever  such  inspector  neglects  or  refuses  to  be  sworn  or,  in  the  opinion 
of  the  board,  does  not  properly  perform  the  duties  of  his  office,  and  in  such  case 
the  board  shall  appoint  another  inspector  to  serve  for  the  remainder  of  his  term. 
Every  inspector  appointed  by  said  board  shall  be  sworn  faithfully  to  discharge  the 
duties  of  his  office  and  shall  receive  such  compensation,  not  exceeding  the  sum  of 
$500  a year  each,  as  said  board  shall  determine.  Such  compensation  shall  be  paid 
by  the  city  or  town  for  which  he  is  appointed. 

Sec.  19.  Every  inspector  shall  keep  a record  of  all  inspections  made  by  him  and 
his  doings  thereon,  and  shall  make  regular  returns  of  all  such  inspections  to  the 
Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners.  Such  records  and  returns  shall  be  made  in  such 
form  and  at  such  times  as  the  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  shall  direct,  and  said 
board  shall  have  at  all  times  the  right  to  inspect  said  records  and  make  copies 
thereof. 

Sec.  20.  The  duties  of  inspectors  appointed  under  the  provisions  of  Chapter  491 
of  the  acts  of  the  year  1894  and  of  acts  in  amendment  thereof,  except  so  far  as 
they  relate  to  the  duties,  rules,  and  regulations  of  the  Board  of  Cattle  Commission- 
ers as  defined  in  this  act,  shall  hereafter  be  performed  by  the  various  cities  and 
towns;  and  said  boards  of  health  shall  have  full  power  in  all  matters  included 
under  the  provisions  of  said  Chapter  491  and  of  acts  in  amendment  thereof,  except 
that  the  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners,  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  this 
act,  so  far  as  not  otherwise  provided  in  Section  14  relating  to  glanders,  farcy,  and 
rabies  in  the  city  of  Boston,  shall  have  full  control  and  authority  in  all  matters 
relating  to  contagious  diseases  among  domestic  animals. 

Sec.  21.  Every  inspector  appointed  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  carry 
out  and  enforce  all  regulations  and  orders  directed  to  him,  under  the  provisions 
of  this  act,  by  the  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  or  by  any  of  its  members. 

Sec.  22.  Said  inspectors  shall  make  regular  and  thorough  inspections  of  all  neat 
cattle,  sheep,  and  swine  found  within  the  limits  of  their  several  cities  and  towns, 
except  as  provided  in  Section  14  of  this  act.  Such  inspection  shall  be  made  at 
such  times  and  in  such  manner  as  the  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  shall  from 
time  to  time  direct.  They  shall  also  make,  from  time  to  time,  inspections  of  all 
other  domestic  animals  within  the  limits  of  their  several  cities  and  towns  when- 
ever they  have  knowledge  or  reason  to  suspect  that  such  animals  are  affected  with 
or  have  been  exposed  to  any  contagious  disease,  and  they  shall  immediately  inspect 
any  and  all  domestic  animals,  and  any  barn,  stable,  or  other  premises  where  any 
such  animals  are  kept,  whenever  directed  to  do  so  by  the  Board  of  Cattle  v om- 


52 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


missioners  or  any  of  its  members:  Provided , however , That  nothing  in  this  act 
shall  apply  to  the  inspection  of  sheep  or  swine  slaughtered  in  wholesale  slaughter- 
ing establishments  or  to  the  obtaining  of  a license  for  the  slaughtering  of  such  sheep 
or  swine. 

Sec.  23.  Whenever  an  inspector  is  convinced  by  examination  of  any  neat  cattle, 
sheep,  or  swine  that  such  animals  are  free  from  contagious  disease,  he  shall  deliver 
to  the  owner  or  to  the  person  in  charge  thereof  a written  certificate  of  their  con- 
dition, signed  by  him,  which  certificate  shall  be  in  such  form  as  the  Board  of 
Cattle  Commissioners  shall  prescribe,  and  shall  cause  a copy  of  said  certificate  to 
be  entered  upon  his  records. 

Sec.  24.  Whenever  any  inspector,  upon  an  examination  of  any  domestic  animal, 
suspects  or  has  reason  to  believe  that  such  animal  is  affected  with  a contagious 
disease,  he  shall  immediately  cause  said  animal  to  be  quarantined  or  isolated  upon 
the  premises  of  the  owner  or  of  the  person  in  whose  charge  it  is  found,  or  in  such 
other  place  or  inclosure  as  he  may  designate,  and  shall  take  such  other  sanitary 
measures  to  prevent  the  spread  of  such  disease  as  may  be  necessary  or  as  shall  be 
prescribed  by  any  order  or  regulation  issued  by  the  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners. 
Such  inspector  shall  also  deliver  to  the  owner  or  person  in  charge  of  such  animal, 
or  to  any  person  having  an  interest  therein,  a written  notice  or  order  of  quaran- 
tine signed  by  him,  which  notice  or  order  shall  be  in  such  form  as  the  Board  of 
Cattle  Commissioners  shall  prescribe,  and  he  shall  cause  a copy  of  said  notice  to 
be  entered  upon  his  records. 

Sec.  25.  Such  notice  or  order  may  be  served  by  an  officer  authorized  to  serve 
civil  process,  or  it  may  be  delivered  by  the  inspector  to  the  owner  or  person  hav- 
ing an  interest  in  the  animal  concerned,  or  to  the  person  in  charge  of  such  animal, 
or  may  be  left  at  the  last  and  usual  place  of  abode  of  such  owner  or  person,  or 
may  be  posted  upon  the  premises  where  said  animal  is  quarantined  or  isolated, 
and  a copy  of  said  notice  or  order  of  quarantine,  with  the  return  of  said  officer  or 
inspector  thereon  that  such  service  has  been  made,  shall  be  competent  evidence  in 
any  court  that  such  quarantine  has  been  imposed.  Whenever  any  animal  has  been 
quarantined  by  an  inspector  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  such  animal  shall 
remain  in  quarantine  until  the  further  order  of  the  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners 
or  of  any  of  its  members. 

Sec.  26.  When  any  animals  are  quarantined,  collected,  or  isolated  under  the 
provisions  of  this  act  upon  the  premises  of  the  owner  or  of  the  person  in  posses- 
sion thereof  at  the  time  such  quarantine  is  imposed,  the  expense  thereof  shall  be 
paid  by  such  owner  or  person  in  possession;  but  whenever  specific  animals  are 
quarantined  or  isolated,  under  the  provisions  of  Section  6 or  Section  24  of  this  act, 
more  than  ten  days  upon  such  premises,  as  suspected  of  being  affected  with  a 
contagious  disease,  and  the  owner  is  forbidden  to  sell  any  of  the  product  thereof 
for  food,  or  whenever  any  animals  are  quarantined,  collected,  or  isolated  on  any 
premises  other  than  those  of  such  owner  or  person  in  possession  thereof,  the  ex- 
pense of  such  quarantine  shall  be  paid  by  the  Commonwealth. 

Sec.  27.  Whenever  any  inspector  has  caused  any  domestic  animal  to  be  quaran- 
tined, as  provided  in  Section  24  of  this  act,  he  shall  immediately  give  a written 
notice  thereof,  together  with  a copy  of  the  order  of  quarantine,  to  the  Board  of 
Cattle  Commissioners,  and  shall  give  such  information  to  no  other  person. 

Sec.  28.  For  the  purpose  of  inspecting  or  examining  any  animal  under  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act  any  inspector,  duly  qualified,  may  enter  any  building  or  build- 
ings or  any  part  thereof,  inclosure  or  in  closures,  or  other  place  where  any  such 
animal  is  kept,  and  may  examine  or  inspect  the  same.  Any  person  who  prevents, 
obstructs,  or  interferes  with  any  such  inspector,  or  other  person  having  the  power 
and  authority  conferred  upon  inspectors  under  this  act,  in  the  performance  of  any 
of  his  duties  as  provided  herein,  or  who  shall  hinder,  obstruct,  or  interfere  with 
his  making  any  such  inspection  or  examination,  or  who  shall  secrete  or  remove 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


53 


any  animal  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  the  same  from  being  inspected  or  exam- 
ined under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  sliali  be  punished  by  fine  not  exceeding  $100, 
or  by  imprisonment  in  jail  not  exceeding  sixty  days,  or  by  both  such  fine  and 
imprisonment. 

Sec.  29.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  inspectors,  in  addition  to  their  inspections  of 
animals  for  contagious  diseases,  to  examine  the  barns,  stables,  or  other  inclosures 
in  which  neat  cattle  are  kept,  with  reference  to  their  situation,  cleanliness,  light, 
ventilation,  and  water  supply,  and  the  general  condition  and  cleanliness  of  the 
said  neat  cattle,  and  to  make  a detailed  report,  with  names  and  residences  of  own- 
ers, to  the  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners,  who  shall  embody  the  same  in  its 
annual  report  to  the  Legislature. 

Sec.  30.  One-half  of  the  compensation  of  inspectors  of  animals  appointed 
under  the  provisions  of  Sections  17  and  18  of  this  act,  in  cities  and  towns  of  less 
than  $2,500,000  valuation,  shall  hereafter  be  paid  from  the  Treasury  of  the  Com- 
monwealth: Provided , however , That  no  inspector  shall  receive  from  the  Common- 
wealth more  than  $250  as  compensation  in  any  one  year. 

Sec.  31.  Every  inspector  of  animals  appointed  under  the  provisions  of  this  act 
shall  carry  out  and  enforce  all  lawful  regulations,  orders,,  and  directions  of  the 
Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  or  of  any  of  its  members,  and  any  such  inspector 
who  neglects  or  refuses  to  carry  out  the  same  shall  be  punished  by  a fine  not 
exceeding  $500  for  every  such  offense. 

Sec.  32.  Every  animal  quarantined  or  isolated  by  order  of  the  Board  of  Cattle 
Commissioners  or  any  of  its  members  or  agents,  or  of  any  inspector,  in  accordance 
with  the  provisions  of  this  act,  shall,  during  the  continuance  of  such  quarantine 
or  isolation,  be  deemed  to  be  affected  with  a contagions  disease.  Any  person  who 
shall  knowingly  break  or  authorize  or  cause  to  be  broken  any  quarantine  imposed 
under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  or  who.  contrary  to  such  order  of  quarantine  or 
isolation,  shall  knowingly  remove,  authorize,  or  cause  to  be  removed  from  any 
building,  place,  or  inclosure  where  the  same  is  quarantined  or  isolated  any  ani- 
mal, or  who,  contrary  to  any  order  or  notice  of  quarantine,  shall  knowingly  place 
or  cause  or  authorize  to  be  placed  any  other  animal  or  animals  within  a building, 
place,  or  inclosure  where  any  animal  or  animals  are  quarantined,  or  in  contact 
therewith,  or  who  shall  knowingly  conceal,  sell,  remove,  or  transport,  or  know- 
ingly cause  or  authorise  to  be  concealed,  sold,  removed,  or  transported  any  ani- 
mal, knowing  or  having  reasonable  cause  to  believe  that  such  animal  is  affected 
with  a contagious  disease,  or  who  shall  knowingly  authorize  or  permit  any  such 
animal  to  go  at  large  upon  any  way,  street,  or  highway  within  the  limits  of  this 
Commonwealth,  or  who  shall  knowingly  bring  or  authorize  or  permit  to  be 
brought  from  any  other  country,  State,  district,  or  Territory  into  this  Common- 
wealth any  animal  which  is  affected  with  or  has  been  exposed  to  any  contagious 
disease,  or  who  shall  disobey  any  lawful  order  or  regulation  of  the  Board  of  Cattle 
Commissioners  or  any  of  its  agents,  or  of  any  inspectors  in  the  discharge  of  his  or 
their  duty  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  shall  be  punished  by  fine  not  exceed- 
ing $500,  or  by  imprisonment  not  exceeding  one  year,  or  by  both  such  fine  and 
imprisonment. 

Sec.  33.  If  the  owner  who  is  entitled  to  compensation  under  Section  8 of  this 
act  for  an  animal  destroyed  as  being  affected  with  tuberculosis  and  the  commis- 
sioner condemning  the  same,  can  not  agree  as  to  the  value  of  the  animal  so  con- 
demned the  value  shall  be  determined  by  arbitrators,  one  to  be  selected  by  the 
commissioner  and  one  to  be  selected  by  the  owner;  or  if  the  owner  neglects  or  re- 
refuses for  twenty-four  hours  to  select  an  arbitrator  the  one  already  selected  shall 
select  a second,  and  if  these  twTo  can  not  agree  a third  shall  be  selected  by  the  two 
arbitrators  first  selected.  Such  arbitrators  shall  be  sworn  faithfully  to  discharge 
the  duties  of  their  office,  and  shall  determine  the  value  of  such  animal  according 
to  the  provisions  of  Section  8;  and  the  full  value  so  determined  shall  be  paid  to 


54 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


the  owner  as  provided  in  said  section.  Either  party  aggrieved  by  the  doings  of 
the  Cattle  Commissioners  or  any  of  its  members  under  the  provisions  of  said  Sec- 
tion 8,  or  by  the  award  of  such  arbitrators,  may  petition  the  superior  court  for 
the  county  where  such  animal  was  killed,  or  for  the  county  of  Suffolk,  to  have  the 
damages  assessed.  Such  petition  shall  be  by  or  against  the  Board  of  Cattle  Com- 
missioners, and  a copy  thereof  shall  be  served  upon  the  defendant,  or,  if  the  peti- 
tion is  against  said  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners,  upon  one  of  the  commissioners, 
in  the  same  manner  as  is  provided  for  the  service  of  other  civil  process.  The  peti- 
tion shall  be  filed  in  the  clerk’s  office  of  the  superior  court  for  said  county  within 
thirty  days  after  the  killing  of  such  animal  or  animals.  The  petition  shall  be  sub- 
ject to  the  provisions  of  Section  69  of  Chapter  167  of  the  Public  Statutes,  and  a 
trial  maybe  had  thereon  at  the  bar  of  the  court,  in  the  same  manner  as  other  civil 
cases  are  tried.  If  upon  such  trial  it  shall  be  determined  that  such  animal  was  not 
affected  with  the  disease  for  which  it  was  condemned,  reasonable  compensation 
may  be  recovered  therefor,  and  if  the  owner  recovers  damages  in  excess  of  the 
amount  previously  awarded  to  him  by  the  arbitrators  or  allowed  him  by  the  com- 
missioners he  shall  recover  his  costs;  otherwise  he  shall  pay  costs.  The  damages, 
costs,  and  expenses  incurred  by  the  commissioners  in  prosecuting  or  defending  any 
such  action  shall  be  paid  by  the  Commonwealth. 

Sec.  34.  Every  person  who  kills  or  causes  to  be  killed,  with  the  consent  of  the 
owner  or  person  in  possession  thereof,  any  animal  under  suspicion  that  the  same 
is  affected  with  or  has  been  exposed  to  a contagious  disease,  or  who  upon  the 
inspection  of  the  carcass  thereof  finds  or  is  of  the  opinion  that  the  same  is  affected 
with  a contagious  disease,  shall  notify  such  owner  or  person  in  possession  thereof 
of  the  existence  of  such  disease,  and  shall  also  immediately  notify  the  Board  of 
Cattle  Commissioners,  its  agent  or  inspector,  of  the  same  and  of  the  place  where 
the  animal  was  found,  the  name  of  the  owner  or  owners  or  person  or  persons  in 
possession  thereof,  and  of  the  disposal  made  of  such  carcass.  Any  person  violat- 
ing the  provisions  of  this  section  shall  be  subject  to  the  same  penalties  as  are 
provided  in  Section  28  of  this  act. 

Sec.  35.  Contagious  diseases  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  include  glan- 
ders, farcy,  contagious  pleuropneumonia,  tuberculosis,  Texas  fever,  foot-and- 
mouth  disease,  rinderpest,  hog  cholera,  rabies,  anthrax  or  anthracoid  diseases, 
sheep  scab,  and  actinomycosis. 

Sec.  36.  Any  person  who  fails  to  comply  with  a regulation  made  or  an  order 
given  by  the  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  or  by  any  of  its  members,  in  the  dis- 
charge of  its  or  his  duty,  shall  be  punished  by  a fine  not  exceeding  $500  or  by 
imprisonment  not  exceeding  one  year. 

Sec.  37.  Prosecutions  under  this  act  shall  be  instituted  and  maintained  in  the 
county  where  the  offense  was  committed. 

Sec.  38.  No  Texan,  Mexican,  Cherokee,  Indian,  or  other  cattle  which  the  Cattle 
Commissioners  decide  may  spread  contagious  disease  shall  be  driven,  contrary  to 
any  order  of  the  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners,  on  the  streets  of  any  city,  town, 
or  village,  or  on  any  road  in  this  Commonwealth,  or  outside  the  stock  yards  con- 
nected with  any  railroad  in  this  Commonwealth. 

Sec.  39.  In  all  stock  yards  w7ithin  this  Commonwealth  said  Texan,  Mexican, 
Cherokee,  Indian,  or  other  cattle  which  the  commissioners  decide  may  spread  con- 
tagious disease  shall  be  kept  in  different  pens  from  those  in  which  other  cattle  are 
kept. 

Sec.  40.  Any  person  or  persons  violating  the  provisions  of  the  two  preceding 
sections  shall  be  punished  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  $20  nor  more  than  $100. 

Sec.  41.  Courts  of  equity  in  term  time  or  vacation  may,  by  injunction  or  other 
proper  order,  upon  application  of  the  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners,  enforce  or 
restrain  violations  of  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

Sec.  42.  The  use  of  tuberculin  as  a diagnostic  agent  for  the  detection  of  the 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


55 


disease  known  as  tuberculosis  in  domestic  animals  shall  be  restricted  to  cattle 
brought  into  the  Commonwealth  from  any  point  without  its  limits  and  to  all  cat- 
tle at  Brighton,  Watertown,  and  Somerville:  Provided , however , That  tuberculin 
may  be  used  as  such  diagnostic  agent  on  any  animal  or  animals  in  any  part  of  the 
State  on  the  consent  in  writing  of  the  owner  or  person  in  possession  thereof,  and 
upon  any  animals  condemned  as  tuberculous  upon  physical  examination  by  a com- 
petent veterinary  surgeon. 

Sec.  43.  No  person  having  animals  tested  with  tuberculin  shall  be  entitled  to 
compensation  from  the  Treasury  of  the  Commonwealth  for  any  animals  which 
react  to  the  tuberculin  test  unless  such  testing  be  done  by  the  Board  of  Cattle 
Commissioners  or  by  its  authorized  agent  acting  as  such  at  the  time  of  the  tests, 
and  such  testing  shall  be  subject  to  the  supervision  and  control  of  the  Board  of 
Cattle  Commissioners. 

Sec.  44.  No  compensation  shall  be  allowed  by  the  Commonwealth  to  any  owner 
or  owners  of  condemned  cattle  who  have  failed  to  comply  with  any  and  all  reason- 
able regulations  in  regard  to  cleanliness,  ventilation,  light,  disinfection,  and  water 
supply  which  may  have  been  imposed  by  the  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners.  Any 
owner  or  owners  of  cattle  who  shall  refuse  to  comply  with  any  of  such  regulations 
shall  be  punished  by  fine  not  exceeding  $50  for  each  offense. 

Sec.  45.  The  existing  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  shall,  until  the  appoint- 
ment of  the  new  board  authorized  by  this  act,  exercise  the  powers  and  discharge 
the  duties  conferred  and  imposed  by  this  act  upon  the  Board  of  Cattle  Commis- 
sioners, and  thereafter  the  new  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  shall  exercise  said 
powers  and  discharge  said  duties. 

Sec.  46.  No  expense  shall  be  incurred  and  no  money  expended  under  this  act  in 
excess  of  the  appropriations  made  therefor. 

Sec.  47.  Sections  1 to  9,  both  inclusive,  27,  29,  30,  34  to  48,  both  inclusive,  and 
50  to  58,  both  inclusive,  of  Chapter  491  of  the  year  1894;  Sections  1,  2,  9 to  12,  both 
inclusive,  and  14  of  Chapter  496  of  the  acts  of  the  year  1895;  Chapter  276  of  the 
acts  of  the  year  1896;  Chapter  499  of  the  acts  of  the  year  1897;  Chapter  451  of 
the  acts  of  the  year  1898,  and  all  other  acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  herewith 
are  hereby  repealed. 

PROCEEDINGS  AND  REGULATIONS. 

June  12  the  board  sent  the  following  letter  to  the  mayors  of  cities 
and  selectmen  of  towns : 

Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts, 

Board  of  Cattle  Commissioned, 

Boston,  June  12,  1899, 

Dear  Sirs:  Herewith  find  a copy  of  Chapter  408  of  the  acts  of  1899.  This  act 
recodifies  the  laws  relating  to  the  contagious  diseases  of  animals. 

You  will  see  by  Section  17  that  there  shall  be  appointed,  within  thirty  days 
after  the  passage  of  this  act  and  thereafter  annually  in  the  month  of  March,  an 
inspector  or  inspectors  of  animals.  Will  you  therefore  immediately  appoint  an 
inspector  of  animals,  or  more  than  one  if  you  think  it  necessary? 

In  most  cities  and  towns,  it  seems  to  us,  one  inspector  of  animals  is  sufficient. 

You  will  further  note  that  such  appointments  are  subject  to  the  approval  of  the 
Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners. 

This  board  prefers  that  a competent  veterinary  surgeon  be  appointed  to  this 
position  when  one  resides  in  the  locality  and  his  services  can  be  procured.  Any 
unfit  appointees  will  be  rejected  by  this  board. 

You  will  please  notify  the  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  at  once  upon  making 
the  appointment. 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


56 


Section  20  provides  that  the  licensing  of  slaughterhouses  and  the  inspection  of 
animals  killed  for  food,  as  provided  for  in  Chapter  491,  acts  of  1894  and  acts  in 
amendment  thereto,  shall  hereafter  be  attended  to  by  local  boards  of  health. 

Austin  Peters,  Chairman , 

Leander  F.  Herrick,  Secretary, 
Charles  A.  Dennen, 

Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners. 

The  work  relative  to  Tuberculosis  is  classified  by  the  board  under 
the  following  heads : 

1.  The  supervision  of  the  traffic  in  live  cattle  brought  into  the  State. 

2.  A general  inspection,  the  examination  of  cattle  quarantined  as  diseased  by 
the  local  inspectors  in  the  various  cities  and  towns,  and  the  payment  for  those 
found  to  be  infected  with  tuberculosis. 

3.  Testing  entire  herds  for  the  purpose  of  permanent^  eradicating  tuberculosis 
from  the  premises. 

Under  the  first  head  are  the  cattle  brought  into  the  State  through  the  quaran- 
tine yards  at  Watertown,  Brighton,  and  Somerville  and  those  brought  in  on  per- 
mits to  other  points. 

The  first  step  necessary  for  continuing  the  control  of  the  cattle  business  was  to 
readopt  the  order  of  the  previous  board;  therefore,  at  a meeting  of  the  Board  of 
Cattle  Commissioners,  held  June  26,  the  following  order  was  adopted: 

Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts, 

Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners, 

Boston , June  26,  1899 . 

To  all  persons  whom  it  may  concern: 

By  virtue  of  the  power  and  authority  in  us  vested  by  law,  and  especially  under 
the  provisions  of  Chapter  408  of  the  acts  of  the  year  1899,  you  are  hereby  notified 
that  tuberculosis,  which  is  a contagious  disease,  and  is  so  recognized  under  the 
laws  of  this  Commonwealth,  exists  among  cattle  of  the  several  States  and  Terri- 
tories of  the  United  States,  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  Canada,  and  such  local- 
ities are,  in  the  opinion  of  this  board,  infected  districts. 

You  are  hereby  further  notified  that,  in  order  to  prevent  the  importation  of 
diseased  animals,  and  as  a means  of  suppressing  such  diseases  within  this  Com- 
monwealth, this  board  has  passed  the  following  order: 

First.  No  neat  cattle  brought  from  any  State  or  Territory  of  the  United 
States,  the  District  of  Columbia,  Canada,  or  any  other  country  without  the  limits 
of  this  Common  wealth,  shall  be  brought  within  the  limits  of  this  Commonwealth, 
except  for  delivery  directly  to  the  Union  Stock  Yards  in  the  town  of  Watertown, 
the  Boston  and  Albany  Stock  Yards  in  Brighton,  within  the  city  of  Boston,  or  the 
premises  of  the  New  England  Dressed  Beef  and  Wool  Company  in  the  city  of 
Somerville,  except  upon  a permit  signed  by  the  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  or 
some  one  of  its  members;  and  no  neat  cattle  so  brought  for  delivery  at  any  of  said 
points  shall  be  unloaded,  except  in  case  of  accident,  at  any  point  other  than  the 
said  Boston  and  Albany  Stock  Yards  in  Brighton,  the  Union  Stock  Yards  in  Water- 
town,  or  the  New  England  Dressed  Beef  and  Wool  Company  in  Somerville. 

Second.  All  neat  cattle  brought  within  the  limits  of  this  Commonwealth  from 
any  place  designated  in  paragraph  1 hereof,  except  for  delivery  as  provided  in 
the  preceding  paragraph,  must  be  accompanied  by  a permit  issued  by  this  board 
or  some  member  thereof;  and  you  are  hereby  forbidden  to  receive  for  transporta- 
tion animals  other  than  those  designated  in  such  permit. 

Third.  If,  for  any  cause,  any  such  neat  cattle  are  received  by  any  of  your  agents 
within  the  limits  of  this  Commonwealth  at  any  other  than  the  Union  Stock  Yards 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


57 


in  Watertown,  the  Boston  and  Albany  Stock  Yards  in  Brighton,  or  the  New  Eng- 
land Dressed  Beef  and  Wool  Company  in  Somerville,  not  accompanied  by  a per- 
mit, as  provided  in  paragraph  2 hereof,  you  will  immediately  notify  this  office, 
giving  the  place  where  said  animals  were  received  for  shipment,  the  name  of  the 
consignee,  and  destination  of  said  animals. 

You  will  not  remove  said  animals  or  permit  them  to  be  removed  from  the  car 
or  vehicle  in  which  they  are  contained  without  a permit  from  this  board  or  some 
member  thereof;  except  that  if,  by  reason  of  the  crowded  condition  of  the  car  or 
because  of  the  long  confinement  of  said  animals  within  the  same,  or  for  accident 
or  otherwise,  it  is  deemed  expedient  by  you  or  your  agent  to  unload  the  same, 
such  animal  or  animals  may  be  removed  by  you  from  said  car  or  vehicle  without 
such  permit;  but  in  such  case  you  will  notify  this  office,  and  you  will  not  allow 
said  animal  or  animals  to  go  out  of  the  possession  of  your  agent  or  off  of  your 
premises  where  said  animals  are  unloaded  except  upon  obtaining  such  permit. 

Fourth.  All  neat  cattle  brought  within  the  limits  of  the  premises  to  Brighton, 
Watertown,  and  Somerville,  designated  in  paragraph  1 hereof,  are  hereby  declared 
to  be  quarantined. 

Fifth.  Any  person  violating  the  provisions  of  this  order  will  be  punished  as  pro- 
vided in  Section  36  of  Chapter  408  of  the  acts  of  the  year  1899. 

This  order  shall  take  effect  upon  the  26th  day  of  June,  1899.  % 

Austin  Peters,  Chairman , 

Leander  F.  Herrick,  Secretary , 
Charles  A.  Dennen, 

Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners . 

The  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  require  all  persons  bringing  cattle  into  this 
State,  except  calves  under  6 months  old  or  beef  cattle  for  immediate  slaughter,  to 
have  them  tested  with  tuberculin  prior  to  shipment  or  after  arrival  in  this  State, 
unless  special  permission  to  the  contrary  is  given  by  this  board. 

All  persons  shipping  or  driving  cattle  into  Massachusetts  must  have  a permit, 
unless  sent  by  rail  to  one  of  the  quarantine  stations  at  Brighton,  Watertown,  or 
Somerville. 

In  regard  to  the  admission  of  cattle  from  without  the  State,  it  is  the  opinion  of 
this  board  that  the  quarantine  stations  should  be  maintained  with  rules  and  regu- 
lations still  more  stringent;  otherwise  this  market  would  be  flooded  with  tuber- 
culous cattle  from  other  States,  for  which  the  purchasers  would  soon  after  look  to 
the  Commonwealth  for  payment. 

While  the  board  does  not  feel  that  the  work  of  testing  out-of-the-State  cattle  is 
by  any  means  perfect,  yet  it  does  feel  that  there  has  been  a great  improvement 
over  the  old  methods  of  admitting  all  classes  of  cattle  within  the  borders  of  the 
State. 

Many  of  the  buyers  affirm  that  they  have  had  less  trouble  with  their  cattle 
during  the  last  two  or  three  years  than  ever  before;  therefore  the  board  believes 
it  to  be  good  judgment  not  to  relax  this  work  in  the  slightest  degree. 

The  second  portion  of  the  work  includes  that  coming  under  the  general  inspec- 
tion made  by  the  local  inspectors. 

An  order  for  an  examination  of  the  neat  stock  in  the  State  and  the  premises  on 
which  they  were  kept  was  sent  out  in  the  following  letter  to  inspectors,  October  1: 

To  the  Inspectors  of  Animals: 

The  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  hereby  directs  that  you  shall  make  a general 
inspection  of  the  neat  stock  in  your  town,  and  incidentally  other  farm  animals,  to 
commence  at  once  and  to  be  completed  on  or  before  the  15th  day  of  November. 


58 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


The  law  under  which  you  work  is  Chapter  408  of  the  Acts  of  1899,  a copy  of 
which  will  be  sent  you,  together  with  the  necessary  papers  for  carrying  it  out. 
The  portion  contained  in  Sections  19  to  32  relates  especially  to  your  duties,  and 
you  should  make  yourself  familiar  with  it.  You  will  also  be  provided  with  a book 
to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  Section  23.  with  books  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of 
Section  29,  and  a quarantine  book  for  cases  of  tuberculosis  or  other  contagious 
diseases  among  animals. 

Cattle  are  not  to  be  quarantined  as  tuberculous  unless  they  show  enough  evi- 
dence of  disease  to  make  it  possible  to  condemn  them  on  a physical  examination, 
except  where  the  udder  of  a milch  cow  is  tuberculous;  on  no  account  are  cattle  to 
be  quarantined  simply  for  the  purpose  of  testing  them  with  tuberculin,  when  they 
show  no  physical  signs  of  disease.  The  only  exception  to  this  rule  is,  that  it  is  the 
duty  of  inspectors  to  quarantine  all  cattle  brought  into  the  State  without  a permit 
from  this  board,  until  the  owner  furnishes  the  cattle  commission  with  satisfactory 
certificates  of  a tuberculin  test.  Before  quarantining  any  cattle,  you  should 
decide  upon  what  cows  you  are  going  to  quarantine,  then  send  the  papers  on  a 
number  at  once,  so  our  agent  can  see  them  all  in  one  visit. 

By  order: 

Austin  Peters,  Chairman, 

9 L.  F.  Herrick,  Secretary, 

C.  A.  Dennen, 

Massachusetts  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners. 

The  present  policy  of  the  Massachusetts  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  follows 
the  plan  laid  down  in  the  resolutions* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11  given  above,  outside  of  the  matter  of 
slaughterhouse  inspection. 


1 The  resolutions  referred  to,  as  translated  by  Dr.  Y.  A.  Norgaard,  are  as  follows: 
Y. — The  prevention  of  tuberculosis  among  domestic  animals. 

1.  All  meat  inspectors  must  report  every  case  of  tuberculosis  which  results  in 
total  or  partial  condemnation  of  the  carcass,  and  all  such  which  are  deemed  to 
have  been  especially  effective  in  disseminating  the  infection. 

2.  Investigation  as  to  the  origin  of  the  animal  in  question. 

3.  Examination  of  the  herd  to  which  it  belonged.  All  cattle  showing  clinical 
symptoms  of  tuberculosis  should  be  branded  or  otherwise  marked. 

4.  Separation  and  slaughter  in  from  one  to  three  months  of  all  animals  which 
must  be  considered  dangerous  in  spreading  the  disease,  under  penalty  of  losing  all 
right  to  indemnification,  but  under  promise  of  indemnity  in  full  in  case  of  mistake 
in  the  diagnosis. 

5.  Thorough  disinfection  of  the  stable  and  premises  where  the  affected  animals 
have  been  kept. 

6.  Careful  removal  and  destruction  of  all  affected  parts  of  the  carcass. 

7.  Quarterly  inspection  of  all  affected  herds. 

8.  Milk  from  cows  with  tuberculosis  mammitis  must  be  used  for  either  man  or 
animal  in  boiled  condition  only. 

9.  Skim  milk  from  cooperative  dairies  must  be  returned  or  sold  in  sterilized 
condition  only. 

10.  Absolute  destruction  of  all  separator  residues. 

11.  Permanent  supervision,  in  regard  to  tuberculosis,  with  all  dairies  which 
make  a specialty  of  providing  milk  for  children  and  invalids. 

YI. — The  utilization  of  the  flesh  and  milk  of  tuberculous  animals. 

OF  THE  FLESH. 

When  a general  compulsory  inspection  of  all  food  animals,  before  and  after 
slaughter,  has  been  inaugurated,  the  following  rules  are  to  be  enforced  in  order  to 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


59 


The  methods  formerly  pursued  by  the  State  have  been  found  too  extravagant 
and  expensive.  Similar  measures  were  tried  in  Belgium,  and  proved  there  to  be 
too  costly. 

During  the  past  year  cows  that  showed  marked  physical  evidence  of  tuberculosis 
were  condemned  and  killed;  a few  have  been  passed  as  fit  for  beef,  but  most  of 
them  were  only  fit  to  be  rendered.  When  cows  can  be  condemned  on  a physical 
examination  the  work  can  be  done  at  a less  cost  than  under  the  former  system, 
when  the  agent  tested  cows  with  tuberculin  and  then  reported  the  results  to  the 
office  and  received  instructions  which  to  kill  and  which  to  release. 

Under  the  present  system  the  agent  examines,  appraises,  and  kills  a diseased 
cow  all  at  one  visit.  This  system  seems  to  work  satisfactorily,  and  very  few  com- 
plaints have  ar  sen  under  it. 

Cows  with  nodulated  udders  have  been  tested  with  tuberculin,  as  have  also 
some  doubtful  cases;  if  they  reacted  they  were  destroyed. 

Reducing  the  limit  of  value  from  $60  to  $40  has  resulted  in  a saving  to  the  State. 
The  appraisals  have  been  very  evenly  made,  and  the  average  value,  $22.50  per  head, 
is  much  lower  than  it  formerly  was.  The  work  of  the  local  inspectors  seems  to  be 
sufficient  to  protect  the  people  from  the  milk  of  cows  owned  in  Massachusetts 
which  are  sufficiently  diseased  to  be  a danger  to  the  public  health,  besides  which, 
the  badly  diseased  cows  are  the  greater  sources  of  danger  to  others. 


eliminate  the  dangers  which  under  certain  circumstances  might  result  from  the 
consumption  of  flesh  from  tuberculous  animals: 

(1)  In  examining  the  carcasses  of  slaughtered  animals  it  is  necessary  that  all 
the  professional  inspectors  follow  certain  rules  which  will  insure  that  every  case 
of  tuberculosis  is  discovered  and  that  the  extent  of  the  tuberculous  lesions  are 
ascertained. 

(2)  Of  greatest  importance  is  the  unfailing  discovery  and  the  careful  removal  of 
the  affected  organs,  together  with  their  appendages. 

(3)  When  tubercular  centers  are  located  in  the  flesh,  the  infected  regions,  as 
bounded  by  the  surrounding  lymph  glands,  are  to  be  treated  in  the  same  way 
as  the  infected  organs— that  is,  when  it  can  be  ascertained  beyond  a doubt  that 
infection  i^limited  to  a certain  region. 

When  the  tuberculous  alterations  in  the  meat  are  confined  to  the  lymph  glands 
located  therein,  the  muscle  parts  ma}r  be  dissected  away  from  the  bones,  joints, 
blood  vessels,  and  lymphatics,  and  when  cut  in  small  pieces  and  thoroughly  ster- 
ilized be  offered  for  sale  as  food. 

In  the  case  of  fat  animals  the  melting  out  of  the  fatty  tissue  is  allowed  when 
care  is  taken  to  remove  the  tuberculous  centers. 

(4)  In  all  cases  of  local  tuberculosis,  or  in  such  where  the  generalization  is  lim- 
ited in  exrent  and  confined  to  the  internal  organs,  the  meat  may  be  offered  for 
sale  in  raw  condition.  When,  however,  the  tuberculous  processes  are  of  consid- 
erable extent,  the  meat  should  be  sold  under  declaration. 

(5)  In  all  cases  where  there  is  pronounced  emaciation  or  symptoms  of  recent 
generalization  (swelling  of  the  spleen  and  lymphatic  glands  or  miliary  tubercu- 
losis of  the  spleen,  liver,  lungs,  and  kidneys),  the  whole  of  the  meat,  with  excep- 
tion of  the  melted  fat,  must  be  condemned  as  unfit  for  human  food. 

(6)  In  cases  where  the  local  character  of  tuberculosis  and  the  harmlessness  of 
the  meat  are  doubtful  (especially  when  there  are  tuberculous  caverns  and  incipient 
derangement  of  nutrition),  the  whole  of  the  meat  is  to  be  sterilized  before  being 
handed  over  as  fit  for  food. 

(7)  The  sterilized  meat  and  the  melted  fat  are  to  be  sold  under  declaration. 

OF  THE  MILK. 

(1)  Cows,  goats,  and  other  animals  kept  for  dairy  purposes  must  be  subjected 
to  regular  veterinary  control. 

(2)  The  milk  of  tuberculous  animals  is  not  to  be  used  for  human  food  if  the 
animals  are  emaciated  or  affected  with  tuberculosis  of  the  udder. 

(3)  All  emaciated  animals  and  those  suffering  from  tuberculosis  of  the  udder 
should  be  destroyed  without  delay,  as  it  is  now  done  in  Denmark  and  Sweden,  and 
the  owners  indemnified  by  the  State. 


60 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts, 

Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners. 

PERMIT  TO  BRING  NEAT  CATTLE  INTO  MASSACHUSETTS,  TO  ALL  POINTS  EXCEPT 
THE  QUARANTINE  STATIONS  AT  BRIGHTON,  WATERTOWN,  AND  SOMERVLILE. 

Boston,  Mass., , 1900. 

Permission  is  hereby  granted  to , of , to  bring  from , to , 

Mass., on  or  before , 1900. 

to  be  tested  before  shipment. 

to  be  tested  after  arrival  at  destination. 

for  immediate  slaughter. 

returning  from  out  of  State  pastures. 


Commissioner. 

THE  PERMIT  SHOULD  ACCOMPANY-  WAYBILL. 


All  persons  bringing  cattle  into  this  State,  except  calves  under  6 months  old  or  beef  cattle  for 
immediate  slaughter,  must  have  them  tested  with  tuberculin  prior  to  shipment  or  after  arrival 
in  this  State,  unless  special  permission  to  the  contrary  is  given  by  this  board. 

Certificates  of  tuberculin  test  must  be  mailed  at  once  directly  to  the  Massachusetts  Cattle 
Commissioners.  Cattle  brought  into  Massachusetts  on  permit  are  to  remain  in  quarantine  on 
owner’s  or  consignee’s  premises  until  released  by  the  inspector  of  animals  of  the  town  to  which 
they  are  sent,  or  by  order  of  the  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  or  one  of  its  members  or  agents* 
All  persons  shipping  or  driving  cattle  into  Massachusetts  must  have  a permit  unless  sent  by 
rail  to  one  of  the  quarantine  stations  named  above. 


The  following  is  a notice  to  inspectors  of  the  permit,  as  shown  above,  being 
issued  to  importers: 


No.  - 


Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts, 

Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners, 

Boston , , 1900. 

, Inspector  of  Animals, 


, Mass. 

Dear  Sir:  We  have  this  day  issued  a permit  to to  tfring 

cattle  to  your  town.  Upon  arrival  of  same  you  will  please  notify  this  board  on 
blank  provided  below,  and  if  they  have  not  been  tested  with  tuberculin  we  will 
order  them  quarantined  until  the  owner  has  them  so  tested,  at  his  expense  and 
risk,  by  some  one  satisfactory  to  us. 

Yours,  truly,  , 

Chairman. 


•,  Mass., , 1900. 


To  Massachusetts  Cattle  Commissioners: 

I hereby  notify  you  of  the  arrival  of cattle  brought  into  the  State  by  Mr. 

, on  permit  issued  by  you  as  above  stated. 


Remarks: . 

Yours,  truly, 


Inspector  of  Animals  for  said  town. 


MICHIGAN. 

Michigan  has  a general  law  concerning  contagious  or  infectious  dis- 
eases of  a malignant  character,  hut  no  special  law  relative  to  bovine 
tuberculosis.  The  State  Veterinarian  is  doing  something  against 
tuberculosis  under  this  law,  as  will  be  seen  b}^  a reference  to  the 
regulations. 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


61 


The  work  against  contagious  diseases  of  animals  is  done  by  a State 
Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission,  consisting  of  three  persons  appointed 
by  the  Governor.  The  Governor  also  appoints  a State  Veterinary 
Surgeon. 

The  commission  is  “ authorized  and  empowered  to  establish,  main- 
tain, and  enforce  such  quarantine,  sanitary,  and  other  regulations  as 
it  may  deem  necessary.” 

It  is  made  the  duty  of  any  person  who  has  knowledge  of  the  exist- 
ence or  the  suspicion  of  existence  of  any  contagious  or  infectious 
disease  to  report  it  to  the  commission.  Upon  the  receipt  of  such  infor- 
mation the  commission  or  any  member  of  it  shall,  if  satisfied  that  such 
disease  does  exist,  establish  temporary  quarantine  and  prescribe  such 
regulations  as  will  prevent  the  spread  of  the  contagion  or  infection, 
and  shall  notify  the  State  Veterinarian,  who  shall  make  an  examina- 
tion and  report  the  result  to  the  commission.  The  commission  shall 
then  prescribe  rules  and  regulations  for  controlling  the  diseases  and 
prescribe  the  lines  of  a quarantine  district.  The  Governor  establishes 
the  quarantine  by  proclamation. 

The  commission  is  empowered  to  destroy  affected  or  exposed  animals 
after  appraisement.  A certificate  of  such  appraisement  is  issued  to 
the  owner  and  the  full  amount  is  paid  upon  approval  by  the  Governor, 
The  right  to  indemnity  does  not  extend  to  animals  which  may  have 
been  brought  into  the  State  in  a diseased  condition  or  which  may  come 
from  a State  or  Territory  where  the  disease  with  which  the  animals  are 
affected  exists,  nor  to  animals  brought  into  the  State  in  violation  of 
law  or  rules  and  regulations,  or  that  were  diseased  or  suspected  of 
being  diseased  when  they  come  into  possession  of  the  claimant. 

It  is  made  a misdemeanor  to  keep,  sell,  ship,  drive,  trade,  or  give 
away  any  animal  having  a contagious  or  infectious  disease.  It  is  also 
a misdemeanor  to  bring  such  animals  into  the  State. 

The  Governor,  when  he  has  reason  to  believe  that  contagious  or 
infectious  diseases  exist  in  other  States  or  Territories,  may  issue  a 
proclamation  of  quarantine  in  regard  to  such  districts  prohibiting  the 
importation  into  Michigan  of  animals  therefrom  unless  accompanied 
by  a certificate  of  health. 

The  commission  is  empowered  to  cooperate  with  the  Bureau  of 
Animal  Industry  in  the  work  of  suppression  and  prevention  of  conta- 
gious diseases. 

LAW. 

AN  ACT  to  provide  for  the  appointment  of  a Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission  and  a State 

Veterinarian,  and  to  prescribe  their  powers  and  duties,  and  to  prevent  and  suppress  conta- 
gious and  infectious  diseases  among  the  live  stock  of  the  State.  (Approved  June  10,  1885. 

Section  23  added  by  act  approved  May  13, 1887.) 

Section  1.  The  people  of  the  State  of  Michigan  enact , That  a commission  is 
hereby  established  which  shall  be  known  under  the  name  and  style  of  “The 
State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission.”  The  commission  shall  consist  of  three 
commissioners  who  are  practical  agriculturists  and  engaged  in  the  live-stock  ind us- 


62 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


tries  of  the  State,  who  shall  be  appointed  by  the  Governor,  with  the  advice  and 
consent  of  the  Senate.  One  shall  be  appointed  for  the  term  of  six  years,  one  for 
the  term  of  four  years,  and  one  for  the  term  of  two  years,  whose  term  of  office 
shall  commence  on  the  second  Tuesday  of  July  of  the  year  in  which  they  are 
appointed  and  shall  continue  until  their  successors  are  appointed  and  qualified. 
And  at  each  succeeding  biennial  session  of  the  Legislature  there  shall  be  appointed 
in  like  manner  one  commissioner  who  shall  hold  his  office  six  years,  or  until  his 
successor  is  appointed  and  qualified.  The  Governor  shall  also  appoint,  with  the 
advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  a competent  and  skilled  veterinary  surgeon  for 
the  State,  who,  at  the  time  of  such  appointment,  shall  be  a graduate  in  good 
standing  of  a recognized  college  of  veterinary  surgery,  and  who  shall  hold  his 
office  two  years  from  the  second  Tuesday  of  July  of  the  year  he  is  appointed  and 
until  his  successor  is  appointed  and  qualified.  The  Governor  shall  also  appoint 
every  two  years  thereafter  a competent  and  skilled  veterinarian  having  the  quali- 
fications above  mentioned,  whose  term  of  office  shall  be  for  two  years,  or  until 
his  successor  is  appointed  and  qualified. 

Sec.  2.  Said  commissioners  and  veterinary  surgeon  before  they  enter  upon  the 
duties  of  their  office  shall  each  take  and  subscribe  the  constitutional  oath  of  office 
and  file  the  same  with  the  Secretary  of  State. 

Sec.  3.  Each  commissioner  shall  receive  the  sum  of  $3  per  day  and  necessary 
expenses  for  the  time  actually  spent  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties;  and  the  veter- 
inary surgeon  shall  receive  the  sum  of  $5  per  day  and  necessary  expenses  for  time 
when  employed. 

Sec.  4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  commission  to  protect  the  health  of  the 
domestic  animals  of  the  State  from  all  contagious  or  infectious  diseases  of  a 
malignant  character,  and  for  this  purpose  it  is  hereby  authorized  and  empow- 
ered to  establish,  maintain,  and  enforce  such  quarantine,  sanitary,  and  other 
regulations  as  it  may  deem  necessary. 

Sec.  5.  [As  amended  by  Act  No.  105,  Public  Acts,  1887.]  It  shall  be  the  duty  of 
any  person  who  discovers,  suspects,  or  has  reason  to  believe  that  any  domestic 
animal  belonging  to  him  or  in  his  charge,  or  that  may  come  under  his  observation 
belonging  to  other  parties,  is  affected  with  any  disease,  whether  it  be  a contagious 
or  infectious  disease,  to  immediately  report  such  fact,  belief,  or  suspicion  to  the 
Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission,  or  a member  thereof. 

Sec.  6.  [Section  G was  repealed  by  Act  No.  105,  Public  Acts,  1887.] 

Sec.  7.  The  commission  or  any  member  thereof  to  whom  the  existence  of  any 
infectious  or  contagious  disease  of  domestic  animals  is  reported  shall  forthwith  pro- 
ceed to  the  place  where  such  domestic  animal  or  animals  are  and  examine  the  same, 
and  if  in  his  or  their  opinion  any  infectious  or  contagious  disease  does  exist  he  or 
they  shall  prescribe  such  temporary  quarantine  and  regulations  as  will  prevent 
the  spread  of  the  contagion  or  infection,  and  notify  the  State  Veterinarian,  who 
shall  forthwith  proceed  to  the  place  where  said  contagious  or  infectious  disease  is 
said  to  exist  and  examine  said  animal  or  animals  and  report  his  or  their  finding  to 
the  said  commission,  who  then  shall  prescribe  such  rules  and  regulations  as  in 
their  judgment  the  exigencies  of  the  case  may  require  for  the  effectual  suppression 
and  eradication  of  the  disease,  and  for  that  purpose  the  said  commission  may  list 
and  describe  the  domestic  animals  affected  with  such  disease  and  those  which  have 
been  exposed  thereto  and  included  within  the  infected  district  or  premises  so 
defined  and  quarantined  with  such  reasonable  certainty  as  would  lead  to  their 
identification,  and  no  domestic  animal  liable  to  become  infected  with  the  disease 
or  capable  of  communicating  the  same  shall  be  permitted  to  enter  or  leave  the 
district,  premises,  or  grounds  so  quarantined,  except  by  the  authority  of  the 
commission.  The  said  commission  shall  also,  from  time  to  time,  give  and  enforce 
such  directions,  and  prescribe  such  rules  and  regulations  as  to  separating,  mode 
of  handling,  treating,  feeding,  and  caring  for  such  diseased  and  exposed  animals 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


63 


as  it  shall  deem  necessary  to  prevent  the  two  classes  of  animals  from  coming  in 
contact  with  each  other,  and  perfectly  isolate  them  from  all  other  domestic 
animals  which  have  not  been  exposed  thereto  and  which  are  susceptible  of  becom- 
ing infected  with  the  disease,  and  the  said  commission  and  veterinarian  are  hereby 
authorized  and  empowered  to  enter  upon  any  grounds  or  premises  to  carry  out 
the  provisions  of  this  act.  When  in  the  opinion  of  the  commission  it  shall  be 
necessary,  to  prevent  the  further  spread  of  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease 
among  the  live  stock  of  the  State,  to  destroy  animals  affected  with  or  which  have 
been  exposed  to  any  such  disease,  it  shall  determine  what  animals  shall  be  killed, 
and  appraise  the  same,  as  hereinafter  provided,  and  cause  the  same  to  be  killed 
and  the  carcasses  disposed  of  as  in  their  judgment  will  best  protect  the  health  of 
domestic  animals  of  the  locality. 

Sec.  8.  When  the  commission  shall  have  determined  the  quarantine  and  other 
regulations  necessary  to  prevent  the  spread  among  domestic  animals  of  any  malig- 
nant, contagious,  or  infectious  disease  found  to  exist  among  the  live  stock  of  the 
State,  and  given  their  order  as  hereinbefore  provided,  prescribing  quarantine 
and  other  regulations,  it  shall  notify  the  Governor  thereof,  who  shall  issue  his 
proclamation  proclaiming  the  boundary  of  such  quarantine  and  the  orders,  rules, 
and  regulations  prescribed  by  the  commission,  which  proclamation  may  be  pub- 
lished by  written  or  printed  handbills  posted  within  the  boundaries  or  on  the  lines 
of  the  district,  premises,  places,  or  grounds  quarantined:  Provided,  That  if  the 
commission  decide  that  it  is  not  necessary,  by  reason  of  the  limited  extent  of  the 
district  in  which  such  disease  exists,  that  a proclamation  should  be  issued,  then 
none  shall  be  issued;  but  such  commission  shall  give  such  notice  as  may  to  it  seem 
best  to  make  the  quarantine  established  by  it  effective. 

Sec.  9.  Whenever  the  commission  shall  direct  the  killing  of  any  domestic  ani- 
mal or  animals,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  commissioners  to  appraise  the  animal  or 
animals  condemned,  and  in  fixing  the  value  thereof  the  commissioners  shall  be 
governed  by  the  value  of  said  animal  or  animals  at  the  date  of  appraisement. 

Sec.  10.  Whenever  any  live  stock  shall  be  appraised  and  killed  by  order  of  the 
commission,  it  shall  issue  to  the  owner  of  the  stock  so  killed  a certificate  showing 
the  number  and  kind  of  animals  killed  and  the  amount,  in  their  judgment,  to 
which  the  owner  is  entitled,  and  report  the  same  to  the  Governor  of  the  State, 
which  certificate,  if  approved  by  the  Governor,  shall  be  presented  to  the  Auditor- 
General,  who  shall  draw  his  warrant  on  the  State  Treasurer  for  the  amount  therein 
stated,  payable  out  of  any  money  in  the  Treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated. 

Sec.  11.  When  any  animal  or  animals  are  killed  under  the  provisions  of  this  act 
by  order  of  the  commission,  the  owner  thereof  shall  be  paid  therefor  the  appraised 
value,  as  fixed  by  the  appraisement  hereinbefore  provided  for:  Provided,  The 
right  of  indemnity  on  account  of  animals  killed  by  order  of  the  commission  under 
the  prov  sions  of  this  act  shall  not  extend  to  the  owners  of  animals  which  have 
been  brought  into  the  State  in  a diseased  condition,  or  from  a State,  country,  Ter- 
ritory, or  district  in  which  the  disease  with  which  the  animal  is  affected,  or  to 
which  it  has  been  exposed,  exists.  Nor  shall  any  animal  be  paid  for  by  the  State 
which  may  be  brought  into  the  State  in  violation  of  any  law  or  quarantine  regu- 
lation thereof,  or  the  owner  of  which  shall  have  violated  any  of  the  provisions  of 
this  act,  or  disregarded  any  rule,  regulation,  or  order  of  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary 
Commission  or  any  member  thereof.  Nor  shall  any  animal  be  paid  for  by  the 
State  which  came  into  the  possession  of  the  claimant  with  the  claimant’s  knowl- 
edge that  such  animal  was  diseased,  or  was  suspected  of  being  diseased,  or  of 
having  been  exposed  to  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease. 

Sec.  12.  Any  person  who  shall  have  in  his  possession  any  domestic  animal 
affected  with  any  contagious  and  infectious  disease,  knowing  such  animal  to  be 
so  affected,  or  after  having  received  notice  that  such  animal  is  so  affected  who 
shall  permit  such  animal  to  run  at  large,  or  who  shall  keep  such  animal  where 


64 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


other  domestic  animals  not  affected  by  or  previously  exposed  to  such  disease  may 
be  exposed  to  its  contagion  or  infection,  or  who  shall  sell,  ship,  drive,  trade,  or 
give  away  such  diseased  animal  or  animals  which  have  been  exposed  to  such 
infection  or  contagion,  or  who  shall  move  or  drive  any  domestic  animal  in  viola- 
tion of  any  direction,  rule,  or  regulation,  or  order  establishing  and  regulating 
quarantine,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof 
shall  be  fined  in  any  sum  not  less  than  $10  nor  more  than  $500  for  each  of  such 
diseased  or  exposed  animal  which  he  shall  permit  to  run  at  large,  or  keep,  sell, 
ship,  drive,  trade,  or  give  away  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of  this  act:  Provided, 
That  any  owner  of  any  domestic  animal  which  has  been  affected  with  or  exposed 
to  any  contagious  disease  may  dispose  of  the  same  after  having  obtained  of  the 
State  Veterinarian  a certificate  of  health  for  such  animal. 

Sec.  13.  Any  person  who  shall  knowingly  bring  into  this  State  any  domestic 
animal  which  is  affected  with  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease,  or  any  animal 
which  has  been  exposed  to  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease,  shall  be  deemed 
guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be  fined  in  any  sum 
not  less  than  $100  nor  more  than  $5,000. 

Sec.  14.  Any  person  who  owns  or  is  in  possession  of  live  stock  which  is  affected, 
or  which  is  suspected  or  reported  to  be  affected,  with  any  infectious  or  contagious 
disease,  who  shall  wilfully  prevent  or  refuse  to  allow  the  State  Veterinarian  or 
commissioner  or  other  authorized  officer  or  officers  to  examine  such  stock,  or  shall 
hinder  or  obstruct  the  State  Veterinarian  or  other  authorized  officer  or  officers  in 
any  examination  of  or  in  an  attempt  to  examine  such  stock,  shall  be  deemed  gailty 
of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be  fined  in  any  sum  not  less 
than  $10  nor  more  than  $500. 

Sec.  15.  Any  person  who  shall  wilfully  violate,  disregard,  or  evade,  or  attempt 
to  violate,  disregard,  or  evade  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  or  who  shall  wil- 
fully violate,  disregard,  or  evade  any  of  the  rules,  regulations,  orders,  or  direc- 
tions of  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission  establishing  and  governing  quarantine, 
shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be 
fined  in  any  sum  not  less  than  $10  nor  more  than  $500. 

Sec.  16.  The  commission  provided  for  in  this  act  shall  have  power  to  employ  at 
the  expense  of  the  State  such  persons  and  purchase  such  supplies  and  material  as 
may  be  necessary  to  carry  into  full  effect  all  orders  by  it  given. 

Sec.  17.  The  commissioners  shall  have  power  to  call  upon  any  sheriff,  under- 
sheriff, deputy  sheriff,  or  constable  to  execute  their  orders,  and  such  officers  shall 
obey  the  orders  of  said  commissioners;  and  the  officers  performing  such  duties 
shall  receive  compensation  therefor  as  is  prescribed  by  law  for  like  services,  and 
shall  be  paid  therefor  in  like  manner.  And  any  officer  may  arrest  and  take  before 
any  justice  of  the  peace  of  the  county  any  person  found  violating  any  of  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act,  and  such  officer  shall  immediately  notify  the  prosecuting  attor- 
ney of  such  arrest,  and  he  shall  prosecute  the  person  so  offending  according  to  law. 

Sec.  18.  Whenever  the  Governor  of  the  State  shall  have  good  reason  to  believe 
that  any  dangerous,  contagious,  or  infectious  disease  has  become  epizootic  in  cer- 
tain localities  in  other  States,  Territories,  or  countries,  or  that  there  are  conditions 
which  render  such  domestic  animals  from  such  infected  districts  liable  to  convey 
such  disease,  he  shall  by  proclamation  prohibit  the  importation  of  any  live  stock 
of  the  kind  diseased  into  the  State,  unless  accompanied  by  a certificate  of  health 
given  by  a duly  authorized  veterinary  surgeon:  and  all  such  animals  arriving  in 
this  State  shall  be  examined  immediately  by  the  commission  or  some  member 
thereof,  and  if  he  or  they  deem  necessary  he  or  they  shall  have  said  animals 
inspected  by  the  State  Veterinary  Surgeon,  and  if,  in  his  opinion,  there  is  any 
danger  from  contagion  or  infection  they  shall  be  placed  in  close  quarantine  until 
such  danger  of  infection  or  contagion  is  passed,  when  they  shall  be  released  by 
order  of  said  commission,  or  some  member  thereof. 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


65 


Sec.  19.  For  the  purposes  of  this  act  each  member  of  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary 
Commission  is  hereby  authorized  and  empowered  to  administer  oaths  and 
affirmations. 

Sec.  20.  This  commission  is  hereby  authorized  and  required  to  cooperate  with 
any  board  or  commission  acting  under  any  present  or  future  act  of  Congress  for 
the  suppression  and  prevention  of  contagious  or  infectious  diseases  among  domes- 
tic animals,  and  the  same  right  of  entry,  inspection,  and  condemnation  of  diseased 
animals  upon  private  premises  is  granted  to  the  United  States  board  or  commis- 
sion as  is  granted  to  the  commission  granted  under  this  act. 

Sec.  21.  The  commission  shall  make  biennially  a detailed  report  of  its  doings 
to  the  Governor,  which  report  shall  be  transmitted  to  the  Legislature  at  its  regular 
biennial  session. 

Sec.  22  [as  amended  by  Act  No.  47,  Public  Acts  of  1887].  This  act  shall  be  con- 
strued so  as  to  include  sheep  and  horses. 

Ordered  to  take  immediate  effect. 

Sec.  23.  [Section  23  was  added  by  act  approved  May  13,  1887.]  Any  railroad 
company,  navigation  company,  or  other  corporation,  or  common  carrier,  who  shall 
knowingly  or  wilfully  violate,  disregard,  or  evade  any  of  the  provisions  of  this 
act,  or  who  shall  wilfully  violate,  disregard,  or  evade  any  of  the  rules,  regulations, 
orders,  or  directions  of  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission  establishing  or  gov- 
erning quarantine,  or  who  shall  evade  or  attempt  to  evade  any  quarantine  proc- 
lamation of  the  Governor  of  this  State  declaring  quarantine  limits,  shall  forfeit 
and  pay  to  the  people  of  the  State  of  Michigan  not  less  than  $500  nor  more  than 
$5,000  for  each  and  every  offense,  and  shall  be  liable  for  all  damages  caused  to  any 
neat  cattle  by  its  or  his  failure  to  comply  with  the  requirements  of  this  act. 

This  act  is  ordered  to  take  immediate  effect. 

REGULATIONS. 

The  work  of  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission  under  the  law  is 
given  in  the  following  words  from  Dr.  George  W.  Dunphy,  State  Vet- 
erinarian: “We  have  no  special  law  in  regard  to  tuberculosis,  but 
the  live  stock  sanitary  laws  of  the  State  give  the  commission  power 
to  make  their  own  regulations  in  regard  to  contagious  diseases.  Their 
regulations  are  about  as  follows : In  case  of  any  reports  of  suspected 
tuberculosis  the  State  Veterinarian  is  instructed  to  apply  the  tuber- 
culin test,  and  if  any  of  the  animals  react  to  extent  of  2 degrees  above 
the  highest  temperature  on  the  day  prior  to  the  injection  of  tuber- 
culin they  are  destroyed  by  order  of  the  commission,  and  should  an 
animal  so  destroyed  fail  to  show  tubercular  lesions  the  owner  shall  be 
paid  full  value  for  the  animal;  but  in  case  the  tubercular  lesions  are 
present  (which  is  usually  the  case)  the  owner  receives  the  nominal 
sum  of  $1,  and  is  paid  for  killing  and  burying  or  burning  the  carcass. 
We  always  make  a rigid  and  complete  postmortem,  and  in  at  least  90 
per  cent  of  the  cases  where  we  have  reactions  the  animals  are  found 
affected  with  the  disease.  We  make  exceptions  to  this  rule  in  case 
of  some  exceptionally  well-bred  animals.  They  are  placed  in  quaran- 
tine if  the  owner  requests  it,  and  the  produce  must  be  immediately 
removed  from  the  dam  at  birth  and  fed  on  milk  from  healthy  cows, 
and  at  the  age  of  six  months  we  subject  them  to  the  tuberculin  test, 
and  if  they  pass  the  test  all  right  they  are  allowed  to  go  at  large  or 
take  their  place  in  the  healthy  herd.” 

17022— No.  28—01 5 


66 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


MINNESOTA. 

The  control  of  contagious  diseases  of  domestic  animals  in  Minne- 
sota is  under  the  State  Board  of  Health  and  the  local  boards  of  health 
of  cities,  towns,  and  villages.  Any  of  these  boards,  within  their  respec- 
tive jurisdictions,  may  quarantine  animals  affected  with  or  which 
have  been  exposed  to  contagious  or  infectious  disease.  Animals 
which  are  found  to  be  affected  or  which  have  been  exposed  to  con- 
tagion may  be  killed;  such  killing,  however,  to  be  under  certain 
restrictions  and  conditions,  as  mentioned  in  Section  4 of  the  act  below. 
Indemnity  for  any  animal  so  killed,  if  found  to  be  free  of  tuberculosis, 
shall  be  paid  one-fifth  by  the  town,  village,  or  city  and  four-fifths  by 
the  State,  at  the  cash  value  at  the  time  of  killing,  as  appraised  by 
three  disinterested  persons. 

The  expenses  of  quarantine  are  divided  between  the  State  and  the 
town,  village,  or  city,  or  assessed  against  the  owner  if  the  quarantine 
is  upon  his  premises. 

The  State  Board  of  Health  has  power  to  prohibit  the  arrival  or 
departure  from  the  State  and  the  towns,  villages,  and  cities  of  any 
exposed  or  infected  animal;  also  to  adopt  rules  and  regulations  to 
enforce  the  authority  given  by  the  law.  The  Board  is  “expressly 
given  authority  to  regulate  or  prohibit  the  shipment  into  this  State 
of  any  domestic  animal  which,  in  the  judgment  of  said  Board,  may 
endanger  the  public  health.” 

The  penalty  for  violation  of  the  law  or  any  rule  or  regulation  made 
by  the  State  Board  of  Health  or  the  local  boards  of  health  is  a fine  of 
not  less  than  $25  nor  more  than  $100,  or  by  imprisonment  not  less 
than  thirty  days  nor  more  than  ninety  days.  Local  boards  of  health 
shall  caivy  out  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  State  Board  of  Health. 

AN  ACT  to  prevent  the  spread  of  contagious  and  infectious  diseases  among  domestic  animals 
in  this  State.  (Approved  April  23, 1897.) 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Minnesota: 

Section  1.  Authority  is  hereby  given  to  the  State  Board  of  Health  and  to  the 
several  local  boards  of  health  of  the  towns,  villages,  and  cities  of  this  State,  to  take 
all  steps  they  may  severally  deem  necessary  to  control,  suppress,  and  eradicate 
any  and  all  contagious  and  infectious  diseases  among  any  of  the  domestic  animals 
in  this  State,  and  to  that  end  said  boards  are  hereby  severally  empowered,  within 
their  respective  jurisdictions,  to  quarantine  any  domestic  animal  which  is 
infected  with  any  such  disease  or  which  has  been  exposed  to  infection  therefrom; 
to  kill  any  animal  so  infected,  and,  whenever  deemed  necessary  by  the  State  Board 
of  Health,  to  kill  any  animal  which  has  been  exposed  to  the  infection  of  any  such 
disease;  to  regulate  or  prohibit  the  arrival  in  or  departure  from  this  State,  and 
the  towns,  villages,  and  cities  thereof,  of  any  such  exposed  or  infected  animal, 
and  at  the  cost  of  the  owner  thereof  to  detain  any  domestic  animal  found  in  viola- 
tion of  any  such  regulation  or  prohibition:  to  adopt  all  such  rules  and  regulations 
as  may  be  by  such  several  boards  deemed  necessary  or  expedient  to  enforce  the 
authority  hereby  given;  and  said  State  Board  of  Health  is  hereby  expressly  given 
authority  to  regulate  or  prohibit  the  shipment  into  this  State  of  any  domestic 
animal  which,  in  the  judgment  of  said  board,  may  endanger  the  public  health, 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


67 


Sec.  2.  Any  person  who  knows  of,  or  has  reason  to  suspect,  the  existence  of  any 
contagious  or  infectious  disease  in  any  domestic  animal  shall  forthwith  give 
notice  thereof  to  the  local  board  of  health  of  the  town,  village,  or  city  where  such 
animal  is  kept.  Within  twenty-four  hours  after  any  local  board  of  health  shall 
receive  notice  that  any  domestic  animal  is  infected  with  any  such  disease,  or  has 
been  exposed  thereto,  it  shall  give  notice  thereof  in  writing  to  the  State  Board  of 
Health. 

Sec.  3.  All  rules  and  regulations  adopted  by  any  board  of  health  under  the 
authority  of  this  act  shall  be  entered  upon  the  minutes  of  said  board  and  shall  be 
published  in  the  manner  therein  provided.  All  regulations  now  in  force  adopted 
by  any  board  of  health  within  this  State,  under  authority  of  any  law  existing 
prior  to  the  passage  hereof,  relating  to  the  matters  covered  by  this  act  and  not  in 
conflict  with  this  law,  are  continued  in  force,  and  are  hereby  declared  to  be  the 
rules  and  regulations  of  such  several  boards  under  this  act  until  such  times  as 
others  are  adopted. 

Sec.  4.  No  animal  shall  be  killed  by  any  of  the  boards  herein  mentioned  until 
it  shall  first  have  been  adjudged  to  be  infected  with  a contagious  or  infectious 
disease,  either  by  a duly  authorized  agent  of  the  State  Board  of  Health,  or  by  a 
physician  or  veterinary  surgeon  selected  by  a local  board  of  health;  except  that 
whenever  in  the  judgment  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  the  control  or  eradica- 
tion of  a disease  renders  it  advisable  to  do  so,  such  board  may  order  killed  and 
buried,  or  otherwise  destroyed,  any  domestic  animal  which  has  been  exposed  to  a 
contagious  or  infectious  disease,  although  at  the  time  not  infected  therewith. 

Provided , hoivever,  That  cattle  in  this  State  shall  not  be  adjudged  infected  with 
the  disease  of  tuberculosis  or  condemned  as  being  so  infected  except  and  until 
such  animal  has  been  subjected  to  at  least  two  separate  tuberculin  tests  to  ascer- 
tain the  presence  of  such  disease,  and  the  time  of  making  such  separate  tests 
shall  not  be  nearer  together  than  two  months  and  not  farther  apart  than  three 
months.  In  all  cases  to  ascertain  the  presence  of  such  disease  the  tests  aforesaid 
shall  be  made  by  a duly  licensed  veterinary  surgeon  under  authority  of  said 
board  of  health.  And  no  milk  or  other  products  from  such  animals  shall  be  sold 
or  offered  for  sale. 

Sec.  5.  Whenever  a domestic  animal  has  been  adjusted  [adjudged]  to  be  infected 
with  a contagious  or  infectious  disease,  and  has  been  ordered  killed  by  the  State 
Board  of  Health  or  by  a local  board  of  health,  the  owner  or  keeper  of  such  animal 
shall  be  notified  thereof,  and  within  twenty-four  hours  thereafter  he  may  file  a 
protest  with  the  board  of  health  which  has  ordered  such  animal  killed  against  the 
killing  thereof,  and  shall  therein  state  under  oath  that  to  the  best  of  his  belief  such 
animal  is  not  infected  with  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease;  whereupon,  said 
animal  being  killed  notwithstanding  such  protest,  a postmortem  examination 
thereof  shall  be  made  by  experts,  appointed,  one  by  the  board  of  health,  one  by 
the  owner,  and  one  by  the  two  already  appointed,  and  if  upon  such  examination 
said  animal  shall  be  found  to  have  been  entirely  free  from  contagious  or  infectious 
disease,  there  shall  be  appointed  three  competent  and  disinterested  men — one  by 
the  board  of  health,  one  by  the  owner  of  the  animal  killed,  and  the  third  by  the 
two  already  appointed— to  appraise  it  at  its  cash  value  immediately  before  it  was 
killed,  and  the  amount  of  such  appraisal  shall  be  paid  to  the  owner  of  such  animal, 
one-fifth  part  thereof  by  the  town,  village,  or  city  where  the  animal  was  kept  and 
four-fifths  thereof  by  the  State.  All  appraisements  made  under  this  act  shall  be 
in  writing  and  signed  by  the  appraisers  and  certified  to  by  the  local  board  of 
health  and  the  State  Board  of  Health,  respectively,  to  the  Governor  of  the  State 
and  to  the  treasurer  of  the  several  towns,  villages,  and  cities  wherein  the  animals 
appraised  were  kept.  Whenever  any  such  animal  which  has  not  been  adjudged 
to  be  infected  is  killed  by  order  of  said  board,  but  not  by  the  owner  or  keeper 
thereof,  a postmortem  examination  thereof  shall  be  made  by  experts  appointed  as 


68 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


aforesaid,  and  if  found  to  have  been  entirely  free  from  any  infectious  disease  the 
value  of  such  animal  shall  be  determined  and  paid  for  as  hereinbefore  specified, 
except,  as  in  this  section  expressly  provided,  no  compensation  shall  be  paid  for 
any  animal  killed  by  virtue  of  any  authority  given  by  this  act. 

Sec.  6.  The  expense  of  the  killing  and  burial  or  destruction  of  any  diseased  animal 
ordered  killed  by  either  of  the  boards  aforesaid  shall  be  borne  by  the  town,  village, 
or  city  where  such  animal  was  kept.  The  expense  of  the  quarantine  of  any  infected 
animal,  or  of  any  animal  that  has  been  exposed  to  infection,  shall  be  paid  when 
taken  from  the  possession  of  its  owner  or  keeper,  shall  be  borne  one-fifth  by  the 
town,  village,  or  city  where  the  animal  was  kept  and  four-fifths  by  the  State. 
When  any  animal  is  quarantined  upon  the  premises  of  its  owner  or  keeper,  the 
expense  thereof  shall  be  borne  by  such  owner  or  keeper.  Whenever  any  animal  is 
quarantined  when  being  shipped  into  the  State,  the  expense  thereof  shall  be  borne 
by  its  owner  or  keeper.  Whenever  the  owner  or  keeper  of  any  domestic  animal 
is  liable  for  any  expenses  incurred  under  this  act,  by  any  board  of  health  in 
connection  therewith,  such  board  may  have  a lien  on  such  animal  for  such  expense, 
and  may  also  maintain  an  action  against  such  owner  or  keeper  therefor. 

Sec.  7.  It  is  hereby  made  the  duty  of  the  several  local  boards  of  health  in  this 
State  to  carry  out  and  enforce  all  orders  and  directions  of  the  State  Board  of 
Health  to  them  directed,  and  the  State  Board  of  Health  may  require  any  two  or 
more  local  boards  to  act  together  for  the  purpose  of  enforcing  any  of  the  provisions 
of  this  act. 

Whenever  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  made  under 
authority  of  this  act  conflict  with  the  rules  and  regulations  made  hereunder  by 
any  local  board  of  health,  those  made  by  the  State  board  shall  supersede  those 
made  by  the  local  board. 

Sec.  8.  The  State  Board  of  Health  or  any  duly  authorized  agent  thereof  may- 
examine  or  cause  to  be  examined,  under  oath,  all  persons  believed  to  possess 
knowledge  of  material  facts  concerning  the  existence  or  dissemination  or  danger 
of  dissemination  of  disease  among  domestic  animals;  and,  for  this  purpose,  shall 
have  all  the  powers  vested  in  justices  of  the  peace  to  take  depositions  and  to  com- 
pel witnesses  to  attend  and  testily. 

Sec.  9.  Any  person  violating  any  provisions  of  this  act,  or  any  rule  or  regula- 
tion made  by  the  State  Board  of  Health  or  by  any  local  board  of  health,  or  any 
order  made  by  any  such  board  under  the  authority  hereof,  shall  be  guilty  of  a mis- 
demeanor and  be  punished  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  $25  or  more  than  $100.  or  by 
imprisonment  for  not  less  than  thirty  or  more  than  ninety  days.  Any  member  of 
any  local  board  of  health  who  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  carry  into  effect  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act,  or  who  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  carry  out  any  direction  of  the 
State  Board  of  Health,  or  who  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  enforce  any  rule  or  regu- 
lation made  by  the  State  Board  of  Health  or  by  any  local  board  of  health  under 
the  authority  hereof,  shall  be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor  and  be  punished  by  a fine  of 
not  less  than  $25  and  not  more  than  $100;  and  each  and  every  day’s  neglect  or 
refusal  to  perform  any  duty  imposed  upon  him  by  this  act  shall  constitute  a sepa- 
rate and  independent  misdemeanor.  Complaints  for  violating  the  provisions  of 
this  act,  or  for  violating  any  rule  or  regulation  made  by  any  board  of  health 
under  its  authority,  may  be  made  by  any  member  or  authorized  agent  of  any  such 
board  or  by  any  citizen  of  this  State. 

Sec.  10.  Whenever  during  the  prevalence  in  the  State  of  any  contagious  or  infec- 
tious disease  among  domestic  animals  the  owner  shall  post  on  his  premises  a notice 
forbidding  all  persons  to  enter  any  building  or  enclosure  on  said  premises  without 
permission  from  said  owner,  it  shall  be  a misdemeanor  to  enter  upon  said  prem- 
ises, punishable  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  $25  nor  more  than  $100,  or  by  imprison- 
ment for  not  less  than  thirty  nor  more  than  ninety  days. 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


69 


Sec.  11.  Whenever  during  the  prevalence  in  the  State  of  any  contagious  or  infec- 
tious diseases  among  domestic  animals  the  owner  shall  post  on  his  premises  a 
notice  forbidding  all  persons  not  authorized  by  State  or  local  boards  of  health  to 
enter  any  building  or  enclosure  on  said  premises  without  permission  from  said 
owner,  it  shall  be  a misdemeanor  to  enter  upon  said  premises,  punishable  by  a fine 
of  not  less  than  $25  nor  more  than  $100,  or  by  imprisonment  for  not  less  than  thirty 
nor  more  than  ninety  days. 

Sec.  12.  The  sum  of  $6,000,  or  so  much  thereof  as  necessary,  is  hereby  annually 
appropriated  for  the  payment  of  the  expenses  that  may  be  incurred  by  the  State 
in  enforcing  this  act,  such  expenses  to  be  approved  by  the  State  Board  of  Health 
and  by  the  Governor. 

Sec.  13.  Chapter  200  of  the  General  Laws  of  the  State  of  Minnesota  for  1885,  as 
well  as  all  other  acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  with  this  act,  are  hereby 
repealed,  except  as  to  any  actions  now  pending  growing  out  of  the  enforcement  of 
the  same. 

Sec.  14.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

REGULATIONS. 

[Please  fill  out  and  return  at  once— Infectious  disease  of  animala  Minnesota  State  Board  of 
Health— Office  record  No. .] 

BLANK  FOR  REPORTING  INFECTIOUS  DISEASES  AMONG  ANIMALS. 

[This  form  is  to  be  used  by  health  officers  and  by  chairmen  of  local  boards  of  health  in  report- 
ing to  the  State  Board  of  Health  the  existence  of  any  infectious  disease  among  animals  within 
their  jurisdiction.] 

Date , . 

County  of , township  of . 

Name  and  post-office  address  of  health  officer  or  chairman  of  the  local  board  of 
health  making  this  report, . 

Owner’s  name  and  address, . 

Number  of  animals  that  have  been  exposed  to  infection, . 

Number  of  animals  of  this  kind  on  the  farm, . 

Number  and  kind  of  animals  sick, . 

Name  of  the  disease  from  which  the  animal  or  animals  are  suffering, . 

Prominent  symptoms  present, . 

History  of  infection, . 

What  action  has  the  local  board  taken,  . 


[Minnesota  State  Board  of  Health — Infectious  diseases  of  animals.] 

ORDER  OF  QUARANTINE  FOR  CATTLE  SUSPECTED  OF  BEING  TUBERCULOUS. 
[Return  promptly  to  the  Veterinary  Department  of  the  Minnesota  State  Board  of  Health.] 

City  or  town  of , , 190 — . 

Description  of  cattle, . 

Date  of  test, . 

When  quarantined, . 

Where  quarantined, . 

Order  of  quarantine  delivered  to . 

Cattle  owned  by . 

Cattle  in  charge  of . 

Notice  delivered  or  posted  (date  and  hour), 

Remarks, . 


70 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


ORDER  OF  QUARANTINE  FOR  CATTLE  SUSPECTED  OF  BEING  TUBERCULOUS. 

[Original — (To  be  delivered  to  person  or  owner  in  charge).] 

City  or  town  of , ; 190 — . 

To (owner  or  person  in  charge): 

You  are  hereby  ordered  to  isolate  under  quarantine,  upon  your  premises,  the 
following-described  cattle, . 

These  cattle  are  suspected  of  having  tuberculosis,  an  infectious  disease  under 
the  law.  You  are  forbidden  to  violate,  in  any  respect,  the  conditions  of  quaran- 
tine (see  other  side  of  this  order). 

You  are  warned  of  the  danger  of  using  any  food  product  from  these  animals, 
and  are  forbidden  to  sell  or  otherwise  dispose  of  any  such  product  during  quaran- 
tine. 

[On  back  of  order.] 


MINNESOTA  STATE  BOARD  OF  HEALTH. 

The  following  rules  were  adopted  by  the  Minnesota  State  Board  of  Health 
April  12,  1898,  and  apply  to  animals  hereby  quarantined: 

All  cattle  which  show  symptoms  of  tuberculosis  must  be  quarantined  at  once 
and  the  entire  herd  tested  with  tuberculin. 

The  owner  shall  be  given  the  option  of  having  his  cattle  which  have  reacted 
killed  under  inspection  or  continued  under  quarantine  for  a period  not  exceeding 
three  months. 

All  cattle  which  give  reactions  on  second  test  must  be  killed  within  one  month 
after  date  of  second  test,  and  the  stable  must  be  cleaned  and  disinfected  thoroughly 
before  quarantine  may  be  released. 

Cattle  that  have  reacted  under  tuberculin  test  may  be  taken  out  of  quarantine 
for  slaughter  or  other  purposes  only  after  due  notice  to  the  local  health  officer 
and  upon  written  permission  from  the  State  Board  of  Health,  and  may  be  killed 
only  in  the  presence  of  an  authorized  inspector  of  the  local  or  State  Board  of 
Health. 

The  State  Board  of  Health  will  furnish  the  necessary  tuberculin  for  this  work, 
but  only  to  local  health  officers  or  upon  written  request  from  local  health  officers. 

Violation  of  quarantine  defined. 

It  shall  be  deemed  a violation  of  quarantine  for  any  person  to  knowingly  remove, 
authorize,  or  cause  to  be  removed,  without  written  permission  from  the  State 
Board  of  Health,  any  animal  quarantined  on  account  of  tuberculosis,  from  the 
building,  place,  or  inclosure  wherein  it  was  quarantined. 

It  shall  be  deemed  a violation  of  quarantine  for  any  person  to  knowingly  place, 
cause,  or  authorize  to  be  placed,  without  written  permission  from  the  State 
Board  of  Health,  any  animal  or  animals  subject  to  tuberculosis,  in  the  building, 
place,  or  inclosure  where  animals  are  quarantined  on  account  of  said  disease. 

It  shall  also  be  deemed  a violation  of  quarantine  for  any  person  to  knowingly 
dispose  of,  authorize,  or  cause  to  be  disposed  of,  any  butter,  meat,  milk,  or  other 
product,  from  cattle  in  quarantine. 


AN  ACT  to  prevent  the  spread  of  contagious  and  infectious  diseases  of  domestic  animals  in  this 

State.  (Act  of  1897.) 

Section  9.  Any  person  violating  any  provision  of  this  act  or  any  rule  or  regu- 
lation made  by  the  State  Board  of  Health,  or  by  any  local  board  of  health  or  any 
order  made  by  any  such  board  under  the  authority  thereof,  shall  be  guilty  of  a 
misdemeanor,  and  be  punished  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  twenty-five  (25)  or  more 
than  one  hundred  (100)  dollars,  or  by  imprisonment  for  not  less  than  thirty  (80) 
or  more  than  ninety  (90)  days. 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS.  71 

[Infectious  disease  of  animals— Minnesota  State  Board  of  Health— Office  record  No. .] 

BLANK  FOR  RECORDING  TEST  WITH  TUBERCULIN. 

[Use  one  of  these  blanks  for  each  animal  tested.  Fill  out  carefully  all  details  asked  for  in 
these  blanks.  Follow  instructions  on  back  for  use  of  tuberculin.] 

Township, ; county, . 

Name  and  post-office  address  of  chairman  of  local  board  of  health, — . 

Owner’s  name  and  address,  . 

Name  and  number  of  animal  tested, . 

Description  of  animal:  Age, ; sex,- ; color, ; condition, — — ; 

weight, ; breed, ; markings, . 

History  of  infection, . 

Symptoms, . 

Date  of  injection, , hour  10  p.  m.;  dose, c.  c. 

Temperatures. 


DAY  OF  INJECTION. 


DAY  AFTER  INJECTION. 


Date, . 

8 a.  m., . 

10  a.  m., . 


2 p.  m., . 

6 p.  m. , . 

8 p.  m., . 


Date, . 

6 a.  m., . 

8 a.  in., . 

10  a.  m., . 

12  m., . 


2 p.  m., 

4 p.  m. , 

6 p.  in. . 

8 p.  m. , 

10  p.  m., 


Watered  at each  day. 

Stable  temperatures  (hot,  cool,  or  pleasant):  Day  of  injection, ; day  after 

injection, . 

Diagnosis  (non -tuberculous,  suspicious,  or  tuberculous), . 

Postmortem  record  or  remarks, . 

Action  taken  by  local  board, . 

(Signature  of  veterinarian  who  made  test)  , 

(Address) . 


MISSISSIPPI. 


Mississippi  has  no  law  relating  in  any  manner  to  bovine  tubercu- 
losis. 


MISSOURI. 


The  situation  with  reference  to  bovine  tuberculosis  in  Missouri  is 
best  stated  in  the  language  of  Mr.  J.  R.  Rippey,  Secretary  of  the 
State  Board  of  Agriculture,  which  is  as  follows:  “We  have  no  statute 
in  this  State  especially  applicable  to  tuberculosis.  Section  10551  of 
the  Revised  Statutes  of  1899  authorizes  the  Board  of  Agriculture  to 
formulate  regulations  governing  the  movement  into  this  State  of 
affected  animals.  Under  this  provision  the  Board  formulated  regula- 
tions, which  were  promulgated  by  the  Governor  the  18th  day  of  June 
last.  These  regulations,  however,  were  clearly  defective,  and  they 
were  probably  illegal  from  the  fact  that  they  discriminated  against 
breeding  cattle,  while  all  other  kind  of  cattle  were  admitted  without 
hindrance ; and  they  were  ineffective  from  the  fact  that  all  a shipper 


72 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


had  to  do  from  any  locality  quarantined  against  was  to  claim  that  his 
cattle  were  dairy  cattle  or  stock  cattle  and  not  intended  for  breeding 
purposes,  and  no  tuberculin  test  was  required.  By  reason  of  these 
defects  the  proclamation  was  suspended  by  a recent  action  of  the 
board  and  tuberculosis  quarantine  awaits  future  action.” 

MONTANA. 

No  special  law  relative  to  bovine  tuberculosis  is  on  the  statutes  of 
Montana,  but  this  disease  is  dealt  with  under  the  general  law  con- 
cerning contagious  and  infectious  diseases  of  domestic  animals. 

Under  this  general  law  the  Governor  appoints  a State  Veterinary 
Surgeon,  whose  duties  are  “to  investigate  all  cases  of  contagious  and 
infectious  diseases  among  cattle,  horses,  mules,  and  asses  in  this  State  ” 
which  may  be  brought  to  his  knowledge;  to  inspect  animals  so  dis- 
eased which  may  be  brought  into  the  State  from  other  States  or  Ter- 
ritories against  which  the  Governor  has  proclaimed  a quarantine. 

In  all  cases  of  contagious  or  infectious  diseases  the  State  Veterinary 
Surgeon  may  quarantine  the  premises.  If  the  disease  becomes  epi- 
demic, he  must  notify  the  Governor,  who  issues  a proclamation  for- 
bidding the  removal  of  any  animal  of  the  kind  diseased  from  the 
quarantine  district  without  a certificate  from  the  State  Veterinary 
Surgeon. 

The  State  Veterinary  Surgeon  may,  under  certain  restrictions,  order 
the  slaughter  of  animals  so  diseased,  or  which  have  been  exposed  to 
such  diseases.  Before  animals  are  slaughtered  they  are  appraised 
by  three  stock  raisers,  and  a certificate  of  the  valuation  given  to  the 
owner,  who  is  entitled  to  receive  the  full  value  of  the  appraisement. 
The  indemnity  is  limited  to  animals  destroyed  because  of  the  exis- 
tence of  some  epizootic  disease,  and  must  not  be  paid  in  the  following 
cases:  Animals  belonging  to  the  United  States;  animals  brought  into 
the  State  contrary  to  law,  or  found  to  be  diseased  or  having  been 
exposed  to  disease  before  coming  into  the  State;  animals  affected  with 
any  other  incurable  disease  than  the  one  for  which  slaughtered ; ani- 
mals which  the  owner  knew  to  be  diseased  when  he  purchased  them; 
or  for  animals  which  have  come  into  the  State  within  ninety  days 
before  slaughter.  The  board  of  county  commissioners  of  each  county 
must  provide  for  a “stock-indemnity  fund”  by  the  levying  annually 
a tax  not  to  exceed  one-half  mill,  the  same  to  be  paid  out  by  the  State 
Treasurer  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  law. 

When  the  Governor  has  reason  to  believe  that  a contagious  or  infec- 
tious disease  exists  in  another  State  or  Territory  he  must  issue  a proc- 
lamation designating  the  locality  and  prohibiting  the  importation 
therefrom  of  animals  of  the  kind  diseased,  except  under  such  restric- 
tions as  may  be  made  by  him  by  the  advice  of  the  State  Veterinary 
Surgeon. 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


73 


LAW. 

Sec.  3000.  The  Governor  is  authorized  to  nominate  and,  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  Senate,  appoint  a competent  Veter  nary  Surgeon,  who  is  known 
as  the  “ State  Veterinary  Surgeon,”  who  holds  his  office  for  two  years,  and  must 
execute  a bond  in  the  sum  of  $>,000,  and  who,  before  entering  on  his  duties,  must 
take  and  subscribe  the  oath  of  office  prescribed  by  the  constitution. 

Sec.  3001.  The  duties  of  the  State  Veterinary  Surgeon  are: 

1.  To  investigate  all  cases  of  contagious  and  infectious  diseases  among  cattle, 
horses,  mules,  and  asses  in  this  State,  of  which  he  may  have  a knowledge,  or 
which  may  be  brought  to  his  notice  by  any  resident  in  the  locality  where  such 
disease  exists:  and,  in  the  absence  of  specific  information,  to  make  visits  of  inspec- 
tion to  any  locality  where  he  may  have  reason  to  suspect  that  there  is  any  conta- 
gious or  infectious  diseases. 

2.  To  inspect,  under  the  regulations  of  this  article,  all  such  animals,  which  may 
be  brought  into  this  State,  in  any  manner  whatever,  from  or  through  such  State, 
Territory,  or  foreign  country,  as  the  Governor  may  declare  by  proclamation, 
upon  the  recommendation  of  the  board  of  stock  commissioners,  or  otherwise, 
must  be  held  in  quarantine  for  the  purpose  of  inspection  for  contagious  or  infec- 
tious diseases. 

Sec.  3002.  After  the  making  of  such  proclamation  the  owner,  or  person  in 
charge,  of  any  such  animals,  arriving  in  this  State,  from  or  through  any  State,  Ter- 
ritory, or  foreign  country,  against  which  quarantine  has  been  declared,  must  notify 
the  State  Veterinary  Surgeon  without  delay,  and  must  not  allow  such  animals  to 
leave  the  place  of  arrival  until  they  have  been  examined  by  the  Veterinary  Sur- 
geon and  his  certificate  obtained  that  all  such  animals  are  free  from  disease;  and 
no  animal  pronounced  unsound  from  disease  by  the  Veterinary  Surgeon  must  be 
turned  loose,  allowed  to  run  at  large  or  removed  or  permitted  to  escape,  but  must 
be  held  subject  to  the  order  of  the  Veterinary  Surgeon.  Any  person  failing  to 
comply  with  the  provisions  of  this  section  is  punishable  as  provided  in  Section 
1174,  of  the  Penal  Code,  and  is  liable  for  any  damage  and  loss  that  may  be  sus- 
tained by  any  person  by  reason  of  the  failure  of  such  owner  to  comply  with  the 
provisions  of  this  section. 

Sec.  3003.  The  owner  of  such  animals,  ridden  under  the  saddle  or  driven  in  har- 
ness into  this  State,  or  under  yoke,  and  any  person  coming  into  this  State  with 
his  own  team  or  teams,  is  not  required  to  notify  the  Veterinary  Surgeon,  or  await 
the  inspection  of  the  animals,  but  he  is  liable  for  all  loss  or  damage  to  any  person 
by  reason  of  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease  brought  into  the  State  by  his 
animals;  and  no  such  animals  must  be  held  in  quarantine  for  a longer  period  than 
ninety  days,  unless  contagious  or  infectious  disease  is  found  to  exist  among  them. 

Sec.  3004.  In  all  cases  of  contagious  or  infectious  disease  among  domestic 
animals  or  Texas  cattle  in  this  State,  the  Veterinary  Surgeon  has  authority  to 
order  the  quarantine  of  the  infected  premises,  and  in  case  such  a disease  becomes 
epidemic  in  any  locality  in  this  State,  the  Veterinary  Surgeon  must  immediately 
notify  the  Governor,  who  must  thereupon  issue  his  proclamation  forbidding  any 
animal  of  the  kind  among  wliich  such  epidemic  exists  to  be  transferred  from  said 
locality  without  a certificate  from  the  Veterinary  Surgeon  showing  such  animal 
to  be  healthy.  The  expense  of  holding,  feeding,  and  taking  care  of  all  animals 
quarantined  under  the  provisions  of  this  article  must  be  paid  by  the  owner,  agent, 
or  person  in  charge  of  such  animals. 

Sec.  3005.  In  case  of  any  epidemic  disease  where  premises  have  been  previously 
quarantined  by  the  Veterinary  Surgeon,  as  before  provided,  he  is  further  author- 
ized and  empowered,  when  in  his  judgment  necessary,  to  order  the  slaughter  of 
any  and  all  such  diseased  animals  upon  said  premises,  and  all  such  animals  as  have 
been  exposed  to  contagion  or  infection,  under  the  following  restrictions:  The  order 


74 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


must  be  a written  one,  and  must  be  made  in  duplicate,  and  there  must  be  a sena- 
rate  order  and  duplicate  for  each  owner  of  the  animals  condemned,  the  original 
of  each  order  to  be  filed  by  the  Veterinary  Surgeon  with  the  Secretary  of  State 
and  the  duplicate  given  to  the  owner.  Before  slaughtering  any  animal  that  has 
been  exposed  only,  and  does  not  show  disease,  the  Veterinary  Surgeon  must  ca  1 
in  consultation  with  him  two  practicing  veterinary  surgeons  or  physicians,  resi- 
dents of  the  State,  or,  if  this  is  impossible,  then  two  stock  owners,  residents  of  the 
State,  and  he  must  have  written  indorsements  upon  his  order  of  at  least  one  of  the 
consulting  persons,  stating  that  such  action  is  necessary,  before  the  animal  is 
slaughtered. 

Sec.  3006.  Whenever,  as  in  this  article  provided,  the  Veterinary  Surgeon  orders 
the  slaughter  of  one  or  more  animals,  he  must  at  the  time  of  making  such  order 
notify  in  writing  the  nearest  available  justice  of  the  peace,  who  must  thereupon 
summon  three  disinterested  citi  ens,  who  are  stock  owners  in  the  neighborhood, 
to  act  as  appraisers  of  the  value  of  the  animal.  The  appraisers,  before  entering 
upon  the  discharge  of  their  duties,  must  be  sworn  to  make  a true  and  faithful 
appraisement  without  prejudice  or  favor.  They  must,  after  making  their 
appraisement,  return  certified  copies  of  their  valuation,  a separate  one  being  made 
for  each  owner,  together  with  an  accurate  description  of  each  animal  slaughtered 
(giving  all  brands,  earmarks,  wattles,  age,  sex,  and  class,  as  to  whether  American, 
half-breed,  or  Texas)  to  the  justice  of  the  peace  by  whom  they  were  summoned, 
who  must,  after  entering  the  same  upon  his  record  and  making  an  indorsement 
upon  each  showing  it  to  have  been  properly  recorded,  return  it,  together  with  a 
duplicate  order  of  the  Veterinary  Surgeon,  to  the  person  owning  the  animal  slaugh- 
tered; and  it  is  the  duty  of  the  Veterinary  Surgeon  to  superintend  the  slaughter 
of  such  animals  as  may  be  condemned,  and  also  the  destruction  of  the  carcass, 
which  latter  must  be  by  burning  to  ashes  or  burying  in  the  earth  to  the  depth  of 
not  less  than  6 feet,  and  which  must  include  every  part  of  the  animal  and  hide, 
and  also  excrement  as  far  as  possible.  If  the  owner  of  any  animal  found  diseased 
by  the  Veterinary  Surgeon  is  killed,  or  consents  to  its  being  killed  by  the  Veteri- 
nary Surgeon  without  appraisement,  then  the  Veterinary  Surgeon  must  burn  or 
bury  it  as  herein  provided. 

Sec.  3007.  The  Veterinary  Surgeon  must  make  an  annual  report  on  or  before 
the  first  day  of  October  to  the  State  Board  of  Stock  Commissioners  of  all  matters 
connected  with  his  work,  and  the  board  must  make  the  same  a part  of  their 
annual  report  to  the  Governor,  and  they  must  also  transmit  to  the  several  boards 
of  county  commissioners  such  parts  of  the  report  as  they  consider  necessary  and 
of  general  interest  to  the  breeders  of  live  stock.  The  board  must  also  give  infor- 
mation in  writing,  as  soon  as  it  is  obtained,  to  the  Governor  and  to  the  various 
boards  of  county  commissioners,  of  each  case,  or  supposed  case,  of  disease  in  each 
locality,  the  cause,  if  known,  and  the  measures  adopted  to  check  it. 

Sec.  3008.  Whenever  the  Governor  has  good  reason  to  believe  that  any  disease 
mentioned  in  this  article  has  become  epidemic  in  certain  localities  in  another  State 
or  Territory,  or  that  conditions  exist  that  render  domestic  animals  and  Texas  cattle 
likely  to  convey  disease,  he  must,  by  proclamation,  designate  such  localities,  and 
prohibit  the  importation  therefrom  of  any  live  stock  of  the  kind  diseased  into  this 
State,  except  under  such  restrictions  as  he,  after  consultation  with  the  Veterinary 
Surgeon,  may  deem  proper.  Any  person  who,  after  the  publication  of  such  proc- 
lamation, knowingly  receives  in  charge  any  animal  from  any  of  the  prohibited 
districts,  and  transports  or  conveys  the  same  within  the  limits  of  this  State,  is 
punishable  as  provided  in  Section  1175  of  the  Penal  Code,  and  is  further  liable  for 
any  and  all  damages  and  loss  that  may  be  sustained  by  any  person  by  reason  of 
the  importation  or  transportation  of  such  prohibited  animals. 

Sec.  3009.  It  is  the  duty  of  any  person  who  has  upon  his  premises,  or  upon  the 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


75 


public  domain,  any  case  of  contagious  or  infectious  disease  among  such  animals, 
to  immediately  report  the  same  to  the  Veterinary  Surgeon;  and  a failure  to  do  so, 
or  any  attempt  to  conceal  the  existence  of  such  disease,  or  to  wilfully  or  mali- 
ciously obstructor  resist  the  Veterinary  Surgeon  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties,  is 
punishable  as  prescribed  in  Section  1176,  of  the  Penal  Code,  and  forfeits  all  claims 
to  indemnity  for  loss  from  the  State. 

Sec.  3010.  The  following  regulations  must  be  observed  in  all  cases  of  disease 
mentioned  in  this  article: 

1.  It  is  unlawful  to  sell,  give  away,  or  in  any  manner  part  with,  any  animal 
affected  with,  or  suspected  of  being  affected  with,  contagious  or  infectious  disease; 
and  in  case  of  any  animal  that  may  be  known  to  have  been  affected  with  or  exposed 
to  any  such  disease,  within  one  year  prior  tO|Such  disposal,  due  notice  of  the  fact 
must  be  given  in  writing  to  the  party  receiving  the  animal. 

2.  It  is  unlawful  to  kill  for  the  purpose  of  selling  the  meat,  any  such  animal,  or 
to  sell,  give  away,  or  use  any  part  of  it  or  its  milk,  or  to  remove  any  part  of  the 
skin.  A failure  to  observe  these  provisions  is  punishable  as  provided  in  Section 
1176  of  the  Penal  Code.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  owner  or  the  person  having  in  charge 
any  such  animal  affected  with,  or  suspected  of  being  affected,  any  contagious  or 
infectious  disease,  to  immediately  confine  the  same  in  a safe  place,  isolated  from 
other  animals,  and  with  all  necessary  restrictions  to  prevent  dissemination  of  the 
disease,  until  the  arrival  of  the  Veterinary  Surgeon.  These  regulations  apply 
as  well  to  animals  in  transit  through  the  State  as  to  those  resident  therein;  and 
the  Veterinary  Surgeon,  or  his  duly  authorized  agent,  has  authority  to  examine, 
in  car,  yard,  pastures,  or  stables,  or  upon  the  public  domain,  all  such  animals,  and 
on  detection  of  disease,  to  take  possession  of,  and  treat  and  dispose  of  the  animals 
in  the  same  manner  as  provided  by  this  article. 

Sec.  3011.  All  claims  arising  from  the  slaughter  of  animals  under  the  provi- 
sions of  this  article,  together  with  the  order  of  the  Veterinary  Surgeon  and  the 
valuation  of  the  appraisers  in  each  case,  must  be  submitted  to  the  State  Auditor, 
and  for  each  claim  that  he  finds  to  be  equitable  and  entitled  to  indemnity  under 
this  article  must  issue  to  the  person  entitled  thereto  his  warrant  on  the  stock 
indemnity  fund  in  the  State  Treasury  for  the  sum  named  in  the  appraiser’s  report. 
In  auditing  any  claim  under  this  article  the  auditor  must  satisfy  himself  that  it 
does  not  come  under  any  class  for  which  indemnity  is  prohibited  by  this  article, 
and  he  must  require  the  affidavit  of  the  c aimant  to  this  fact,  or  if  the  claimant 
be  not  cognizant  thereof,  then  of  some  reputable  person  who  is  cognizant  thereof; 
and  also  the  certificate  of  the  Veterinary  Surgeon,  whose  duty  it  is  to  inform  him- 
self fully  of  the  fact,  that  in  his  opinion  the  claim  is  legal  and  just,  and  the  auditor 
may,  in  his  discretion,  require  further  proof. 

Sec.  3012.  The  indemnity  granted  is  the  value  of  the  animal  as  determined  by 
the  appraiser  with  reference  to  its  dimished  value  because  of  being  diseased  or 
having  been  exposed  to  disease.  The  indemnity  must  be  paid  to  the  owner  upon 
his  application  and  the  presentation  of  the  proofs  prescribed  therein,  and  such 
application  must  be  made  within  six  months  after  the  slaughtering  of  the  animal 
or  the  claim  is  barred.  The  right  to  indemnity  under  this  article  is  limited  to 
animals  destroyed  by  reason  of  the  existence  of  some  epizootic  disease  generally 
fatal  and  incurable,  such  as  rinderpest,  hoof-and-mouth  disease,  pleuropneumonia, 
anthrax,  or  Texas  fever,  among  bovines,  and  g anders  among  horses,  mules,  and 
asses.  For  the  ordinary  contagious  diseases,  not  in  their  nature  fatal,  such  as 
epizootic  and  influenza  in  horses,  no  indemnity  must  be  paid.  The  right  to  indem- 
nity does  not  exist,  and  the  payment  of  such  must  not  be  made,  in  the  following 
cases: 

1.  For  animals  belonging  to  the  United  States. 

2.  For  animals  that  are  brought  into  the  State  contrary  to  the  provisions  of  this 
article. 


76 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


3.  For  animals  that  are  found  to  be  diseased,  or  that  are  destroyed  because  they 
have  been  exposed  to  disease  before  or  at  the  time  of  their  arrival  in  the  State. 

4.  When  an  animal  was  previously  affected  by  any  other  disease,  which,  from 
its  nature  and  development,  was  incurable  and  necessarily  fatal. 

5.  When  an  owner  or  person  in  charge  has  knowingly  or  negligently  omitted  to 
comply  with  the  provisions  of  Sections  3009  and  3010  of  this  article. 

6.  When  an  owner  or  claimant,  at  the  time  of  coming  into  possession  of  the  ani- 
mal knew  it  to  be  diseased,  or  received  the  notice  specified  in  the  first  clause  of 
Section  3010  of  this  article. 

7.  When  the  animal  has  been  brought  into  the  State  within  ninety  days  imme- 
diately preceding  the  outbreak  of  disease,  on  account  of  which  such  animal  was 
killed. 

Sec.  3013.  The  Veterinary  Surgeon  receives  for  his  services  an  annual  salary 
of  $2,500.  No  person  must  receive  the  appointment  of  State  Veterinary  Surgeon 
who  is  not  a graduate  in  good  standing  of  a recognized  college  of  veterinary  sur- 
geons, either  in  the  United  States,  Canada,  or  Europe. 

Sec.  3014.  The  appraisers  mentioned  in  this  article  receive  $3  for  each  day  or 
part  of  a day  they  are  actually  employed,  which  must  be  paid  from  the  State  Treas- 
ury out  of  the  stock  indemnity  fund  in  this  article  provided,  upon  vouchers  which 
bear  the  certificate  of  the  justice  who  summoned  them.  The  justice  receives  his 
ordinary  fee  for  issuing  a summons,  to  be  paid  out  of  the  stock  indemnity  fund. 
The  persons  called  in  consultation  by  the  Veterinary  Surgeon  each  receives  $3  for 
each  day  or  part  of  a day  they  are  actually  employed,  and  10  cents  per  mile  for 
distances  actually  traveled,  which  sums  must  be  paid  from  the  State  Treasury  out 
of  the  stock  indemnity  fund  upon  vouchers  certified  to  by  the  Veterinary  Surgeon. 
The  incidental  expenses  in  causing  animals  to  be  slaughtered  and  their  carcasses 
to  be  burned,  and  disinfecting  infected  premises,  must  be  paid  from  the  State 
Treasury  out  of  the  stock  indemnity  fund,  upon  vouchers. 

Sec.  3015.  The  liability  for  indemnity  for  animals  destroyed  and  for  fees,  costs, 
and  expenses  incurred  under  the  provisions  of  this  article  in  any  year  is  limited  by, 
and  must  in  no  case  exceed,  the  amount  especially  designated  for  the  purpose  and 
for  that  period,  by  the  terms  of  that  article;  nor  must  the  Veterinary  Surgeon  or 
anyone  else  incur  any  liability  under  the  provisions  of  this  article  in  excess  of  the 
surplus  in  the  stock  indemnity  fund  hereinafter  provided;  nor  must  any  act  be 
performed  or  property  taken  under  the  provisions  of  this  article  become  a charge 
against  the  State. 

Sec.  3016.  The  board  of  county  commissioners  of  each  county  must,  at  the  time 
of  making  the  annual  assessment,  levy  a special  tax  not  exceeding  one-half  of  one 
mill  on  the  dollar  upon  the  assessed  value  of  all  cattle,  horses,  mules,  and  asses  in 
the  county,  to  be  known  as  the  “Stock  Indemnity  fund;”  said  tax  must  be  col- 
lected and  paid  to  the  State  Treasurer  in  the  manner  provided  by  law  for  the  levy- 
ing, collection,  and  payment  of  other  State  taxes,  which  fund  constitutes  the 
indemnity  fund  specified  by  this  article  to  be  used  in  paying  for  animals  destroyed 
and  for  fees,  costs,  and  expenses  provided  under  the  provisions  therefor.  It  must 
be  used  exclusively  for  that  purpose,  and  must  be  paid  out  by  the  State  Treasurer 
as  provided  in  this  article. 

Sec.  3017.  The  Veterinary  Surgeon  must  select  the  place  where  stock  must  be 
quarantined. 

Sec.  3018.  The  Veterinary  Surgeon  has  power  to  appoint,  from  time  to  time, 
deputies,  not  exceeding  four  in  number,  at  any  time  he  can  not  personally  attend 
to  all  the  duties  required  by  his  office,  at  a salary  not  to  exceed  $5  per  day  for  each 
day  actually  employed,  to  be  paid  out  of  the  stock-indemnity  fund,  and  must  desig- 
nate the  county  for  which  each  deputy  is  to  act. 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


77 


QUARANTINE  PROCLAMATION. 

State  of  Montana.  Executive  Office, 

Helena,  March  13,  1897. 

Whereas  under  the  provisions  of  an  act  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  of  the 
State  of  Montana  entitled,  ‘-An  act  to  provide  for  the  appointment  of  State  Vet- 
erinary Surgeon,  and  to  suppress  and  prevent  infectious  diseases  among  domestic 
animals,”  it  is  made  my  duty,  whenever  I shall  have  good  reason  to  believe  that 
any  disease  covered  by  this  act  has  become  epizootic  in  certain  localities  in  any 
other  State  or  Territory  or  foreign  countries,  or  that  conditions  exist  that  render 
domestic  animals  liable  to  convey  disease,  that  I shall  thereupon,  by  proclamation, 
schedule  such  localities  and  prohibit  the  importation  from  them  of  any  bulls, 
cows,  or  calves  for  breeding  purposes  into  this  State,  except  under  such  restric- 
tions as  I,  after  consultation  with  the  Veterinary  Surgeon,  may  deem  proper;  and 

Whereas  I have  reason  to  believe  that  conditions  exist  that  render  cattle  in 
any  and  all  of  the  other  States,  Territories,  and  foreign  countries,  if  brought  into 
this  State,  liable  to  bring  with  them  the  disease  known  as  tuberculosis,  or  con- 
sumption: 

Now,  therefore,  I,  Robert  B.  Smith,  Governor  of  the  State  of  Montana,  in  obe- 
dience to  the  duty  imposed  upon  me  by  said  statute  and  the  terms  thereof,  do 
hereby  schedule  the  localities  hereinbefore  named,  and  I do  hereby  forbid  the 
importation  into  the  State  of  Montana  of  any  bulls,  cows,  or  calves  whatsoever 
for  breeding  purposes  which  have  been  brought  from  any  portion  of  said  sched- 
uled localities,  except  upon  the  following  conditions: 

All  bulls,  cows,  or  calves  intended  for  breeding  purposes  shall  have  a certifi- 
cate of  health,  stating  that  tuberculin  has  been  used  in  said  examination,  accom- 
panied by  a copy  of  the  record  kept  during  the  tuberculin  test,  and  that  said 
examination  has  been  made  by  an  official  veterinarian  of  some  State,  Territory, 
or  foreign  country,  and  that  said  bull,  cow,  or  calf  is  free  from  tuberculosis,  or 
consumption. 

Should  such  examination  be  impossible  for  any  reason  before  such  animals  come 
into  this  State,  then  shall  such  animal  or  animals  remain  in  quarantine  until  the 
State  Veterinarian  or  his  deputy  can  make  such  examination,  at  the  owner's 
expense,  and  give  such  certificate  for  each  animal,  using  the  tuberculin  test  in 
each  examination  and  on  each  bull,  cow,  or  calf  so  imported  for  such  breeding 
purposes. 

Ail  cattle  imported  from  the  aforesaid  scheduled  localities  shall  be  subject  to 
quarantine  for  ninety  days,  or  for  such  shorter  time  as  may  be  deemed  necessary 
in.  the  opinion  of  the  State  Veterinary  Surgeon  or  his  duly  authorized  deputy,  to 
determine  whether  such  cattle  have  been  exposed  to  the  infection  of  tuberculosis, 
or  consumption,  prior  to  importation. 

And  I do  hereby  warn  all  corporations,  persons,  or  companies  to  give  due  and 
full  notice  to  the  State  Veterinary  Surgeon  of  Montana,  preceding  the  arrival  at 
the  boundary  line  of  the  said  State  of  Montana,  of  all  such  cattle  as  come  within 
the  provisions  of  this  proclamation. 

Provided,  however,  That  nothing  in  this  proclamation  shall  be  so  construed  as 
to  prohibit  the  transportation  of  any  cattle  through  or  into  this  State,  providing 
a certificate  of  health  from  any  State,  Territorial,  or  Government  Veterinarian 
shall  accompany  them,  stating  that  the  State  or  locality  from  which  such  cattle 
came  is  free  from  tuberculosis. 

In  witness  wherecf  I have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  caused  the  great  seal  of 
the  State  of  Montana  to  be  affixed  at  the  City  of  Helena,  the  capital  of  said  State, 
this  13th  day  of  March,  A.  D.  1897. 

By  the  Governor: 

Robert  B.  Smite. 

Attest: 

T.  S.  Hogan,  Secretary  of  State . 


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BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY 


NEBRASKA. 

There  is  no  special  law  relative  to  bovine  tuberculosis  in  Nebraska, 
but  sections  given  below,  from  the  Compiled  Laws  (1897),  are  appli- 
cable to  that  disease. 

It  is  unlawful  to  drive  cattle  affected  with  any  contagious  or  infec- 
tious disease  through  the  State  or  to  import  into  the  State  animals  so 
affected.  Animals  so  diseased  shall  not  run  at  large,  nor  shall  anyone 
sell  such  animals,  knowing  them  to  be  diseased,  without  disclosing 
their  condition  to  the  purchaser. 

LAWS. 

453.  Sec.  10.  That  every  person  shall  so  restrain  his  diseased  or  distempered 
cattle,  or  such  as  are  under  his  care,  that  they  may  not  go  at  large;  and  no  person 
or  persons  shall  drive  any  diseased  or  distempered  cattle  affected  with  any  conta- 
gious or  infectious  disease  into  or  through  this  State  or  from  one  point  thereof  to 
another.  Any  person  or  persons  offending  against  this  section  shall,  on  convic- 
tion thereof  before  any  justice  of  the  peace,  forfeit  not  less  than  $5  nor  more  than 
$25  for  every  head  of  such  cattle,  and  be  liable  for  all  costs  and  damages. 

454.  Sec.  11.  Any  justice  of  the  peace,  upon  proof  before  him  that  any  cattle 
are  going  at  large  or  are  driven  in  or  through  his  county  in  violation  of  the  pre- 
ceding section,  shall  order  a constable  or  sheriff  to  impound  them,  and  the  owner 
thereof  shall  be  held  liable  for  all  costs  and  damages. 

479.  Sec.  36.  It  shall  not  be  lawful  for  the  owner  of  any  domestic  animal  or 
animals,  or  any  person  having  them  in  charge,  knowingly  to  import  or  drive  into 
this  State  any  animal  or  animals  having  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease:  and 
any  person  so  offending  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  shall  be 
punished  by  fine  in  any  sum  not  less  than  $1  nor  more  than  $100,  and  be  impris- 
oned in  the  county  jail  not  more  than  three  months,  or  both,  in  the  discretion  of 
the  court. 

480.  Sec.  37.  Any  person  being  the  owner  of  any  domestic  animal  or  animals,  or 
having  the  same  in  charge,  who  shall  turn  out,  or  suffer  any  such  domestic  animal 
or  animals  having  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease,  knowing  the  same  to  be 
so  diseased,  to  run  at  large  upon  any  uninclosed  land,  common,  or  highway,  or 
shall  let  the  same  approach  within  twenty  rods  of  any  highway,  or  shall  sell  or  dis- 
pose of  any  domestic  animal  or  animals,  knowing  the  same  to  be  so  diseased,  with- 
out fully  disclosing  the  fact  to  the  purchaser,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a mis- 
demeanor and  shall  be  punished  by  a fine  in  any  sum  not  exceeding  $500  and 
imprisoned  in  the  county  jail  not  less  than  six  months. 

481.  Sec.  38.  Nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  so  construed  as  to  prevent  the  recovery 
of  damages  in  a civil  action  against  any  person  or  persons  who  shall  sell,  trade,  or 
import,  or  drive  into  this  State  such  diseased  animal  or  animals,  or  who  shall 
allow  such  domestic  animal  or  animals  to  run  at  large,  or  to  approach  nearer  than 
twenty  rods  of  any  highway. 

482.  Sec.  39.  Any  person  violating  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  in  addition 
to  the  penalties  herein  provided,  shall  be  liable  for  all  damages  that  may  acc  rue 
to  the  party  damaged  by  reason  of  said  diseased  animal  or  animals  imparting 
disease. 

AN  ACT  to  amend  Section  76  of  the  Criminal  Code  of  the  State  of  Nebraska,  and  to  repeal  said 
Section  76  as  it  now  exists.  (Approved  March  30, 1899.) 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Nebraska: 

Section  1.  That  Section  76  of  the  Criminal  Code  of  the  State  of  Nebraska  be 
amended  so  as  to  read  as  follows: 

“ Sec.  76.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person  to  sell,  barter,  or  dispose  of.  or  per- 
mit to  run  at  large  any  horses,  cattle,  sheep,  or  domestic  animal,  knowing  that  such 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


79 


horse,  cattle,  sheep,  or  domestic  animals  are  infected  with  contagious  or  infectious 
disease,  or  have  been  recently  exposed  thereto,  unless  he  shall  first  duly  inform  the 
person  to  whom  he  may  sell,  barter,  or  dispose  of  such  horse,  cattle,  sheep,  or 
other  domestic  animal,  of  the  same;  and  any  person  so  offending  shall  be  fined  in 
any  sum  not  less  than  $20  nor  more  than  $100,  or  be  confined  in  the  jail  of  the 
county  not  exceeding  three  months.  ” 

Sec.  2.  That  Section  76  of  the  Criminal  Code  of  the  State  of  Nebraska  as  here- 
tofore existing,  be  and  the  same  hereby  is  repealed. 

NEVADA. 

The  law  concerning  tuberculosis  in  Nevada  is  included  in  the  gen- 
eral law  against  contagious  diseases;  tuberculosis,  however,  is  specif- 
ically mentioned. 

The  law  provides  for  a State  Live  Stock  Inspector  to  be  appointed 
by  the  Governor  and  under  the  control  of  the  State  Board  of  Health. 
If  upon  examination  the  inspector  fitfds  animals  infected  with  a con- 
tagious or  infectious  disease  and  deems  it  proper  that  they  should  be 
quarantined,  he  shall  notify  the  district  court  of  the  character  of  the 
disease  and  the  number  of  animals  infected.  Said  court  shall  appoint 
five  freeholders  to  make  examination  and,  if  a majority  of  them  agree 
with  the  inspector,  they  shall  certify  the  same  to  the  said  court,  who 
shall  command  the  sheriff  to  compel  the  owner  to  quarantine  such 
stock  and  to  close  all  creameries  and  dairies  in  the  district  so  affected 
until  the  disease  abates,  and  no  stock  shall  be  removed  from  the 
infected  district  without  the  inspector’s  certificate  of  health  accom- 
panying them. 

No  stock  which  have  not  been  inspected  and  which  are  not  accom- 
panied by  a certificate  of  health  from  the  inspector  shall  be  allowed 
to  enter  the  State. 

The  inspector  is  required  to  make  in  detail  monthly  reports  of  his 
work. 

An  act  approved  March  10,  1891,  provides  that  no  cattle  shall  be 
brought  into  the  State  which  have  had  any  contagious  or  infectious 
disease  within  ninety  days  immediately  prior  to  their  importation. 

LAWS. 

AN  ACT  providing  for  the  appointment  of  a State  Live  Stock  Inspector,  defining  his  duties, 
and  fixing  his  compensation.  (Became  a law  March  22,  1899.) 

Sec.  5.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  justice  of  the  peace,  district  attorney,  or 
board  of  county  commissioners  to  notify  said  State  Live  Stock  Inspector  at  once 
at  his  office  by  letter  or  telegram.  It  shall  be  his  duty  to  go  to  the  locality  named 
and  give  such  aid  and  instructions  as  he  may  think  best  for  the  prevention  or  cure 
of  the  diseases  with  which  he  shall  find  such  live  stock  infected  with. 

Sec.  6.  If  upon  investigation  said  State  Live  Stock  Inspector  shall  be  satisfied 
that  said  live  stock  is  infected  with  what  is  known  as  pleuropneumonia,  tubercu- 
losis, anthrax,  glanders,  or  any  other  contagious  and  infectious  disease  against 
which  he  may  think  best  to  quarantine,  he  shall  immediately  notify  the  district 
court  of  the  judicial  district  or  one  of  the  judges  thereof  in  vacation  in  said 
county  in  which  said  diseased  stock  may  be  found,  setting  forthin  writing  the  num- 
ber of  stock  infected,  the  character  and  type  of  the  disease.  Said  court  or  judge 


80 


BUBEAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTBY. 


thereof  in  vacation  shall  thereupon  issue  an  order  in  writing  commanding  the 
sheriff  to  immediately  summon  five  freeholders,  being  stock  raisers,  who  shall  pro- 
ceed at  once  to  the  locality  where  such  diseased  stock  may  be  and  carefully  examine 
the  same  with  the  inspector.  If  a majority  of  said  freeholders  shall  find  such  stock 
infected  as  aforesaid,  they  shall  certify  such  finding  in  writing  to  the  court  or 
judge  aforesaid,  who  shall  thereupon  issue  an  order  in  writing  commanding  the 
sheriff  to  compel  the  owners  or  other  persons  in  whose  possession  such  diseased 
stock  shall  be  found  to  immediately  quarantine  such  diseased  stock  and  to  close 
all  creameries  or  dairies  in  the  affected  district  until  such  time  as  the  disease 
abates,  and  that  no  stock  shall  be  moved  from  the  infected  district  until  they  have 
been  examined  and  the  inspector’s  certificate  of  health  accompanying  them,  and 
that  all  stock  dying  from  contagious  or  infectious  diseases  that  their  carcasses 
shall  be  burned  immediately  and  not  buried  or  left  to  decay. 

Sec.  7.  No  stock  from  affected  districts  in  other  States  or  Territories  will  be 
allowed  to  cross  the  lines  and  enter  Nevada  until  they  have  first  been  inspected  at 
the  owner's  expense.  The  inspector's  fee  shall  be  $10  per  day  and  necessary  trav- 
eling expenses.  This  shall  be  applied  to  the  general  fund  of  the  State  of  Nevada. 
The  inspector  may  be  notified  by  letter  or  telegram;  he  shall  go  at  once  to  the 
place  on  the  border  line  mentioned  and  inspect  said  stock;  if  found  healthy,  give  a 
certificate  of  health  to  those  in  charge  of  said  stock  on  the  payment  of  inspector’s 
fees  and  necessary  traveling  expenses. 

Sec.  8.  Any  person  or  persons,  company,  or  corporation  who  shall  violate  any 
provision  of  this  act  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  convic- 
tion thereof  shall  be  fined  in  any  sum  not  to  exceed  $500  nor  less  than  $50,  or  by 
imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  not  more  than  six  months  nor  less  than  fifty  days 
for  each  offense. 

Sec.  9.  The  sheriff  shall  receive  for  his  services  under  this  act  such  compensa- 
tion as  is  now  provided  by  law  for  similar  labor,  and  the  freeholders  making  such 
examinations  as  aforesaid  shall  receive  such  compensation  as  is  now  provided  by 
law  for  juror's  services,  which  shall  be  allowed  by  the  district  court  of  the  district 
and  paid  out  of  the  county  treasury  of  the  county  in  which  such  diseased  stock 
shall  be  found,  as  other  claims  are  paid. 

Sec.  10.  Said  inspector  shall  report  to  the  board  of  health  in  writing  at  least 
once  in  every  month,  setting  forth  the  locality  or  localities  visited  as  provided  in 
the  preceding  section,  the  kind  of  stock  inspected,  the  time  taken  to  inspect  them, 
the  number  admitted  to  cross  the  line  into  Nevada,  the  number  permitted  to  leave 
infected  districts,  and  to  whom  certificates  of  health  for  stock  were  given  and  the 
amount  of  fee  received  for  inspecting  and  issuing  certificates;  also  the  kind  of 
stock  treated,  the  type  and  character  of  the  disease,  the  remedies  prescribed,  and 
the  results  as  far  as  known.  He  shall  also  render  an  account  for  the  number  of 
miles  traveled  and  the  actual  sum  of  money  paid  out  by  him  therefor;  and  if  found 
correct,  shall  be  audited  and  allowed  by  the  board  as  is  now  provided  by  law. 

Sec.  11.  The  secretary  of  the  aforesaid  board  shall  from  time  to  time  select  from 
said  report  and  publish  such  information  as  he  may  think  valuable  to  the  people 
of  Nevada.  This  information  may  be  published  in  connection  with  the  report 
relating  to  agriculture  or  in  a separate  bulletin. 

Sec.  12.  The  State  Live  Stock  Inspector  herein  provided  for  shall  receive  a salary 
not  to  exceed  $1,200  per  annum  and  necessary  traveling  expenses,  payable  out  of 
the  general  fund  of  the  State  of  Nevada  as  other  claims  are  paid. 

Sec.  13.  The  State  Controller  is  hereby  authorized,  empowered,  and  required  to 
draw  his  warrant  in  favor  of  the  State  Live  Stock  Inspector  created  by  this  act  for 
the  salary  and  traveling  expenses  provided  tor  in  this  act  when  approved  by  the 
board  of  examiners,  and  the  State  Treasurer  is  hereby  authorized,  empowered, 
and  directed  to  pay  the  same. 

Sec.  14.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  secretary  of  said  board  of  health  to  collect 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


81 


the  information  derived  from  the  report  made  by  said  inspector  as  provided  for 
in  this  act  and  make  a report  to  the  State  Legislature  within  ten  days  of  the 
date  of  the  meeting  thereof,  such  data  and  useful  knowledge,  together  with  sug- 
gestions, as  may  be  beneficial  to  the  stock  interests  of  the  State  of  Nevada. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

The  State  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  of  New  Hampshire  deals 
with  tuberculosis  under  a general  law  against  contagious  and  infec- 
tious diseases  of  domestic  animals. 

This  law  authorizes  the  Governor  to  cooperate  with  the  United  States 
Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  in  measures  for  the  suppression  and  extir- 
pation of  such  diseases. 

The  work  against  these  diseases  is  in  the  hands  of  a State  Board  of 
Cattle  Commissioners,  whose  duty  it  is  to  make  investigations  in 
regard  to  contagious  and  infectious  diseases  among  domestic  animals 
and  to  make  such  regulations  as  the}7,  may  deem  necessary  to  exclude 
or  arrest  the  same. 

Selectmen  are  required  to  quarantine  animals  so  diseased  so  long  as 
it  may  be  necessary  in  order  to  prevent  the  spread  of  disease,  and  in 
so  doing  are  to  be  governed  by  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  State 
Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners.  The  selectmen  or  the  board  may 
order  the  killing  of  anj^  animal  if,  in  the  opinion  of  a veterinarian 
selected  by  them,  it  is  affected  with  a contagious  or  infectious  disease. 
Animals  so  killed  shall  be  appraised,  and  the  owner  may  receive  from 
the  town  their  full  value  in  their  diseased  condition,  if  the  animals 
have  been  owned  within  the  State  for  a period  of  three  months  before 
the  detection  of  the  disease.  If  an  owner  is  not  satisfied  with  the 
appraisal,  he  may  appeal  to  the  Supreme  Court  within  thirty  days. 

All  costs  in  connection  with  this  work  are  paid  by  the  towns,  but 
four-fifths  of  the  amount  are  reimbursed  by  tbe  State. 

An  amendment  to  the  law  in  1893  makes  an  exception  to  the  gen- 
eral law  as  abstracted  above.  It  provides  that  the  owner  of  cattle 
killed  by  order  of  the  State  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  shall 
recover  from  the  State  one-half  the  value  of  such  animals  upon  a basis 
of  health. 

The  work  with  reference  to  tuberculosis  under  these  laws  is  fully 
set  forth  in  the  report  of  the  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  in  the 
Report  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  for  the  biennial  period  ended  Octo- 
ber 1,  1898,  which  is  copied  herewith: 

REPORT  OF  THE  STATE  BOARD  OF  CATTLE  COMMISSIONERS. 

[Chapter  113,  Public  Statutes.] 

Section  1.  The  Governor  is  authorized  to  accept  on  behalf  of  the  State  the  rules 
and  regulations  prepared  by  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  under  and  in  pur- 
suance of  Section  3 of  an  act  of  Congress  approved  May  29,  1884,  entitled  “An  act 
for  the  establishment  of  a bureau  of  animal  industry,  to  prevent  the  exportation 
of  diseased  cattle,  and  to  provide  means  for  the  suppression  and  extirpation  of 


17022— No.  28—01 6 


82 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


pleuropneumonia  and  other  contagious  diseases  among  domestic  animals,”  and  to 
cooperate  with  the  authorities  of  the  United  States  in  the  enforcement  of  the  pro- 
visions of  such  act. 

Sec.  2.  The  inspectors  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  of  the  United  States 
shall  have  the  right  of  inspection,  quarantine,  and  condemnation  of  animals  affected 
with  any  contagious,  infectious,  or  communicable  disease,  or  suspected  of  being  so 
affected,  or  that  have  been  exposed  to  any  such  disease;  and  for  these  purposes  are 
authorized  and  empowered  to  enter  upon  any  ground  or  premises.  They  shall  have 
power  to  call  on  sheriffs,  constables,  and  peace  officers  to  assist  them  in  the  dis- 
charge of  their  duties  in  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  said  act  of  Congress;  and  it 
is  made  the  duty  of  said  officers  to  assist  them  when  so  requested.  The  inspectors 
shall  have  the  same  powers  and  protection  as  peace  officers  while  engaged  in  the 
discharge  of  their  duties. 

Sec.  3.  All  damages  and  expenses  incurred  under  the  preceding  sections  shall  be 
paid  by  the  United  States,  and  in  no  case  shall  this  State  be  liable  for  any  part 
thereof. 

Sec.  4.  The  Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  the  Master  of  the  New 
Hampshire  State  Grange  of  Patrons  of  Husbandry,  and  the  Secretary  of  the  State 
Board  of  Health,  for  the  time  being,  shall  constitute  a board  to  be  known  as  the 
State  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners.  If  a vacancy  in  the  board  shall  occur,  the 
Governor,  with  the  advice  of  the  council,  shall  fill  it  by  appointment,  and  the 
appointee  shall  hold  office  until  the  vacancy  in  the  office  occasioning  the  vacancy 
in  the  board  is  filled. 

Sec.  5.  The  board  shall  make  investigations  in  regard  to  the  existence  of  con- 
tagious and  infectious  diseases  among  domestic  animals  in  the  State,  and  may  make 
regulations  prohibiting  the  introduction  into  the  State  of  animals  so  diseased,  and 
controlling  or  prohibiting  their  transportation,  and  such  other  regulations  as  the 
board  deems  necessary  to  exclude  or  arrest  any  such  disease,  and  may  modify  or 
amend  its  regulations  as  the  circumstances  shall  require. 

Sec.  6.  The  board  may  employ  skilled  veterinarians  and  agents  and  servants  to 
aid  in  the  performance  of  the  duties  assigned  to  the  board. 

Sec.  7.  Any  person  or  corporation  who  shall  violate  any  of  the  regulations  of 
the  board  shall  be  fined  not  exceeding  $100. 

Sec.  8.  The  compensation  and  expenses  of  the  board  shall  be  audited  and  fixed 
by  the  Governor  and  council,  and  shall  be  paid  from  the  State  Treasury;  but  all 
expenses  incurred  under  the  provisions  of  this  chapter  shall  not  exceed  $10,000  in 
any  one  year. 

Sec.  9.  Selectmen  shall  cause  all  horses  infected  with  glanders  or  other  con- 
tagious disease,  and  all  other  domestic  animals  infected  with  contagious  diseases, 
or  which  have  been  exposed  to  such  diseases,  to  be  collected  in  some  suitable  place 
or  places  and  kept  isolated  from  other  animals  so  long  as  may  be  necessary  to 
prevent  the  spread  of  the  diseases. 

Sec.  10.  In  the  performance  of  the  duties  prescribed  by  the  preceding  section, 
the  selectmen  shall  be  governed  by  the  regulations  and  directions  that  may  be 
made  or  given  on  the  subject  by  the  State  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners. 

Sec.  11.  The  State  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners,  or,  if  they  have  not  taken 
cognizance  of  the  case,  the  selectmen  of  the  town  in  which  the  animal  is,  may 
order  any  domestic  animal  to  be  killed  and  buried  which,  in  the  opinion  of  a veter- 
inary surgeon  selected  by  them,  has  a contagious  or  infectious  disease. 

Sec.  12.  The  owners  of  animals  so  killed  shall  be  entitled  to  recover  of  the  town 
the  value  of  such  animals  in  their  diseased  condition  if  they  had  been  owned  in 
the  State  three  months  at  least  before  the  disease  was  detected.  The  State  Board 
of  Cattle  Commissioners,  or  the  selectmen,  as  the  case  may  be,  shall  cause  the  value 
to  be  ascertained  by  the  appraisal  of  three  competent  and  disinterested  persons 
selected  by  them,  who  shall  be  sworn  to  the  faithful  discharge  of  their  duties. 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


83 


Sec.  13.  In  case  the  owner  is  aggrieved  by  the  appraisal,  he  may  appeal  by  peti- 
tion to  the  Supreme  Court  within  thirty  days  after  he  is  notified  of  the  appraisal. 
He  shall  notify  the  town  of  his  appeal,  and  enter  and  prosecute  it  as  he  would  if 
it  were  a civil  action  at  law  wherein  the  same  amount  of  damages  was  claimed, 
and  judgment  shall  be  rendered  therein  in  like  manner. 

Sec.  14.  If  upon  such  appeal  he  recovers  a larger  sum  than  the  appraisers 
awarded  him,  he  shall  recover  his  taxable  costs;  otherwise  he  shall  pay  costs. 

Sec.  15.  All  damages  and  expenses  incurred  under  the  six  preceding  sections, 
except  expenses  incurred  by  the  State  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners,  shall  be 
paid  by  the  town  in  the  first  instance;  but  four-fifths  thereof  shall  be  reimbursed 
to  it  from  the  State  Treasury.  The  Governor  and  council  shall  audit  all  claims 
thus  presented,  and  the  Governor  shall  draw  his  warrants  upon  the  Treasurer  for 
the  amounts  allowed  in  favor  of  the  towns  entitled  thereto. 

Sec.  16.  In  cases  where  United  States  inspectors,  State  commissioners,  and  select- 
men, or  any  two  of  such  boards,  take  action  with  reference  to  the  same  subject- 
matter  under  the  provisions  of  this  chapter,  they  shall  have  precedence  in  authority 
in  the  order  above  named. 

Sec.  17.  Any  person  or  corporation  who  shall  bring  into  the  State,  between  the 
twentieth  day  of  May  and  the  twentieth  day  of  October,  any  Texas  or  Cherokee 
cattle  that  have  not  been  kept  north  of  the  Ohio  or  Missouri  river  during  the  win- 
ter immediately  preceding,  shall  be  fined  not  exceeding  $25  for  each  animal  so 
brought  into  the  State.  The  term  Texas  or  Cherokee  cattle  shall  be  construed  to 
mean  the  native  cattle  of  Texas  and  Louisiana  and  the  classes  of  cattle  known 
under  those  names. 

Sec.  18.  Any  person  who  shall  expose,  or  suffer  to  be  exposed,  in  any  highway, 
public  place,  or  pasture,  any  horse  affected  by  the  disease  known  as  glanders,  shall 
be  fined  not  exceeding  $50  for  each  offense,  for  the  benefit  of  the  town  or  city  where 
the  offense  is  committed. 

I 

Sec.  19.  Any  person  exposing  any  domestic  animal  as  aforesaid  affected  with 
any  other  contagious  or  troublesome  disease  shall  be  fined  not  exceeding  $25  for 
each  offense,  for  the  benefit  of  the  town. 

Sec.  20.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  selectmen  and  police  officers  of  towns  in  which 
any  of  the  offenses  mentioned  in  the  three  preceding  sections  shall  be  committed 
to  cause  the  offenders  to  be  prosecuted. 

At  the  session  of  the  Legislature  of  1893  the  following  amendment  was  passed: 

Section  1.  The  owners  of  cattle  killed  by  order  of  the  State  Board  of  Cattle 
Commissioners  shall  recover  of  the  State  one-half  the  value  of  such  animals  upon 
a basis  of  health,  said  value  to  be  ascertained  by  a disinterested  appraisal,  pro- 
vided they  have  been  owned  in  the  State  three  months  at  least  before  the  disease 
was  detected. 

Sec.  2.  All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  with  this  act  are  hereby  repealed, 
and  this  act  shall  take  effect  upon  its  passage.  * 

Quarantine  Regulations. 

The  following  order  is  still  in  force: 

State  of  New  Hampshire, 

Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners, 

Concord , Jidy  1J,  1896 . 

General  Order  No.  3. 

1.  General  Order  dated  January  11,  1892,  and  General  Order  dated  January  19, 
1892,  are  hereby  repealed. 

2.  All  persons  and  companies  are  hereby  prohibited  from  bringing  or  driving 
neat  cattle  into  the  State  of  New  Hampshire  without  a permit  from  this  board. 


84 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


3.  All  neat  cattle  brought  or  driven  into  the  State  of  New  Hampshire  under  a 
permit  from  this  board  are  hereby  placed  in  quarantine  upon  arrival  in  the  State 
until  identified  and  released. 

4.  Selectmen  of  towns  and  cities  of  New  Hampshire  are  hereby  authorized  to 
seize  and  hold  in  quarantine  any  neat  cattle  coming  into  the  State  without  a legal 
permit,  and  notify  this  board  at  once  of  such  action. 

5.  Permits  to  bring  or  drive  neat  cattle  into  New  Hampshire  will  be  issued  only 
upon  the  result  of  the  tuberculin  test,  to  be  applied  and  reported  under  such  regu- 
lations and  forms  as  will  be  furnished  upon  application  to  this  board. 

6.  This  order  is  issued  under  authority  of  Chapter  113  of  the  Public  Statutes  of 
New  Hampshire,  and  all  violations  will  be  vigorously  prosecuted. 

7.  This  order  shall  take  effect  on  the  fifteenth  day  of  July,  1896. 

Irving  A.  Watson,  President ; 

N.  J.  Bachelder,  Secretary , 

Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners. 

The  following  explanatory  circular  was  issued  in  connection  with  the  above 
order : 

State  of  New  Hampshire, 

Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners, 

Concord , July  14,  1896 . 

To  whom  it  may  concern : 

The  quarantine  regulations  issued  by  the  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  of  the 
State  of  New  Hampshire  against  all  cattle  outside  of  the  State  are  made  necessary 
by  the  action  already  taken  in  the  same  line  by  the  authorities  of  other  New  Eng- 
land States.  Evidence  has  been  submitted  to  this  board  that  animals  failing  to 
pass  the  test,  and  therefore  debarred  from  those  States,  are  being  brought  into  New 
Hampshire,  and  are  contributing  to  our  milk  supply,  to  the  injury  of  the  health- 
fulness and  reputation  of  New  Hampshire  dairy  products. 

Persons  desiring  to  bring  cattle  into  New  Hampshire  will  be  furnished,  upon 
application,  with  the  necessary  blanks  upon  which  to  forward  the  result  of  the 
test,  said  test  to  be  made  by  any  person  who  is  satisfactory  to  the  cattle  commis- 
sioners of  the  State  in  which  the  test  is  made.  Upon  arrival  in  this  State  the 
cattle  will  be  identified  and  released  as  soon  as  practicable  by  this  board  or  its 
representative. 

In  making  the  report  of  tuberculin  test,  when  applying  for  a permit,  both  the 
original  and  duplicate  reports  are  to  be  made  out  and  forwarded  to  this  office 
without  being  detached  from  the  blank  permit. 

Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners, 

Concord , N.  H. 


Modification  of  Quarantine  Order. 

State  of  New  Hampshire, 

Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners, 

Concord , April  1,  1897. 

General  Order  No.  J. 

General  Order  No.  3,  dated  July  14,  1896,  is  hereby  modified  as  follows: 

On  and  after  this  date,  unless  otherwise  ordered,  neat  stock  will  be  admitted  to 
the  State  of  New  Hampshire  for  pasturage  or  for  domestic  use  under  the  following 
conditions: 

1.  Applications  for  permit  to  bring  cattle  into  New  Hampshire  for  pasturage  or 
for  domestic  use  must  be  made  upon  blanks  furnished  by  this  board. 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


85 


2.  The  owner  or  drover  of  said  cattle  must  state  upon  said  application  that  they 
are  brought  into  the  State  for  pasturage  or  for  domestic  use. 

3.  The  owner  or  drover  of  said  cattle  must  furnish  upon  said  application  the 
certificate  of  a veterinarian  who  is  a regular  graduate  of  a veterinary  institution 
or  who  is  recommended  by  the  cattle  commissioners  of  the  State  from  which  the 
cattle  are  sent,  stating  that  the  cattle  have  been  subjected  to  a physical  examina- 
tion and  no  symptoms  of  tuberculosis  or  other  contagious  disease  are  found. 

4.  Applications  from  Massachusetts  must  also  state  that  the  cattle  have  been 
tagged  by  the  Massachusetts  Cattle  Commission,  which  will  entitle  them  to  return 
to  that  State  without  reexamination,  and  must  be  indorsed  in  this  respect  by  the 
Massachusetts  Cattle  Commission  or  agent  of  said  commission. 

5.  This  order  will  take  effect  April  1 , 1897,  and  remain  in  force  until  revoked 
by  this  board. 

N.  J.  Bachelder, 

Secretary  New  Hampshire  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners. 

The  following  explanatory  circular  was  issued  in  connection  with  the  modifica- 
tion order: 

State  of  New  Hampshire, 

Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners, 

Concord , April  1,  1897. 

To  owners  and  drovers  of  stock: 

The  inclosed  order  modifies  the  previously  existing  regulation  in  regard  to 
bringing  neat  stock  into  New  Hampshire  for  pasturage,  inasmuch  as  it  allows  a 
physical  examination  instead  of  requiring  the  tuberculin  test.  The  application 
for  permit  must  be  made  to  the  board  upon  the  application  furnished  by  this 
board,  and  no  neat  cattle  can  be  legally  admitted  for  pasturage  until  said  applica- 
tion has  been  properly  filled  out  and  filed  with  this  board  and  the  permit  issued  in 
due  and  regular  form.  In  short,  this  order  simply  allows  the  report  of  the  physical 
examination  to  be  filed  with  this  board  instead  of  the  report  of  the  tuberculin  test, 
and  a permit  to  bring  cattle  into  New  Hampshire  for  pasturage  or  other  purposes 
is  just  as  necessary  as  before  the  issuing  of  this  order. 

Selectmen  and  other  officials  have  full  authority  to  proceed  against  violators  of 
this  and  the  previous  order  as  modified,  the  same  as  before,  and  all  parties  will 
govern  themseives  accordingly. 

N.  J.  Bachelder, 

Secretary  New  Hampshire  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners. 

While  the  law  enacted  to  govern  this  matter  confers  upon  the  executive  officer 
of  the  State  Board  of  Health,  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  and  State  grange 
the  authority  in  the  suppression  of  contagious  diseases  among  animals,  yet  all 
action  taken  and  money  expended  have  been  with  the  approval  of  the  several  organ- 
izations named  and  by  the  advice  of  the  Governor  and  council.  While  every  case 
coming  to  the  attention  of  the  board  has  been  investigated  and  such  action  taken 
as  the  policy  of  the  board  demanded,  the  keeping  of  the  work  within  legitimate 
bounds  has  been  somewhat  complicated  by  the  appropriation  made  by  the  Legis- 
lature in  1895  of  $100,000  for  the  prosecution  of  this  work,  vetoed  by  the  Governor. 
The  present  commission  has  never  held  that  the  exigencies  of  the  case  required 
the  expenditure  of  any  such  amount  of  money,  and  subsequent  events  have  proven 
this  position  to  be  sound.  The  present  commission  has  never  sought  or  desired 
the  management  of  this  matter,  and  favored  the  above  bill  after  it  was  so  restricted 
as  to  be  under  the  entire  control  of  the  Governor  and  council  and  provided  for 
the  appointment  of  a commission  to  control  and  direct  the  matter.  We  make  this 
somewhat  extended  reference  to  the  action  leading  up  to  the  period  for  which  this 
report  is  made  in  order  that  we  may  more  intelligently  report  the  work  accom- 
plished and  state  our  conclusions  deduced  therefrom. 


86 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


The  members  of  the  commission  have  been  allowed  by  the  Governor  and  coun- 
cil $500  annually  for  clerk  hire,  which,  with  the  exception  of  printing  and  postage, 
has  been  the  entire  office  expense  in  the  administration  of  the  law.  All  applica- 
tions to  the  board  for  permits  to  admit  cattle  to  the  State  have  been  complied  with 
if  the  proper  certificate  of  soundness  was  furnished,  and  several  thousand  animals 
have  been  annually  admitted  under  this  regulation.  All  applications  to  the  board 
for  inspection  of  herds  within  the  State  have  been  given  attention  by  forwarding 
to  the  parties  making  application  a blank  form  of  which  the  following  is  a copy: 

APPLICATION  FOR  CATTLE  INSPECTION. 

, 1898. 

Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners  of  the  State  of  New  Hampshire, 

Concord. 

Gentlemen:  I hereby  make  application  for  an  official  inspection  of  my  herd  of 
cattle,  in  regard  to  which  1 make  the  following  statement: 

My  entire  herd  consists  of cattle. 

First  noticed  symptoms  of  disease  about . 

Symptoms  noticed  are . 

These  cattle  are  at  my  stable,  located  about miles  from , the  nearest 

railroad  station. 

If  the  board  considers  an  investigation  advisable,  and  upon  a physical  examina- 
tion finds  sufficient  symptoms  of  tuberculosis  in  the  herd  to  warrant,  in  the  opin- 
ion of  the  board,  the  application  of  the  tuberculin  test  to  the  herd,  I hereby 
authorize  its  application  by  the  board.  I understand  the  expense  of  making  an 
inspection  to  be  entirely  borne  by  the  board,  and  that,  according  to  law,  I am  to 
receive  one-half  the  health  value  of  all  animals  condemned  by  the  test  and 
destroyed  in  the  presence  of  myself  or  that  of  my  agent.  I also  agree  to  disinfect 
the  stable  and  take  other  precautionary  measures  in  accordance  with  the  instruc- 
tions of  the  cattle  commissioners. 


(Address)  — . 

This  plan  has  been  strictly  adhered  to  except  in  an  occasional  case  where  ar- 
rangements had  been  previously  made  to  inspect  herds  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  the  person  applying  and  there  was  not  time  to  have  the  blank  forwarded  and 
returned.  The  inspection  would  then  be  made  without  the  formal  application,  as 
it  required  no  extra  expense.  Other  exceptions  have  been  in  the  case  of  applica- 
tions from  boards  of  health  or  in  the  suspected  existence  of  glanders  in  horses,  both 
of  which  have  generally  had  prompt  attention. 

All  applications  for  inspection  in  official  form  as  indicated  above  have  had  care- 
ful consideration  by  the  board,  and  if  the  conditions  reported  indicated  the  pres- 
ence of  any  contagious  disease  an  inspection  was  ordered  as  soon  as  practicable. 
It  has  not  been  the  practice  of  the  board  to  make  a second  inspection  in  a town 
immediately  after  a previous  visit,  but  to  make  the  inspection  as  soon  as  the  cir- 
cumstances seemed  to  warrant,  using  discretion  in  the  matter.  In  this  work  the 
most  distant  sections  of  the  State  have  had  equal  attention  with  the  central,  and 
no  inspection  has  been  withheld  on  account  of  any  extra  expense  in  reaching  the 
herd. 

In  addition  to  the  action  taken  by  the  commissioners  in  the  above-named  cases 
the  selectmen  have  acted  in  specific  cases  located  in  six  towns,  under  the  direction 
of  the  commissioners.  This  action  by  the  State,  and  by  the  selectmen  directed  by 
the  State,  has  resulted  in  locating  and  destroying  234  tuberculous  cattle  and  18 
glandered  horses.  A postmortem  examination  has  been  made  of  every  animal 
destroyed,  and  in  every  instance  the  disease  for  which  the  animal  was  destroyed 
has  been  found,  and  to  such  extent  as  to  satisfy  the  owner  of  its  existence  without 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


87 


microscopic  examination.  In  such  inspections  as  seemed  to  need  special  atten- 
tion, or  where  conditions  were  likely  to  exist  that  would  need  the  personal  atten- 
tion of  members  of  the  commission,  they  have  been  present,  and  these  cases  have 
been  growing  less  each  year.  The  work  of  the  commission  has  been  systematized 
so  that  the  greatest  result  could  be  obtained  with  the  least  possible  expense. 

The  tuberculin  test  has  been  applied  to  some  extent  during  the  work  of  the  com- 
mission, and,  when  first  announced  by  supposed  authorities  as  the  proper  agency 
for  determining  what  animals  should  be  killed  and  buried,  was  used  for  a short 
time  as  the  main  dependence  in  our  work.  During  this  trial  with  tuberculin  296 
cattle  were  condemned  and  buried  from  the  application  of  the  test,  and  all  were 
given  a postmortem  examination.  A thorough  observation  of  the  results  in  this 
course,  and  a careful  study  of  the  matter  as  reported  from  various  authorities, 
convinced  the  board  that  the  doubt  existing  in  its  mind  at  the  start  in  regard  to 
the  practicability  of  such  a course  was  well  founded,  and  the  practice  was  aban- 
doned except  in  special  cases  where  its  use  seemed  justifiable.  About  this  time, 
when  the  policy  of  destroying  cattle  upon  the  result  of  the  tuberculin  test  alone 
was  more  in  doubt  in  the  minds  of  the  members  of  the  board  than  later,  Mr.  F.  B. 
Shedd,  of  Northfield,  offered  a fine  herd  of  Holstein  cattle  for  experimental  pur- 
poses that  failed  to  pass  the  tuberculin  test.  The  offer  was  accepted,  and  under 
date  of  June  25,  1898,  the  following  report  was  made  upon  the  experiment: 

Concord,  June  25 , 1898. 

The  attention  of  the  cattle  commissioners  was  called  June  12, 1897,  to  a herd  of 
thoroughbred  Holstein  cattle  owned  by  Mr.  F.  B.  She^d,  of  Northfield,  an  extensive 
landowner,  cultivating  and  improving  one  of  the  finest  farms  in  New  Hampshire. 
The  tuberculin  test  had  been  applied  by  a veterinarian  employed  by  Mr.  Shedd 
to  twenty-one  cattle,  twelve  of  which  failed  to  pass,  and  in  which  the  temperature 
reaction  was  very  high.  Two  of  the  twelve  were  advanced  cases  of  tuberculosis 
and  had  been  destroyed  before  the  arrival  of  the  commissioners.  The  ten  animals 
remaining,  to  which  our  attention  was  called,  consisted  of  nine  thoroughbred  Hol- 
stein cows  and  a thoroughbred  Holstein  bull,  the  latter  weighing  over  2,000  pounds, 
all  of  which  were  under  4 years  old.  We  found  the  nine  cows  isolated  from  all 
other  cattle,  and  so  much  excitement  prevailed  that  the  inclosure  in  which  they 
were  kept  was  a source  of  serious  alarm  to  many  of  the  neighboring  people.  The 
bull  had  been  assigned  the  entire  barn,  and  the  general  appearance  of  all  the  cattle 
was  vigorous  and  healthy. 

We  stated  to  Mr.  Shedd  that  it  was  not  our  practice  to  destroy  animals  simply 
upon  the  result  of  the  tuberculin  test  without  other  evidence  of  disease.  To  this 
position  strong  exception  was  taken  by  the  owner  of  the  cattle,  who  expressed  a 
very  decided  opinion  that  the  cattle  should  be  destroyed.  After  a lengthy  discus- 
sion of  the  matter  Mr.  Shedd  offered  to  contribute  the  ten  reacting  animals  free 
of  cost  for  the  purpose  of  an  experiment  to  determine,  as  far  as  possible,  the 
proper  course  to  take  with  cattle  in  a similar  condition.  This  generous  proposi- 
tion was  accepted  by  the  commissioners,  with  the  understanding  that  at  the  end 
of  one  year  a report  of  results  should  be  made  to  the  public,  and,  if  advisable  at 
that  time,  the  remaining  animals  in  the  experiment  should  be  killed  and  exam- 
ined. Some  idea  of  the  generosity  of  the  gentleman  in  contributing  the  cattle  can 
be  obtained  from  the  fact  that  these  ten  animals  were  easily  worth  $1,000  if  sound, 
and,  according  to  the  law  of  appraisal  for  condemned  animals,  would  have  cost 
the  State  $500  if  destroyed.  The  ten  animals  were  taken  to  Andover  June  25, 
and,  the  year  having  expired,  we  make  a report  in  accordance  with  the  agreement. 

The  nine  cows  were  placed  upon  an  isolated  farm  where  they  were  given  such 
sanitary  treatment  for  the  promotion  of  health  as  any  dairy  cattle  should  have. 
This  includes  good  ventilation,  light,  exercise,  and  moderate  feed.  The  animals 
were  kept  in  the  open  air  both  day  and  night,  except  in  stormy  weather,  and  for 
six  months  the  milk  of  the  entire  herd  was  thrown  away  or  fed  to  pigs.  When 
these  cattle  were  brought  to  the  town  some  objections  were  raised  on  account  of 
endangering  other  herds,  so  intense  was  the  fear  of  tuberculosis,  but,  there  being 
no  objection  on  the  part  of  the  adjoining  landowners,  there  was  little  attention  given 
to  this  unnecessary  scare.  The  bull,  owing  to  his  size  and  strength,  was  kept  in 
another  section  of  the  town,  where  he  could  be  properly  handled.  These  animals 
were  tested  with  tuberculin  by  a disinterested  veterinarian  September  12,  Decem- 
ber 9,  February  23,  and  those  not  previously  killed  May  9.  Five  of  the  ten  ani- 
mals passed  the  test  successfully  September  12,  and  five,  including  the  bull,  failed 


88 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


to  pass.  Owing  to  the  inconvenience  and  expense  of  keeping  the  bull,  and  the 
supposition  on  the  part  of  a few  people  that  he  was  badly  diseased,  he  was  killed 
soon  after  the  test  in  September,  although  there  was  no  previous  indication  of 
disease  from  a careful  physical  examination.  He  was  killed  for  the  purpose  of 
the  experiment  and  carefully  examined  by  a veterinarian  in  the  presence  of  many 
people,  but  the  examination  failed  to  reveal  any  more  evidence  of  disease  than 
can  be  found  in  a large  percentage  of  the  cattle  in  the  country  to-day.  It  was  so 
infinitesimal  as  to  require  no  consideration  upon  any  health  basis,  and  was  strong 
proof  of  the  extravagance  in  destroying  animals  by  the  test  alone. 

Only  three  of  the  remaining  animals  failed  to  pass  the  test  applied  December  9, 
and  in  one  of  the  three  the  disease  had  developed  sufficiently  to  be  detected  by 
physical  examination  and  was  condemned.  These  three  were  isolated  from  the 
balance  of  the  herd  and  their  milk  thrown  away.  They  were  again  tested  Feb- 
ruary 23,  with  no  material  change  in  the  result,  and  were  taken  to  Concord 
March  29  and  destroyed  and  examined  in  the  presence  of  many  witnesses.  The 
one  condemned  by  physical  examination  was  found  to  be  a well-developed  case  of 
tuberculosis  and  should  be  destroyed.  Although  the  other  two,  killed  at  the  same 
time,  had  failed  to  pass  the  test,  there  was  no  physical  evidence  of  disease,  and 
they  were  destroyed  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  their  condition  and  for  the 
information  sought  in  the  experiment.  After  a very  thorough  postmortem  exami- 
nation by  a veterinarian  slight  evidence  of  disease  was  finally  found,  but  it  was 
even  less  than  that  found  in  the  bull,  and  was  in  such  condition  as  to  lead  to  the 
conclusion  that  it  had  not  only  been  arrested,  but  was  on  the  way  to  ultimate 
recovery.  How  much  this  result  wa?  due  to  the  treatment  of  the  animals  and 
how  much  to  the  alleged  curative  qualities  of  tuberculin  is  a matter  of  conjecture 
only.  There  are  no  developments  of  science  in  regard  to  the  nature  and  charac- 
teristics of  bovine  tuberculosis  that  warrant  the  destruction  of  such  animals, 
The  remaining  six  animals  were  tested  with  tuberculin  February  23  and  May  9. 
and  all  passed  the  test  each  time.  The  following  correspondence  passed  between 
the  commissioners  and  Mr.  Shedd: 

Concord,  June  18 , 1898.  ‘ 

Mr.  F.  B.  Shedd,  Tilton,  N.  H. 

Dear  Sir:  When  we  took  the  ten  Holstein  cattle  from  your  place  nearly  one 
year  ago,  the  statement  was  made  to  you  that  it  was  not  the  policy  of  the  board 
to  destroy  such  herds  as  yours  appeared  to  be  simply  from  the  fact  that  the  ten 
animals  had  failed  to  pass  the  tuberculin  test.  We  remarked  at  the  time  that  we 
had  a desire  to  study  the  development  of  the  disease  in  such  cattle  for  a year  or 
more,  and  with  your  accustomed  liberality  and  public  spirit  you  offered  to  con- 
tribute the  ten  reacting  animals  free  for  the  purpose  of  the  experiment,  cattle  that 
were  at  least  worth  $1,000  at  that  time.  We  accepted  your  generous  offer,  and, 
as  the  year  is  nearly  elapsed,  it  is  due  that  we  make  a brief  report  to  you  and  ask 
for  suggestions  in  regard  to  further  action. 

During  this  period  we  have  destroyed  four  of  the  ten  animals,  and  you  have 
been  present  at  the  postmortem  of  each.  One  of  these  showed  physical  symp- 
toms of  the  disease  soon  after  it  came  into  our  possession  and  was  condemned 
by  the  board.  The  other  three  showed  no  physical  symptoms  of  the  disease 
and  were  selected  for  reasons  well  known  to  you,  and  which  it  is  not  neces- 
sary to  state  here.  You  will  recall  the  fact  that  the  postmortem  of  each 
revealed  no  disease  sufficient  to  warrant  destroying  the  animals  or  sufficient 
to  cause  any  danger,  except  in  the  one  physically  condemned.  The  others  were 
killed  for  the  purpose  of  the  experiment,  and  the  results  are  carefully  recorded 
and  will  be  published  in  full.  The  milk  of  none  of  the  cows  killed  had  been 
sold  since  we  took  charge  of  the  animals. 

We  now  have  at  East  Andover  the  remaining  six  animals.  They  have  passed 
the  tuberculin  test  at  the  last  two  trials  made  in  February  and  May,  and  from 
any  kind  of  an  examination  that  we  are  able  to  make  appear  to  be  healthy 
cattle.  Since  passing  the  test  the  milk  has  been  sold,  with  the  approval  of  the 
State  Board  of  Health,  the  city  board  of  health,  and  the  milk  contractors, 
all  of  whom  have  been  fully  acquainted  with  the  history  and  condition  of  the 
animals  and  furnished  the  result  of  the  tuberculin  test.  There  has  been  no 
expense  to  the  State  for  these  cattle  for  the  past  six  months.  In  view  of  these 
facts  there  seems  to  be  no  reason  why  these  cattle  should  not  be  put  to  prac- 
tical use,  and  we  ask  you  for  suggestions  in  regard  to  what  shall  be  done  with 
them.  Shall  we  return  them  to  you?  We  will  gladly  do  this,  if  you  desire. 
If  not,  there  seem  but  two  courses  open,  one  of  which  would  be  to  kill  them 
at  once.  This  would  seem  extravagant,  and  warranted  only  for  the  purpose 
of  obtaining  some  information  in  regard  to  the  effect  of  repeated  applications 
of  tuberculin.  The  other  course  would  be  to  keep  the  cattle  for  another  year  at 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


89 


least  and  watch  developments.  Whatever  is  done,  the  detailed  report  of  the 
experiment  to  the  present  time  can  he  made,  and  will  be  a valuable  contribu- 
tion to  the  information  obtained  in  regard  to  this  important  matter.  We  await 
with  deep  interest  any  suggestions  from  you  in  regard  to  this  matter. 

Assuring  you  of  our  full  appreciation  of  your  liberality  and  public  spirit  in 
donating  the  animals  for  the  purpose  of  this  experiment  and  of  willingness  to 
return  them  if  you  desire, 

Yours,  truly,  N.  J.  Bachelder,  Secretary. 

Mr.  Shedd’s  reply: 

Tilton,  N.  H.,  June  ‘SI,  1898. 

N.  J.  Bachelder,  Esq.,  Secretary , Concord , N.  H. 

Dear  Sir:  I have  your  favor  of  June  18,  and  note  what  you  say  with  regard  to 
the  condition  of  the  cattle  remaining  in  your  hands  of  the  herd  given  by  me  to 
your  commission  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  information  by  experiment  upon 
the  very  important  question  of  the  existence  and  progress  of  the  disease,  tubercu- 
losis, with  which  it  was  charged  they  were  infected,  after  having  reacted  under 
the  inoculation  with  tuberculin  while  in  my  possession. 

I remember  the  consistent  and  conservative  opinion  expressed  by  you  at  the 
time  when  first  your  attention  was  called  to  the  matter  and  the  reasonable  course 
recommended  with  regard  to  the  treatment  of  the  herd.  While  from  lack  of 
experience  and  perhaps  prejudice  I was  compelled  to  differ  from  the  judgment 
expressed  by  you,  and  for  the  reason  that  I felt  that  I could  not  consistently  use 
the  product  of  cattle  that  modern  science  had  pronounced  diseased,  I felt  con- 
strained to  make  such  disposition  of  them  as  would  remove  them  from  the  balance 
of  my  herd  and  prevent  any  possibility  of  further  contamination,  not  only  of  my 
own  but  of  my  neighbors’  cattle. 

The  investigations  made  by  your  board,  of  which  I have  been  made  aware  from 
time  to  time,  and  the  information  obtained  therefrom  have  substantially  changed 
the  radical  opinion  I have  heretofore  entertained  with  regard  to  the  prevalence  of 
the  disease  generally,  and  especially  with  regard  to  the  propriety  of  condemning 
any  and  all  cattle  which  might  “react”  under  the  tuberculin  test.  The  examina- 
tion by  your  commission  of  the  cattle  destroyed,  after  repeated  applications  of  the 
tuberculin  test,  has  determined  to  my  satisfaction  the  fact  that  judgment  based 
upon  that  alone  is  not  a safe  reliance  and  that  cattle  should  not  be  destroyed 
without  other  evidence  of  the  presence  of  disease.  You  will  remember  that  it  was 
upon  this  point  mainly  that  we  disagreed.  I am  now  convinced  of  the  correctness 
of  your  judgment  upon  the  question,  and  while  the  experiments  have  not  resulted 
as  I expected,  I feel  satisfied* that  your  investigations  will  prove  of  great  value  to 
everyone  interested  in  cattle,  and  will  do  much  toward  the  proper  solution  of  a 
very  important  problem. 

Your  claims  as  to  the  superior  value  of  the  physical  examination  in  determining 
the  extent  of  the  disease  have,  in  my  opinion,  been  fully  sustained,  and  I am  now 
quite  ready  to  agree  with  you  that  it  is  the  more  reliable  method,  and  that  cattle 
in  which  the  presence  of  disease  can  not  be  determined  in  this  way  should  not  be 
destroyed. 

There  rema  ns,  however,  this  question  to  be  solved,  and  I shall  be  interested  to 
hear  an  expression  from  you  upon  it:  Assuming  that  the  tuberculin  test,  as 
applied  by  me  in  the  beginning,  demonstrated  the  presence  of  the  disease  in  how- 
ever slight  a form,  is  it  possible  that  repeated  inoculations  have  not  only  checked 
its  further  development,  but  effected  a complete  cure?  This,  I believe,  it  was 
claimed  tuberculin  would  do  when  it  was  first  offered  to  the  medical  profession. 
If  so,  such  treatment  would  be  of  inestimable  value. 

With  regard  to  the  disposition  of  the  six  cows  remaining  in  the  hands  of  your 
commission:  As  you  are  aware,  they  were  regarded  by  me  as  being  of  greater 
value  than  as  mere  producers  of  milk.  They  were  remarkably  promising,  and 
were  desirable  for  breeding  purposes.  Three  of  them  produced  each  about  40 
pounds  of  milk  with  their  first  freshening,  and  this  without  other  than  ordinary 
feeding.  What  they  might  have  done  with  extra  feed  we  are  not  advised,  but  it 
is  fair  to  presume  that  they  were  of  sufficient  promise  to  warrant  being  kept  for 
the  improvement  of  the  herd. 

I judge  from  your  letter  that  you  do  not  feel  it  necessary  for  the  furtherance  of 
the  experiment  that  they  should  be  destroyed,  which  course  is  in  harmony  with 
the  opinion  expressed  by  you  in  the  beginning;  and  I also  note  your  generous  offer 
to  return  them  to  me.  I scarcely  know  what  to  say  to  this  proposition.  When  I 
turned  over  the  herd  to  your  commission,  as  a matter  of  fact,  I expected  to  relin- 
quish all  right  to  them  and  to  whatever  value  they  represented,  expecting  and 
intending  to  place  such  value  as  an  offset  to  whatever  expense  the  State  of  New 
Hampshire  might  be  compelled  to  bear  in  the  conduct  of  the  experiments  that 


90 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


were  to  be  made  with  them.  However,  if  your  board  shall  feel  that  it  will  be  as 
well  to  return  them  to  me  as  to  keep  them  longer  and  to  continue  to  experiment 
with  them,  I shall  be  satisfied  to  receive  them.  This  I will  be  pleased  to  leave 
with  your  board  to  decide,  expressing  in  advance  my  entire  satisfaction  with 
whatever  decision  you  may  make. 

In  closing,  I beg  to  express  to  your  board  and  to  you  personally  my  appreciation 
of  the  many  courtesies  received  at  your  hands,  and  my  sincere  thanks  for  the 
interest  you  have  taken  in  the  investigation  of  a question  of  so  much  importance 
to  ever}-  farmer  and  to  every  citizen  in  the  State. 

Yours,  respectfully,  F.  B.  Shedd. 

The  cattle  were  returned  to  Mr.  Shedd  June  24,  and  the  experiment  closed. 

Irving  A.  Watson,  President. 

N.  J.  Bachelder,  Secretary. 

The  action  of  the  board  was,  however,  criticised  in  certain  quarters,  undoubtedly 
for  special  and  individual  purposes,  and  we  therefore  determined  to  destroy  the 
animals  and  make  a careful  postmortem  examination,  in  order  to  determine 
whether  or  not  our  conclusions  were  correct.  Accordingly,  August  1 they  were 
killed  and  an  autopsy  made  in  the  presence  of  the  commissioners,  a competent 
veterinary  surgeon,  and  several  witnesses,  with  the  following  results: 

A careful  autopsy  was  made  in  each  case.  All  the  internal  organs  were  searched 
for  evidences  of  disease,  which  were  found  only  as  stated  below. 

No.  1 (3790).  A small  encysted  mass,  as  large  as  a medium-sized  walnut,  was 
found  near  the  apex  of  one  lung.  Two  of  the  bronchial  glands  were  somewhat 
enlarged  and  filled  with  caseous  matter  of  a thick  consistency.  These  were  the 
only  lesions  found.  No  evidence  of  recent  inflammatory  action  or  pus.  All  the 
other  organs  were  in  a healthy  condition. 

No.  2 (52).  Two  of  the  bronchial  glands  were  enlarged  and  filled  with  caseous 
matter.  On  a small  portion  of  the  left  lung,  adjacent  to  the  fifth  rib,  were  found 
granulations,  probably  miliary,  and  which  also  appeared  in  a small  patch  on  the 
ribs  contiguous  to  the  granulations  on  the  lung.  No  inflammatory  condition  existed, 
and  no  other  evidence  of  disease  was  found. 

No.  3.  Bronchial  lymphatics  slightly  enlarged  and  containing  a small  amount 
of  cheesy  material,  apparently  encysted.  No  other  evidence  of  disease. 

No.  4 (366).  A small  nodular,  encysted  mass,  of  the  size  of  an  ordinary  marble, 
was  found  in  the  apex  of  one  lung.  No  other  evidence  of  disease. 

No.  5 (363).  In  one  of  the  bronchial  glands  was  found  a small  mass  of  caseous 
matter,  cylindrical  in  shape,  about  one  eighth  of  an  inch  in  diameter  and  more 
than  an  inch  in  length,  partly  calcified.  No  other  evidence  of  disease. 

No.  6 (362).  In  the  upper  part  of  one  lung  was  found  a caseous  deposit, 
encysted,  the  size  of  a small  walnut,  with  some  calcification.  In  the  lower  part 
of  the  lung  was  an  encysted  nodule,  about  the  size  of  a small  cherry,  containing 
caseous  matter.  No  other  evidence  of  disease. 

In  all  the  above-mentioned  cases  a careful  examination  was  made  of  those  organs 
most  likely  to  be  tuberculous,  including  lungs,  liver,  heart,  stomach,  bowels,  kid- 
neys, uterus,  mammary  glands,  mesentery,  lymphatic,  and  pigmentary  glands— in 
fact,  everything  except  the  brain  and  spinal  cord,  which  it  was  not  deemed  neces- 
sary to  explore. 

All  the  cows  were  in  an  excellent  condition,  and  probably  would  have  passed 
through  most,  if  not  all,  slaughtering  houses  without  any  disease  being  discovered, 
with,  perhaps,  the  single  exception  of  case  No.  2,  in  which  the  granulations  upon 
the  lung,  being  upon  the  outer  surface,  were  apparent  upon  the  removal  of  fhat 
organ. 

The  result  of  this  experiment  had  great  influence  in  determining  the  future 
course  of  this  board.  Nearly  fifteen  months  after  these  six  cattle  reacted  to  the 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


91 


tuberculin  they  were  killed  and  thoroughly  examined,  with  only  the  slight  traces 
of  the  disease  as  indicated  above.  This  board  regards  tuberculin,  in  the  hands  of 
a skillful  and  experienced  person,  as  the  most  reliable  diagnostic  agent  in  this 
matter;  but  it  also  holds  a physical  examination  by  a skillful  and  experienced 
veterinarian  as  the  most  practical  course  to  pursue  in  the  destroying  of  tubercu- 
lous animals.  Such  a course  is  believed  to  be  the  most  practical  method  of  deal- 
ing with  the  disease.  Every  animal,  previous  to  being  destroyed,  has  been  exam- 
ined and  condemned  by  a qualified  veterinarian  selected  by  this  board. 

CONCLUSIONS. 

Our  experience  and  study  in  the  suppression  of  bovine  tuberculosis  convinces  us 
that  the  enforcement  of  proper  sanitary  measures  for  preventing  the  development 
of  the  disease  is  as  important  as  destroying  diseased  animals.  A stable  once  thor- 
oughly infected  with  tuberculous  germs  is  a very  prolific  source  of  the  disease, 
even  years  later,  unless  thoroughly  disinfected.  We  have  given  directions  to  the 
owner  of  every  stable  inspected  in  regard  to  the  action  required  in  the  matter  of 
ventilation,  light,  exercise  of  animals,  and  disinfection,  and  have  regarded  this  as 
the  most  important  part  of  the  work.  Many  stables  have  been  visited  very  recently 
to  ascertain  if  the  suggestions  have  been  carried  out.  and  we  found  that  the 
changes  suggested  have  been  invariably  made,  and  that  the  sanitary  conditions  of 
those  stables  have  beep  greatly  improved.  Quite  a thorough  investigation  of  the 
conditions  existing  in  the  sections  of  the  State  where  the  disease  has  been  found 
the  most  prevalent  reveals  the  fact  that  great  progress  has  been  made  in  its  sup- 
pression, and  in  some  towns  it  seems  to  be  almost  eradicated. 

******* 

Investigation  made  by  the  board  in  various  directions  demonstrates  the  correct- 
ness of  the  general  statement  found  in  these  printed  communications,1  that  bovine 
tuberculosis  has  been  very  materially  reduced  among  the  herds  of  the  State,  and 
warrants  the  further  statement  that  New  Hampshire  cattle  are  in  a comparatively 
healthy  condition,  and  that  their  product  is  as  wholesome  as  a more  radical  and 
expensive  policy  on  the  part  of  the  commission  would  have  secured. 

We  desire  to  emphasize  the  statement  made  in  previous  reports  of  this  board, 
and  already  made  in  this  report,  that  the  adoption  of  preventive  measures  on  the 
part  of  stock  owners  is  a matter  of  equal  importance  in  the  permanent  suppression 
of  bovine  tuberculosis  with  the  destroying  of  diseased  animals.  Such  matters  as 
ventilation,  sunlight,  exercise,  and  judicious  feeding  are  of  the  greatest  impor- 
tance, and  any  action  that  will  lead  to  a more  general  adoption  of  these  preventive 
measures  will  greatly  aid  in  securing  the  result  contemplated.  We  have  less  doubt 
than  ever  before  in  regard  to  the  wisdom  of  the  policy  adopted  and  followed  by 
the  New  Hampshire  cattle  commission,  and  believe  it  to  be  the  most  practical 
method  of  dealing  with  bovine  tuberculosis.  In  order  to  demonstrate  that  this 
policy  is  supported  by  the  organizations  most  interested  in  the  matter,  both  from 
the  standpoint  of  public  health  and  agriculture,  we  here  submit  the  action  taken 
by  the  several  organizations  referred  to  in  this  connection,  and  which  have  been 
kept  fully  informed  from  time  to  time  of  the  policy  adopted. 

Irving  A.  Watson,  President , 

N.  J.  Bachelder,  Secretary, 

State  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners. 

1 Reports  from  40  towns  not  printed  here. 


92 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


CERTIFICATES. 

State  of  New  Hampshire, 

Board  of  Agriculture, 

Concord,  December  14.,  1898. 

At  a meeting  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  held  December  15,  1898,  the  follow- 
ing action  was  taken: 

Resolved,  That  this  board  approves  the  action  taken  by  the  New  Hampshire  cat- 
tle commission,  and  indorses  the  policy  pursued  as  one  calculated  to  serve  the 
health  and  live-stock  interests  in  the  most  practical  and  economical  manner,  and 
has  no  change  to  suggest  in  the  management  of  this  important  matter. 

A true  copy  of  record 

Attest: 

N.  J.  Bachelder,  Secretary. 

New  Hampshire  State  Grange, 

Office  of  Executive  Committee, 

Concord,  December  9, 1898. 

This  is  to  certify  that  the  executive  committee  of  the  New  Hampshire  State 
Grange  has  been  kept  fully  informed,  from  time  to  time,  in  regard  to  the  work  of 
the  State  cattle  commission,  and  hereby  declares  that  it  is  in  full  accord  with  the 
policy  pursued,  believing  it  to  be  the  most  practical  course  of  suppressing  bovine 
tuberculosis  and  other  contagious  diseases  of  animals.  We  have  noted  the  result 
of  the  experiment  conducted  with  the  Holstein  herd  of  cattle  and  recognize  great 
value  to  the  live-stock  interest  of  the  State  therefrom. 

E.  C.  Hutchinson, 
Secretary  Executive  Committee. 

N.  J.  Bachelder, 

Secretary  Board  of  Cattle  Commissioners,  Concord,  N.  H. 

Dear  Sir:  I have  been  very  much  interested  in  the  work  of  the  Board  of  Cattle 
Commissioners,  believing  that  they  are  doing  very  much  for  the  State  of  New 
Hampshire.  From  such  information  as  I have  had,  it  would  seem  that  your  work 
is  for  two  specific  reasons:  First,  the  suppression  of  tuberculosis  in  cattle  to 
further  the  public  health  interests  of  the  State;  second,  the  control  of  the  disease 
in  the  financial  interests  of  the  stock  raiser  and  farmer.  The  State  Board  of 
Health  is  especially  interested  in  this  work  from  the  standpoint  of  the  first  prop- 
osition, and  we  believe  that  every  possible  effort  should  be  made  to  protect  the 
public  against  disease  infection  through  tuberculous  meat  and  milk.  To  accom- 
plish this  end  I believe  it  is  the  opinion  of  most  scientists  that  it  is  unnecessary 
to  destroy  every  animal  that  reacts  to  the  tuberculin  test,  and  that  it  is  unneces- 
sary to  test  with  tuberculin  every  herd  of  cattle  in  the  State.  It  would  seem  that 
if  a careful  and  systematic  inspection  of  cattle  could  be  made  by  competent  vet- 
erinary surgeons,  with  the  destruction  of  all  animals  in  which  tuberculosis  could 
be  discovered  upon  a careful  physical  examination,  the  work  would  meet  all  public 
requirements.  I understand  that,  as  far  as  the  law  will  admit,  the  work  is  now 
being  conducted  along  these  lines,  and  as  far  as  I know  is  meeting  with  general 
approval. 

I believe  that  the  law  should  be  amended  so  as  to  require  an  inspection  of  all 
dairies  and  milch  cows  with  such  frequency  as  might  be  deemed  necessary,  and 
that  the  commission  should  have  power  to  establish  rules  and  regulations  govern- 
ing the  sanitary  condition  of  the  stables  of  all  dairy  herds. 

Very  respectfully,  your  most  obedient  servant, 

G.  P.  Conn,  M.  D., 
President  State  Board  of  Health. 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


93 


NEW  JERSEY. 

The  tuberculosis  work  of  New  Jersey  is  performed  chiefly  under 
the  act  of  April  6, 1898,  and  is  in  the  hands  of  seven  persons,  who  are 
known  as  the  State  Tuberculosis  Commission.  This  commission  acts 
upon  notice  from  the  Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Health,  State 
Dairy  Commissioner,  and  also  any  owner  of  animals  supposed  to  be 
diseased  with  tuberculosis.  It  shall  enforce  any  regulations  that  it 
may  adopt. 

Indemnity  for  slaughtered  animals  is  based  upon  appraisement,  the 
amount  paid  being  three-fourths  of  the  appraised  value;  but  the 
appraisement  shall  not  exceed  $40  for  each  animal. 

The  sum  of  $10,000  is  appropriated  to  the  commission  “ for  defray- 
ing the  expenses  and  for  the  payment  of  the  proportion  of  the 
appraised  value  of  slaughtered  animals.” 

The  commission  shall  have  power  to  cooperate  with  the  Bureau  of 
Animal  Industry  in  any  general  national  system  which  may  be  adopted 
to  prevent  the  spread  of  bovine  tuberculosis. 

The  importation  of  dairy  cows  and  neat  cattle  for  breeding  purposes 
is  prohibited,  except  when  accompanied  by  certificate  of  reliable 
inspector  and  have  been  subjected  to  the  tuberculin  test.  Trans- 
portation companies  are  prohibited  from  bringing  into  the  State  any 
such  animals  not  accompanied  by  the  said  certificate,  and  persons 
who  import  such  animals  shall  notify  the  secretary  of  the  commission 
of  the  date  of  importation  and  number  of  cattle,  their  destination, 
etc.  Provision  is  made  for  the  importation  of  cattle  from  States  not 
issuing  certificates  of  inspection. 

Cattle  brought  into  the  State  without  a certificate  shall  be  sub- 
jected to  the  tuberculin  test,  and  those  which  react  shall  be  slaugh- 
tered; but  no  indemnity  is  paid  for  such  slaughtered  animals. 

The  penalty  for  violation  of  the  act  is  not  less  than  $25  nor  more 
than  $200  for  each  offense,,  or  by  imprisonment  of  not  less  than  one 
month  or  more  tfian  six  months,  or  by  both  such  fine  and  imprison- 
ment; and  for  a second  offense  by  an  imprisonment  of  not  less  than 
six  months  and  not  more  than  one  year. 

The  sum  of  $500  is  appropriated  for  the  enforcement  of  the  act  to 
prevent  the  importation  of  tuberculous  cattle  into  New  Jersey. 

AN  ACT  concerning  contagions  and  infectious  diseases  among  animals,  and  to  repeal  certain 
acts  relating  thereto.  (Approved  May  4,  1886.) 

1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey, 
That  in  case  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease  shall  appear  or  be  suspected  to 
exist  in  any  locality  in  this  State,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  all  persons  owning  or 
having  any  interest  in  animals  infected  or  supposed  to  be  infected,  and  of  any  per- 
son having  knowledge  or  suspicion  thereof,  at  once  to  notify  the  State  Board  of 
Health,  or  some  officer  or  member  of  said  board,  of  the  facts,  and  it  shall  be  the 
duty  of  the  said  board,  upon  receiving  such  information,  or  any  information  in 
regard  thereto,  to  investigate  the  same,  or  cause  the  same  to  be  investigated,  and 


94 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


if  any  such  disease  is  found  to  exist,  or  likely  to  break  out,  to  quarantine  such 
animal  or  animals  and  to  take  such  precautionary  measures  with  relation  to  other 
animals  exposed  to  such  disease  as  shall  be  deemed  necessary,  and  to  enforce  such 
regulations  in  relation  to  such  diseases  as  the  said  board  may  adopt. 

2.  And  be  it  enacted , That  whenever,  in  the  judgment  of  the  said  board,  its 
agents  or  appointees,  it  shall  appear  that  such  disease  is  not  likely  to  yield  to 
remedial  treatment,  or  that  the  expense  of  such  treatment  will  be  greater  than 
the  value  of  the  animal  or  animals  infected,  and  when  in  any  case  such  disease  is 
likely,  in  the  judgment  of  said  board,  its  agents  or  appointees,  to  be  communicated 
to  other  animals,  they  shall  cause  the  animals  infected  to  be  immediately  slaugh- 
tered, their  remains  to  be  buried  at  least  4 feet  beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground, 
and  all  places  in  which  the  same  have  been  kept  to  be  thoroughly  cleansed  and 
disinfected. 

3.  And  be  it  enacted , That  when  any  animal  or  animals  shall  be  slaughtered,  as 
directed  in  the  preceding  section,  the  value  of  the  same  may,  at  the  request  of 
said  board  or  any  person  interested,  be  ascertained  and  appraised  by  three  disin- 
terested freeholders  resident  in  this  State,  who  shall  make  and  sign  a certificate 
thereof  in  the  presence  of  a witness,  who  shall  attest  the  same;  such  appraise- 
ment shall  be  made  on  the  basis  of  the  market  value  of  the  animal  or  animals 
slaughtered  just  prior  to  the  time  when  they  became  so  diseased,  and  shall  be 
limited  to  the  sum  of  $100  for  registered  animals,  and  to  $40  for  all  others;  one- 
half  of  the  valuation  so  ascertained  shall  be  paid  by  the  State  on  the  presentation 
of  such  certificate,  with  the  approval  of  the  said  board  indorsed  thereon,  to  the 
owner  or  owners. 

4.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  when  any  herd  or  portion  thereof  has  been  or  is  so 
exposed  to  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease,  and  the  State  Board  of  Health 
deem  the  disease  likely  to  spread  to  that  portion  of  the  herd  still  unaffected, 
although  isolated  or  quarantined,  said  herd  may,  with  the  consent  of  the  owner 
or  owners,  and  with  the  restrictions  agreed  upon  between  them  and  the  executive 
officer  of  the  State  Board  of  Health,  cause  or  allow  said  herd  or  herds  to  be  inocu- 
lated for  the  prevention  of  such  diseases  as  can  be  thus  mitigated;  but  any  loss 
resulting  from  such  inoculations  shall  not  constitute  any  claim  against  the  State 
or  the  Board  of  Health:  Provided,  That  inoculation  for  pleuropneumonia  shall  in 
no  case  be  allowed  without  the  consent  and  approval  of  the  State  Board  of  Health, 
and  shall  be  made  under  its  direction. 

5.  And  be  it  enacted.  That  when  any  city,  township,  or  district  shall  be  threat- 
ened with  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease  among  animals  to  such  an  extent 
as  to  seem  to  require  more  general  precautions,  the  State  Board  of  Health  shall 
notify  the  local  board  of  health,  and,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  local 
board  of  health,  may  for  a time  prohibit  the  bringing  of  any  cattle  into  such  city, 
township,  or  district  without  inspection  and  a written  permission,  and  may  pro- 
hibit the  running  at  large  of  animals  in  any  township,  if  not  already  prohibited 
by  law,  for  such  time  as  the  township  board  of  health  shall  advise,  and  the  State 
Board  of  Health  may  call  upon  local  boards  of  health  to  discover  and  report 
cases  of  contagious  disease  and  aid  in  measures  for  its  abatement  and  prevention. 

6.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  when  any  animal  or  herd  of  animals  is  held  in  quar- 
antine under  authority  given  by  the  laws  of  this  State  to  the  State  Board  of 
Health,  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  the  owner  or  keeper  thereof  to  add  any  animals 
to  such  herd,  by  purchase  or  otherwise,  without  the  written  consent  of  said  board, 
under  penalty  of  being  adjudged  guilty  of  a misdemeanor  and  fined  therefor  to 
an  amount  not  exceeding  $100. 

7.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  any  person  or  persons  refusing  or  neglecting  to  notify 
said  board  of  health,  or  any  of  them,  of  the  existence  of  pleuropneumonia,  rinder- 
pest, or  any  other  contagious  or  infectious  disease  among  animals,  shall  be  deemed 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


95 


and  adjudged  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  shall  he  punished  by 
a fine  of  not  more  than  $200  or  by  imprisonment  not  exceeding  one  year,  or  both, 
at  the  discretion  of  the  court,  and  that  if  any  person  or  persons  shall  knowingly 
buy  or  sell,  or  cause  to  be  bought  or  sold,  any  animal  or  animals  affected  with  the 
pleuropneumonia,  rinderpest,  or  any  other  contagious  or  infectious  disease,  or 
that  has  been  exposed  to  a contagious  or  infectious  disease,  or  is  a part  of  any 
herd  or  stock  held  in  quarantine,  all  such  person  or  persons  shall  be  deemed  and 
adjudged  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be  punished 
by  a fine  not  exceeding  $200  or  imprisonment  not  exceeding  one  year,  or  both,  at 
the  discretion  of  the  court. 

8.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  when,  by  reason  of  the  locality  of  an  infected  animal 
or  herd  within  a city,  or  by  reason  of  frozen  ground  or  extreme  heat,  it  is,  in  the 
judgment  of  ths  State  Board  of  Health,  or  those  acting  under  its  authority,  inex- 
pedient or  impossible  to  bury  any  such  dead  or  slaughtered  animals  on  the  prem- 
ises, the  board  may  authorize  the  veterinarian,  acting  for  said  board,  to  slash  the 
skin  and  cut  the  flesh  of  the  same,  and,  either  under  his  direct  oversight  or  that 
of  the  city  board  of  health  or  contractor  for  the  disposal  of  dead  carcasses,  to  give 
over  the  same  to  the  use  of  a bone-boiling  or  glue  or  other  establishment  for  the 
disposal  of  dead  animals,  but  in  no  case  shall  the  same  or  any  part  thereof  be 
disposed  of  for  food,  and  any  such  disposal  of  the  same  shall  make  the  party  or 
parties  concerned  guilty  of  a misdemeanor  and  punishable  by  a fine  not  to  exceed 
$100  or  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  for  a period  not  exceeding  six  months. 

9.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  if,  between  the  first  day  of  October  and  the  first  day 
of  May  of  any  year,  a veterinarian,  who  has  been  regularly  graduated  in  veterinary 
medicine,  desires  to  make  a postmortem  examination  of  any  animal  he  has 
attended,  or  at  the  request  of  the  owner  of  any  animal  that  has  died  within  the 
city  limits,  he  may  do  so,  if  such  examination  is  made  within  twenty  hours  of  the 
death  or  slaughter  of  said  animal:  in  every  such  case  he  shall  notify  the  city 
scavenger  or  remover  of  carcasses  of  animals  of  the  hour  of  his  examination,  and 
said  scavenger  shall  arrange  to  remove  the  carcass  in  not  more  than  three  hours 
after  the  beginning  of  said  examination. 

10.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  to 
keep  a full  and  complete  record  of  all  the  proceedings  under  this  act  and  report 
the  same  annually  to  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  and  such  report  shall  be 
printed  in  and  form  a part  of  the  annual  report  of  said  board  of  agriculture. 

11.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  sum  of  $2,000  is  hereby  annually  appropriated 
to  the  State  Board  of  Health  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  said  board  in  the  duties 
imposed  by  this  act,  and  that  the  Governor,  Secretary  of  State,  and  the  Comp- 
troller be,  and  they  are  hereby,  authorized  to  determine  what  sum  annually  shall 
be  allowed  to  said  board  or  any  member  thereof  for  services  in  the  oversight  and 
execution  of  the  duties  hereby  imposed,  but  the  amount  allowed  shall  not  exceed 
the  sum  of  $500  in  any  one  year. 

12.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  if,  on  account  of  the  prevalence  of  any  contagious 
disease  of  animals,  or  the  necessary  guarding  against  the  same,  any  greater  expend- 
iture shall  seem  to  be  required,  the  State  Board  of  Health  shall  present  the  facts 
to  the  Governor,  the  Secretary  of  State,  and  the  Comptroller,  who  shall  authorize 
such  additional  amount  as  they  may  think  necessary,  but  in  no  case  shall  the 
yearly  amount  thus  authorized  to  be  expended  exceed  $5,000. 

13.  And  be  it  enacted, , That  all  bills  for  money  expended  under  this  act  shall  be 
audited  by  the  Comptroller  of  this  State,  and  then  submitted  to  the  Governor  for 
his  approval,  and  after  being  thus  audited  and  approved  by  the  Governor,  shall 
be  paid  by  the  State  Treasurer  upon  warrant  of  the  Comptroller. 

14.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  following  acts,  to  wit:  (1)  A supplement  to  an 
act  entitled  “An  act  to  establish  a State  Board  of  Health,”  approved  March  9, 


96 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


1877,  which  act  was  approved  on  the  12th  day  of  March,  1880;  (2)  A further  sup- 
plement to  an  act  entitled  “A  supplement  to  an  act  entitled  ‘An  act  to  establish  a 
State  Board  of  Health.”’  approved  March  9, 1877,  which  supplement  was  approved 
March  12, 1880,  which  further  supplement  was  approved  on  the  23d  day  of  March, 
1881;  (3)  A supplement  to  an  act  entitled  “An  act  to  establish  a State  Board  of 
Health,”  approved  March  9.  1877,  which  supplement  was  approved  March  12, 1880, 
and  also  a supplement  to  the  further  supplement  to  said  act,  approved  March  23, 
1881,  which  supplement  was  approved  March  17,  1882;  (4)  Supplement  to  act 
entitled  “An  act  to  establish  a board  of  health,”  approved  March  9,  1877,  and  to 
supplements  thereto  relating  to  the  contagious  diseases  of  animals,  which  supple- 
ment was  approved  on  March  22, 1883,  and  all  other  acts  and  parts  of  acts  incon- 
sistent with  the  provisions  hereof,  be,  and  the  same  are,  repealed;  but  any  rights 
acquired  under  the  said  acts,  or  either  of  them,  and  any  suits  pending  under  the 
same  shall  not  be  affected  by  the  repeal. 

15.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  this  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

A SUPPLEMENT  to  an  act  entitled  “An  act  concerning  contagious  and  infectious  diseases 

among  animals  and  to  repeal  certain  acts  relating  thereto,”  approved  May  4, 1886.  (Approved 

May  22,  1894.) 

Whereas  it  is  said  that  tuberculosis  in  cattle  prevails  in  some  sections  of  this 
State,  whereby  the  health  of  our  citizens  is  imperiled:  Therefore, 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  New 
Jersey , That  the  President  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  shall  appoint  five 
persons,  citizens  and  taxpayers  of  this  State,  who.  together  with  himself  and  the 
Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  shall  constitute  a commission,  who 
shall,  at  the  request  of  two  members  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  or  the  State 
Dairy  Commissioner  or  any  owner  of  suspected  animals,  investigate  the  existence 
of  tuberculosis,  or  cause  the  same  to  be  investigated,  and  if  any  such  disease  is 
found  to  exist,  to  enforce  such  regulations  in  relation  to  the  same  as  the  said  com- 
mission may  adopt. 

Sec.  2.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  when  any  animal  or  animals  shall  be  slaughtered 
by  direction  of  said  commission,  the  value  of  the  same  shall  be  ascertained  and 
appraised  by  three  disinterested  freeholders,  resident  in  this  State,  who  shall  make 
and  sign  certificates  thereof  in  the  presence  of  a witness,  who  shall  attest  the 
same.  Such  appraisement  shall  be  made  on  the  basis  of  the  market  value  of  the 
animal  or  animals  slaughtered  just  prior  to  the  time  when  they  became  so  diseased, 
and  shall  be  limited  to  the  sum  of  $100  for  registered  animals  and  to  $40  for  all 
others.  One-half  of  the  valuation  so  ascertained  shall  be  paid  by  the  State  on  the 
presentation  of  such  certificate,  with  the  approval  of  the  said  commission  indorsed 
thereon,  to  the  owner  or  owners. 

Sec.  3.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  commission  to  keep  a 
full  and  complete  record  of  all  their  proceedings  under  this  act  and  report  the 
same  annually  to  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  and  such  a report  shall  be 
printed  in  and  form  a part  of  the  annual  report  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture. 

Sec.  4.  And  be  it  enacted , That  the  sum  of  $5,000  is  hereby  annually  appropri- 
ated to  said  commission  to  defray  its  expenses  and  the  value  of  the  cattle  to  be 
slaughtered  by  its  direction:  Provided,  That  no  other  compensation  shall  be 
allowed  said  commission  than  the  expenses  actually  incurred  in  the  execution  of 
the  duties  hereby  imposed. 

Sec.  5.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  all  bills  for  money  expended  under  this  act  shall 
be  audited  by  the  Comptroller  of  this  State  and  then  submitted  to  the  Governor  for 
his  approval;  and  after  being  thus  audited  and  approved  by  the  Governor  shall  be 
paid  by  the  State  Treasurer  upon  the  warrant  of  the  Comptroller. 

Sec.  6.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  this  act  shall  be  deemed  a public  act  and  shall 
take  effect  immediately. 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


97 


A FURTHER  SUPPLEMENT  to  an  act  entitled  “An  act  concerning  contagious  and  infectious 

diseases  among  animals,  and  to  repeal  certain  acts  relating  thereto,”  approved  May  4, 1886. 

(Approved  March  28, 1895.) 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey , 
That  the  second  section  of  the  act  entitled  “A  supplement  to  an  act  entitled  ‘An 
act  concerning  contagious  and  infectious  diseases  among  animals,  and  to  repeal 
certain  acts  relating  thereto,’”  approved  May  4,  1886,  which  supplement  was 
approved  May  22,  1894,  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  amended  to  read  as  follows: 

‘ ‘ Sec.  1 . That  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  State  Tuberculosis  Commission  to  employ 
one  of  their  number  as  secretary  of  the  commission,  and  to  fix  by  resolution  such 
compensation  for  his  services  as  they,  in  their  judgment,  may  deem  reasonable, 
which  compensation  shall  be  paid  in  monthly  installments,  out  of  the  appropri- 
ation to  said  commission,  by  the  State  Treasurer  upon  the  warrant  of  the  State 
Comptroller. 

“Sec.  2.  That  when  any  animal  or  animals  shall  be  slaughtered  by  direction  of 
said  commission  the  value  of  the  same  shall  be  ascertained  and  appraised  by  three 
disinterested  freeholders,  resident  in  this  State,  who  shall  make  and  sign  certifi- 
cates thereof  in  the  presence  of  a witness,  who  shall  attest  the  same;  such  appraise- 
ment shall  be  made  on  the  basis  of  the  market  value  of  the  animal  or  animals 
slaughtered,  and  shall  be  limited  to  the  sum  of  $100  for  registered  animals  and  to 
$40  for  all  others:  three-fourths  of  the  valuation  so  ascertained  shall  be  paid  by 
the  State  on  the  presentation  of  such  certificate,  with  the  approval  of  the  said  com- 
mission indorsed  thereon,  to  the  owner  or  owners:  Provided , No  compensation 
shall  be  made  for  animals  considered  by  the  commission  to  be  of  no  value. 

“ Sec.  8.  That  whenever  the  State  Tuberculosis  Commission  shall  have  made,  or 
caused  to  be  made,  any  examination  of  any  animal  or  herd  of  animals  within  this 
State,  and  shall  have  ascertained  such  animal  or  herd  of  animals  to  be  sound  and 
in  good  health,  they  shall,  upon  request  from  the  owner  thereof,  give  to  him  a 
certificate  in  writing,  signed  by  the  president  and  secretary  of  said  commission, 
certifying  to  the  fact  of  such  examination  and  of  the  good  health  and  condition 
of  such  animal  or  herd  of  animals. 

“Sec.  4.  That  the  said  State  Tuberculosis  Commission  shall  have  the  power  to 
cooperate  with  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  of  the  United  States  in  any  general 
national  system  which  may  be  adopted  by  such  Bureau  for  the  prevention  of  the 
spread  of  bovine  tuberculosis  and  its  eradication  in  the  United  States  and  its 
Territories. 

“ Sec.  5.  That  there  shall  be  appropriated  to  the  said  State  Tuberculosis  Commis- 
sion the  sum  of  $5,000  for  defraying  its  expenses  and  for  payment  of  the  proportion 
of  the  appraised  value  of  slaughtered  animals  required  to  be  paid  out  of  the 
Treasury  of  this  State,  all  which  payments  and  expenses  shall  be  made  by  the 
Treasurer  of  this  State  upon  the  warrants  of  the  State  Comptroller;  that  in  cases 
of  emergency  the  said  commission  may,  with  the  consent  of  the  Governor,  Comp- 
troller, and  Treasurer,  in  addition  to  the  sum  of  money  hereby  appropriated, 
expend  such  further  sums  of  money  for  the  purposes  of  this  act,  not  to  exceed  in 
the  whole  the  sum  of  $5,000  in  any  one  year. 

‘ ‘ Sec.  6.  That  all  acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  with  this  act  be.  and  the  same 
are  hereby,  repealed,  and  that  this  act  shall  take  effect  immediately.” 

A FURTHER  SUPPLEMENT  to  an  act  entitled  “An  act  concerning  contagious  and  infectious 

diseases  among  animals,  and  to  repeal  certain  acts  relating  thereto,”  approved  May  4, 1886. 

(Approved  April  6, 1898.) 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey: 

Section  1.  The  second  section  of  the  act  entitled  “A  supplement  to  an  act  enti- 
tled ‘An  act  concerning  contagious  and  infectious  diseases  among  animals,  and  to 
repeal  certain  acts  relating  thereto,’  ” approved  May  4,  1886,  which  supplement 

17022— No.  28—01 7 


98 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


was  approved  May  22,  1894,  and  which  further  supplement  was  approved  March 
28,  1895,  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  amended  to  read  as  follows: 

Sec.  2.  Whenever  the  State  Tuberculosis  Commission  shall  be  notified  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  or  the  State  Dairy  Commissioner  or  any 
owner  or  owners  of  dairy  animals  requesting  them  to  inspect  animals  supposed  to 
be  diseased  with  tuberculosis,  such  person  as  may  be  designated  by  the  commis- 
sion shall  proceed  to  make  such  inspection  and  may  agree  with  the  owner  or  own- 
ers upon  a valuation  of  such  animals  as  are  to  be  inspected.  In  cases  where  no 
agreement  can  be  reached  the  person  designated  by  the  commission  shall  choose 
one  disinterested  freeholder,  the  owner  or  owners  shall  choose  one,  and  the  two 
shall  designate  a third,  who  shall  ascertain  and  decide  upon  the  market  value  of 
each  animal  to  be  examined  by  the  commission,  and  shall  sign  certificates  thereof 
in  the  presence  of  a witness,  who  shall  attest  the  same.  Such  valuation  shall  in  each 
case  be  made  on  the  basis  of  the  market  value  of  the  animals  the  day  the  valuation 
is  made;  and  if,  upon  examination  by  the  commission,  any  animals  in  said  herd 
are  condemned  to  be  slaughtered,  three-fourths  of  such  valuation  so  ascertained 
shall  be  paid  by  the  State  to  the  owner  or  owners  on  presentation  of  such  certifi- 
cate with  the  approval  of  the  said  commission  indorsed  thereon:  Provided,  Such 
appraisement  shall  not  exceed  $40  for  each  animal  condemned:  And  provided  fur- 
ther, That  no  compensation  shall  be  made  for  animals  considered  by  the  commis- 
sion to  be  of  no  value. 

Sec.  3.  Section  5 of  said  act  be  amended  to  read  as  follows:  “ Sec.  5.  There  shall 
be  appropriated  to  the  State  Tuberculosis  Commission  the  sum  of  $10,000  for  de- 
fraying the  expenses  and  for  the  payment  of  the  proportion  of  the  appraised  value 
of  slaughtered  animals  under  this  act,  all  which  payments  and  expenses  shall  be 
made  by  the  Treasurer  of  this  State  upon  the  warrant  of  the  State  Comptroller: 
Provided,  That  no  payments  shall  be  made  pursuant  to  this  act  until  the  amount 
thereof  shall  have  been  included  in  the  annual  appropriation  bill.” 

Sec.  4.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

AN  ACT  to  prevent  the  importation  of  tuberculous  cattle  into  the  State  of  New  Jersey. 

(Approved*  March  24,  1899.) 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey: 

1.  The  importation  of  dairy  cows  and  neat  cattle  for  breeding  purposes  into  the 
State  of  New  Jersey  is  hereby  prohibited,  excepting  when  such  cows  and  neat 
cattle  are  accompanied  by  a certificate  from  an  inspector  whose  competency  and 
reliability  are  certified  to  by  the  authorities  charged  with  the  control  of  the  dis- 
eases of  domestic  animals  in  the  State  from  whence  such  cattle  came,  certifying 
that  they  have  been  examined  and  subjected  to  the  tuberculin  test  and  are  free 
from  disease. 

2.  All  railroad,  steamboat,  ferryboat,  and  other  carrying  companies  are  for- 
bidden to  receive  cows  and  breeding  cattle  in  any  other  State  for  transportation 
to  any  destination  within  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  unless  such  cattle  are  accom- 
panied by  the  required  certificate,  as  set  forth  in  Section  1 of  this  act:  and  all  per- 
sons importing  cows  into  the  State  of  New  Jersey  shall  without  delay  and  before 
disposing  of  such  animals  notify  the  Secretary  of  the  State  Tuberculosis  Commis- 
sion, giving  date  of  importation  and  number  of  cattle  imported  and  their  destina- 
tion within  the  State  with  the  certificate  of  inspection  of  the  State  official  within 
the  State  from  whence  they  came:  Provided,  That  when  it  is  desired  to  import 
such  cattle  from  States  not  provided  with  persons  with  authority  to  issue  such 
certificates,  the  Secretary  of  the  State  Tuberculosis  Commission  may  issue  a per- 
mit for  the  admission  of  such  cattle  to  be  subjected  to  examination,  as  provided 
for  in  Section  3. 

3.  In  case  cows  or  breeding  cattle  shall  have  been  imported  into  the  State  with- 
out the  required  certificate  and  permit  provided  for  in  Section  1 of  this  act,  or  on 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


99 


the  permit  of  the  Secretary  of  the  State  Tuberculosis  Commission,  as  provided  for 
in  Section  2 of  this  act,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  Tuberculosis  Commission 
to  cause  all  such  animals  to  be  examined  to  detect  the  presence  of  tuberculosis, 
and  may  cause  them  to  be  subjected  to  the  tuberculin  test,  and  to  see  that  all  such 
animals  giving  indications  of  tuberculosis  are  slaughtered.  No  indemnity  shall 
be  paid  by  the  State  to  the  owner  or  owners  of  any  tuberculous  cattle  that  have 
been  brought  into  the  State  without  a certificate  of  having  successfully  stood  the 
tuberculin  test  after  November  1,  1899. 

4.  Any  person  or  persons  violating  this  act  shall  be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor 
and,  on  conviction  thereof,  shall  be  punished  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  $25  nor 
more  than  $200  for  every  such  offense,  or  by  an  imprisonment  for  not  less  than  one 
month  nor  more  than  six  months,  or  by  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment,  and  for 
a second  offense  by  an  imprisonment  of  not  less  than  six  months  and  not  more 
than  one  year. 

5.  The  sum  of  $500,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  is  hereby  appro- 
priated to  the  State  Tuberculosis  Commission  for  the  enforcement  of  the  provisions 
of  this  act,  provided  said  amount  is  included  in  the  annual  appropriation  bill,  and 
the  State  Tuberculosis  Commission  is  hereby  empowered  to  enforce  the  provisions 
of  this  act,  and  to  make  such  rules  and  regulations  as  may  be  necessary  and  proper 
for  its  enforcement. 

6.  This  act  shall  take  effect  November  1,  1899. 

RULES  FOR  THE  ENFORCEMENT  OF  THE  ACT  OF  MARCH  24,  1899. 

I.  No  person  is  permitted  to  bring  into  the  State  of  New  Jersey  dairy  cows  and 
cattle  for  breeding  purposes,  no  matter  what  their  condition,  and  dispose  of  the 
same,  without  having  previously  notified  the  Secretary  of  the  State  Tuberculosis 
Commission,  giving  date  of  importation,  number  of  cattle  imported,  and  their  des- 
tination within  the  State.  Such  notice  must  be  accompanied  by  the  number  and 
a full  and  accurate  description  of  the  cattle,  the  names  and  addresses  of  the  owner 
and  consignee,  the  date  upon  which  they  are  to  be  brought  into  the  State,  the 
route  over  which  they  are  to  be  driven  or  shipped,  and  the  destination.  A blank 
form  to  use  in  rendering  this  report  will  be  sent  upon  application  to  the  State 
Tuberculosis  Commission.  Having  thus  given  notice,  dairy  cows  and  cattle  for 
breeding  purposes  may  be  brought  into  the  State  of  New  Jersey  in  accordance  with 
the  following  provisions: 

II.  The  cattle  may  be  examined  and  tested  with  tuberculin  in  the  State  from 
whence  they  come  by  an  inspector  whose  competency  and  reliability  are  certified 
to  by  the  authorities  charged  with  the  control  of  the  diseases  of  domestic  animals 
in  that  State.  Special  blanks  for  reporting  upon  such  examinations  and  tags  for 
marking  and  numbering-  those  that  pass  the  examination  will  be  furnished  by  the 
State  Tuberculosis  Commission  upon  application.  Cattle  thus  examined  and 
found  to  be  free  from  disease,  brought  into  New  Jersey,  shall  remain  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  person  or  persons  who  own  them  when  brought  into  New  Jersey 
until  the  inspection  reports  have  been  approved  by  a member  of  the  State  Tuber- 
culosis Commission,  or  by  an  agent  authorized  to  approve  such  reports.  After 
such  approval  the  cattle  can  be  disposed  of  without  restriction. 

III.  When  it  is  desired  to  bring  cattle  into  the  State  of  New  Jersey  from  States 
having  no  official  with  authority  to  issue  certificates  of  inspection  (the  owner 
having  previously  conformed  to  Rule  I),  such  cattle  may  be  brought  in  by  a per- 
mit for  their  admission  issued  by  the  Secretary  of  the  State  Tuberculosis  Com- 
mission. Such  cattle,  when  so  admitted,  must  be  held  in  quarantine  until  they 
are  examined  for  the  existence  of  tuberculosis  by  the  State  Tuberculosis  Com- 
mission. After  such  examination  all  cattle  approved  by  the  State  Tuberculosis 
Commission  or  its  agent  may  be  disposed  of  without  further  restriction.  Any 


100 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


cattle  found  to  be  affected  with  tuberculosis  shall,  after  such  examination,  be 
slaughtered,  and  no  indemnity  fox  such  condemned  cattle  shall  be  allowed  the 
owner  or  owners  thereof. 

IV.  In  all  examinations  cattle  that  are  approved  by  the  test  should  be  marked 
with  a metal  tag  furnished  by  the  Commission,  and  the  number  and  description 
of  the  animal  should  correspond  with  the  number  on  the  tag. 

Note. — This  law  and  these  rules  do  not  apply  to  cattle  shipped  directly  through 
New  Jersey  to  other  States. 

Approved  by  the  State  Tuberculosis  Commission,  September  1,  1899. 

Franklin  Dye,  Secretary. 

NEW  MEXICO. 

In  New  Mexico  tuberculosis  is  specified  as  one  of  the  contagious 
diseases  of  cattle  against  which  legislation  is  directed. 

Whenever  the  Cattle  Sanitary  Board  has  reason  to  believe  that  a 
contagious  or  infectious  disease  exists  in  any  locality  they  shall 
employ  a veterinarian  to  examine  into  the  facts  and,  if  it  is  deemed 
necessary,  quarantine  such  cattle,  as  well  as  those  which  have  been 
exposed  to  the  disease.  If  it  is  the  opinion  of  the  veterinarian  that 
such  diseased  or  exposed  animals  should  be  slaughtered  in  order  to 
stamp  out  and  prevent  the  spread  of  the  disease,  he  reports  the  same 
to  the  Sanitary  Board,  who  causes  the  slaughter  of  such  cattle.  Before 
their  slaughter,  however,  they  are  appraised,  and  the  owner  is  paid 
the  sum  appraised  out  of  the  cattle  indemnity  fund,  which  is  provided 
by  a special  tax. 

No  indemnity  is  paid  for  cattle  which  were  diseased  when  brought 
into  the  Territory,  nor  in  cases  where  the  owner  knew  or  had  reason 
to  believe  that  they  were  diseased,  nor  for  cattle  brought  into  the 
Territory  contrary  to  law.  Any  owner  who  may  not  be  satisfied  with 
the  appraisement  may  appeal  to  the  district  court,  but  such  appeal 
shall  not  delajr  the  slaughtering  of  the  cattle. 

The  Cattle  Sanitary  Board  is  also  empowered  to  employ  an  attorney 
to  give  advice  and  assist  in  the  enforcement  of  the  law. 

LAW. 

AN  ACT  for  the  prevention  of  contagious  diseases  among  cattle.  (Approved  March  18, 1897.) 

Sec.  226.  Whenever  the  Cattle  Sanitary  Board  of  this  Territory  shall  have  rea- 
son to  believe  that  contagious  pleuropneumonia,  tuberculosis,  or  any  other  con- 
tagious or  infectious  disease  fatal  to  cattle  exists  or  has  become  epidemic  upon 
any  premises  or  in  any  locality  in  this  Territory,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  board 
to  employ  a competent  veterinarian,  who  shall  examine  and,  if  deemed  necessary, 
quarantine,  under  such  rules  and  regulations  as  the  said  board  may  prescribe,  all 
cattle  suspected  of  being  diseased  or  that  have  been  exposed  to  such  disease. 

Sec.  227.  Whenever  it  shall  be  necessary,  in  the  opinion  of  said  veterinarian, 
in  order  to  stamp  out  and  prevent  the  spread  of  such  disease,  that  the  diseased 
cattle  and  those  that  have  been  exposed  thereto,  should  be  slaughtered,  he  shall 
report  the  same  to  said  Sanitary  Board,  and  if  the  said  board  be  satisfied  of  the 
correctness  of  said  report  and  the  necessity  therefor,  they  shall  cause  such  cattle 
to  be  slaughtered  under  the  direction  of  the  board  or  said  veterinarian,  and  the 
carcasses  to  be  disposed  of  as  the  board  may  direct. 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


101 


Sec.  228.  Prior  to  such  slaughtering  the  board  shall  appoint  one  disinterested 
person,  resident  of  the  county  wherein  such  cattle  are  to  be  slaughtered,  who  shall 
act  with  a like  disinterested  person  to  be  appointed  by  the  owner  of  such  cattle, 
and  fix  the  price  to  be  paid  out  of  the  cattle  indemnity  fund  or  the  funds  realized 
from  the  special  tax  provided  for  in  Section  20  of  Chapter  106,  Session  Acts  of 
1889,  as  an  indemnity  for  the  slaughter  of  such  animals,  and  in  event  said  two 
appraisers  are  unable  to  agree,  they  shall  choose  a third  disinterested  resident  of 
said  county  to  act  with  them  in  such  appraisement. 

Sec.  229.  All  claims  for  indemnity  for  cattle  slaughtered  under  the  provisions 
of  this  act  shall  be  presented  to  the  board,  with  the  sworn  certificate  of  such 
appraisers,  and  shall  be  paid  out  of  any  funds  at  the  disposal  of  said  board  not 
otherwise  appropriated:  Provided , That  no  indemnity  shall  be  paid  for  cattle 
which  were  diseased  when  brought  into  this  Territory  or  which  the  owner  thereof 
knew  or  had  reason  to  believe  were  so  diseased  when  they  came  into  his  possession, 
nor  for  any  cattle  brought  into  the  Territory  contrary  to  law.  Any  person 
aggrieved  by  such  appraisement  and  award  may  appeal  to  the  district  court  for 
the  county  in  which  said  cattle  were  slaughtered,  but  such  appeal  shall  not  delay 
the  slaughtering  of  such  cattle;  and  such  appeal  shall  be  docketed  and  tried  as 
appeals  from  justices  of  the  peace  are  docketed  and  tried. 

Sec.  230.  Any  person  or  persons,  or  the  agent  or  employe  of  any  firm  or  corpo- 
ration who  shall  refuse  to  permit  animals  suspected  of  being  diseased  to  be 
inspected,  quarantined,  or  slaughtered,  as  provided  in  this  act,  or  who  shall  wil- 
fully interfere  with  said  veterinarian  or  the  Sanitary  Board,  or  any  of  its  officers 
or  employes  in  the  discharge  of  their  duties  in  relation  to  the  inspection,  quaran- 
tine, or  slaughter  of  such  animals,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and 
upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be  fined  for  such  offense  in  a sum  of  not  less  than 
$50  nor  more  than  $100,  or  imprisoned  in  the  county  jail  for  not  less  than  thirty 
nor  more  than  sixty  days,  or  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment,  in  the  discretion 
of  the  court  or  justice  trying  the  case. 

Sec.  231.  The  Cattle  Sanitary  Board  of  New  Mexico  shall  have  authority  to 
employ  a competent  attorney  to  give  advice  and  counsel  in  regard  to  any  matter 
connected  with  the  duties  of  the  board,  to  represent  the  board  in  any  legal  pro- 
ceedings, and  to  aid  in  the  enforcement  of  the  laws  in  relation  to  live  stock,  and 
to  fix  the  compensation  to  be  paid  to  such  attorney. 

For  the  purpose  of  providing  funds  therefor  and  for  the  employment  of  addi- 
tional inspectors  and  other  necessary  expenses  incurred  by  said  board,  a special 
tax  shall  be  levied  upon  all  cattle  in  the  several  counties  of  this  Territory  in  the 
manner  and  according  to  the  provisions  of  Section  20  of  Chapter  106  of  the  acts 
of  the  twenty-eighth  session  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  of  the  Territory  of  New 
Mexico,  which  levy  shall  be  within  the  limit  provided  for  in  said  section.  Upon 
the  order  of  the  Governor,  Auditor,  and  Treasurer,  as  provided  in  said  section,  the 
county  commissioners  of  the  several  counties  shall  cause  such  levy  to  be  made 
upon  the  assessed  valuation  of  all  cattle  of  the  bovine  species  within  their  respec- 
tive counties,  and  shall  cause  such  tax  to  be  collected  and  paid  over  to  the  Territo- 
rial Treasurer  to  the  credit  of  the  cattle  indemnity  fund. 

NOTICE. 

The  following  notice  is  published  by  the  Cattle  Sanitary  Board : 

Whenever  it  shall  come  to  the  knowledge  of  the  board  that  tuberculosis,  pleuro- 
pneumonia, or  any  other  contagious  or  infectious  cattle  disease  exists  in  or  may 
be  brought  into  this  Territory  from  sections  north  of  the  fever  quarantine  line, 
the  Governor  will  be  advised,  that  he  may  at  once  issue  his  proclamation,  as  by 
law  provided.  (See  Section  188,  Compiled  Laws  of  1897.) 


102 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


NEW  YORK. 

The  legislation  concerning  bovine  tuberculosis  in  New  York  is 
embodied  in  the  sections  quoted  below.  The  work  is  done  under  the 
direction  of  the  State  Board  of  Health.  Whenever  the  board  finds 
the  disease  in  any  part  of  the  State  they  may  issue  such  orders  and 
take  such  precautions  as  they  may  deem  necessary  or  expedient  to 
suppress  or  prevent  its  spread;  and  they  may  prescribe  regulations 
for  the  destruction  of  cattle  affected  with  tuberculosis.  The  board, 
before  ordering  that  an  animal  be  killed,  shall  first  have  it  examined 
by  a veterinarian  of  the  board,  and,  if  desired  by  the  owner,  have  it 
appraised.  The  appraisement  of  an  animal  shall  be  at  its  sound  value, 
provided  that  no  single  unregistered  animal  shall  be  appraised  at  more 
than  $60.  If  a slaughtered  animal  proves  to  be  affected  with  tuber- 
culosis, the  owner  is  entitled  to  receive  one-half  of  the  appraised 
value,  provided,  however,  that  not  more  than  $60  shall  be  paid  for 
a diseased  registered  animal  and  not  more  than  $25  shall  be  paid  for 
a diseased  unregistered  animal.  If  an  animal  so  killed  is  found  not 
to  be  affected  with  tuberculosis,  the  owner  shall  be  entitled  to  receive 
the  full  appraised  value. 

No  indemnity  is  allowed  to  any  person  who  shall  wilfully  conceal 
the  existence  of  tuberculosis  or  who  contributes  in  any  way  toward  its 
spread;  nor  shall  indemnity  be  allowed  for  animals  killed  unless  they 
have  been  owned  and  possessed  within  the  State  for  at  least  three 
months. 

The  penalty  for  violation  of  any  order,  rule,  or  regulation  of  the 
State  Board  of  Health  with  reference  to  tuberculosis  in  cattle  is  $100. 

LAWS. 

Section  60.  The  State  Board  of  Health  shall  investigate  concerning  the  existence 
and  cause  of  tuberculosis  in  cattle  and  the  danger  to  the  public  health  therefrom, 
and  shall  use  all  reasonable  means  for  averting  and  suppressing  such  disease. 
Such  board  may  cause  all  proper  information  in  its  possession  respecting  tuber- 
culosis in  cattle  to  be  sent  to  the  local  board  of  health  nearest  to  the  cattle  affected, 
and  may  add  thereto  such  useful  suggestions  as  to  the  removal  of  the  sources  of 
danger  therefrom  or  as  to  the  destruction  of  such  cattle  as  to  such  board  may 
seem  proper.  The  local  health  authorities  shall  supply  to  the  State  Board  of 
Health  like  information  and  suggestions  respecting  the  existence  of  tuberculosis 
in  cattle. 

Sec.  61.  Whenever  tuberculosis  shall  be  found  among  cattle  in  any  part  of  the 
State  the  State  Board  of  Health  shall  take  measures  to  suppress  such  disease  and 
prevent  the  spread  thereof,  and  may  order  all  persons  to  take  such  precautions 
against  the  spread  of  such  disease  as  it  may  deem  necessary  or  expedient.  Such 
board  may  call  upon  any  peace  officer  in  the  neighborhood  of  such  disease  to  enforce 
the  orders  of  such  board  respecting  such  disease,  and  to  observe  and  carry  out  the 
rules,  orders,  and  instructions  which  he  may  receive  therefrom.  Such  board  may 
prescribe  regulations  for  the  destruction  of  cattle  affected  with  tuberculosis,  for 
the  proper  dispensation  of  their  hides  and  carcasses  and  of  all  objects  which  might 
convey  the  infection  or  contagion,  and  for  the  disinfection  of  premises,  buildings, 
boatg,  cars,  stables,  and  other  objects  or  places  from  or  by  which  such  infection 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


103 


or  contagion  might  be  communicated.  The  State  Board  of  Health  may  employ 
such  medical  aid,  veterinary  practitioners,  and  other  persons  as  it  may  deem  neces- 
sary to  assist  in  the  inspection,  isolation,  destruction,  or  disposition  of  cattle 
affected  with  tuberculosis,  prescribe  rules  and  regulations  for  such  inspectors  and 
employes,  and  fix  their  compensation. 

Sec.  62.  Whenever  the  State  Board  of  Health  may  deem  it  necessary  for  the 
prevention  of  the  spread  of  tuberculosis  in  cattle,  such  board  may  cause  to  be 
killed  any  animal  affected  thereby  or  which,  by  contact  with  diseased  animals,  or 
by  exposure  or  infection  or  contagion  therefrom,  such  board  may  determine  is 
liable  to  contract  or  communicate  such  disease;  but  no  such  diseased  animal  shall 
be  so  killed  on  account  of  tuberculosis  unless  first  examined  by  a veterinary  prac- 
titioner in  the  employ  of  the  State  Board  of  Health,  and,,  if  desired  by  the  owner, 
appraised,  as  hereinafter  provided.  A local  board  of  health  shall,  pursuant  to 
rules  and  regulations  prescribed  by  the  State  Board  of  Health,  cause  to  be  killed, 
every  horse  affected  with  glanders  found  within  its  jurisdiction,  but  no  horse 
shall  be  so  killed  on  account  of  glanders  until  the  value  thereof  be  appraised,  as 
hereinafter  provided. 

Sec.  63.  To  determine  the  value  of  such  animal  the  Comptroller  shall  designate 
some  competent,  disinterested  person,  residing  within  the  judicial  district  in 
which  such  animal  may  be,  to  act  as  appraiser,  with  an  appraiser  to  be  selected 
by  the  owner  of  such  animal,  who  shall  promptly  fix  a time  when  they  shall  view 
such  animal  and  shall  proceed  to  appraise  the  value  thereof.  In  case  of  a disagree- 
ment between  the  two  appraisers,  the  third  appraiser  shall  be  selected  by  them, 
and  the  estimate  of  the  value  of  either  two  of  them  shall  be  final.  The  animal 
shall  be  appraised  at  its  sound  value:  Provided,  however , No  single  unregistered 
animal  shall  be  appraised  at  more  than  $60,  and  no  horse  affected  with  glanders 
shall  be  appraised  at  more  than  $50.  Each  appraisal  shall  be  in  writing,  signed 
by  the  appraiser  or  appraisers  agreeing,  and  shall  be  delivered  by  them,  if  the 
animal  be  suspected  of  tuberculosis,  to  the  veterinary  practitioner  in  charge  of 
such  animal,  and  if  the  animal  be  a horse  affected  with  glanders,  to  the  secre- 
tary of  the  local  board  of  health  having  juris  fiction  thereof.  Upon  the  delivery 
of  such  appraisal,  such  animal  sha  1 be  killed,  as  hereinbefore  provided;  and  if  it 
be  killed  on  account  of  tuberculosis,  the  veterinary  practitioner  in  charge  thereof 
shall  forthwith  make  a postmortem  examination  of  the  animal,  and  if  it  shall  be 
discovered  on  such  postmortem  examination  that  the  animal  was  affected  by 
tuberculosis,  the  owner  of  the  animal  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  one-half  of  the 
appraised  value:  Provided,  however,  That  not  more  than  $60  shall  be  paid  for  a 
diseased  registered  animal  and  not  more  than  $25  shall  be  paid  for  a diseased 
unregistered  animal;  but  if  such  examination  of  the  animal  killed  on  account  of 
tuberculosis  discloses  that  the  animal  was  not  affected  with  tuberculosis,  the 
owner  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  the  full  appraised  value.  The  written  appraisal 
of  the  value  of  an  animal  killed  on  account  of  tuberculosis,  and  a written  state- 
ment of  the  result  of  the  postmortem  examination  thereof,  signed  by  the  veteri- 
nary practitioner  in  charge  thereof,  shall  forthwith  be  transmitted  by  such 
veterinary  practitioner  to  the  Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Health,  who  shall 
file  the  same  in  his  office.  The  secretary  of  the  local  board  of  health  having  juris- 
diction in  the  case  of  a horse  affected  with  glanders  shall,  in  case  such  horse  is 
killed,  upon  receipt  of  the  written  appraisal,  signed  by  the  appraiser  or  appraisers, 
as  hereinbefore  provided,  forthwith  make  and  sign  a certificate  of  such  fact,  and 
transmit  such  appraisal  and  certificate  to  the  Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of 
Health,  who  shall  file  the  same  in  his  office.  Upon  receipt  from  the  veterinary 
practitioner,  in  case  of  an  animal  killed  on  account  of  tuberculosis,  or  from  the 
secretary  of  the  local  board  of  health  having  jurisdiction  in  the  case  of  a horse 
killed  on  account  of  glanders,  such  Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  shall 
forthwith  make  a written  certificate,  signed  by  him,  setting  forth  the  name  and 


104 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


post-office  address  of  the  owner  of  the  animal  killed,  and  the  amount  which  such 
owner  is  entitled  to  be  paid  on  account  of  the  killing  of  such  animal,  and  shall 
forthwith  transmit  such  certificate  to  the  Comptroller,  who  shall  issue  his  warrant 
upon  the  Treasurer  for  the  payment  to  such  person  of  the  amount  so  certified, 
and  shall  mail  the  same  to  such  person  at  his  postoffice  address  as  it  appears  by 
such  certificate.  No  compensation  shall  be  allowed  to  any  person  who  shall  have 
wilfully  concealed  the  existence  of  tuberculosis  or  glanders  among  his  animals  or 
upon  his  premises,  or  who,  directly  or  indirectly,  by  act  or  wilful  neglect,  shall 
have  contributed  to  the  spread  of  such  disease  or  either  of  them;  and  no  compen- 
sation shall  be  made  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  to  any  owner  for  animals 
killed  unless  the  animal  or  animals  killed  shall  have  been  actually  owned  and 
possessed  by  the  owner  thereof  within  this  State  for  a period  of  three  months 
prior  to  such  condemnation.  The  appraisers  to  be  appointed  as  aforesaid,  by  the 
Comptroller,  shall  hold  office  during  the  pleasure  of  the  State  Board  of  Health. 
Each  appraiser  so  appointed  shall  receive  as  compensation  the  sum  of  $5  per  day 
for  each  day  actually  employed,  and  shall  also  be  paid  his  actual  necessary  dis- 
bursements; but  no  claim  for  services  or  disbursements  shall  be  allowed  or  paid 
unless  accompanied  by  a verified  detailed  statement  thereof. 

Sec.  64.  Any  person  refusing  to  obey,  or  violating  an  order,  rule,  or  regulation 
of  the  State  Board  of  Health  respecting  tuberculosis  in  cattle,  adopted  pursuant 
to  law,  shall  be  liable  to  a penalty  of  $100,  recoverable  by  the  State  Board  of 
Health,  and  applicable  to  the  payment  of  the  expenses  of  such  board  in  carrying 
out  the  provisions  of  this  article. 

Sec.  65.  The  State  Board  of  Health  may  appoint  two  of  its  members  as  a com- 
mittee, whose  particular  duties  shall  be  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  the  public 
health  law  relating  to  tuberculosis  in  cattle,  and  such  members  so  appointed  shall 
be  entitled  to  receive  a salary  of  $250  per  month  and  any  necessary  expenses,  and 
they  shall  hold  office  for  one  }^ear.  Such  committee  shall  keep  a complete  record  of 
all  the  work  done,  and  submit  monthly  reports  thereof  to  the  State  Board  of  Health. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

AN  ACT  to  repeal  Chapter  85,  Laws  of  1897,  and  to  re-form  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
Immigration,  and  Statistics.  (Ratified  March  4, 1899.) 

The  General  Assembly  of  North  Carolina  do  enact: 

Section  1.  That  Chapter  85  of  the  Public  Laws  of  1897  and  all  other  laws  incon- 
sistent with  this  act  be,  and  the  same  are  hereby,  repealed. 

******* 

Sec.  7.  The  Board  [of  Agriculture]  shall  investigate  and  promote  such  subjects 
relating  to  the  improvement  of  agriculture,  the  beneficial  use  of  commercial  fer- 
tilizers and  composts,  and  for  the  inducement  of  immigration  and  capital  as  they 
may  think  proper,  but  they  are  especially  charged— 

******* 

(2)  With  investigations  adapted  to  promote  the  improvement  of  milch  and  beef 
cattle,  and  especially  investigations  relating  to  diseases  of  cattle  and  other  domes- 
tic animals,  and  shall  publish  and  distribute  from  time  to  time  information  rela- 
tive to  any  contagious  diseases  of  stock,  and  suggest  remedies  therefor,  and  shall 
have  power  in  such  cases  to  quarantine  infected  animals,  to  regulate  the  trans- 
portation of  stock  in  this  State,  or  from  one  section  of  it  to  another;  and  may 
cooperate  with  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  in  establishing  and 
maintaining  cattle  districts  or  quarantine  lines,  to  prevent  the  infection  of  cattle 
from  splenic,  or  Spanish , fever.  Any  person  wilfully  violating  such  regulations  shall 
be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor. 

REGULATIONS. 

Under  authority  of  this  act,  the  Board  of  Agriculture,  on  December 
7, 1899,  adopted  “regulations  for  the  control  of  contagious  diseases  of 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


105 


live  stock.”  The  sections  of  these  regulations  which  are  considered 
to  embrace  tuberculosis  are  as  follows : 

REGULATIONS. 

Section  8.  When  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  shall  have  good  reason  to 
believe,  or  has  received  credible  information,  that  a contagious  or  infectious  dis- 
ease exists  among  the  live  stock  of  this  State,  or,  in  case  of  the  nonquarantine  ter- 
ritory, that  cattle  ticks  exist  on  cattle  therein,  the  commissioner  shall  cause  the 
State  Veterinarian  or  other  assistant  to  investigate  said  live  stock,  premises  and 
buildings  where  the  live  stock  suspected  of  being  diseased  or  harboring  the  cattle 
ticks  are  kept,  and  examine  said  live  stock  or  animals  which  have  come  in  con- 
tact with  the  aforesaid  live  stock,  for  the  presence  of  said  suspected  disease  or 
cattle  ticks. 

Sec.  9.  Whenever  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease  of  live  stock  shall  exist 
in  any  portion  of  the  State,  or  cattle  ticks  in  exempted  districts,  the  infected  live 
stock  or  infected  material  which  may  convey  disease,  or  both,  or  animals  which 
may  have  come  in  contact  with  such  disease,  shall  be  quarantined  by  the  Com- 
missioner of  Agriculture  on  the  premises,  or  in  lots  or  buildings  in  which  they 
may  be  found,  until  such  time  as  danger  from  the  spread  of  disease  is  past  and  all 
necessary  disinfection  is  completed.  The  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  is  hereby 
directed  to  make,  publish,  and  enforce  all  other  rules  and  regulations  temporarily 
necessary  to  prevent  the  spread  of  contagious  and  infectious  disease  in  live  stock, 
and  cause  the  disinfection  of  infected  premises  by  the  tenant,  owner,  or  owners, 
whenever  and  wherever  necessary. 

Sec.  10.  Whenever  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease  prevails  among  live 
stock  in  any  State  or  Territory  of  the  United  States,  or  any  foreign  country,  live 
stock  from  said  State  or  Territory,  shall  not  be  admitted  to  this  State  except  when 
accompanied  by  a description  or  tag,  or  both,  and  certificate  of  absence  of  disease, 
or  of  contact  with  diseased  animals,  for  thirty  days  prior  to  shipment  of  such  live 
stock,  which  certificate  shall  be  approved  by  the  State  or  Territorial  Cattle  Com- 
missioner, board  of  health,  or  veterinarian  in  charge  of  the  execution  of  live  stock 
sanitary  laws  in  the  State  whence  the  cattle  originate,  or,  in  the  case  of  a foreign 
country,  by  the  Secretary  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  be 
submitted  to  and  acceptable  to  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture;  said  certificate 
shall  be  presented  before  or  at  the  time  of  the  importation  of  the  said  live  stock 
into  this  State. 

Sec.  11.  The  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  shall,  upon  application  of  the  Super- 
intendent, or  authorities,  or  live  stock  men  of  any  county,  temporarity  forbid  the 
entrance  of  any  species  of  live  stock  from  any  infected  county  or  counties  until 
such  time  as  danger  of  infection  from  said  infected  county  or  counties  is  past;  this 
local  quarantine  shall  be  published  in  local  newspapers,  and  sufficient  notices 
shall  be  posted  by  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  on  the  highways  at  the 
county  line. 

Sec.  12.  The  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  is  hereby  directed  to  publish  the 
cattle  quarantine  laws  and  these  regulations  for  control  of  contagious  diseases  of 
live  stock,  together  with  such  maps  as  may  be  necessary,  and  such  other  informa- 
tion as  may  pertain  thereto,  and  distribute  among  the  cattlemen  of  this  State. 

Sec.  13.  These  regulations  shall  be  in  force  on  and  after  January  1,  1900,  and 
supersede  those  adopted  by  this  board  June  2,  1899. 

INTERSTATE  LIVE  STOCK  TRAFFIC  RESOLUTION. 

At  the  meeeting  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  held  in  Raleigh,  March  7,  1900, 
the  following  resolution,  proposed  by  the  committee  on  contagious  diseases  of 
cattle,  was  passed  without  dissent: 

Whereas  a regulation  has  already  been  made  by  this  Board  providing  that  all 


106 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


cattle  shipped  here  or  otherwise  introduced  from  other.  States,  where  contagious 
diseases  exist,  shall  be  accompanied  by  certificates  of  good  health;  and 

Whereas  this  regulation  has  not  yet  been  put  in  force,  and,  further,  many  other 
States  have  already  taken  similar  action:  Be  it 

Resolved,  That  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  shall  be  instructed  at  once  to 
take  the  necessary  steps  to  secure  the  enforcement  of  this  regulation. 

In  accordance  therewith  the  following  notices  are  issued: 

1.  To  stock  breeders  of  North  Carolina. 

2.  To  all  railroad,  express,  and  steamship  companies  and  common  carriers  doing 
business  in  North  Carolina;  and 

3.  To  live-stock  sanitary  authorities. 

These  notices  call  attention  to  the  enforcement  of  the  regulation  in  question, 
and  it  is  expected  that  all  will  carry  out  its  spirit  and  letter. 

S.  L.  Patterson,  Commissioner. 

Cooper  Curtice,  Veterinarian. 

North  Carolina  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Raleigh , May  1,  1900. 

To  Stock  Breeders  of  North  Carolina: 

You  are  hereby  notified  that  dangerous,  destructive,  communicable  diseases 
exist  in  various  parts  of  the  United  States,  to  wit:  Glanders  and  farcy  in  horses 
and  mules,  cattle  ticks  on  and  tuberculosis  in  cattle,  scab  on  sheep  and  other  ani- 
mals, and  hog  cholera  in  swine. 

Section  10  of  the  Regulations  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture,  adopted  December  7, 
1899,  to  prevent  the  introduction  of  such  communicable  diseases,  forbids  the 
admittance  into  this  State  of  all  live  stock  except  when  accompanied  by  a certifi- 
cate of  the  live  stock  sanitary  authorities  of  the  State  whence  the  live  stock  origi- 
nate, that  the  said  live  stock  are  healthy  in  every  respect. 

In  purchasing  live  stock  outside  the  State,  inform  the  breeder  of  whom  you  buy 
that  a certificate  of  health  obtained  from  his  live-stock  authorities,  and  bearing 
the  indorsement  of  this  department,  must  accompany  the  shipment,  in  order  to 
avoid  trouble,  vexatious  delays,  extra  expense,  and  introduction  of  disease.  The 
certificate  must  include  a tuberculin  examination  of  cattle  for  all  purposes  other 
than  immediate  slaughter,  or  steers  for  feeding  or  work. 

By  careful  attention  to  these  points  the  breeding  herds  of  this  State  may  be  kept 
free  from  diseases  which  are  now  harassing  breeders  of  other  States. 

Fifteen  other  States  have  now  legislation  to  compel  the  examination  of  breeding 
and  dairy  stock  before  or  at  the  time  of  importation. 

When  breeders  design  shipping  to  other  States,  they  should  comply  with*  their 
regulations,  and  avoid  delays  and  entailed  expense  upon  the  arrival  of  the  stock 
in  those  Sta  es. 

Those  transferring  cattle  within  the  State  are  especially  cautioned  about  accept- 
ing stock  that  have  not  been  tested.  Examinations  save  much  trouble  and  loss, 
and  guarantee  healthy  herds,  if  persevered  in. 

Refer  any  question  upon  sanitary  matters  to  this  department. 

I am,  very  respectfully,  yours, 

S.  L.  Patterson,  Commissioner. 

Cooper  Curtice,  Veterinarian. 

North  Carolina  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Raleigh , May  1 , 1900. 

To  all  railroad,  express,  and  steamship  companies  and  common  carriers  doing 
business  in  North  Carolina: 

You  are  hereby  notified  that  by  virtue  of  the  power  conferred  in  the  act  of  Gen- 
eral Assembly  of  North  Carolina,  entitled  ‘ ‘An  act  to  repeal  Chapter  85  of  the  Laws 
of  1897,  and  to  reform  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  Immigration,  and  Statis- 
tics,'5 ratified  March  4,  1899,  which  act  directs  the  Board  of  Agriculture  to  quar- 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


107 


antine  animals  infected  with  contagious  diseases,  to  regulate  the  transportation 
of  stock  in  this  State,  or  from  one  section  of  it  to  another,  and  to  cooperate  with 
the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  in  establishing  and  maintaining 
cattle  districts  or  quarantine  lines,  to  prevent  the  infection  of  cattle  from  splenic, 
or  Spanish,  fever,  etc.,  the  Board  of  Agriculture  of  this  State  did,  on  December 
7,  1899,  make  such  regulations  to  take  effect  January  1,  1900,  add  supersede  regu- 
lations adopted  by  it  on  June  2,  1899. 

By  consulting  the  enclosed  regulations  and  those  of  the  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  promulgated  at  various  dates  you  will  note  that  they  are  of 
particular  interest  to  you  as  common  carriers  of  live  stock  and  as  participants  in 
the  development  of  a live-stock  industry  in  this  State.  The  particular  orders  of 
the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  referred  to  are  its  organic  law  creat- 
ing the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  approved  May  29, 1884;  the  recent  amendments 
thereto;  B.  A.  I.  Order  of  April  15,  1887;  its  amendment  dated  December  13, 1895, 
and  B.  A.  I.  Orders  Nos.  49,  54,  56,  and  57. 

Your  attention  is  invited  to  the  following  points: 

1.  Under  these  regulations  you  can  not  legally  handle  any  cattle  consigned  from 
the  quarantined  portion  of  the  United  States  to  the  counties  of  this  State  that  have 
been  exempted  from  quarantine  by  the  United  States  Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

2.  Under  Section  7 of  the  State  board  regulations  you  can  neither  legally  deliver 
nor  receive  any  tick-infested  cattle  into  stock  yards  of  any  exempted  or  any  stock- 
law  districts  of  this  State.  By  carelessness  of  your  agents  in  this  respect  the  cattle 
pens  west  of  the  Blue  Ridge  have  been  closed  by  the  Federal  Government,  and  may 
be  again,  thus  causing  quarantine  of  all  stock  in  that  region.  The  enforcement 
of  the  order  in  the  stock-law  region  east  of  the  Ridge  will  hasten  the  day  when  it 
may  be  relieved  from  the  burdensome  restrictions  of  cattle  traffic  now  placed 
upon  it. 

3.  Under  Section  10  of  the  board  regulations  you  can  not  legally  deliver  live 
stock  shipped  into  this  State  unless  the  animals  are  accompanied  by  a certificate 
of  absence  of  disease,  given  by  the  live  stock  sanitary  authorities  of  the  State 
whence  the  live  stock  originates,  and  approved  by  this  department.  Shipping 
tags  bearing  the  acceptable  form  of  certificate  will  be  supplied  to  sanitary  author- 
ities by  this  department. 

Owing  to  the  presence  of  communicable  diseases  in  other  States,  fifteen  of  these 
have  enacted  laws  excluding  diseased  live  stock.  In  order  to  prevent  their  ship- 
ment into  this  State  the  above  regulation  has  become  necessary.  A few  diseased 
animals  introduced  into  our  breeding  herds  will  produce  injury  from  which  it  will 
take  years  to  recover.  In  demanding  that  the  certificate  of  health  shall  accom- 
pany each  shipment,  the  transportation  companies  are  relieved  of  attention  to  the 
matter  further  than  to  see  that  each  shipment  bears  the  certificate,  and  refuse  it 
without.  This  method  least  interferes  with  traffic  when  once  understood. 

Your  authority  for  refusing  to  ship  live  stock  without  certificate  is  contained 
in  B.  A.  I.  Order,  dated  December  13, 1895.  This  prohibits  the  interstate  transpor- 
tation of  animals  affected  with  hog  cholera,  tuberculosis,  or  sheep  scab,  and  B.  A.  I. 
Order  No.  56,  dated  December  28,  1899,  which  adds  other  diseases  and  live  stock, 
including  horses  and  goats,  to  the  list.  Since  transportation  companies  can  not 
act  as  experts  in  the  detection  of  diseases  in  the  live  stock  submitted  to  them  for 
transportation,  they  may  well  insist  that  such  stock  be  certified  by  the  authorities 
of  the  State  where  accepted. 

In  assisting  in  this  movement  to  secure  healthy  breeding  stock  for  the  farms  in 
this  State  and  in  preventing  the  spread  of  dangerous  communicable  diseases,  you 
will  aid  in  the  upbuilding  of  the  farming  industry  and  add  materially  to  the 
increased  traffic  which  is  dependent  upon  it. 

I am,  very  respectfully,  yours, 

S.  L.  Patterson,  Commissioner. 

Cooper  Curtice,  Veterinarian . 


108 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


North  Carolina  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Raleigh , May  1 , 1900. 

To  live  stock  sanitary  authorities. 

Gentlemen:  You  are  hereby  notified  that  the  Board  of  Agriculture  of  this  State 
has  passed  the  accompanying  regulations,  which  includes  one  to  prevent  the  intro- 
duction of  diseases  into  this  State  through  the  importation  of  diseased  live  stock 
from  other  States  or  foreign  countries.  See  Section  No.  10.  You  will  please 
notify  your  breeders  of  this  action. 

The  words  “live  stock”  as  therein  used  are  synonymous  with  the  word  “ani- 
mals ” as  used  in  the  Federal  regulations.  See  B.  A.  1.  Order  No.  56,  page  2.  It 
includes  horses,  asses  and  mules,  neat  cattle,  sheep,  and  other  ruminants,  and 
swine. 

The  word  “disease ” especially  includes  any  of  the  following: 

Glanders  and  farcy,  distemper,  anthrax,  Texas,  or  splenetic,  fever,  cattle  ticks 
( Boophilus  bom's),  tuberculosis,  actinomycosis,  variola,  foot  rot,  scab,  hog  cholera, 
and  swine  plague,  as  specified  in  said  order  No.  56,  but  does  not  exclude  other 
communicable  diseases. 

Shipping  tags  which  must  accompany  shipments  into  this  State  will  be  fur- 
nished each  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  or  other  authority  on  application.  When 
used  they  should  each  be  signed  by  the  chief  officer  of  the  board  or  other  author- 
ity and  its  veterinarian  in  the  places  left  for  the  purpose.  Descriptions  of  the 
animals  must  include  such  data  as  will  serve  to  identify  them,  and  must  be 
written  on  the  back  of  the  tags. 

The  certificate  which  is  acceptable  is  a duplicate  of  the  shipping  tag,  and  must 
be  sent  to  this  department.  All  practicable  known  means  of  determining  the 
absence  of  disease  must  be  used  by  the  inspector.  A sworn  copy  of  the  tuberculin 
test  in  case  of  cattle  designed  for  breeding  or  dairy  purposes  must  accompany  the 
certificate.  The  tuberculin  test  should  state  the  amount  and  manufacturer  of 
the  tuberculin  used,  give  the  temperatures  taken  at  two  hour  interva  s from  the 
tenth  to  the  eighteenth  hour  after  injection,  and  other  customary  data.  The  test 
should  especially  state  at  what  times  previous  tests  had  been  made  and  the  results. 
Examinations  must  be  made  by  men  approved  by  you. 

In  insisting  that  the  State  which  you  represent  presents  satisfactory  evidence 
that  live  stock  destined  for  this  State  are  healthy,  this  department  takes  what  it 
believes  is  the  most  economical  method  of  dealing  with  live-stock  control  for  all 
concerned,  and  thereby  avoids  tedious  delays  and  expenses  after  shipment  of  such 
live  stock,  which  delays  are  incidental  upon  enforcement  of  quarantines  and 
inspections  en  route. 

Your  State  has  the  necessary  means  of  investigating  surroundings  and  is  espe- 
cially interested  in  the  upbuilding  of  its  live-stock  industry  and  the  reputation  of 
the  healthfulness  of  its  stock  as  breeding  animals. 

This  department,  in  turn,  proposes  to  furnish  certificates  of  health  for  all  live 
stock  exported  to  such  of  the  States  as  demand  them. 

I am,  very  respectfully,  yours, 

S.  L.  Patterson,  Commissioner. 

Cooper  Curtice,  Veterinarian. 

NORTH  DAKOTA. 

The  law  of  North  Dakota  mentions  tuberculosis  as  one  of  the  con- 
tagious diseases  of  domestic  animals.  The  provisions  of  the  law  are 
carried  out  by  a Chief  State  Veterinarian,  assisted  by  district  veteri- 
narians. The  duties  of  the  Chief  State  Veterinarian  are  to  examine 
into  all  reports  of  contagious  or  infectious  diseases  in  the  State;  to 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


109 


instruct  district  veterinarians  as  to  the  treatment  of  diseased  animals; 
to  furnish  material  for  diagnosing  contagious  diseases;  to  issue  quar- 
antine regulations,  after  approval  by  the  Governor;  to  issue  rules  and 
regulations,  upon  approval  of  the  Governor,  for  carrying  out  the  pur- 
poses of  this  act. 

The  district  veterinarian  may  order  the  slaughter  of  any  animal 
which  he  believes  to  be  diseased,  after  notifying  the  owner  of  his  pro- 
posed action.  If  the  owner  feels  aggrieved  at  such  decision  he  may 
demand  a consultation  of  district  veterinarians,  who  shall  decide  upon 
the  proper  action  to  take. 

When  it  is  desired  to  bring  cattle  into  the  State  without  a certifi- 
cate of  health  from  a duly  authorized  veterinarian,  owners  shall  give 
notice  to  a district  veterinarian.  It  is  made  the  duty  of  owners,  if 
they  suspect  that  there  are  upon  their  premises  animals  having  a con- 
tagious or  infectious  disease,  to  report  the  fact  to  the  district  veter- 
inarian, and  to  confine  such  animals  in  a place  isolated  from  all  other 
animals  until  the  arrival  of  the  district  veterinarian,  who  shall  have 
full  authority  to  take  possession,  treat,  and  dispose  of  such  animals. 

LAW. 

AN  ACT  to  prevent  tbe  spread  of  contagious,  infectious,  and  epidemic  diseases  among  domestic 

animals,  creating  the  office  of  Chief  State  Veterinarian,  prescribing  the  duties  thereof,  and 

appropriating  money  for  the  necessary  expenses  thereof.  (Approved  March  23, 1895.) 

Be  it  enacted , etc.: 

Section  1.  The  professor  of  veterinary  science  of  the  State  Agricultural  Col- 
lege is  hereby  made  Chief  State  Veterinarian,  who  shall  serve  as  such  without 
salary,  and  who  shall,  upon  entering  upon  his  duties,  take  an  oath  to  well  and 
truly  perform  all  the  duties  required  of  him  by  law,  which  said  oath  shall  be  taken 
before  any  judge  of  a district  court,  or  notary  public  within  the  State,  and  shall 
be  filed  with  the  Secretary  of  State. 

Sec.  2„  The  State  shall  be  divided  into  seven  “ veterinarian  districts,”  in  each  of 
which  there  shall  be  appointed  by  the  Governor,  by  and  with  the  consent  of  the 
Senate,  one  competent  veterinarian,  who  shall  be  known  as  the  “ district  veteri- 
narian,” who  shall  hold  their  office  for  a term  of  two  years  from  the  date  of  their 
appointments,  respectively,  unless  sooner  removed  for  cause,  and  who,  upon 
entering  upon  their  duties,  shall  each  take  an  oath  to  well  and  truly  perform  their 
duties  as  provided  by  law,  which  said  oath  shall  be  taken  before  any  judge  of  the 
district  court  or  notary  public  within  the  district  of  the  State  for  which  they  may 
be  appointed,  and  shall  be  filed  with  the  Secretary  of  State. 

Sec.  3.  District  No.  1 shall  consist  of  the  first  judicial  district.  District  No.  2 
shall  consist  of  the  second  judicial  district.  District  No.  3 shall  consist  of  the 
third  judicial  district.  District  No.  4 shall  consist  of  the  fourth  judicial  district. 
District  No.  5 shall  consist  of  the  fifth  judicial  district.  District  No.  6 shall  con- 
sist of  the  sixth  judicial  district.  District  No.  7 shall  consist  of  the  seventh  judi- 
cial district. 

Sec.  4.  The  duties  of  said  Chief  State  Veterinarian  shall  be  to  ascertain  by  per- 
sonal examination,  or  through  report  from  the  district  veterinarian,  in  such  man- 
ner as  he  shall  prescribe,  all  information  that  he  can  obtain  regarding  the  exist- 
ence of  any  or  all  contagious,  infectious,  and  epidemic  diseases  in  the  State.  He 
shall  also  make  a complete  and  permanent  record  of  all  reports  of  the  district  vet- 
erinarians; shall  make  an  examination  of  all  diseased  animals  or  portions  of  any 


110 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


such  that  may  be  forwarded  to  him  by  the  district  veterinarians,  and  upon  com- 
pletion of  such  examination  shall  instruct  the  district  veterinarians  in  such  way 
as  he  may  deem  proper  in  regard  to  the  treatment  of  similar  cases.  It  shall  also 
be  his  duty  to  furnish  material,  as  far  as  lies  in  his  power,  for  the  diagnosis  of 
contagious  diseases  and  instructions  as  to  its  uses.  In  case  that  remedies  are  dis- 
covered for  the  prevention  or  cure  of  contagious  diseases,  such  as  glanders,  tuber- 
culosis, anthrax,  hog  cholera,  foot-and-mouth  disease,  and  foot  rot,  it  shall  be  his 
duty  to  furnish  the  district  veterinarian,  or  any  person  or  persons  he  may  see  fit 
to  appoint,  the  remedies  so  discovered,  with  full  directions  for  application.  He 
shall  also  be  empowered  to  make  quarantine  regulations  and  enforce  the  same, 
after  approval  and  authority  by  the  Governor.  He  shall  further  prescribe,  with 
the  consent  of  the  Governor,  the  rules  and  regulations  necessary  to  carry  out  the 
purposes  of  this  act. 

Sec.  5.  The  duties  of  said  “district  veterinarians”  shall  be  as  follows: 

First.  To  investigate  in  person  any  and  all  cases  of  contagious,  infectious,  and 
epidemic  diseases  among  cattle,  horses,  mules,  sheep,  asses,  and  other  domestic 
animals  within  his  district  of  which  he  may  have  knowledge,  and  which  may  be 
brought  to  his  notice  by  any  resident  or  any  other  person  in  any  locality  within 
his  said  district  where  such  disease  may  exist;  and  it  shall  also  be  his  duty,  in  the 
absence  of  specific  information,  to  make  visits  of  inspection  to  any  locality  within 
his  district  where  he  may  have  reason  to  believe  that  there  are  contagious  or  infec- 
tious diseases  existing  among  such  domestic  animals. 

Second.  To  seize  and  inspect  in  person  at  the  State  line  bordering  on  his  district 
any  horses,  mules,  cattle,  asses,  sheep,  or  other  domestic  animals  which  may  be 
unloaded  temporarily  or  consigned  to  any  point  within  his  district  of  the  State, 
when  the  owner,  agent,  or  person  in  charge  thereof  shall  not  upon  demand  produce 
certificates  of  health  of  such  animals  satisfactory  to  him  from  a duly  authorized 
State  or  district  veterinarian  or  examiner  of  the  State  from  which  said  animals 
have  been  shipped. 

Third.  To  examine  in  person,  so  often  as  he  may  deem  reasonable,  all  pens, 
inclosures,  and  cars  within  the  district  within  which  domestic  animals  may  be 
confined  or  transported,  and  to  require  the  owner,  agent,  or  person  in  charge  of 
all  such  pens,  inclosures,  and  cars  to  keep  the  same  in  proper  sanitary  condition. 

Fourth.  To  require  in  person  the  owner,  agent,  or  person  in  charge  of  all  peas, 
mclosures.  or  cars  within  which  domestic  animals  may  be  confined  or  transported 
to  cleanse,  fumigate,  and  disinfect  all  pens,  inclosures,  or  cars  within  which  such 
domestic  animals  may  be  confined  or  transported,  within  two  days  after  written 
notice,  when,  in  his  opinion,  such  cleansing,  fumigating,  and  disinfection  shall  be 
necessary  for  the  prevention  of  the  spread  or  outbreak  of  any  contagious  or  infec- 
tious disease  among  such  animals. 

Fifth.  It  shall  also  be  the  duty  of  the  district  veterinarian  in  person  to  seize  and 
inspect  all  domestic  animals  coming  into  and  to  remain  within  his  district  of  the 
State  without  ‘a  certificate  of  the  health  of  such  animals  from  a duly  authorized 
State  or  district  veterinarian  or  examiner  from  the  State  from  which  said  animals 
have  been  shipped,  and  before  such  animals  shall  be  allowed  by  the  district  veteri- 
narian to  be  transported  into  and  to  remain  within  the  State.  In  addition  to  such 
inspection,  he  shall,  in  person,  require  from  the  owner,  agent,  or  person  in  charge 
of  such  animals  an  affidavit  to  the  effect  that  such  animals  have  not  been  exposed 
to  any  infectious  or  contagious  disease  for  a period  of  at  least  ninety  days  prior  to 
the  making  of  such  affidavit;  and  in  case  that  the  district  veterinarian  shall  have 
reason  to  believe  that  any  domestic  animals  have  been  exposed  to  or  have  con- 
tracted any  contagious  or  infectious  disease  it  shall  be  his  duty  to  seize  and  inspect 
such  animals,  notwithstanding  any  certificate  of  their  health  by  any  veterinarian 
or  examiner  of  any  other  State,  and  report  the  same  to  the  Chief  State  Veterinarian. 

Sec.  6.  Whenever  any  domestic  animals  are  seized  and  inspected  under  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act  by  the  district  veterinarian  while  such  animals  are  being  trans- 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


Ill 


ported  in  cars,  on  shipboard,  or  brought  into  the  State  in  any  other  manner,  the 
district  veterinarian  making  such  seizure  and  inspection  shall  require  the  owner, 
agent,  or  person  in  charge  of  such  animals  to  pay  one-half  cent  each  for  the  inspec- 
tion of  sheep  and  twenty-five  cents  each  for  all  other  animals  named  herein.  All 
money  so  collected  shall  be  immediately  transmitted  to  the  Chief  State  Veterina- 
rian, together  with  a detailed  report  of  the  seizure  and  inspection;  and  it  shall  be 
the  duty  of  the  Chief  State  Veterinarian  to  transmit  monthly  all  money  collected 
as  inspection  fees  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  to  the  State  Treasurer,  who  shall 
receipt  to  the  Chief  State  Veterinarian.  All  such  fees  shall  be  paid  by  the  State 
Treasurer  into  the  State  Treasury  general  fund:  Provided,  That  no  inspection  shall 
be  made  by  any  district  veterinarian  of  any  domestic  animals  in  transit  through 
the  State  without  special  instructions  from  the  Chief  State  Veterinarian  where 
the  owner,  agent,  or  person  in  charge  thereof  shall  produce  certificates  of  the 
health  of  such  animals  from  a duly  authorized  veterinarian  or  examiner  from 
the  State  from  which  said  animals  have  been  shipped. 

Sec.  7.  In  all  cases  of  contagious  or  infectious  diseases  among  domestic  animals 
in  this  State  the  district  veterinarian  shall  have  authority  to  order  the  quarantine 
of  the  infected  premises  and  animals  within  his  district,  and  upon  such  order  to 
immediately  report  the  same  to  the  Chief  State  Veterinarian,  and  in  case  such  dis- 
ease shall  become  epidemic  in  any  locality  where  such  epidemic  may  exist  or 
become  known  to  immediately  notify  the  Chief  State  Veterinarian,  who  shall 
thereupon  have  authority  to  enforce  a permanent  quarantine  and  prevent  the 
removal  therefrom  of  any  animals  of  the  kind  among  which  said  epidemic  exists 
until  the  district  veterinarian  of  such  district  locality  shall  report  such  animals 
to  be  in  healthy  condition,  and  upon  such  a report  a certificate  shall  be  issued  by 
the  Chief  State  Veterinarian  permitting  the  removal  of  the  animals  that  are 
reported  to  be  healthy.  The  expense  of  holding  and  taking  care  of  ail  animals 
quarantined  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  paid  by  the  owner,  agent,  or 
person  in  charge  of  the  same. 

Sec.  8.  In  case  of  any  epidemic  diseases  where  premises  and  animals  have  been 
previously  quarantined  by  order  of  the  Chief  State  Veterinarian  or  by  the  district 
veterinarian,  as  hereinbefore  provided,  the  district  veterinarian  is  further  author- 
ized and  empowered,  when  in  his  judgment  it  is  necessary,  to  order  that  any  and  all 
diseased  animals  shall  be  qu  irantined  at  such  places  and  in  such  a manner  as  he 
shall  d.rect,  and  shall  be  held  in  such  quarantine  until  released  by  certificate  of 
the  Chief  State  Veterinarian,  as  provided  in  Section  7 of  this  act;  and  in  case  the 
district  veterinarian  shall  find  that  any  one  or  more  of  the  animals  so  quarantined 
are  so  diseased  that  it  becomes  necessary  to  destroy  the  same  to  prevent  the  spread 
of  such  disease  to  other  animals,  he  shall  at  once  serve,  in  person,  a written  notice 
of  his  intention  to  destroy  upon  the  owner,  agent,  or  person  in  charge  of  the  ani- 
mals so  quarantined  and  condemned;  and  if  such  owner,  agent,  or  person  in 
charge  of  such  animals  feels  aggrieved  by  the  decision  of  the  district  veterinarian, 
and  shall  desire  a consultation  of  veterinarians,  notice  in  writing  to  that  effect 
must  within  twenty-four  hours  thereafter  be  served  upon  the  district  veterinarian 
issuing  the  notice,  and  it  is  hereby  made  the  duty  of  the  resident  district  veteri- 
narian to  summon  two  district  veterinarians  from  adjoining  districts  to  appear 
and  assist  in  diagnosing  and  pronouncing  upon  the  character  of  the  disease  with 
which  said  animal  or  animals  are  supposed  to  be  infected;  and  in  case  all  three 
district  veterinarians,  or  any  two  of  them,  declare  said  disease  to  be  contagious  or 
infectious  in  its  character,  and  that  such  animal  or  animals  should  be  destroyed 
to  prevent  the  spread  of  such  disease  to  other  animals,  the  district  veterinarian 
of  the  district  wherein  the  animal  or  animals  are  located  shall  immediately 
slaughter  such  animal  or  animals,  and  not  otherwise,  and  shall  then  make  in 
duplicate  a written  statement,  setting  forth  distinctly  the  nature  of  the  disease 
for  which  such  animals  were  condemned  and  destroyed,  to  be  served  on  each 
owner  thereof,  the  original  of  each  order  to  be  filed  by  the  district  veterinarian 


112 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


with  the  Chief  Veterinarian  and  the  duplicate  thereof  given  to  the  said  owner, 
agent,  or  person  in  charge  of  said  condemned  animals.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
owner,  agent,  or  person  in  charge  of  any  and  all  animals  slaughtered  under  the 
provisions  of  this  act  to  immediately  bury  the  carcass  of  such  slaughtered  animals 
in  a trench  at  least  six  feet  in  depth  and  at  least  four  feet  beneath  the  surface  of 
the  ground,  or  burn  and  consume  such  carcasses  under  the  direction  of  the  dis 
trict  veterinarian;  and  it  is  hereby  made  the  duty  of  the  district  veterinarian,  in 
person,  to  require  the  owner,  agent,  or  person  in  charge  of  such  slaughtered 
animals  within  his  district  to  immediately  bury  or  burn  under  his  personal  super- 
vision the  carcasses  of  such  slaughtered  animals,  as  herein  provided,  except  in  all 
cases  where  the  cause  of  death  is  due  to  anthrax,  when  they  shall  immediately  be 
burned. 

Sec.  9.  Each  district  veterinarian  shall  make  a report  at  the  end  of  every  three 
months,  and  at  such  other  times  as  may  be  required,  to  the  Chief  State  Veteri- 
narian, of  all  matters  connected  with  h s work,  the  forms  of  such  reports  to  be 
furnished  by  the  Chief  State  Veterinarian;  and  the  Chief  State  Veterinarian  shall 
transmit  to  the  several  boards  of  county  commissioners,  as  often  as  he  deems  nec- 
essary, such  parts  of  said  reports  as  may  be  of  general  interest  to  the  breeders  of, 
live  stock,  and  he  shall  also  give  information,  in  writing,  as  soon  as  he  obtains  it, 
to  the  various  boards  of  county  commissioners,  of  each  case  of  suspicion  or  fresh 
outbreak  of  disease  in  any  locality,  its  causes,  and  the  measures  adopted  to 
check  it. 

Sec.  10.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  any  owner,  agent,  or  person  in  charge  of  any 
cattle,  horses,  mules,  asses,  sheep,  or  other  domestic  animals,  where  such  owner, 
agent,  or  person  in  charge  thereof  intends  to  bring  any  such  animals  into  the 
State  for  distribution,  sale,  transportation,  or  permanent  location  therein,  with- 
out a certificate  of  their  health  from  a duly  authorized  veterinarian  or  examiner 
of  the  State  from  which  such  animals  are  shipped,  to  give  notice  in  writing  to  the 
district  veterinarian  of  the  district  of  the  State  bordering  on  the  State  line  from 
which  said  animals  [are]  brought  at  least  three  days  before  such  animals  are 
brought  into  this  State  beyond  the  quarantine  station  at  the  State  line  of  such 
district;  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  any  person  or  persons  who  shall  have  knowl- 
edge or  suspect  that  there  is  upon  his  or  their  premises  or  upon  the  public  domain 
any  case  of  contagious,  infectious,  and  epidemic  disease  among  domestic  animals, 
to  immediately  report  the  same  to  the  district  veterinarian  of  the  district  wherein 
such  animals  or  cattle  may  be,  and  a failure  so  to  do,  or  any  attempt  to  conceal 
the  existence  of  such  diseases,  or  a failure  to  give  notice  before  passing  the  quar- 
antine station  at  the  State  line  of  said  district,  as  in  this  section  required,  or  to 
wilfully  or  maliciously  obstruct  or  resist  or  disobey  any  order  issued  by  the  Chief 
State  Veterinarian  or  the  district  veterinarian,  or  in  any  way  interfere  with  the  dis- 
charge of  their  duties,  as  set  forth  in  this  act,  shall  be  deemed  a misdemeanor,  and 
any  person  or  persons  who  shall  be  convicted  of  any  one  of  the  above  acts  or 
omissions  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  $50  nor  more  than  $2,000  for  each  and  every 
such  offense:  and  upon  conviction  of  such  offense  a second  time  shall,  in  addition 
to  the  above-named  fine,  be  imprisoned  in  the  county  jail  of  the  county  wherein 
convicted,  or  as  otherwise  provided  by  law,  for  a term  of  not  less  than  ninety 
days  nor  more  than  one  year. 

Sec.  11.  The  following  resolutions  shall  be  observed  in  all  cases  of  disease  dis- 
covered by  this  act: 

First.  It  shall  be  unlawful  to  sell,  give  away,  or  in  any  manner  part  with  any 
animal  affected  with  or  suspected  of  being  affected  with  any  contagious  or  infec- 
tious disease;  and  in  case  of  any  animal  that  may  be  known  to  have  been  affected 
with  or  exposed  to  any  such  disease  within  one  year  prior  to  such  disposal,  due 
notice  of  the  fact  shall  be  given  in  writing  to  the  party  receiving  the  animal. 

Second.  It  shall  be  unlawful  to  kill  for  butcher  purposes  any  such  animal;  to 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


113 


sell,  give,  or  use  any  part  of  it  or  its  milk,  or  to  remove  any  part  of  the  skin. 
A failure  to  observe  these  provisions  shall  be  deemed  a misdemeanor,  and,  on  con- 
viction, shall  be  punished  by  a fine  not  less  than  $100  nor  exceeding  $2,000;  and, 
in  addition  to  the  above-named  fine,  be  imprisoned  in  the  county  jail  for  a term 
of  not  less  than  ninety  days  nor  more  than  one  year.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
owner,  agent,  or  person  having  in  charge  any  animal  infected  with  or  suspected  of 
being  infected  with  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease,  to  immediately  confine 
the  same  in  a safe  place,  isolated  from  all  other  animals,  and  with  all  necessary 
restrictions  to  prevent  the  dissemination  of  the  disease  until  the  arrival  of  the 
district  veterinarian  within  and  for  the  district  wherein  the  same  may  be  at  the 
time.  The  above  regulations  shall  apply  as  well  to  animals  in  transit  through 
the  State  as  to  those  resident  therein,  and  the  district  veterinarian  shall  have  full 
authority  within  his  district  to  examine,  whether  in  yard,  pasture,  or  stables,  or 
upon  the  public  domain,  all  animals  passing  through  the  State  within  his  district 
or  any  part  of  it,  and  on  detection  or  suspicion  of  disease,  take  possession  of  and 
treat  and  dispose  of  such  animals  in  the  same  manner  as  is  prescribed  for  animals 
resident  within  the  State. 

Sec.  12.  Each  of  said  district  veterinarians  shall  receive  for  their  [his]  services 
the  sum  of  $600  per  annum.  The  payment  of  such  salary  shall  be  made  from 
any  funds  in  the  State  Treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  monthly,  upon  item- 
ized vouchers,  signed  and  sworn  to  by  each  for  his  separate  district  and  submitted 
to  the  State  Auditor,  who  shall  draw  warrants  upon  the  State  Treasurer  for  the 
amount  thereof,  if  found  correct,  separately.  No  person  shall  be  competent  under 
this  act  to  receive  the  appointment  of  district  veterinarian  who  is  not  at  the  date 
of  his  appointment  a graduate  in  good  standing  of  a recognized  college  of  veter- 
inary surgeons,  or  who  has  not  practiced  veterinary  surgery  within  the  State 
for  at  least  five  years.  Before  entering  upon  the  discharge  of  his  duties  he  shall 
give  a bond  to  the  State  of  North  Dakota,  with  a good  and  sufficient  surety,  in 
the  sum  of  $2,000,  conditioned  on  the  proper  discharge  of  the  same.  No  construct- 
ive mileage  shall  be  paid  under  this  act,  nor  shall  the  district  veterinarian 
receive  any  mileage  except  when  called  in  cases  of  consultation,  as  hereinbefore 
provided,  when  he  shall  receive  actual  expenses  paid  by  him. 

Sec.  13.  The  district  veterinarians  shall  select  the  place  or  places  within  their 
respective  districts  at  which  all  animals  referred  to  herein  shall  be  quarantined. 

Sec.  14.  All  fines  collected  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  paid  into 
the  general  funds  of  the  State. 

Sec.  15.  It  is  hereby  made  the  duty  of  the  Attorney-General  or  State's  attorney 
of  the  respective  counties  of  the  veterinarian  district  to  prosecute  any  case  com- 
plained of  by  the  district  veterinarian  of  such  district  for  prosecution  in  any  jus- 
tice or  district  court  within  the  jurisdiction  of  which  any  violation  of  this  act 
may  have  been  had,  and  on  conviction  of  violation  of  any  of  the  provisions  of  this 
act  the  court,  in  addition  to  the  penalties  prescribed  by  law.,  shall  add  thereto 
reasonable  attorney  s fees,  as  it  may  be  determined  just  in  the  premises. 

Sec.  16.  [Refers  to  sheep.] 

Sec.  17.  [Refers  to  sheep.] 

Sec.  18.  [Refers  to  sheep.] 

Sec.  19.  In  addition  to  the  duties  of  the  Chief  State  Veterinarian  hereinbefore 
described,  he  shall  make  an  annual  report  to  the  Governor  on  or  before  the  first 
day  of  December  of  all  matters  connected  with  his  work,  and  in  addition  thereto 
may,  from  time  to  time,  as  in  his  judgment  seems  best,  publish  bulletins  for  gen- 
eral distribution,  giving  information  as  to  the  existence  of  animal  diseases  in  the 
State,  and  such  suggestions  thereto  as  to  care  and  treatment  as  he  thinks  proper. 

Sec.  20.  For  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act  as  herein  set 
forth  there  shall  be  appropriated,  out  of  any  money  in  the  State  Treasury  not 
otherwise  appropriated,  an  annual  sum  of  $3,600  with  which  to  pay  the  salaries  of 

17022— No.  28—01 8 


114 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


the  district  veterinarians,  and  the  further  annual  amount  of  $500  for  stationery, 
clerk  hire,  and  all  traveling  and  other  necessary  expenses  of  the  Chief  State 
Veterinarian. 

Sec.  21.  In  case  of  any  serious  outbreak  of  any  contagious,  infectious,  or  epi- 
demic diseases  among  domestic  animals  which  can  not  be  supervised  by  the 
district  veterinarian,  the  Chief  State  Veterinarian  shall  at  once  notify  the  Gov- 
ernor, who  shall  thereupon  appoint  a sufficient  number  of  deputies  to  perform 
the  required  duties  at  such  compensation  as  he  may  deem  proper,  not  to  exceed 
$5  per  day  for  the  actual  time  employed,  the  same  to  be  paid  out  of  the  general 
fund  of  the  State  upon  vouchers  duly  approved  by  the  Governor  and  the  Chief 
State  Veterinarian. 

Sec.  22.  All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  in  conflict  with  the  provisions  of  this  act  are 
hereby  repealed. 

Sec.  23.  An  emergency  exists  in  that  the  existing  law  is  inadequate  to  prevent 
the  spread  of  contagious  and  infectious  diseases  among  domestic  animals  within 
the  State,  this  act  should  take  effect  prior  to  July  1,  1895:  Therefore  this  act 
shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage  and  approval. 

OHIO. 

No  special  legislation  with  reference  to  bovine  tuberculosis  is  on 
the  statutes  of  Ohio,  but  the  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners  may 
deal  with  the  disease  as  one  of  the  “dangerous  and  fatal  diseases 
among  domestic  animals.” 

The  board  is  authorized  to  use  all  proper  means  to  prevent  the 
spread  and  provide  for  the  extirpation  of  all  such  diseases.  Owners 
of  animals  affected  with  any  infectious  or  contagious  disease  must 
immediately  report  the  fact  to  the  board,  who  shall  cause  an  examina- 
tion by  a veterinarian.  If  the  animals  are  found  to  be  diseased  or  to 
have  been  exposed  to  disease,  they  shall  be  quarantined.  The  board 
must  also  prescribe  such  regulations  as  they  may  deem  necessary  to 
prevent  the  contagion  from  spreading. 

It  is  also  unlawful  to  bring  into  the  State  or  to  sell  or  dispose  of  any 
animal  known  to  be  affected  with  a contagious  or  infectious  disease, 
except  under  such  conditions  as  the  board  may  prescribe.  The  pen- 
alty for  violation  is  not  to  exceed  $500. 

Whenever  the  Governor  believes  that  any  such  disease  exists  in 
any  locality  in  another  State  or  Territory,  he  shall  prohibit,  by  procla- 
mation, the  importation  of  any  live  stock  of  the  kind  diseased  into  the 
State,  except  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  State  Board  of  Live  Stock 
Commissioners. 

There  is  no  provision  for  indemnity  for  cattle  which  may  be  slaugh- 
tered on  account  of  tuberculosis. 

LAW. 

(From  Bates’s  Annotated  Ohio  Statutes,  1897. ) 

(4211-9)  Section  1.  The  Governor  shall,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
Senate,  appoint  three  persons,  who  shall  constitute  a Board  of  Live  Stock  Com- 
missioners, who  shall  hold  their  office  in  the  order  in  which  they  are  named,  the 
first  for  one  year,  the  second  for  two  years,  the  third  for  three  years,  and  their 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


115 


successors  in  office  shall  be  appointed  for  three  years  each.  They  shall  meet  as 
soon  as  practicable  after  their  appointment,  and,  after  taking  the  oath  of  office, 
shall  appoint  from  their  number  a president  and  secretary. 

(4211-10)  Sec.  2.  The  Board  of  Commissioners  are  authorized  to  use  all  proper 
means  to  prevent  the  spread  of  dangerous  and  fatal  diseases  among  domestic 
animals,  and  to  provide  for  the  extirpation  of  such  diseases;  and  in  the  event  of 
any  such  contagious  or  infectious  disease  breaking  out  in  the  State  it  shall  be  the 
duty  of  all  persons  owning  or  having  in  charge  animals  infected  with  the  same 
to  immediately  notify  said  Board  of  Commissioners,  or  some  member  thereof,  of 
the  existence  of  such  disease;  and  thereupon  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  board 
immediately  to  cause  proper  examination  thereof  to  be  made  by  a competent 
veterinarian;  and  if  said  disease  shall  be  found  to  be  a dangerously  contagious  or 
infectious  malady,  the  board  shall  order  the  diseased  animals,  and  such  as  have 
been  exposed  to  the  contagion,  to  be  strictly  quarantined  in  charge  of  such  person 
as  the  board,  or  an  authorized  member  thereof,  shall  designate,  and  to  order  any 
premises  or  farms  where  such  disease  exists,  or  has  recently  existed,  to  be  put  in 
quarantine,  so  that  no  domestic  animal  subject  to  such  disease  may  be  removed 
from  or  brought  to  the  premises  or  places  so  quarantined;  and  the  board  shall 
prescribe  such  regulations  as  they  may  deem  necessary  to  prevent  the  contagion 
from  being  communicated  in  any  way  from  the  premises  so  quarantined. 

(4211-11)  Sec.  3.  The  bodies  of  all  dead  animals  shall  be  buried  or  burned  by 
the  owners  thereof,  as  provided  by  law. 

(4211-12)  Sec.  4.  That  any  person  having  in  his  possession  or  under  his  care  any 
animal  which  he  knows  or  has  reason  to  believe  is  affected  with  a dangerously 
contagious  or  infectious  disease,  and  does  not,  without  unnecessary  delay,  make 
known  the  same  to  said  board,  or  to  some  member  thereof,  or  to  the  sheriff  or  con- 
stable of  the  proper  county,  to  be  by  him  communicated  to  said  board;  or  any 
person  or  corporation  who  shall  bring  into  this  State,  or  sell  or  dispose  of  any  ani- 
mal, knowing  the  same  to  be  affected  as  aforesaid,  or  any  animal  having  been 
exposed  to  such  contagion,  within  three  months  of  such  exposure,  or  shall  move 
the  animal  so  diseased  or  exposed  from  the  quarantine  to  which  it  was  ordered  by 
the  Board  of  Commissioners,  or  shall  move  any  animal  to  or  from  any  district  in 
this  State  declared  to  be  infected  with  such  contagious  disease,  or  shall  bring  into 
this  State  any  animal  of  the  kind  diseased  from  any  district  outside  of  the  State 
that  may  at  any  time  be  legally  declared  to  be  affected  with  such  disease,  without 
the  consent  of  said  board,  except  under  such  conditions  as  are  or  may  be  pre- 
scribed by  said  board,  shall,  upon  conviction  of  either  of  the  aforesaid  offenses,  be 
fined  in  any  sum  not  exceeding  $500.  And  all  proper  expense  incurred  in  the 
quarantining  of  animals  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  paid  by  the  own- 
ers thereof,  and  if  the  same  is  refused,  after  demand  made  by  order  of  the  com- 
missioners, an  action  may  be  brought  to  recover  the  same  with  costs  of  suit,  which 
action  may  be  brought  in  the  name  of  the  State  of  Ohio  for  the  use  of  the  Board  of 
Live  Stock  Commissioners.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  all  sheriffs  and  constables  to 
execute  within  their  several  counties  all  lawful  orders  of  the  said  commissioners. 

(4211-13)  Sec.  5.  The  Board  of  Commissioners  shall  keep  a record  of  their  acts  and 
investigations  of  diseases  of  live  stock  and  report  the  same  to  the  Governor  on  the 
first  Monday  of  November  annually,  and  at  such  other  times  as  the  Governor  may 
order;  and  such  parts  of  said  report  as  shall  be  of  general  interest  to  breeders  of 
live  stock  may  be  transmitted  to  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  to  be  published 
with  their  proceedings.  Said  board  shall  receive  for  their  services  the  sum  of  $4 
per  day  and  necessary  traveling  expenses  for  each  day  any  member  is  actually 
engaged  in  the  investigation  of  reported  cases  of  outbreaks  of  disease,  as  herein 
provided,  or  in  arranging  for  the  quarantine  of  diseased  animals  and  other  duties 
connected  therewith;  and  when  it  becomes  necessary  for  said  board  to  employ  any 
veterinarian,  sheriff,  constable,  or  such  other  persons  as  may  be  deemed  essential 


116 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


to  assist  the  commissioners  in  performing  their  duties,  as  set  forth  in  this  act,  they 
are  authorized  to  fix  and  certify  their  compensation,  a properly  itemized  account 
of  which  shall  be  made  out  and  certified  by  the  board,  and  paid  upon  the  order  of 
the  Governor. 

(4211-14)  Sec.  6.  For  the  purpose  of  carrying  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this 
act  the  sum  of  $1,000,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  is  hereby  appro- 
priated out  of  any  funds  not  otherwise  appropriated. 

(4211-15)  Sec.  7.  Whenever  the  Governor  of  the  State  of  Ohio  shall  have  good 
reason  to  believe  that  any  dangerous,  contagious,  or  infectious  disease  has  become 
epidemic  in  certain  localities  in  other  States,  Territories,  or  counties  [countries], 
or  that  there  are  conditions  which  render  domestic  animals  of  such  infected 
districts  liable  to  convey  such  disease,  he  shall,  by  proclamation,  prohibit  the 
importation  of  any  live  stock  of  the  kind  diseased  into  the  State,  except  under  such 
regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  State  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners 
and  approved  by  the  Governor. 

OKLAHOMA  TERRITORY. 

Oklahoma  has  no  law  relative  to  bovine  tuberculosis. 

OREGON. 

No  special  law  relating  to  bovine  tuberculosis  is  on  the  statutes  of 
Oregon,  but  the  disease  may  be  dealt  with  under  the  law  concerning 
“contagious  or  infectious  diseases  of  a malignant  character.”  The 
tuberculin  test  may  be  applied  in  accordance  with  Section  6 of  the  act 
below.  This  law  provides  that  the  Governor,  Secretary  of  State,  and 
President  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  are  constituted  a board 
entitled  the  “Oregon  Domestic  Animal  Commission.”  The  duty  of 
this  commission  is  “to  protect  the  health  of  the  domestic  animals  of 
the  State  from  all  contagious  or  infectious  diseases  of  a malignant 
character,”  and  it  is  empowered  to  establish,  maintain,  and  enforce 
such  quarantine,  sanitary,  and  other  regulations  as  it  may  deem 
necessary. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  State  Veterinarian  (who  is  appointed  by  the 
commission),  upon  the  receipt  of  information  that  a contagious  or 
infectious  disease  exists  in  any  part  of  the  State,  to  examine  the  ani- 
mals reported  to  be  diseased.  If  he  finds  the  animals  to  be  diseased, 
he  may  take  prompt  measures  to  prevent  the  spread  of  the  disease, 
notifying  the  commission  of  his  actions.  The  commission  directs 
further  action  and  prescribes  such  rules  and  regulations  as  in  their 
judgment  may  be  necessary  to  suppress  the  disease. 

When  the  commission  shall  determine  that  there  is  danger  that  the 
live  stock  of  the  State  may  become  affected  with  a contagious  or  infec- 
tious disease  from  the  live  stock  of  other  States  or  Territories,  they 
shall  acquaint  the  Governor  with  the  facts,  and  he  shall  issue  a procla- 
mation indicating  the  boundar}^  of  such  quarantine  and  giving  the 
orders,  rules,  and  regulations  prescribed  by  the  commission. 

If  the  commission  decides  that  a diseased  animal  shall  be  killed,  it 
appraises  the  value  of  the  animal,  taking  into  consideration  its  dis- 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


117 


eased  condition.  A certificate  showing  the  number  and  kind  of  ani- 
mals killed  and  the  appraised  value  is  filed  with  the  Secretary  of  State, 
who  issues  a warrant  upon  the  Treasurer  for  the  amount.  The  right 
to  indemnity  does  not  extend  to  animals  brought  into  the  State  in  a 
diseased  condition  or  from  a State  or  Territory  in  which  the  diseases 
with  which  the  animal  was  affected  exists,  nor  to  animals  brought  into 
the  State  in  violation  of  the  law  or  of  the  rules  and  regulations. 

Animals  so  diseased  shall  not  run  at  large,  and  the  owner  of  such 
animals  or  his  agent  shall  not  sell,  ship,  drive,  trade,  or  give  them 
away,  under  penalty  of  a heavy  fine.  Such  animals  are  not  to  be 
imported  into  the  State. 

The  Governor  may  issue  a proclamation  prohibiting  the  importation 
of  animals  from  States  or  Territories  where  contagious  or  infectious 
diseases  exist  unless  accompanied  by  a certificate  of  health. 

The  commission  is  authorized  to  cooperate  with  the  Bureau  of 
Animal  Industry  in  any  efforts  toward  the  suppression  or  extirpation 
of  infectious  or  contagious  diseases. 

The  general  penalty  for  violation  of  any  of  the  provisions  of  this 
act  or  of  any  of  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  commission  is  a sum 
not  less  than  $10  nor  more  than  $250. 

LAW. 

AN  ACT  to  prevent  the  spread  of  contagious  animal  diseases.  (Approved  February  25, 1889.) 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Legislative  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Oregon , 
That  the  Governor,  Secretary  of  State,  and  the  President  of  the  State  Board  of 
Agriculture  are  hereby  created  a board,  under  the  name  and  style  of  the  Oregon 
domestic  animal  commission.”  Said  commission  shall  appoint  a competent  and 
skilled  veterinary  surgeon  for  the  State,  who  shall  hold  the  office  for  two  years  or 
until  his  successor  is  appointed. 

Sec.  2.  Said  veterinary  surgeon,  before  he  enters  upon  the  duties  of  his  office, 
shall  take  and  subscribe  to  the  constitutional  oath  of  office  and  file  the  same  with 
the  Secretary  of  State. 

Sec.  3.  [As  amended  February  21,  1891.]  The  salary  of  the  State  Veterinarian 
shall  be  fixed  by  the  commission  and  shall  not  exceed  $1,500  a year  and  his  neces- 
sary traveling  expenses,  and  the  salaries  of  the  commissioners  shall  be  $250  each 
per  annum. 

Sec.  4.  [As  amended  February  21,  1891.]  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  commission 
to  protect  the  health  of  the  domestic  animals  of  the  State  from  all  contagious  or 
infectious  diseases  of  a malignant  character,  and  for  this  purpose  it  is  hereby 
authorized  and  empowered  to  employ  local  inspectors  in  localities  where  the  com- 
mission deem  it  essential  for  the  protection  of  domestic  animals  from  contagious 
diseases,  and  to  establish,  maintain,  and  enforce  such  quarantine,  sanitary,  and 
other  regulations  as  it  may  deem  necessary. 

Sec.  5.  [As  amended  February  21,  1891.]  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  stock 
inspector  of  each  county,  and  of  each  local  inspector,  who  discovers,  suspects, 
or  has  reason  to  believe  that  any  domestic  animal  or  animals  in  his  county  or 
locality  is  affected  with  any  dangerous  contagious  disease  to  immediately  report 
such  fact  to  the  State  Veterinarian. 

Sec.  6.  [As  amended  February  23,  1895.]  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  State  Vet- 
erinarian, upon  receipt  of  such  information  from  a stock  inspector  of  any  county 


118 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


that  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease  does  exist,  to  immediately  examine,  or 
deputize  a competent  person  to  examine,  all  animals  reported  to  be  diseased;  and 
if  he  finds  that  such  animals  are  infected  with  a contagious  or  infectious  disease, 
he  shall  promptly  take  such  measures  as  he  may  deem  expedient  and  necessary  to 
prevent  the  spread  of  the  disease;  he  shall  also  immediately  notify  the  commission 
of  his  actions,  which  shall  be  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  commission , who  shall 
subsequently  instruct  him  how  to  proceed  and  prescribe  such  rules  and  regula- 
tions as  in  their  judgment  the  exigencies  of  the  case  may  require  for  the  effec- 
tual suppression  and  eradication  of  the  disease;  and  for  that  purpose  the  State 
Veterinarian  may  list  and  describe  the  domestic  animals  affected  with  such  dis- 
ease and  those  which  have  been  exposed  thereto  and  included  within  the  infected 
district  or  premises  so  defined  and  quarantined  with  such  reasonable  certainty 
as  would  lead  to  their  identification;  and  no  domestic  animal  liable  to  become 
infected  with  the  disease  or  capable  of  communicating  the  same  shall  be  per- 
mitted to  enter  or  leave  the  district,  premises,  or  grounds  quarantined  except  by 
the  authority  of  the  commission.  When,  in  the  opinion  of  the  commission,  it 
shall  be  necessary  to  prevent  the  spread  of  contagious  or  infectious  diseases  among 
the  live  stock  of  the  State  to  destroy  animals  affected  with  or  which  have  been 
exposed  to  any  such  disease,  it  shall  be  determined  what  animals  shall  be  killed 
and  appraise  the  same  as  hereinafter  provided  and  cause  the  same  to  be  killed 
and  the  carcasses  disposed  of  as  in  their  judgment  will  best  protect  the  health  of 
domestic  animals  of  the  localities.  When,  in  the  opinion  of  the  commission,  any 
of  the  live  stock  of  the  State  are  infected  with  tuberculosis,  the  commission  shall 
have  the  power  to  instruct  and  authorize  the  State  Veterinarian  to  apply  to  such 
animals  as  are  suspected  as  having  tuberculosis  the  “ tuberculin  test. 

Sec.  7.  When,  in  the  opinion  of  the  commission,  it  becomes  necessary  to  restrict 
or  regulate  the  traffic  of  domestic  animals  coming  from  other  States,  Territories, 
and  counties  [countries]  to  this  State,  they  shall  establish  quarantine  stations  and 
prescribe  such  other  rules  and  regulations  as  they  may  deem  essential;  also,  may 
compel  railroad  companies  that  are  operating  railroads  within  the  State  to  disin- 
fect cars,  yards,  or  premises  and  keep  all  stock  cars  in  a cleanly  and  healthy  con- 
dition that  are  under  their  control  where  animals  affected  with  contagious  or 
infectious  diseases  have  been,  and  by  the  consent  of  the  Governor  can  prohibit 
said  companies  or  individual  owners  of  railroads,  steamboats,  ships,  and  all  other 
conveyances  from  bringing  domestic  animals  into  the  State  contrary  to  the  regu- 
lations of  the  commission. 

Sec.  8.  When  the  commission  shall  have  determined  the  quarantine  and  other 
regulations  necessary  to  prevent  the  spread  among  domestic  animals  of  any  malig- 
nant. contagious,  or  infectious  disease  found  to  exist  among  the  live  stock  of  this 
State,  or  liable  to  be  brought  from  other  States,  Territories,  or  countries,  and 
given  their  orders,  as  hereinbefore  provided,  prescribing  quarantine  and  other 
regulations,  the  Governor  shall  issue  his  proclamation,  proclaiming  the  boundary 
of  such  quarantine  and  the  orders,  rules,  and  regulations  prescribed  by  the  com- 
mission, which  proclamation  may  be  published  by  written  or  printed  handbills 
posted  within  the  boundaries  or  on  the  lines  of  the  district,  premises,  places,  or 
grounds  quarantined:  Provided,  That  if  the  commission  decide  that  it  is  not  neces- 
sary, by  reason  of  the  limited  extend  [extent]  of  the  district  in  which  such  disease 
exists,  that  a proclamation  should  be  issued,  then  none  shall  be  issued;  but  such 
commission  shall  give  notice  as  may  to  it  seem  best  to  make  the  quarantine  estab- 
lished by  it  effective. 

Sec.  9.  Whenever  the  commission  shall  direct  the  killing  of  any  domestic  ani- 
mal or  animals,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  commission  to  appraise  the  animal  or 
animals  condemned,  and  in  fixing  the  value  thereof  the  commission  shall  be  gov- 
erned by  the  value  of  said  animal  or  animals  at  the  date  of  appraisement,  taking 
into  consideration  its  diseased  condition. 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


119 


Sec.  10.  Whenever  any  live  stock  have  been  appraised  and  killed  by  order  of 
the  commission,  it  shall  issue  to  the  owner  of  the  stock  so  killed  a certificate  show- 
ing the  number  and  kind  of  animals  killed  and  the  amount  to  which  the  owner  is 
entitled,  and  the  Secretary  of  State  shall  draw  his  warrant  on  the  State  Treasurer 
for  the  amount  therein  stated,  payable  out  of  any  money  in  the  Treasury  not 
otherwise  appropriated. 

Sec.  11.  When  any  animal  or  animals  are  killed  under  the  provisions  of  this  act 
by  order  of  the  commission,  the  owner  thereof  shall  be  paid  therefor  the  appraised 
value  as  fixed  by  the  appraisement  hereinbefore  provided  for:  Provided , The  right 
of  indemnity  on  account  of  animals  killed  by  order  of  the  commission,  under  the 
provisions  of  this  act,  shall  not  extend  to  the  owners  of  animals  which  have  been 
brought  into  the  State  in  a disease  [diseased]  condition,  or  from  a State,  country, 
Territory,  or  district  in  which  the  disease  with  which  the  animal  is  affected  or  to 
which  it  has  been  exposed  exists,  nor  shall  any  animal  be  paid  for  by  the  State 
which  may  be  brought  into  the  State  in  violation  of  any  law  or  quarantine  regu- 
lations thereof,  or  the  owner  of  which  shall  have  violated  any  of  the  provisions  of 
this  act,  or  disregarded  any  rule,  regulation,  or  order  of  this  commission.  Nor 
shall  any  animal  be  paid  for  by  the  State  which  came  into  the  possession  of  the 
owner  with  claimant’s  knowledge  that  such  animal  was  diseased  or  was  suspected 
of  being  diseased,  or  of  having  been  exposed  to  any  contagious  or  infectious 
disease. 

Sec.  12.  Any  person  who  shall  have  in  his  possession  any  domestic  animal 
affected  with  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease,  knowing  such  animal  to  be  so 
affected,  or  after  having  received  notice  that  such  animal  is  so  affected  who  shall 
permit  such  animal  to  run  at  large,  or  who  shall  keep  such  animal  where  other 
domestic  animals  not  affected  by  or  previously  exposed  to  such  disease  may  be 
exposed  to  such  contagion  or  infection,  or  who  shall  sell,  ship,  drive,  trade,  or  give 
away  such  diseased  animal  or  animals  which  have  been  exposed  to  such  contagion 
or  infection,  or  who  shall  move  or  drive  any  domestic  animal  in  violation  of  any 
direction,  rule,  or  regulation,  or  order  establishing  and  regulating  quarantine, 
shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be 
fined  in  any  sum  not  less  than  $10  nor  more  [than]  $250  for  each  of  such  diseased  or 
exposed  domestic  animals  which  he  or  they  shall  permit  to  run  at  large  or  keep, 
sell,  ship,  drive,  trade,  or  give  away  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of  this  act: 
Provided,  That  any  owner  of  any  domestic  animal  which  has  been  affected  with 
or  exposed  to  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease  may  dispose  of  the  same  after 
having  obtained  from  the  State  Veterinarian  a certificate  of  health  for  such  ani- 
mal: Provided,  also,  That  horses  running  on  the  range  within  this  State  infected 
with  distemper,  lung  or  mountain  fever  shall  be  exempt  from  the  operation  of 
this  act. 

Sec.  13.  Any  person  who  shall  knowingly  bring  into  the  State  any  domestic 
animal  which  is  affected  with  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease,  or  any  animal 
which  has  been  exposed  to  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease,  shall  be  deemed 
guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be  fined  not  less  than 
$10  nor  more  than  $250. 

Sec.  14.  Any  person  who  owns  or  is  in  possession  of  live  stock  which  is  affected, 
or  which  is  suspected  or  reported  to  be  affected,  with  any  contagious  or  infectious 
disease,  who  shall  wilfully  prevent  or  refuse  to  allow  the  State  Veterinarian  or 
Commissioners  or  other  authorized  officer  or  officers  to  examine  such  stock,  or 
shall  hinder  or  obstruct  the  State  Veterinarian  or  other  authorized  officer  or  offi- 
cers in  any  examination  of  or  in  any  attempt  to  examine  such  stock,  shall  be 
deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be  fined  in  any 
sum  not  less  than  $10  nor  more  than  $250. 

Sec.  15.  Any  person  or  persons  who  shall  wilfully  violate  or  evade,  or  attempt 
to  violate,  disregard,  or  evade  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  or  who  shall  wil- 


120 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


fully  violate,  disregard,  or  evade  any  of  the  rules,  regulations,  orders,  or  directions 
of  the  Commission  establishing  and  governing  quarantine,  shall  be  deemed  guilty 
of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be  fined  in  any  sum  not  less 
than  $10  nor  more  than  $250. 

Sec.  16.  The  commission  provided  for  in  this  act  shall  have  power  to  employ, 
at  the  expense  of  the  State,  such  persons  and  purchase  such  supplies  and  material 
as  may  be  necessary  to  carry  into  full  effect  all  orders  by  it  given  and  to  pay  a 
reasonable  compensation  therefor. 

Sec.  17.  [As  amended  February  21, 1891.]  The  commission  shall  have  power  to 
call  upon  any  sheriff,  undersheriff,  deputy  sheriff,  constable,  or  stock  inspector  of 
any  county  to  execute  their  orders,  and  such  officers  shall  obey  the  orders  of  said 
commission,  and  the  officers  performing  such  duties  shall  receive  compensation 
therefor  as  is  prescribed  by  law  for  like  services,  and  shall  be  paid  therefor  in  like 
manner,  and  any  officer  may  arrest  and  take  before  any  justice  of  the  peace  of  the 
county  any  person  found  violating  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and  such  offi- 
cer shall  immediately  notify  the  prosecuting  attorney  of  such  arrest,  and  he  shall 
prosecute  the  person  so  offending  according  to  law. 

Sec.  18.  Whenever  the  Governor  of  the  State  shall  have  good  reason  to  believe 
that  any  dangerous,  contagious,  or  infectious  disease  has  become  epizootic  in  cer- 
tain localities  in  other  States,  Territories,  or  countries,  or  that  there  are  condi- 
tions which  render  such  domestic  animals  from  such  infected  districts  liable  to 
convey  such  disease,  he  shall  by  proclamation  prohibit  the  importation  of  any 
live  stock  of  the  kind  disease  [diseased]  into  the  State,  unless  accompanied  by  a 
certificate  of  health,  given  by  a duly  authorized  veterinary  surgeon;  and  all  such 
animals  arriving  in  this  State  shall  be  examined  immediately  upon  their  arrival 
by  the  State  Veterinarian,  and  if  in  his  opinion  there  is  any  danger  of  contagion 
or  infection  they  shall  be  placed  in  close  quarantine  until  such  danger  of  con- 
tagion and  infection  is  passed,  when  they  shall  be  released  by  order  of  the  Com- 
missioners: Provided , That  sheep  shall  be  exempt  from  the  operation  from  [of] 
this  act. 

Sec.  19.  For  the  purpose  of  this  act,  each  member  of  the  commission  is  hereby 
authorized  and  empowered  to  administer  oaths  and  affirmations. 

Sec.  20.  This  commission  is  hereby  authorized  and  required  to  cooperate  with 
any'board  or  commission  acting  under  any  present  or  future  act  of  Congress  for 
the  suppression  and  prevention  of  contagious  or  infectious  diseases  among  domestic 
animals,  and  the  same  right  of  entry,  inspection,  and  condemnation  of  diseased 
animals  upon  private  premises  is  granted  to  the  United  States  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners as  is  granted  to  the  commission  under  this  act. 

Sec.  21.  The  commission  shall  make  biennially  a detailed  report  of  its  doings  to 
the  Legislature  at  its  regular  business  session. 

Sec.  22.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately  upon  its  passage  by  the  Senate 
and  House  and  has  been  approved  by  the  Governor. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

The  laws  and  rules  and  regulations  of  Pennsylvania  relative  to 
bovine  tuberculosis  are  best  presented  in  the  language  of  Dr. Leonard 
Pearson,  State  Veterinarian,  and  Mr.  M.  P.  Ravenel,  in  their  report 
to  the  State  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  published  in  part  II  of 
the  Report  of  that  Department  for  1899.  Pages  464  to  490,  inclusive, 
of  that  report  are  copied  below: 

The  need  of  controlling  this  disease  [tuberculosis]  has  been  evident  for  a long 
time,  and  in  view  of  this  need  the  law  authorizing  the  Secretary  of  the  State 
Board  of  Agriculture  to  take  steps  to  eradicate  contagious  pleuropneumonia  of 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


121 


cattle  was  so  drawn  as  to  confer  authority  upon  the  same  officer  to  deal , within 
certain  limits,  with  other  diseases,  including  tuberculosis.  This  law  was  passed 
in  the  year  1889,  and  was  in  force  until  the  law  that  follows  was  enacted  by  the 
Legislature  of  1895  and  approved  by  the  Governor  on  May  21  of  that  year: 

AN  ACT  To  establish  the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  of  Pennsylvania,  and  to  provide  for 

the  control  and  suppression  of  dangerous,  contagious,  or  infectious  diseases  of  domestic  ani- 
mals. (Approved  May  31,  1895.) 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted , etc.,  That  a board  is  hereby  established  to  be  known 
as  -‘The  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board.-’  This  board  shall  consist  of  the  Gov- 
ernor of  the  Commonwealth,  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  the  State  Dairy  and 
Food  Commissioner,  and  the  State  Veterinarian,  who  shall  be  a competent  and 
qualified  person,  as  provided  in  the  act  entitled  “An  act  to  create  a Department 
of  Agriculture  and  define  its  duties.” 

Section  2.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  to 
protect  the  health  of  the  domestic  animals  of  the  State,  to  determine  and  employ 
the  most  efficient  and  practical  means  for  the  prevention,  suppression,  control,  or 
eradication  of  dangerous,  contagious,  or  infectious  diseases  among  the  domestic 
animals,  and  for  th  se  purposes  it  is  hereby  authorized  and  empowered  to  estab- 
lish, maintain,  enforce,  and  regulate  such  quarantine  and  other  measures  relating 
to  the  movements  and  care  of  animals  and  their  products,  the  disinfection  of  sus- 
pected localities  and  articles,  and  the  destruction  of  animals,  as  it  may  deem 
necessary,  and  to  adopt  from  time  to  time  all  such  regulations  as  may  be  neces- 
sary and  proper  for  carrying  out  the  purposes  of  this  act:  Provided,  however,  In 
the  case  of  any  slowly  contagious  diseases,  only  suspected  or  diseased  animals 
shall  be  quarantined. 

Section  3.  That  when  it  shall  be  deemed  necessary  to  condemn  and  kill  any 
ahimal  or  animals  to  prevent  the  further  spread  of  disease,  and  an  agreement  can 
not  be  made  with  the  owners  for  the  value  thereof,  three  appraisers  shall  be 
appointed,  one  by  the  owner,  one  by  the  commission  or  its  authorized  agent,  and 
the  third  by  the  two  so  appointed,  who  shall,  under  oath  or  affirmation,  appraise 
the  animal  or  animals,  taking  into  consideration  their  actual  value  and  condition 
at  the  time  of  appraisement,  and  such  appraised  price  shall  be  paid  in  the  same 
manner  as  other  expenses  under  this  act  are  provided  for:  Provided,  That  under 
such  appraisement  not  more  than  $25  shall  be  paid  for  any  infected  animal 
of  grade  or  common  stock,  and  not  more  than  $50  for  any  infected  animal  of 
registered  stock,  nor  more  than  $40  for  any  horse  or  mule  of  common  or  grade 
stock,  and  not  to  exceed  50  per  cent  of  the  appraised  value  of  any  standard- bred, 
registered  or  imported  horses. 

Section  4.  That  the  board  or  any  member  thereof,  or  any  of  their  duly  author- 
ized agents,  shall  at  all  times  have  the  right  to  enter  any  premises,  farms,  fields, 
pens,  abattoirs,  slaughterhouses,  buildings,  cars,  or  vessels  where  any  domestic 
animal  is  at  the  time  quartered,  or  wherever  the  carcass  of  one  may  be,  for  the 
purpose  of  examining  it  in  any  way  that  may  be  deemed  necessary  to  determine 
whether  they  are  or  were  the  subjects  of  any  contagious  or  infectious  diseases. 

Section  5.  That  any  person  or  persons  wilfully  violating  any  of  the  provisions 
of  this  act  or  any  regulation  of  the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board,  or  wilfully 
interfering  with  officers  appo  nted  under  this  act,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  mis- 
demeanor, and  shall,  upon  conviction,  be  punished  by  a fine  of  not  exceeding  $100 
or  by  imprisonment  not  exceeding  one  month,  or  both,  at  the  discretion  of  the 
court. 

Section  6.  That  the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  is  hereby  empowered  to 
appoint  and  employ  such  assistants  and  agents  and  to  purchase  such  supplies  and 
materials  as  may  be  necessary  in  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and  the 
board  and  the  members  thereof  are  hereby  empowered  to  administer  oaths  or 
affirmations  to  the  appraisers  appointed  under  this  act,  that  they  may  order  and 
conduct  such  examination  into  the  condition  of  the  livestock  of  the  State  in  rela- 
tion to  contagious  diseases,  including  the  milk  supplies  of  cities,  towns,  boroughs, 
and  villages,  as  may  seem  necessary,  and  to  take  proper  measures  to  protect  such 
milk  supplies  from  contamination. 

Section  7.  That  all  necessary  expenses  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall, 
after  approval  in  writing  by  the  Governor  and  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  be 
paid  by  the  State  Treasurer  upon  the  warrant  of  the  Auditor-General  in  the  man- 
ner now  provided  by  law. 

Section  8.  That  this  act  shall  take  effect  June  1,  1895,  and  all  acts  or  parts  of 
acts  inconsistent  herewith  are  hereby  repealed. 

It  will  be  seen  that  under  this  law  the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  is  estab- 
lished and  is  required  and  authorized  to  take  such  measures  as  may  be  necessary 


122 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


to  suppress  or  eradicate  dangerous,  contagious,  or  infectious  diseases.  It  is  well 
that  the  precise  methods  to  he  followed  in  dealing  with  tuberculosis  are  not  inflex- 
ibly established  by  enactment  of  the  Legiskture,  because  as  knowledge  of  this  sub- 
ject is  acquired  and  as  experience  accumulates  methods  must  change.  Hence  if 
the  State  is  to  have  the  advantage  at  all  times  of  the  best  methods,  it  is  necessary 
that  the  executive  body  should  be  able  to  change  its  plans  and  rules  as  improved 
methods  are  developed. 

The  membership  of  the  Pennsylvania  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  was  not 
completed  until  January,  1896.  Hence  its  work  dates  only  from  that  time  and 
the  time  the  law  was  approved  by  the  Governor. 

When  it  became  necessary  to  formulate  a plan  for  dealing  with  tuberculosis 
of  cattle,  considerable  difficulty  was  encountered  and  many  somewhat  conflicting 
conditions  and  circumstances  had  to  be  taken  into  consideration.  While  a larger 
number  of  herd  owners  had  at  that  time  succeeded  in  eradicating  tuberculosis 
from  their  heards  by  the  voluntary  enforcement  of  well-advised  measures,  the 
public  work  that  had  been  carried  out  in  relation  to  tuberculosis  was  by  no  means 
promising  or  satisfactory.  In  some  States  the  matter  had  been  taken  hold  of  in 
such  an  abrupt  and  radical  way  that  the  property  rights  of  herd  owners  had  been 
interfered  with,  and  much  opposition  had  arisen  to  all  measures  directed  against 
tuberculosis.  In  other  States  the  authorities  seemed  to  be  feeling  their  way;  they 
would  isolate  or  kill  a few  tubercular  cattle  here  and  there  apparently  without 
definite  plan  or  object.  Such  work  had  some  educational  value,  because  attention 
having  once  been  drawn  to  tuberculosis  and  interest  aroused  in  the  subject,  it 
was  easier  to  take  more  effective  measures  later  on. 

It  was  in  the  beginning  realized  by  the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  that 
tuberculosis  was  exceedingly  prevalent  in  some  parts  of  the  State;  that  in  some 
counties  in  which  the  dairy  industry  had  reached  its  highest  development  a con- 
siderable proportion  of  the  herds  were  infected.  It  was  realized,  also,  that  infor- 
mation in  regard  to  tuberculosis  had  not  been  available  to  herd  owners  for  more 
than  a short  time,  and  that  many  of  the  statements  in  regard  to  the  disease  that 
had  been  made  were  from  a prejudiced  standpoint  and  were  misleading.  More- 
over, it  was  believed  that  there  was  no  justification  for  the  expenditure  of  State 
funds  in  the  work  of  suppressing  tuberculosis,  excepting  under  some  method  that 
promised  to  give  results  that  would  be  reasonably  permanent. 

An  arrangement  that  was  desired  by  a number  of  herd  owners  was  that  the  Live 
Stock  Sanitary  Board  should  authorize  payment  for  cattle  in  the  advance  stages 
of  tuberculosis,  and  pay  no  attention  to  the  other  members  of  the  herd  or  the  sani- 
tary conditions  under  which  they  were  kept.  A large  number  of  letters  was 
received  in  which  such  assistance  was  asked.  If  these  requests  had  been  acceded  to, 
a number  of  animals  badly  afflicted  with  tuberculosis  would  have  been  destroyed 
and  their  owners  would  have  received  indemnity  for  their  losses.  Nothing  would 
have  been  done,  however,  in  the  way  of  checking  the  progress  of  disease  in  the 
herd.  The  other  members  of  the  herd  that  had  been  exposed  to  advanced  cases  of 
tuberculosis,  and  some  of  which  were  probably  infected,  and  the  bad  sanitary  con- 
ditions, would  not  have  received  attention.  In  the  course  of  a few  weeks  or 
months  another  request  would  have  been  received  from  the  same  herd  owner,  ask- 
ing that  another  cow  should  be  taken  over  by  the  State  and  paid  for.  A little 
later  another  similar  request  would  be  received  from  the  same  source,  and  so  on 
indefinitely.  To  have  adopted  this  plan  would  have  meant  the  transformation  of 
a work  that  was  intended  to  have  permanent  sanitary  value  into  a free  live-stock 
insurance  operation.  The  individual  herd  owners  would  be  helped,  because  the 
loss  occasioned  by  tuberculosis  would  have  been  taken,  in  part,  at  least,  from 
their  shoulders  and  placed  upon  the  public  treasury.  The  public,  however,  would 
derive  little  or  no  benefit  from  such  a plan. 

Another  plan  that  suggested  itself  was  to  endeavor  to  examine  all  of  the  cattle 
in  the  State  in  the  attempt  to  discover  and  remove  all  tubercular  animals.  This 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


123 


plan,  however,  was  not  considered  seriously  for  several  reasons,  and  particularly 
on  account  of  the  enormous  expense  that  would  have  been  necessary  if  it  had 
been  put  into  operation.  When  it  is  remembered  that  this  method  was  tried  in 
Massachusetts,  a State  having  about  one-fifth  the  area  and  about  one- fifth  as  many 
cattle  as  Pennsylvania,  and  that  expenditures  under  it  amounted  from  $200,000 
to  $250,000  per  year,  and  that  even  with  this  enormous  expenditure  only  a small 
part  of  that  State  was  covered  in  this  systematic  way,  the  difficulties  will  at  once 
be  apparent. 

Since  it  was  not  possible  to  systematically  examine  all  of  the  cattle  in  the  State, 
why  not  examine  all  of  the  cattle  in  the  districts  in  which  tuberculosis  is  known 
to  prevail  most  extensively?  If  this  were  done  it  was  thought  that  the  effect 
would  be  to  cause  dissatisfaction,  first,  among  the  owners  of  healthy  herds  in  such 
districts  who  did  not  need  or  care  to  have  their  cattle  examined,  and,  second, 
among  the  owners  of  tubercular  herds  in  other  districts  who  could  not  have  their 
cattle  examined  because  the  resources  of  the  board  were  being  consumed  in  the 
examination  of  the  herds  in  certain  restricted  localities. 

A number  of  farmers  in  different  parts  of  Pennsylvania  had  taken  up  the  mat- 
ter of  tuberculosis  and  had  themselves  done  what  they  could  to  eradicate  it  from 
their  herds  before  the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  was  established,  and  it  was 
apparent  that  there  were  many  herd  owners  who  desired  to  place  their  herds  on 
a healthy  basis  if  they  were  given  some  encouragement  or  assistance  from  the 
State.  Experience  everywhere  had  shown  that  it  was  very  difficult  for  a State  to 
check  the  progress  of  this  disease  and  to  obtain  permanent  results  without  the 
earnest  cooperation  of  the  herd  owners.  So  many  false  and  misleading  statements 
in  regard  to  tuberculosis  had  been  published  that  there  was  in  some  quarters  a 
widespread  apprehension  in  regard  to  the  true  nature  and  import  of  this  disease. 
It  seemed  evident  that  with  a knowledge  of  the  facts  on  this  question  many  more 
farmers  desire  to  eradicate  this  scourge  from  their  herds. 

The  importance  of  at  once  disposing  of  advanced  and  udder  cases  was  not  lost 
sight  of,  but  it  was  deemed  important  that  this  should  be  done  in  some  way 
that  should  not  discourage  the  complete  eradication  of  tuberculosis  in  the  herds 
of  which  such  animals  were  members.  In  formulating  a plan  of  operation, 
an  attempt  was  made  to  develop  one  with  which  the  cattle  owners  would  be  in 
thorough  accord. 

With  the  above  facts  and  the  knowledge  of  the  above  conditions  in  mind,  the 
plan  of  operation  that  was  adopted  by  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  in  1896  and 
that  has  since  been  developed  on  that  foundation  consists  in  the  following:  Cir- 
culars are  distributed  in  regard  to  tuberculosis,  the  nature,  character,  and  impor- 
tance of  the  disease;  its  method  of  propagation;  its  results  and  the  methods  that 
may  be  adopted  to  combat  it.  A good  deal  of  the  information  contained  in  these 
circulars  has  been  made  use  of  by  various  agricultural  papers  and  has  thus  been 
given  increased  publicity.  At  this  time  there  is  a pretty  general  realization  in  all 
parts  of  Pennsylvania  of  the  leading  facts  in  this  matter. 

Herd  owners  who  have  wished  to  suppress  tuberculosis  in  their  herds  have  been 
assisted  by  the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  under  a definite  plan  of  coopera- 
tion. According  to  this  plan  the  herd  owner  is  required  to  fill  out  and  sign  an 
application  form  and  agreement  as  below: 


Form  A. 


Request  for  inspection  and  tuberculin  test  of  herd  at  the  expense  of  the  State  Live 

Stock  Sanitary  Board. 


, 190—. 

To  the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board,  Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania. 

Gentlemen:  I have  reasons  to  believe  that  some  of  my  cattle  are  afflicted  with 
tuberculosis,  and  I wish  to  have  my  entire  herd  inspected  and  tested  with  tuber- 
culin, if  such  test  is  deemed  necessary  by  your  representative,  and  the  diseased 


124 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


animals  disposed  of  according  to  rules  and  regulations  of  the  State  Live  Stock 
Sanitary  Board, 

I understand  that  this  inspection  and  test  are  to  be  made  at  the  expense  of  the 
Commonwealth,  and,  in  consideration  thereof,  I agree  to  thereafter  observe  the 
precautions  and  measures  and  to  employ  the  means  recommended  by  your  board 
to  prevent  the  reintroduction  and  redevelopment  of  tuberculosis  in  my  herd. 

I certify  that,  to  the  best  of  my  knowledge  and  belief,  none  of  the  dairy  cows  or 
cattle  for  breeding  purposes  in  my  herd  have  been  brought  from  another  State 
into  Pennsylvania  since  January  1,  1898,  without  having  been  subjected  to  inspec- 
tion and  tuberculin  test,  as  required  by  law. 

Yours,  respectfully, 

* 

(Address)  , County , Pa. 

My  herd  includes  the  following  animals:  Cows, ; heifers  over  one  year  old, 

; bulls  over  one  year  old, ; steers, ; calves  under  one  year  old, ; 

total, . The  milk  from  this  herd  is  used  by for . 

The  cattle  are (state  breed  and  whether  registered). 

The  following  are  my  reasons  for  believing  that  some  of  my  cattle  are  afflicted 
with  tuberculosis: . 

The  herd  owner  is  at  the  same  time  informed  that  the  inspection  will  be  made 
only  in  accordance  with  the  following  conditions: 

Upon  application  from  owners  of  tubercular  cattle  the  State  Live  Stock  Sani- 
tary Board  will  furnish  tuberculin  and  inspections  free  on  condition  that  the 
cattle  owner  will  agree  to — 

1.  Assist  in  the  examination. 

2.  Separate  the  cattle  found  to  be  tubercular  from  those  that  are  healthy  and 
have  them  cared  for  separately  until  disposed  of,  as  directed  by  the  State  Live 
Stock  Sanitary  Board. 

3.  Disinfect  the  stables  and  correct  faulty  sanitary  conditions,  as  directed  by 
the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board. 

4.  Discontinue  the  use  of  milk  and  cream  from  infected  cows,  except  when  boiled 
or  heated  to  185°  F.  and  kept  at  this  temperature  for  five  minutes. 

Upon  application  from  owners  of  dairy  herds  not  known  to  be  infected  the 
State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  will  conduct  or  direct  inspections  of  cattle  and 
cattle  stables  and  yards,  and  will  furnish  certificates  showing  the  health  of  the 
animals  and  the  sanitary  condition  of  their  surroundings:  Provided,  That  the 
applicant  will  agree  to  bear  the  necessary  expense  of  such  inspections. 

Since  it  is  manifestly  impossible  for  the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  to 
investigate  all  rumors  or  unsubstantiated  reports  of  contagious  diseases  among 
domestic  animals,  the  State  Veterinarian  may , if  in  his  opinion  there  exists  a reason- 
able doubt  as  to  the  dangerous,  contagious,  or  infectious  character  of  a reported 
disease,  request  the  owner  or  person  in  charge  of  the  stock,  at  his  own  expense,  to 
have  an  examination  made  by  a competent  veterinarian,  and  furnish  a report  from 
such  veterinarian  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Board.  In  case  this  request  is  not  com- 
plied with  the  Board  may  decline  to  consider  the  case. 

After  the  inspection  thus  asked  for  has  been  made  by  an  inspector  selected  and 
paid  by  the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  the  cattle  that  show  physical  evidence 
of  tuberculosis  may  be  at  once  appraised  and  destroyed,  the  appraisement  being 
made,  as  required  by  law,  with  due  regard  to  the  actual  value  and  condition  of 
the  animal  at  time  of  appraisement.  The  limit  of  appraisement  for  unregistered 
cattle  is  $25  and  for  registered  cattle  $50.  Anything  that  may  be  obtained  from 
sale  of  the  hide  or  of  the  carcass  to  a fertilizer  manufacturer  the  owner  receives 
in  addition  to  the  appraisement.  The  members  of  the  herd  that  do  not  show  phys- 
ical signs  of  tuberculosis,  but  react  to  the  tuberculin  test,  may  be  disposed  of  in 
the  same  way  as  the  animals  that  show  physical  evidence  of  tuberculosis,  or,  if  the 
owner  prefers  to  keep  them  alive  under  prescribed  conditions,  he  is  permitted  to 
do  so.  If  the  reacting  animals  are  kept,  they  must  be  maintained  entirely  apart 
from  nonreacting  cattle.  They  must  be  stabled  and  pastured  separately.  The 
owner  is  not  permitted  to  sell  them,  nor  is  he  permitted  to  dispose  of  or  use  their 
milk  without  previous  sterilization  by  boiling  or  by  heating  to  185°  F.  for  ten 
minutes.  The  progeny  of  such  reacting  cows  must  be  removed  immediately  after 
birth  and  reared  on  the  milk  of  healthy  cows  or  on  heated  milk  from  reacting  cows. 
In  other  words,  if  the  owner  prefers  to  keep  his  reacting  animals  alive,  he  is  per- 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


125 


mitted  to  do  so  under  regulations  similar  to  those  that  Bang  formulated  and  that 
have  proven  so  satisfactory  and  safe  in  Denmark. 

It  should  interest  those  who  have  so  strongly  advocated  the  adoption  in  this 
country  of  the  Danish  method  of  suppression  of  tuberculosis  to  know  that  this 
method  in  its  entirety  has  been  offered  to  the  farmers  of  Pennsylvania  for  four 
years  and  that  very  few  have  cared  to  avail  themselves  of  it.  This  is  not  because 
they  do  not  wish  to  suppress  tuberculosis,  because  a great  many  farmers  have  had 
their  herds  examined  and  have  willingly  sacrificed  their  reacting  cows  and  have 
accepted  the  indemnity  offered  by  the  State,  which  is  considerably  less  than  real 
value  of  the  animals;  and  this  method  has  been  accepted  in  preference  to  the  Dan- 
ish method.  The  reason  for  this  selection  is  not  hard  to  find. 

When  a Pennsylvania  farmer  discovers  that  he  has  tuberculosis  in  his  herd  and 
resolves  to  get  rid  of  it  he  wishes  the  whole  thing  accomplished  and  off  his  mind 
as  soon  as  possible.  He  does  not  care  to  maintain  two  herds,  one  healthy  and  one 
reacting,  and  provide  separate  stable  accommodations  and  separate  pastures  for 
them.  He  does  not  care  to  do  this  because  the  proper  enforcement  of  this  method 
means  a considerable  amount  of  extra  work  and  because  there  is  no  market,  or  a 
very  restricted  market,  for  milk  that  has  been  heated.  If  butter  is  made  on  the 
farm  it  is  possible  to  adopt  this  system  with  a minimum  of  trouble  and  loss;  but 
if  the  milk  is  sent  to  a creamery,  the  creamery  will  not  care  to  heat  it  as  is  neces- 
sary and  more  than  likely  would  refuse  to  take  it.  Hence  the  herd  owner  almost 
invariably  concludes  that  it  is  best  to  accept  the  indemnity  offered  by  the  State 
and  eradicate  the  disease  at  once. 

Perhaps,  in  view  of  the  extent  to  which  tuberculosis  of  cattle  in  Pennsylvania 
prevails,  the  plan  that  has  been  chosen  by  the  farmers  of  this  State  is,  after  all, 
the  best  and  most  economical.  If,  however,  tuberculosis  were  from  ten  to  fifteen 
times  as  prevalent  as  it  is — that  is  to  say,  if  it  were  as  prevalent  in  Pennsylvania 
as  it  is  in  Denmark  and  in  parts  of  Germany — the  plan  that  is  followed  in  Pennsyl- 
vania would  not  be  feasible,  because  to  do  the  amount  of  work  that  is  now  being 
done  would  require  from  ten  to  fifteen  times  as  much  money  or,  with  funds  now 
available,  the  work  would  have  to  be  restricted  to  from  one-fifteenth  to  one-tenth 
of  its  present  proportions. 

So  many  applications  for  herd  tests  are  made  that  it  is  not  possible  to  respond 
to  all  of  them.  For  this  reason  each  herd  owner  is  required  to  submit  his  reasons 
for  believing  that  his  herd  is  infected  with  tuberculosis,  and  an  attempt  is  con- 
stantly made  to  confine  the  inspections  to  the  herds  that  are  most  likely  to  harbor 
diseased  animals.  Where  an  inspection  of  a herd  is  desired  merely  for  the  pur- 
pose of  obtaining  information  as  to  its  condition  and,  in  the  event  that  it  proves 
to  be  free  from  tuberculosis,  a certificate  of  health,  the  owner  is  required  to  pay 
for  the  examination.  Tuberculin  is  furnished  free  of  charge  by  the  State  Live 
Stock  Sanitary  Board  for  this  use.  When  such  a certificate  is  desired  the  follow- 
ing form  of  application  is  used: 

Form  B. 

Request  for  inspection  at  expense  of  owner. 

, 190—. 

To  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board , Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania. 

Gentlemen:  I wish  to  obtain  from  you  a certificate  showing  the  health  of  my 
herd  and  the  sanitary  condition  of  the  surroundings  in  accordance  with  your  rule 
providing  that  such  certificate  can  be  granted  in  cases  in  which  herds  are  exam- 
ined under  your  supervision  at  the  expense  of  the  owners  of  the  cattle.  I desire 
this  inspection  to  include  a test  with  tuberculin. 

My  herd  includes  the  following  animals:  Cows, ; heifers  over  one  year  old, 

; bulls  over  one  year  old, ; steers, ; calves  under  one  year  old, ; total 

. It  is  located  on  the  premises  of in , County,  Pa. 

The  milk  from  this  herd  is  used  by for . 


126 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


I hereby  agree  to  pay  to  the  representative  of  the  Board  who  makes  this  inspec- 
tion his  reasonable  and  just  charge  for  such  service. 

Yours,  respectfully, 

(Address) , County. 

The  form  of  certificate  now  in  use  is  as  follows: 

Certificate  of  inspection  and  tuberculin  test. 

This  is  to  certify,  that  the  herd  of  Mr. , of post-office, 

■ County,  Pa.,  consisting  of  the  following  animals: was  subjected  to  a 

physical  examination  and  to  the  tuberculin  test  on  the day  of , 190 — , 

by of , acting  for  the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board,  and  the  said 

animals  were  found  to  be  free  from  all  evidence  of  tuberculosis  or  other  trans- 
missible disease,  with exception: ; and  further,  that  the  stables  and 

yards  in  which  these  animals  are  kept  were  in  good  sanitary  condition. 

, State  Veterinarian. 

If  it  should  be  found  in  an  inspection  at  the  expense  of  the  owner  that  the  herd 
contains  cattle  afflicted  with  tuberculosis,  these  may  be  disposed  of  just  as  they 
are  when  the  inspection  is  made  at  the  expense  of  the  State,  if  the  owner  will  sign 
the  form  of  agreement  printed  below: 

Form  C. 

, , 190— . 

To  the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board , Harrisburg , Pennsylvania. 

Gentlemen:  I have  had  my  entire  herd  inspected  and  tested  with  tuberculin 
and  have  reasons  to  believe  that  some  of  my  cattle  are  affected  with  tuberculosis. 

I have  had  this  inspection  and  test  made  at  my  own  expense  and  now  wish  to 
dispose  of  the  diseased  animals  in  accordance  with  the  rules  and  regulations  of 
the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  and  to  avail  myself  of  the  assistance  afforded 
by  the  Commonwealth  in  such  cases.  If  such  assistance  is  furnished,  I agree  to 
thereafter  observe  the  precautions  and  measures  and  to  employ  the  means  recom- 
mended by  your  board  to  prevent  the  reintroduction  and  redevelopment  of  tuber- 
culosis in  my  herd. 

My  herd  includes  the  following  animals:  Cows  , heifers  over  one  year  old 

, bulls  over  one  year  old , steers  , calves  under  one  year  old  ; 

total . The  milk  from  this  herd  is  use  by for . 

The  cattle  are . (State  breed  and  whether  registered.) 

The  inspection  and  test  were  made  by of on , 190-. 

I certify  that,  to  the  best  of  my  knowledge  and  belief,  none  of  the  dairy  cows  or 
cattle  for  breeding  purposes  in  my  herd  have  been  brought  from  another  State 
into  Pennsylvania  since  January  1, 1898,  without  having  been  subjected  to  inspec- 
tion and  tuberculin  test  as  required  by  law. 

Yours,  respectfully,  , 

(Address)  , County,  Pa. 

All  of  these  inspections  that  have  been  referred  to  thus  far  are  voluntary  on  the 
part  of  the  owner  and  are  not  made  excepting  upon  his  application  and  evidence 
that  there  is  good  reason  to  believe  that  the  herd  is  actually  infected.  The  ques- 
tion now  arises  as  to  whether  this  method  is  sufficiently  far  reaching;  that  is, 
whether  it  insures  the  inspection  of  all  herds  that  should  be  inspected  and  the 
removal  of  alb  tubercular  animals  that  should  be  removed.  While  this  is  an 
important  question,  its  value  is  somewhat  lessened  by  the  fact  that  the  State  Live 
Stock  Sanitary  Board  is  doing  all  of  the  work  it  can  do  with  the  funds  at  its  dis- 
posal, so  if  more  herds  were  reported  for  inspection  this  would  mean  that  a cor- 
responding number  of  other  herds  reported  for  inspection  would  have  to  be  kept 
waiting.  As  a matter  of  fact,  the  method  that  is  now  in  operation  is  gradually 
but  surely  reaching  and  clearing  up  the  worst  infected  and  the  most  dangerous 
herds  in  the  State.  Usually  the  owners  of  such  herds  are  led  to  appeal  to  the  State 
by  two  motives:  First,  through  fear  that  tuberculosis  may  be  distributed  by  the 
products  of  their  herd,  and,  second,  through  a desire  to  escape  the  unceasing  losses 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


127 


caused  by  the  ravages  of  tuberculosis  among  their  cattle.  If  these  motives  are 
not  sufficient  to  cause  an  inspection  to  be  applied  for,  the  herd  owner  is,  if  his  herd 
is  badly  infected,  usually  impelled  to  seek  the  aid  of  the  State  Livestock  Sanitary 
Board  when  he  finds  that  his  animals  and  his  dairy  products  do  not  find  a ready 
market  and  that  his  neighbors  frown  upon  the  maintenance  of  a notoriously  tuber- 
cular herd  in  their  community. 

After  the  tubercular  animals  are  removed  from  the  herd,  it  is  in  all  cases 
required  that  the  premises  shall  be  well  disinfected  and  in  accordance  with  the 
following  rules  for  disinfection  given  in  Circular  No.  2: 

DIRECTIONS  FOR  DISINFECTING  STABLES. 

Disinfection  as  it  is  usually  practiced  is  misleading  and  worthless.  Disinfection 
is  carried  out  for  the  purpose  of  destroying  disease-producing  germs,  and  to  be 
effectual  all  of  these  germs  must  be  destroyed.  Disease  germs  are  minute  living 
bodies;  they  float  in  the  atmosphere,  are  carried  by  water,  food,  manure,  and, 
in  fact,  by  anything  that  has  been  in  the  vicinity  of  an  animal  suffering  with  a 
contagious  disease. 

The  germs  of  some  diseases  are  very  delicate  and,  after  leaving  the  body  of  an 
afflicted  animal,  die  within  a short  time,  and  in  these  cases  it  is  not  possible  for 
them  to  spread  very  far.  In  other  diseases,  however,  the  germs  are  exceedingly 
resistant  organisms;  they  can  endure  extreme  heat  and  extreme  cold;  they  can 
live  outside  of  the  body  for  days  or  week,  in  some  cases  for  months,  and  even 
years. 

Most  of  the  disease-producing  germs  do  not  multiply  outside  of  the  body,  but  a 
few  of  them  do,  and  these  can  be  propagated,  under  favorable  conditions,  almost 
indefinitely. 

Since  these  organisms  are  so  minute  and  can  be  carried  about  in  the  air  as  dust, 
they  may  lodge  in  the  smallest  and  most  remote  portions  of  the  stable  and  in 
places  most  difficult  of  access.  Hence,  it  is  very  evident  that  the  usual  so-called 
disinfection,  which  consists  in  scattering  a strong-smelling  substance  about,  can 
not  be  efficient.  When  the  disinfectant  ( an  agent  used  to  destroy  disease-producing 
germs)  is  scattered  carelessly  about  on  the  floor  of  a stable  it  may  not  cover  more 
than  but  one-hundredth  of  the  area  upon  which  the  germs  are  lodged;  so  that,  m 
this  case,  but  1 per  cent  of  the  stable  is  disinfected.  Disinfectants  can  not 
destroy  germs  that  they  do  not  come  in  contact  with;  and  if  but  part  of  the  germs 
are  destroyed  and  the  others  are  allowed  to  remain  the  results  of  the  whole  opera- 
tion will  be  disappointing. 

Rules  for  disinfection  follow: 

1.  Permit  the  entrance  of  a plentiful  amount  of  light.  Disease-producing  germs 
are  destroyed  by  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun  within  a short  time.  They  are  destroyed 
by  less  intense  light  more  slowly,  but  will  live  for  long  periods  in  dark  places.  So 
that  one  of  the  cheapest  and  best  disinfectants  is  sunlight.  There  are  numerous 
other  advantages  in  having  plenty  of  light  in  a cow  stable  that  is  not  necessary  to 
mention  here. 

2.  Cleanse  the  stable  thoroughly.  It  has  been  stated  already  that  disinfectants 
do  not  destroy  germs  that  they  do  not  come  in  contact  with,  and  in  order  to  per- 
mit the  disinfectants  used  subsequently  to  come  in  contact  with  all  the  surfaces 
that  may  harbor  disease-producing  germs  it  is  necessary  that  these  surfaces  should 
be  uncovered  by  the  removal  of  dirt  that  has  accumulated  over  them. 

The  cleansing  of  the  stable  includes  (a)  removal  of  manure;  ( b ) removal  of 
piles  of  fodder;  (c)  sweeping  the  ceiling,  walls,  and  floor;  ( d ) the  removal  of  rotten 
woodwork  and  loose  boards,  especially  of  the  floor;  ( e ) the  removal  of  dried  accu- 
mulations about  mangers,  floors,  and  drains;  (/)  scrubbing  the  mangers,  feed 
boxes,  stall,  and  partitions,  which  should  be  done  with  hot  water  and  strong  soap, 
lye,  or  washing  soda. 

3.  Apply  chemical  disinfectants.  After  the  stable  has  been  treated  as  above 
recommended,  it  is  ready  for  the  application  of  chemical  disinfectants.  These  are 
substances  that  poison  disease-producing  germs.  Some  of  them  are  far  more  effi- 
cient than  others.  One  of  the  most  active  is  bichloride  of  mercury  or  corrosive 
sublimate.  This  substance  is  poisonous  and  must  be  used  with  great  care.  Before 
it  is  applied  it  must  be  dissolved  in  water  in  the  proportion  of  one  part  to  one 
thousand.  One  ounce  of  corrosive  sublimate  dissolved  in  eight  gallons  of  water 
makes  a solution  of  the  right  strength.  In  making  the  solution  the  corrosive  sub- 
limate should  be  dissolved  in  one  gallon  of  hot  water  and  then  mixed  with  enough 
cold  water  to  make  eight  gallons.  This  liquid  can  be  applied  with  a brush, 
sprinkling  pot,  or  spray  pump,  and  must  be  carried  into  every  crevice  or  recess 
into  which  dust  can  enter. 


128 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Another  disinfectant  that  is  good,  but  less  efficient  than  the  abo\e,  is  chloride  of 
lime,  of  which  one  pound  should  be  dissolved  in  three  gallons  of  water  and  applied 
in  the  same  way.  Carbolic  acid  mixed  with  water  in  the  proportion  of  one  to 
twenty  parts,  or  pint  to  two  and  one-half  gallons  of  water  is  also  efficient,  and 
should  be  applied  in  the  same  manner  as  bichloride  of  mercury  solution. 

Sulphate  of  iron,  commonly  known  as  copperas,  makes  an  excellent  and  cheap 
disinfectant  for  floors,  gutters,  drains,  etc.  It  should  be  applied  as  a saturated 
solution.  As  much  sulphate  of  iron  should  be  dissolved  in  the  water  as  possible, 
and  this  solution  should  be  applied  very  freely  with  a sprinkling  can  to  the  places 
that  are  to  be  disinfected  with  it.  It  is  not  poisonous,  and  when  applied  in  large 
quantities  is  a good  disinfectant.  It  is  also  of  great  utility  in  disinfecting  man- 
gers, feed  boxes,  etc.,  on  account  of  its  nonpoisonous  properties. 

4.  Whitewash.  Although  whitewash  is  not  an  active  disinfectant,  in  the  usual 
meaning  of  this  term,  it  is  an  excellent  purifier,  and  should  in  all  cases  be  used  in 
stables  after  they  have  been  thoroughly  cleaned  and  disinfected  with  other  agents. 
If  chloride  of  lime  is  added  to  whitewash  in  the  proportion  of  one  pound  to  three 
gallons  of  water,  the  value  of  this  application  is  greatly  increased.  It  is  advis- 
able to  whitewash  cow  stables  frequently,  at  least  once  in  six  months,  and  better 
once  every  three  months.  Hot  whitewash  for  this  purpose  is  better  than  cold. 

5.  Allow  the  stable  to  remain  perfectly  empty,  if  possible,  for  several  weeks. 
Of  course,  this  can  not  be  done  in  all  cases,  but  where  it  is  possible  it  is  well  to 
allow  a greater  opportunity  for  the  death  of  disease-producing  germs  that  may 
have  escaped  the  disinfectant  applications. 

There  are  some  badly  constructed  stables  that  it -is  almost  impossible  to  dis- 
infect, because  cisterns,  wells,  cesspools,  foot-cellars,  spaces  in  the  walls,  floors, 
etc.,  can  not  be  reached  properly.  In  these  cases  it  is  sometimes  necessary  to 
vacate  the  premises  for  a long  period,  or,  if  they  have  but  little  value,  burn 
them  down.  Where  the  floor  of  the  stable  is  made  of  earth  it  is  well  to  dig  it 
out  to  a depth  of  about  six  inches  and  refill  the  excavation  with  fresh  earth. 

The  litter,  old  woodwork,  etc. , removed  from  infected  stables  should  be  burned. 

Leonard  Pearson,  State  Veterinarian. 

After  a herd  has  been  inspected,  it  is  reinspected  within  a year  if  it  is  found 
to  be  badly  infected  upon  the  first  inspection,  and,  if  necessary,  a third,  or  even 
fourth  inspection  will  be  made.  The  precautions  and  measures  that  the  owner 
agrees  to  observe,  after  the  inspection  has  been  made  at  the  expense  of  the  State, 
are  the  following: 


Circular  No.  3. 

Precautions  and  measures  to  be  observed  to  prevent  the  reintroduction  and  rede- 
velopment of  tuberculosis  in  inspected  herds . 

After  the  herd  has  been  inspected  and  tested  with  tuberculin  and  the  tuber- 
cular animals  disposed  of  in  accordance  with  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the 
State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board,  the  premises  occupied  by  the  diseased  animals 
must  be  very  thoroughly  disinfected  in  accordance  with  the  directions  in  Cir- 
cular No.  2 of  this  board.  It  is  assumed  that  cattle  passed  by  the  inspector — 
the  cattle  that  show  no  physical  signs  of  tuberculosis  and  do  not  respond  to 
the  tuberculin  test— are  free  from  tuberculosis,  and  if  they  are  protected  from 
all  sources  of  infection  they  will  remain  free  from  this  disease. 

The  three  principal  ways  in  which  tuberculosis  is  carried  into  the  body  are: 

A.  With  the  air. 

B.  With  the  food  or  water. 

C.  Through  the  skin  or  mucous  membrane. 

All  of  these  sources  of  infection  should  be  guarded  against  most  carefully,  and 
in  order  that  they  may  be  avoided  the  following  measures  are  recommended: 

1 . The  cattle  should  be  watched  very  closely  and  upon  the  first  indication  of 
tuberculosis  the  suspected  animal  should  be  removed  from  the  herd  and  placed 
where  its  products  and  the  things  that  have  been  in  its  immediate  vicinity  can 
not  come  in  contact  with  healthy  animals,  and  the  place  occupied  by  it  in  the 
stable  should  be  disinfected. 

2.  It  is  well  to  subject  the  entire  herd  to  the  tuberculin  test  six  to  twelve  months 
after  the  first  inspection,  and  if  it  should  be  found  that  an  infected  animal  or  a 
source  of  infection  had  escaped  the  first  infection  and  disinfection,  the  condition 
could  in  this  way  be  recognized  before  extensive  injury  had  resulted. 

3.  Additions  to  the  herd  should  be  purchased  subject  to  one  of  the  following 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


129 


conditions:  (a)  A report  from  a competent  veterinarian  showing  that  the  animal 
has  been  tested  with  tuberculin  and  found  to  be  free  from  tuberculosis  a short 
time  before  the  sale,  or  ( b ) full  information  covering  the  herd  from  which  the 
animal  is  procured.  In  the  latter  case,  it  should  be  known  that  the  herd  has  never 
been  infected  with  tuberculosis,  or  that  its  members  have  been  inspected  with 
tuberculin  and  found  free  from  disease. 

Freedom  from  tuberculosis  is  indicated,  but  not  proven,  by  a general  thrifty 
appearance,  good  flesh,  bright  coat,  and  bright  eye,  temperament,  and  absence  of 
cough.  If  animal  has  been  well  fed,  but  is  found  in  an  unthrifty  condition,  it  is 
suspicions.  Cattle  from  unknown  sources  should  not  be  purchased  without  a 
guarantee  that  they  are  healthy,  and  since  it  is  absolutely  impossible  for  anyone, 
however  experienced  or  wise,  to  discover  a large  percentage  of  cases  of  tubercu- 
losis without  the  tuberculin  test,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  many  of  them 
may  be  in  condition  which  renders  them  dangerous  to  their  associates,  the  guar- 
antee of  health  should  be  based  on  accurate  and  reliable  information,  as  indicated 
above. 

4.  The  cow  stable  should  be  well  lighted.  Many  stables  are  deficient  in  this 
respect,  and,  as  it  is  a serious  matter,  it  should  be  remedied.  The  value  of  light 
lies  in  the  fact  that  it  restricts  activity  of  and  destroys  disease-producing  germs, 
and  it  exposes  dirt.  Moreover,  cows  kept  in  a dark  place  usually  become  unthrifty 
and  do  not  have  such  a high  degree  of  resistance  to  disease  as  is  possessed  by  those 
kept  in  the  light.  Dark  stables  are  apt  to  be  damp  also.  Thus  it  is  seen  that  the 
value  of  light  is  manifold  and  windows  should  be  abundant. 

5.  The  stables  should  be  kept  clean.  Manure,  litter,  and  dirt  must  not  be  allowed 
to  accumulate,  because  these  collections  furnish  places  for  the  preservation  and 
growth  of  disease  germs  and  also  serve  to  contaminate  the  atmosphere  by  the  odors 
and  gases  which  they  emit. 

The  stable  should  be  kept  dry.  The  fluid  evacuations  should  be  absorbed  with 
dry  litter  or  should  be  drained  into  a receptacle  outside  of  the  stable.  If  the  walls 
are  damp,  measures  should  be  taken  to  correct  the  fault,  because  a damp  wall 
leads  to  an  unwholesome  degree  of  moisture  of  the  atmosphere,  furnishes  a favor- 
able surface  for  the  preservation  and  growth  of  germs,  leads  to  contamination 
of  the  air  with  their  products,  and  favors  chilling.  Sometimes  it  is  necessary  to 
dig  the  earth  away  from  the  wall  outside  of  the  stable,  and  it  may  be  necessary  to 
build  a retaining  wall  a short  distance  from  the  stable  wall  in  order  to  keep  the 
earth  back  and  allow  a space  for  the  free  circulation  of  air.  Damp  walls  are  some- 
times caused  by  leaky  roofs  or  too  short  overhangs. 

7.  The  air  in  the  stable  must  be  kept  pure.  The  observance  of  all  the  measures 
recommended  above  will  greatly  influence  this  factor,  but  as  air  is  constantly 
being  used  by  the  animals  in  the  stable  it  is  necessary  to  provide  for  ample  venti- 
lation for  a renewal  of  the  supply.  The  arrangements  for  ventilating  should  be 
so  planned  that  air  may  be  introduced  in  sufficient  quantity,  but  not  as  a draft 
that  will  come  in  contact  with  any  animals.  This  subject  is  discussed  more  fully 
in  the  State  Veterinarian  for  1896. 

8.  Cleanse  the  stable  with  especial  care  and  whitewash  it  at  least  once  in  six 
months. 

9.  Do  not  feed  skim  milk  from  creameries  to  calves  without  previous  steriliza- 
tion by  boiling.  This  is  essential,  for  many  cases  have  been  recorded,  and  several 
have  come  to  the  personal  experience  of  the  State  Veterinarian,  in  which  a tubercu- 
lous herd  supplying  milk  to  a creamery,  with  a large  number  of  patrons  who  used 
the  skim  milk  as  food  for  calves  and  pigs,  caused  the  development  of  tuberculosis 
on  a number  of  farms  in  the  vicinity. 

10.  Do  not  purchase  or  use  fodder  that  has  been  stored  above  a stable  occupied 
by  tubercular  cattle.  The  germs  of  tuberculosis  float  in  the  air  as  dust  and  become 
mixed  with  fodder  stored  within  their  reach,  rendering  it  dangerous  to  feed  it  to 
cattle. 

11.  Healthy  cattle  should  not  be  allowed  to  drink  from  a watering  trough  habit- 
ually used  by  tubercular  cattle,  nor  should  they  be  allowed  to  associate  with  them 
in  the  pasture  or  elsewhere. 

12.  The  offspring  of  tuberculous  parents  should  not  be  allowed  to  mix  with  the 
herd  until  they  have  been  tested  with  tuberculin  and  free  from  disease. 

13.  The  bull  should  be  perfectly  healthy  and  should  not  be  patronized  if  he  has 
been  in  a tuberculous  herd,  unless  his  freedom  from  tuberculosis  has  been  proven 
by  the  application  of  the  tuberculin  test. 

14.  It  is  not  well  to  allow  a consumptive  to  work  about  cattle  or  in  the  dairy, 
in  any  capacity. 

Leonard  Pearson,  State  Veterinarian. 


17022— No.  28—01 9 


130 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


All  animals  afflicted  with  advanced  or  udder  tuberculosis  are  required  by  the 
regulations  of  the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  to  be  placed  in  quarantine, 
and  the  milk  from  such  animals  is  not  permitted  to  be  sold  or  used.  A clause  in 
the  Pure  Food  Law  also  prohibits  the  sale  of  milk  from  diseased  cows  and  pro- 
vides a penalty  for  so  doing.  After  advanced  and  udder  cases  of  tuberculosis  are 
placed  in  quarantine,  they  may  be  appraised  and  destroyed  at  the  expense  of  the 
State  if  the  owner  of  the  herd  has  signed  an  application  for  the  inspection  of  his 
entire  herd.  The  appraisal  and  destruction  of  these  cows  may  be  carried  out 
without  waiting  for  the  inspection  of  the  remaining  portion  of  the  herd,  because 
such  animals  are  prolific  distributers  of  disease  germs  and  they  should  be  gotten 
rid  of  as  soon  as  possible  and  the  premises  occupied  by  them  disinfected.  If  the 
owner  of  such  animals  has  not  and  will  not  apply  for  an  inspection  of  his  entire 
. herd,  the  animals  of  the  class  described  are  held  in  strict  quarantine  until  they 
are  disposed  of  at  the  loss  of  the  owner,  or  until  the  inspection  of  the  herd  is 
applied  for  and  the  accompanying  agreement  is  signed.  In  appraising  such  ani- 
mals their  actual  value  and  condition  at  the  time  of  appraisement  must  be  taken 
into  consideration,  and  it  is  usually  deemed  that  they  have  lost  all  value  except- 
ing for  fertilizing  purposes,  so  that  the  amount  of  appraisement  is  nominal. 

The  only  compulsory  use  of  tuberculin  in  Pennsylvania  is  in  the  inspection  of 
dairy  cows  and  cattle  for  breeding  purposes  coming  from  other  States.  Inspec- 
tion of  these  animals  is  required  by  the  act  of  May  25,  1897.  This'act  and  rules 
for  enforcing  it  follow: 

LAW. 


AN  ACT  to  protect  the  health  of  the  animals  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania.  (Approved 

May  26, 1897. ) 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted , etc..  That  the  importance  of  dairy  cows  and  neat  cat- 
tle for  breeding  purposes  into  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania  is  hereby  pro- 
hibited excepting  when  such  cows  and  neat  cattle  are  accompanied  by  a certificate 
from  an  inspector  whose  competency  and  reliability  are  certified  to  by  the  authori- 
ties charged  with  the  control  of  the  disease  of  domestic  animals  in  the  State  from 
whence  the  cattle  came,  certifying  that  they  have  been  examined  and  subjected 
to  the  tuberculin  test  and  are  free  from  disease. 

Sec.  2.  That  in  lieu  of  an  inspection  certificate  as  above  required,  the  cattle 
may  be  detained  at  suitable  stock  yards  nearest  to  the  State  line  on  the  railroad 
over  which  they  are  shipped,  and  there  examined  at  the  expense  of  the  owner, 
or  cattle  as  above  specified  from  points  outside  of  the  State  may,  under 
such  restrictions  as  may  be  provided  by  the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board,  be 
shipped  in  quarantine  to  their  destination  in  Pennsylvania,  there  to  remain  in 
quarantine  until  properly  examined  at  the  expense  of  the  owner,  and  released 
by  the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board. 

Sec.  3.  The  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  is  hereby  authorized  and  empow- 
ered to  prohibit  the  importation  of  domestic  animals  into  the  Commonwealth  of 
Pennsylvania,  whenever  in  their  judgment  such  measures  may  be  necessary  for 
the  proper  protection  of  the  health  of  the  domestic  animals  of  the  Common- 
wealth, and  to  make  and  enforce  rules  and  regulations  governing  such  traffic  as 
may  from  time  to  time  be  required. 

Sec.  4.  That  any  person,  firm,  or  corporate  body  violating  the  provisions  of 
this  act  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  shall,  in 
the  proper  court  of  the  county  in  which  such  cattle  are  sold,  offered  for  sale, 
delivered  to  a purchaser,  or  in  which  such  cattle  may  be  detained  in  transit,  for 
each  offense  forfeit  and  pay  a fine  of  not  less  than  $50  or  more  than  $100,  or  be 
punished  by  imprisonment  for  not  less  than  ten  days,  and  not  exceeding  thirty 
days,  either  or  both,  at  the  discretion  of  the  court.  Such  person,  firm,  or  corpo- 
rate body  shall  be  liable  for  full  amount  of  damages  that  may  result  from  the 
violation  of  this  act. 

Sec.  5.  The  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  is  hereby  charged  with  enforce- 
ment of  this  act,  and  is  authorized  to  see  that  its  provisions  are  obeyed,  and  to 
make,  from  time  to  time,  such  rules  and  regulations  as  may  be  necessary  and 
proper  for  its  enforcement. 

Sec.  6.  That  this  act  shall  go  into  effect  January  1,  1898. 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


131 


RULES  FOR  THE  ENFORCEMENT  OF  THE  ACT  OF  MAY  26,  1897. 

Dairy  cows  and  neat  cattle  for  breeding  purposes  may  be  brought  into  Penn- 
sylvania from  other  States  only  in  accordance  with  one  of  the  three  following 
provisions: 

1.  The  cattle  may  be  examined  and  tested  with  tuberculin  in  the  State  from 
whence  they  come  by  an  inspector  whose  competency  and  reliability  are  certified 
to  by  the  authorities  charged  with  the  control  of  the  disease  of  animals  in  that 
State.  Special  blanks  for  reporting  upon  such  examinations  will  be  furnished  by 
the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  upon  application.  Cattle  thus  examined, 
found  to  be  free  irom  disease  and  brought  into  Pennsylvania,  shall  remain  in  the 
possession  of  the  person  or  persons  who  own  them  when  brought  into  Pennsyl- 
vania until  the  inspection  reports  have  been  approved  by  a member  of  the  State 
Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  or  by  an  agent  authorized  to  approve  such  reports. 
After  such  approval  the  cattle  can  be  disposed  of  without  restriction. 

2.  Dairy  cows  and  neat  cattle  for  breeding  purposes  may,  if  shippers  so  elect, 
be  examined  and  tested  with  tuberculin  at  suitable  stock  yards  nearest  to  the  State 
line  on  the  railroad  over  which  they  are  shipped.  Such  examinations  are  to  be 
made  by  inspectors  approved  by  this  board  and  at  the  expense  of  the  owner  of  the 
cattle. 

Cattle  so  inspected  shall  be  marked  with  a suitable  metal  tag  or  shall  be  accu- 
rately described  so  that  they  can  be  reliably  identified,  and  a report  on  the  exami- 
nation and  test,  with  directions  for  identification,  shall  be  submitted  without 
delay  to  this  board. 

3.  Dairy  cows  and  neat  cattle  for  breeding  purposes  may  be  brought  into  Penn- 
sylvania without  previous  examination  only  under  the  following  conditions: 

A.  Notification  to  the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  that  it  is  proposed  to 
bring  certain  dairy  cows  or  neat  cattle  for  breeding  purposes  into  this  State. 
Such  notice  must  be  accompanied  by  the  number  and  a full  and  accurate  descrip- 
tion of  the  cattle,  the  names  and  addresses  of  the  owner  and  consignee,  the  date 
upon  which  they  are  to  be  brought  into  the  State,  the  route  over  which  they  are 
to  be  driven  or  shipped,  and  the  destination. 

A blank  form  to  use  in  rendering  this  report  will  be  sent  upon  application  to  the 
State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board. 

B.  Such  cattle  shall  remain  in  strict  quarantine  during  transit  and  after  they 
have  arrived  at  their  destination,  until  they  have  been  examined  and  tested  with 
tuberculin  by  an  inspector  approved  by  this  board.  Under  this  quarantine  it  is 
required  that  the  cattle  shall  be  kept  apart  from  other  cattle;  that  they  shall  remain 
in  the  possession  of  the  person  or  persons  who  bring  them  into  this  State,  and  that 
their  milk  shall  not  be  sold  or  used  without  previous  sterilization  by  boiling. 

Dairy  cows  or  neat  cattle  for  breeding  purposes  brought  into  Pennsylvania 
under  this  provision  that  are  found  upon  examination  or  test  to  be  tuberculous 
shall  be  strictly  isolated  and  quarantined;  their  milk  can  not  be  used  for  any  pur- 
pose whatever  without  previous  sterilization  by  boiling,  and  they  shall  not  be 
moved  to  other  premises  excepting  for  slaughter.  No  compensation  shall  be 
allowed  for  such  cattle. 

Approved  by  the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  at  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  Novem- 
ber 5,  1897. 

It  will  be  seen  that  these  tests  can  be  made  outside  of  the  State  by  an  inspector 
approved  as  regards  competency  and  reliability  by  the  authorities  charged  with 
the  control  of  the  disease  of  animals  in  that  State;  or,  if  the  owner  prefers,  the 
cattle  may  be  detained  at  suitable  stock  yards  in  transit  and  tested  there.  Under 
this  regulation  about  2,500  cattle  are  annually  tested  at  the  stock  yards  at  Pitts- 
burg. Or,  third,  the  cattle  may  be  shipped  on  permit  to  their  destination  in  Penn- 
sylvania, and  there  examined  with  tuberculin  by  an  inspector  approved  by  the 
Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  of  this  State,  and  paid  by  the  owner  of  the  cattle. 

The  form  of  permit  used  is  the  following: 

State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board. 

Record  Book  Number, . 

Harrisburg,  Pa,, , 190—. 

This  will  permit  Mr. to  ship cattle  (dairy  cows  or  cattle  for 

breeding  purposes)  from  — - — to  , Pennsylvania,  without  examination 

until  arrival  at  destination.  These  cattle  will  remain  in  quarantine  until  arrival 


132 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


at  destination  and  test  with  tuberculin  by , who  is  authorized  to 

release  them  if  found  free  from  disease.  This  permit  will  expire , 190 — , and 

is  not  valid  until  a description  of  each  animal  in  the  lot  is  written  below. 

This  permit  is  to  be  taken  up  by  said  inspector  and  returned  to  the  Secretary  of 
the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board. 

State  Veterinarian . 


The  following  is  to  be  filled  in  and  signed  by  the  shipper: 


Animal  (cow,  bull,  heifer,  calf). 

Breed. 

Age 

(approx- 

imate). 

Color  and  mark- 
ings. 

Ear  tag 
number 
(if  any). 

• 

(Shipper  signs  here) , 

(Address) . 

Tuberculin  for  all  of  these  tests  is  furnished  without  charge  by  the  board,  but 
the  inspectors  are,  in  all  cases,  compensated  by  the  shipper  or  owner  of  the  cattle. 
This  law  has  been  in  operation  but  two  years,  and  under  it  35,437  cattle  have  been 
examined.  A considerable  proportion  of  these  have  been  examined  before  ship- 
ment into  Pennsylvania.  Of  those  shipped  into  Pennsylvania  and  examined  at 
their  destination,  238  were  condemned.  After  two  years’  experience  with  this  law 
cattle  shippers  have  been  able  to  gain  a good  deal  of  information  as  to  where  tuber- 
culosis is  a prevalent  disease,  and  such  localities  are  now  avoided  by  them.  There- 
fore, the  cattle  shipped  into  Pennsylvania  at  the  present  time  are  more  carefully 
selected  than  ever  before,  both  as  to  the  locality  from  which  they  originate  and  as 
to  their  individuality. 

The  need  for  this  inspection  requirement  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  tubercu- 
losis is  most  prevalent  in  those  parts  of  Pennsylvania  into  which  the  greatest 
number  of  cattle  are  shipped.  The  fact  that  large  numbers  of  animals  have  been 
brought  into  these  sections  means  that  there  has  been  much  opportunity  for  con- 
tamination, and  it  is  evident  from  the  statistics  of  inspections  made  in  such  local- 
ities that  a large  amount  of  contamination  has  actually  occurred.  The  cattle  in 
the  cattle-producing  districts  of  Pennsylvania,  the  localities  from  which  cattle 
are  sent  out  and  few  are  brought  in  are  comparatively  free  from  tuberculosis. 
By  means  of  this  law  it  is  possible  for  farmers  who  have  eradicated  tuberculosis 
from  their  herds  to  restock  with  animals  they  know  to  be  in  health. 

The  danger  to  which  purchasers  are  exposed  where  they  are  without  the  protec- 
tion afforded  by  this  law  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  cattle  dealers  in  other  States 
have  repeatedly  endeavored  to  purchase  from  farmers  in  Pennsylvania  animals 
that  have  been  condemned  as  tubercular.  They  said  that  they  could  readily  take 
them  to  States  without  a law  requiring  the  inspection  of  coming  cattle  and  there 
dispose  of  them.  The  writer  has  personal  knowledge  of  a number  of  herds  in  an 
adjoining  State  that  have  been  freed  from  tuberculosis  by  selling  the  tubercular 
animals.  Members  of  such  herds  have  many  times  been  prevented  from  coming 
into  Pennsylvania  by  the  application  of  this  inspection  law.  Indeed,  it  is  a com- 
mon and  well-known  practice  of  certain  breeders  to  sell  tubercular  animals 
that  they  are  afraid  to  keep  in  their  own  herds.  Complete  evidence  to  support 
this  statement  is  available.  Several  large  herds  have  been  sold  recently  because 
they  were  so  permeated  with  tuberculosis  that  they  could  no  longer  be  maintained 
profitably. 

The  danger  of  infection  from  such  outside  sources  was  first  appreciated  by  the 
New  England  States.  At  this  time,  however,  the  appreciation  of  the  danger  is 
general,  and  the  tuberculin  test  is  required  to  be  applied  to  cattle  imported  into 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


133 


the  United  States  from  Europe  and  Canada,  to  cattle  imported  by  Canada  from 
Europe  and  the  United  States,  and  is  also  required  by  seventeen  separate  States  of 
this  country. 

In  Europe  almost  every  country  has  this  requirement  except  Great  Britain, 
where  foreign  cattle  are  absolutely  excluded,  excepting  those  that  are  killed  on 
landing  docks  within  six  days  after  arrival. 

The  field  work  of  the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  is  under  the  supervision 
of  the  State  Veterinarian,  and  is  carried  out  by  him  with  the  aid  of  veterinary 
practitioners  of  the  State,  who  are  employed  for  special  work  as  their  services  are 
required.  For  herd  tests  veterinarians  are  compensated  at  the  rate  of  $5  per  day, 
and  proportionate  sums  for  parts  thereof.  As  this  rate  of  compensation  is  low,  it 
has  in  some  cases  been  difficult  to  secure  the  services  of  the  best  veterinarians. 
It  is,  however,  a rule  to  which  there  are  few  exceptions  that  the  veterinarians  of 
the  State  take  a patriotic  view  of  the  matter,  and  are  willing  to  give  the  State  the 
benefit  of  their  best  skill.  It  is  thought  that  there  has  been  advantage  in  having 
inspections  made  by  veterinarians  residing  and  practicing  in  the  immediate  local- 
ity. By  engaging  the  services  of  such  veterinarians  in  this  work  they  become 
thoroughly  familiar  with  and  are  interested  in  the  suppression  of  tuberculosis  in 
the  herds  in  their  community,  and  if  the  herd  owner  has  reasons  subsequently  to 
fear  that  something  is  wrong  with  his  cattle  he  is  able,  without  going  far,  to  con- 
sult an  expert  who  is  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  conditions  surrounding  the 
case.  Moreover,  after  a veterinarian  has  eradicated  tuberculosis  from  a herd  so 
far  as  possible,  he  is  likely  to  be  interested  in  the  maintenance  of  the  health  of  that 
herd,  and  will  be  able  to  do  more  for  it  if  near  by  than  would  be  possible  at  a 
greater  distance. 

Another  fact  that  is  believed  to  have  had  a favorable  influence  on  the  progress 
of  the  work  directed  against  tuberculosis  in  Pennsylvania  is  the  manner  in  which 
the  postmortem  examinations  have  been  made.  It  has  been  stated  above  that 
nearly  all  owners  of  tubercular  cattle  have  desired  to  accept  the  indemnity  offered 
by  the  State  and  have  the  cattle  destroyed.  In  some  States  it  has  been  the  prac- 
tice to  ship  cattle  to  be  killed  to  a city  abattoir  or  rendering  works,  where  they 
might  be  conveniently  examined,  and  their  carcasses  used  for  making  fertilizer. 
The  amounts  received  for  carcasses  for  this  purpose  are  not  great  and  if  the  ani- 
mals must  be  shipped  far  nearly  all  of  the  income  is  taken  up  in  freight  charges. 
It  is  possible,  however,  to  effect  a small  saving  where  full  carloads  can  be  shipped. 
This  system  has  not  been  generally  followed  in  Pennsylvania,  because  it  was 
deemed  important  to  restrict  owners  of  animals  in  regard  to  tuberculosis,  and  to 
permit  them  to  see  postmortem  examinations  is  a most  effective  way  of  imparting 
information  in  regard  to  the  disease. 

The  statement  has  been  made  so  often  by  persons  not  familiar  with  the  facts  in 
regard  to  tuberculosis,  but  who  have  not  hesitated,  nevertheless,  to  make  the 
most  positive  statements,  that  an  animal  can  not  be  extensively  diseased  without 
showing  well-marked  symptoms.  In  consequence  of  this,  and  as  a result  also  of 
a most  natural  belief  that  an  animal  that  looks  well  must  be  well,  there  were 
people  everywhere  who  could  not  be  convinced  that  an  apparently  sound  animal, 
an  animal  in  good  flesh,  with  a good  appetite,  and  giving  a good  flow  of  milk, 
could  be  tubercular  to  a material  degree,  even  though  it  had  responded  to  tuber- 
culin test  and  even  though  other  symptoms  of  tuberculosis  could  be  detected  by 
the  discerning  veterinarian.  Where  this  view  prevails,  there  is  no  way  to  teach 
the  facts  that  must  be  impressed,  if  tuberculosis  is  to  be  eradicated  by  a State, 
other  than  to  give  ocular  demonstrations.  When  a man  has  seen  a herd  of  tuber- 
cular cattle  alive  and  has  seen  them  killed  and  witnessed  the  alterations  produced 
by  the  disease,  he  is  willing  to  admit  that  an  animal  can  be  tubercular  to  a dan- 
gerous degree  without  showing  symptoms.  Of  course,  this  same  information  can 
be  derived  by  the  examination  of  animals  killed  for  food.  It  is  not  an  uncommon 


134 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


thing  in  large  abattoirs  to  find  animals  apparently  in  the  pink  of  condition  con- 
taining widespread  and  extensive  lesions  of  tuberculosis.  But  this  source  of 
information  is  not  generally  available. 

As  a striking  proof  of  the  value  of  the  information  imparted  in  the  manner  just 
indicated,  it  may  be  said  that  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  is  applied  to  for  the 
greatest  number  of  inspections  in  districts  in  which  the  greatest  number  of  dem- 
onstrations of  this  kind  have  been  held.  As  an  illustration  of  this,  there  is  a 
community  in  one  of  the  eastern  counties  of  the  State  in  which  there  were  many 
farmers  who  were  opposed  to  any  inspection  of  herds  for  the  purpose  of  repress- 
ing tuberculosis.  They  did  not  believe  that  the  disease  was  prevalent  enough  to 
be  of  economic  importance,  and  some  of  them  claimed  that  it  was  of  little  or  no 
importance  from  the  standpoint  of  public  health.  No  inspections  were  applied 
for  in  this  district  until,  a few  months  ago,  the  owner  ot  a herd  of  twelve  cows  had 
lost  three  of  his  animals  by  death  from  tuberculosis.  He  thereupon  applied  for 
an  inspection  of  the  remaining  members  of  his  herd,  and  much  to  his  surprise  all 
of  the  animals  reacted  to  the  test.  It  was  arranged  to  have  them  appraised  and 
killed.  The  matter  excited  a great  deal  of  interest  in  the  neighborhood,  and  as 
many  as  two  hundred  farmers  came  to  see  the  postmortem  examinations.  They 
were  so  impressed  with  what  they  saw  that  a flood  of  applications  for  herd  tests 
came  to  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  from  that  neighborhood,  and,  as  the 
inspections  could  not  be  made  as  rapidly  as  was  desired,  many  cattle  owners  had 
their  cattle  tested  at  their  own  expense.  This  illustrates  the  fact  that  has  been 
reiterated  in  this  report,  that  the  farmers  of  Pennsylvania  want  .healthy  herds. 
The  farmer  who  knows  that  his  herd  is  infected  with  tuberculosis  and  who  does 
not  apply  to  the  State  for  assistance  in  checking  the  infection  is  the  exception. 
Therefore  what  is  needed  is  to  bring  the  facts  in  regard  to  tuberculosis  to  the 
attention  of  cattle  owners,  and  no  more  effective  way  of  doing  this  has  been 
devised  than  to  make  it  possible  for  them  to  witness  postmortem  examinations 
on  tubercular  cattle. 

Sometimes  dairymen  do  not  wish  to  have  their  tubercular  animals  utilized  in 
this  public  way.  They  desire  the  slaughter  to  be  conducted  privately.  Such  re- 
quests are  always  observed.  Where  many  animals  are  to  be  destroyed  and  where 
the  facilities  are  poor,  and  especially  during  severe  weather,  it  is  most  convenient 
to  ship  condemned  cattle  to  a fertilizer  establishment.  The  expense  of  shipment 
is  in  this  case  taken  out  of  the  amount  paid  for  the  cattle,  and  the  balance  is  kept 
by  the  owner. 

Another  result  of  the  recognition  of  the  facts  in  regard  to  tuberculosis  has  been 
the  lessening  of  the  tendency  that  was  so  extremely  prevalent  to  exaggerate  or 
minimize  the  facts  in  regard  to  the  disease.  At  one  time  it  was  very  dif- 
ficult to  find  articles  or  to  hear  discussious  on  this  disease  in  which  the  dangers 
were  not  grossly  exaggerated  or  the  importance  underestimated. 

During  the  period  of  operation  of  the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  34,000 
cattle  have  been  examined  and  tested  with  tuberculin  at  the  expense  of  the  State, 
and  of  these  4,800  have  been  condemned,  destroyed,  and  paid  for.  The  payments 
amount  to  $119,000.  The  cost  of  the  inspections  has  been  $20,000,  making  a total 
expenditure  of  $139,000  in  four  years.  An  attempt  has  always  been  made  to  select 
the  most  extensively  diseased  herds  for  inspection.  During  the  first  eighteen 
months  of  the  work,  that  is  up  to  June  1,  1897,  9,108  cattle  were  tested,  and  of 
these  1,839  were  condemned.  The  percentage  of  tuberculosis,  therefore,  was 
20.39.  From  June  1,  1897,  to  June  1,  1899,  16,687  cattle  were  examined  and  2,116 
were  condemned,  making  the  percentage  of  tuberculosis  12.67.  The  fact  should 
not  be  lost  sight  of  in  this  connection  that  these  figures  represent  the  percentage 
of  infection  among  the  most  extensively  infected  herds  in  Pennsylvania.  Since 
June,  1899,  very  few  herds  were  examined  where  there  was  not  strong  reason  to 
believe  that  they  were  infected,  and,  indeed,  extensively  infected,  before  the 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


135 


inspection  was  made.  At  present  a good  many  herds  are  being  examined  at  the 
expense  of  their  owners,  and  the  tubercular  animals  are  being  taken  over  by  the 
State.  (Under  the  arrangement  afforded  by  Application  Form  C.) 

At  least  as  many  herds  have  been  examined  by  their  owners  as  have  been 
examined  by  the  State,  and  only  a limited  portion  of  the  tubercular  cattle  found 
in  these  herds  are  appraised  and  paid  for  by  the  State.  Some  of  them  are  no 
doubt  sold  to  drovers  and  disposed  of  to  other  farmers,  where  they  may  have  an 
opportunity  to  spread  disease,  and  others  are  sold  to  butchers  and  turned  into  food 
for  man.  Still  others  are  destroyed  by  their  owners  and  no  compensation  is  asked 
for.  It  should  not  be  inferred  that  in  these  inspections  made  by  private  expense 
anything  like  as  many  tubercular  cattle  are  found  as  in  inspections  made  by  the 
State,  because  the  inspections  made  privately  frequently— indeed,  usually — reveal 
the  entire  herd  to  be  free  from  infection. 

The  applications  for  herd  tests  are  from  two  to  four  times  as  numerous  as  the 
inspections  made  by  the  State.  Some  applications  are  not  accompanied  by  evi- 
dence that  tuberculosis  exists  in  the  herds;  others  are  accompanied  by  insufficient 
evidence.  Applications  are  sifted  very  carefully,  and  as  many  inspections  are 
made  as  can  be  paid  for,  and  it  is  the  constant  endeavor  to  select  for  inspection 
herds  that  are  most  likely  to  contain  diseased  animals. 

All  of  this  shows  that  interest  in  tuberculosis  and  the  desire  to  eradicate  it  from 
herds  are  developing  at  a rapid  rate  in  Pennsylvania.  This  tendency  is  seen  not 
only  in  requests  for  inspection,  but  also  in  improvements  in  stables,  increased  care 
in  purchasing  additions  to  herds,  and  by  the  increase  of  breeding  as  opposed  to  the 
purchase  of  dairy  cows. 

An  exact  census  of  tubercular  cattle  in  Pennsylvania  has  never  been  made  and 
can  never  be  made.  Therefore  it  is  impossible  to  say  how  much  tuberculosis  there 
was  in  the  State  and  to  compare  that  amount  with  the  undetermined  amount  that 
exists  at  this  time.  All  evidence  on  this  point  must  be  somewhat  indirect  and 
circumstantial.  There  is,  however,  conclusive  evidence  to  the  effect  that  tuber- 
culosis is  very  much  less  prevalent  among  the  cattle  of  Pennsylvania  than  it  was 
when  the  work  of' the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  started  in  1896.  For  exam- 
ple, nearly  all  of  the  worn-out  dairy  cows  from  the  herds  in  the  vicinity  of  Phila- 
delphia are  shipped  to  that  city  for  slaughter.  These  cattle  are  inspected  more  or 
or  less  thoroughly  by  the  city  meat  inspectors.  The  inspectors  visiting  or  sta- 
tioned at  the  Philadelphia  slaughterhouses  are  impressed  by  the  fact  that  there 
is  very  much  less  tuberculosis  among  cows  than  was  the  case  three  or  four  years 
ago.  The  practicing  veterinarians  of  the  State  are  in  constant  contact  with  herds 
and  are  at  all  times  informed  as  to  the  general  health  of  the  cattle  within  their 
fields  of  practice.  The  veterinarians  testify  almost  uniformly  that  tuberculosis  is 
gradually  but  surely  being  repressed  in  the  herds  with  which  they  come  in  con- 
tact. In  the  dairy  counties  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  State,  where  there  was 
at  one  time  considerable  tuberculosis,  thousands  of  cattle  have  been  tested  dur- 
ing the  past  two  years  without  finding  1 per  cent  of  tubercular  animals.  It  is  in 
these  counties  that  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  has  done  the  greatest  amount 
of  work,  and  550  tubercular  cattle  have  been  removed  from  them. 

The  increased  desire  of  herd  owners  to  purchase  cows  known  to  be  free  from 
tuberculosis  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  many  breeders  of  purebred  cattle  guaran- 
tee the  animals  they  sell  to  be  free  from  tuberculosis  as  established  by  tuberculin 
test.  At  all  of  the  principal  auction  sales  of  cattle  of  the  better  class  the  tuber- 
culin test  is  required  by  purchasers.  Moreover,  many  dealers  in  ordinary  dairy 
cows  find  it  to  their  advantage  to  have  them  tested  with  tuberculin  so  that  they 
may  be  able  to  guarantee  all  cattle  they  sell  to  be  free  from  disease. 

Since  it  is  admitted  by  all  who  have  carefully  studied  the  subject  that  tubercu- 
losis can  never  be  eradicated  from  herds  without  the  cooperation  of  herd  owners 
and  an  earnest  desire  on  their  part  that  the  disease  shall  be  suppressed,  the  fact 


136 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


that  the  herd  owners  of  Pennsylvania  are  so  earnest  in  this  matter  constitutes  a 
most  hopeful  and  encouraging  sign,  and  means  that  the  disease  will  be  suppressed. 
The  question  now  arises  as  to  whether  the  plan  now  employed  is  the  best  adapted 
to  the  purpose  in  view.  The  work  that  has  been  and  is  being  done  has  the  effect 
of  not  only  removing  diseased  and  dangerous  animals,  but,  so  far  as  possible,  it 
insures  a permanent  result  for  money  expended,  and  in  addition  it  has  an  educa- 
tional value  that  must  be  looked  upon  as  of  great  impor  tance.  There  can  be  no 
doubt  as  to  the  urgent  sanitary  grounds  for  the  removal  from  herds  and  from  the 
food  supply  of  all  cattle  afflicted  with  advanced  or  udder  tuberculosis.  But  this 
work  alone  would  continue  indefinitely  if  action  were  not  taken  to  prevent  the 
disease  so  that  these  particularly  dangerously  diseased  animals  would  not  be  con- 
tinually produced.  It  is  for  the  purpose  of  striking  at  the  root  of  the  evil  that 
the  other  measures  described  above  are  designed. 


RHODE!  ISLAND. 

The  enforcement  of  laws  for  the  control  of  contagious  diseases  of 
animals  in  Rhode  Island  is  in  the  hands  of  the  State  Board  of  Agri- 
culture. The  hoard  has  power  to  appoint  one  or  more  persons  in  each 
county  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  inquire  into  the  condition  of  any 
animal  or  carcass  suspected  of  being  affected  with  tuberculosis,  and 
they  may  quarantine  any  such  animal  or  carcass  until  inspected  by 
the  veterinarian  employed  by  the  board. 

The  commissioner  of  a county  must  notify  the  Secretary  of  the  State 
Board  of  Agriculture  of  any  suspected  case  of  disease,  who  shall  fix 
a day  when  the  appraisers  and  the  veterinary  surgeon  shall  make  an 
inspection ; if  the  animal  is  found  to  be  diseased,  it  is  appraised  and 
killed.  The  maximum  limit  of  appraisement  for  any  single  ordinary 
or  “scrub”  animal  is  $50;  for  any  single  graded  animal,  $75;  for  any 
single  registered  animal,  $100. 

The  appraisers  may  quarantine  any  suspected  animals,  and  one- 
third  of  the  cost  of  such  quarantine  is  paid  by  the  State. 

The  State  pays  to  the  owner  one-half  of  the  appraised  value ; but  if 
a postmortem  shows  the  animal  not  to  have  been  affected  with  tuber- 
culosis, the  animal  shall  be  paid  for  at  its  full  appraised  value.  These 
provisions  do  not  apply  if  the  animal  so  killed  has  not  been  owned 
within  the  State  for  three  months  prior  to  its  being  killed. 

A certificate  giving  a description  of  each  animal  brought  into  the 
Stath,  the  date  and  place  of  examination,  the  preparation  of  tubercu- 
lin used,  the  same  to  be  signed  by  a veterinarian,  shall  be  sent  to  the 
Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  who  in  turn  sends  it,  for 
purposes  of  identification,  to  the  commissioner  for  the  county  where 
they  are  to  enter  the  State.  The  penalty  for  violation  is  not  to  exceed 
$100. 

Anyone  desiring  to  import  cattle  into  the  State  without  obtaining 
the  certificate  mentioned  above  shall  give  written  notice  to  the  com- 
missioner for  the  county  where  they  are  to  go  within  forty-eight  hours 
after  their  arrival  in  the  State;  such  notification  shall  contain  a list 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


137 


of  the  cattle,  with  full  descriptions  as  to  age,  sex,  etc.  The  cattle 
commissioner  makes  an  examination  of  the  cattle,  and  if  found  free 
of  tuberculosis  the  fact  is  certified  upon  a permit  and  the  cattle  are 
released.  If  it  is  suspected  that  the  cattle  are  affected  with  tubercu- 
losis, the  importer  must  make  the  tuberculin  test;  if  this  test  confirms 
the  suspicion,  the  cattle  are  killed,  and  the  State  is  exempt  from  the 
payment  of  indemnity.  If  any  animal  so  slaughtered  is  found  not  to 
be  affected  with  tuberculosis,  the  State  pays  the  full  appraised  value 
as  indemnity. 

The  State  Board  of  Agriculture  and  its  representatives  may  enter 
any  premises  for  enforcing  the  law. 

The  Governor  is  empowered  to  accept  the  rules  and  regulations  of 
the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  and  the  inspectors  of  said  Bureau 
shall  have  the  right  of  inspection,  quarantine,  and  condemnation  of 
animals. 

The  laws  relating  to  bovine  tuberculosis  are  as  follows : 

LAWS. 

AN  ACT  in  amendment  of  Chapter  507,  Chapter  637,  Chapter  643,  and  Chapter  1035  of  the  Pub- 
lic Laws.  (Passed  May  19,  1893.) 

It  is  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  as  follows: 

******  * 

Sec.  8.  The  board  may  appoint  one  cattle  commissioner  in  each  county  of  the 
State  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  visit  and  inquire  into  the  condition  of  any  domes- 
tic animal  in  their  respective  counties  whenever  there  is  reason  to  suspect  that 
any  such  animal  is  affected  with  tuberculosis  or  other  contagious,  infectious,  or 
communicable  disease. 

Sec.  9.  The  board  may  employ  veterinary  surgeons. 

Sec.  10.  Whenever  any  animal  shall  be  suspected  by  either  of  the  cattle  com- 
missioners to  be  affected  with  tuberculosis  the  commissioner  of  the  county  where 
the  animal  is  found  shall  immediately  notify  the  Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of 
Agriculture,  who  shall  promptly  fix  a day  when  the  appraisers,  duly  appointed  as 
hereinafter  provided,  shall  visit  the  suspected  animal  with  the  veterinary  sur- 
geon; and  upon  confirmation  of  the  disease,  and  after  appraisement  of  the  value 
as  hereinafter  provided,  the  affected  animal  shall  be  killed,  and  the  carcass  dis- 
posed of  in  such  a manner  as  will  not  be  detrimental  to  the  public  health. 

Sec.  11.  For  the  purposes  aforesaid  the  board  may  appoint  some  suitable  person 
as  appraiser  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  act  with  one  of  the  cattle  commissioners  in 
each  county,  which  two  persons  shall  constitute  the  board  of  appraisers  for  the 
county.  In  case  of  disagreement  between  the  two  appraisers  the  veterinary  sur- 
geon shall  act  as  a third  appraiser,  and  the  estimate  of  value  of  either  two  of  them 
shall  be  final:  Provided , That  not  more  than  $50  shall  be  allowed  for  any  single 
native  animal,  nor  more  than  $75  for  any  single  grade  animal,  nor  more  than  $100 
for  any  single  registered  animal.  And  written  notice  of  the  amount  of  the 
appraisal  signed  by  the  board  of  appraisers  shall  be  immediately  given  to  the 
owner  or  claimant  of  said  animal:  And  provided  further , That  any  party 
aggrieved  by  any  award  made  under  the  provisions  of  this  section  may  appeal 
therefrom  to  said  board  within  five  days  after  the  receipt  of  said  notice. 

Sec.  12.  The  board  of  appraisers,  by  and  with  the  advice  of  the  veterinary  sur- 
geon, is  hereby  authorized  to  quarantine  any  animal  or  animals  supposed  to  be 
affected  with  a contagious,  infectious,  or  communicable  disease,  and  one- third  of 


138 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


the  cost  of  such  quarantining  shall  be  assumed  and  paid  by  the  State,  except  as 
otherwise  provided  in  Section  21  of  this  act. 

Sec.  13.  The  State  shall  pay  to  the  owner  of  any  animal  killed  under  the  pro- 
visions of  Section  10  of  this  act  one-half  of  its  appraised  value;  but  if  upon  a post- 
mortem examination  it  shall  be  found  that  the  slaughtered  animal  was  not  affected 
with  tuberculosis,  then  the  animal  so  killed  shall  be  paid  for  at  its  full  appraised 
value:  Provided , That  the  State  shall  not  pay  for  any  diseased  animal  so  killed  if 
the  animal  has  not  been  in  the  possession  of  its  present  owner  three  months  pre- 
vious to  the  day  of  the  slaughter. 

Sec.  14.  When  any  person  shall  be  shown  to  have  knowingly  brought  into  this 
State  an  animal  suffering,  or  suspected  to  be  suffering,  with  tuberculosis,  or  to 
have  concealed  the  existence  of  such  disease  in  any  animal  owned  by  him,  such 
person  shall  not  be  entitled  to  any  compensation  for  the  animal  slaughtered  under 
this  act,  and  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  shall 
be  fined  for  such  offense  not  exceeding  $100. 

Sec.  15.  All  persons  having  knowledge  or  reasons  to  suspect  that  any  neat  cattle 
or  bovine  animal  has  the  contagious  pleuropneumonia  or  Texas  cattle  fever,  or 
that  any  horse  has  glanders  or  farcy,  or  that  any  bovine  animal  or  horse  has  any 
other  highly  contagious,  infectious,  or  communicable  disease  dangerous  to  public 
health,  shall  make  report  concerning  the  same  by  mail  or  otherwise  to  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  immediately,  giving  the  name  of  the  owner 
or  custodian  of  the  said  animal  or  animals  and  the  place  of  keeping  of  the  same. 

Sec.  16.  No  person  having  the  care  or  custody  of  any  animal  having  any  one  of 
the  diseases  mentioned  in  the  preceding  sections  shall,  knowing  the  same  to  have 
any  such  disease,  sell  or  exchange,  or  permit  the  removal,  use,  or  driving  of  the 
same  upon  any  public  highway,  or  the  exposure  of  the  same  to  contact  with  any 
other  healthy  animal  of  the  same  kind,  except  by  permission  of  some  member  or 
agent  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture.  Any  person  so  doing  shall  be  deemed 
guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  on  being  convicted  shall  be  fined  not  exceeding  $100. 

Sec.  17.  The  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  or  its  duly  authorized  representatives, 
having  reason  to  suspect  the  existence  of  any  of  the  diseases  mentioned  in  this  act 
upon  any  grounds  or  premises,  are  hereby  authorized  and  empowered  to  enter 
upon  such  grounds  or  premises  for  the  enforcement  of  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

Sec.  18.  The  Governor  is  hereby  authorized  to  accept,  on  behalf  of  the  State,  the 
rules  and  regulations  prepared  by  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  under  and  in 
pursuance  of  Section  3 of  an  act  of  Congress  approved  May  29,  1884,  entitled  “An 
act  for  the  establishment  of  a Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  to  prevent  the  exporta- 
tion of  diseased  cattle,  and  to  provide  means  for  the  suppression  and  extirpation 
of  pleuropneumonia  and  other  contagious  diseases  among  domestic  animals,”  and 
to  cooperate  with  the  authorities  of  the  United  States  in  [enforcing]  the  provi- 
sions of  said  act. 

Sec.  19.  The  inspectors  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  of  United  States,  in 
cooperation  wTith  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  shall  have  the  right  of  inspec- 
tion, quarantine,  and  condemnation  of  animals  affected  with  any  contagious, 
infectious,  or  communicable  disease,  or  suspected  to  be  so  affected,  or  that  have 
been  exposed  to  any  such  disease,  and  for  these  purposes  are  hereby  authorized 
and  empowered  to  enter  upon  any  ground  or  premises.  Said  inspectors,  in  coop- 
eration with  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  shall  have  the  power  to  call  on  sher- 
iffs, constables,  and  peace  officers  to  assist  them  in  the  discharge  of  their  duties  in 
carrying  out  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  May  29,  1884,  estab- 
lishing the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry;  and  it  is  hereby  made  the  duty  of  sheriffs, 
constables,  and  peace  officers  to  assist  said  inspectors  when  so  requested:  and  said 
inspectors  shall  have  the  same  power  and  protection  as  peace  officers  while  engaged 
in  the  discharge  of  their  duties. 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


139 


Sec.  20.  The  State  shall  not  be  liable  for  any  damages  or  expenses  incurred 
under  Sections  18  and  19  of  this  act. 

Sec.  21.  Any  person  or  persons  who  shall  wilfully  or  intentionally  interfere 
with  any  officer  or  officers,  duly  authorized  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  this  act, 
or  who  shall  wilfully  or  intentionally  violate  the  provisions  of  the  quarantine 
authorized  by  Section  13  of  this  act,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and 
upon  conviction,  shall  be  liable  to  imprisonment  not  exceeding  three  months  or  a 
fine  not  exceeding  $100,  or  both,  at  the  discretion  of  the  court. 

Sec.  22.  The  State  Board  of  Agriculture  is  hereby  authorized  to  fix  the  compen- 
sation of  the  cattle  commissioners,  appraisers,  and  veterinary  surgeons,  to  pre- 
scribe their  duties,  and  to  remove  them  when  deemed  expedient  so  to  do. 

Sec.  23.  The  Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  shall  make  a monthly 
report  to  the  Governor  of  the  obligations  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture;  and 
the  State  Auditor  is  hereby  directed  to  draw  his  orders  on  the  general  Treasurer 
for  the  payment  of  the  same  upon  vouchers  approved  by  the  Governor 

Sec.  24.  The  sum  of  $15,000,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  authorized,  is  hereby 
annually  appropriated  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  the  several  provisions  of 
this  act,  including  all  salaries  and  expenses  created  under  the  authority  hereof. 

Sec.  25.  All  prosecutions  for  offenses  against  the  provisions  of  this  chapter  shall 
be  commenced  within  sixty  days  after  the  same  shall  have  been  committed  and 
not  afterwards. 

Sec.  26.  Chapter  507,  Chapter  627,  Chapter  643,  and  Chapter  1025  of  the  Public 
Laws,  and  all  acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  herewith,  are  hereby  repealed 
and  this  act  shall  take  effect  immediately  upon  its  passage. 

AN  ACT  in  amendment  of  Chapter  1082  [Chapter  99,  General  Laws]  of  the  Public  Laws,  entitled 

“An  act  in  amendment  of  Chapter  507,  Chapter  627,  Chapter  643,  and  Chapter  1025  of  the  Public 

Laws,”  passed  May  25,  1892. 

It  is  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  as  follows: 

Section  1.  Section  8 of  Chapter  1082  [Chapter  99,  General  Laws]  of  the  Public 
Laws  is  hereby  amended  so  as  to  read  as  follows: 

“Sec.  8.  The  board  may  appoint  one  cattle  commissioner  in  each  county  of  the 
State,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  visit  and  inquire  into  the  condition  of  any  domestic 
animal  in  their  respective  counties  whenever  there  is  reason  to  suspect  that  any 
such  animal,  or  the  carcass  of  any  such  animal,  is  affected  with  tuberculosis  or 
other  contagious,  infectious,  or  communicable  disease;  and  the  commissioners  in 
their  respective  counties  are  authorized  to  quarantine  any  such  animal , or  the 
carcass  of  any  such  animal,  until  inspected  by  the  veterinarian  employed  by  the 
board.  ” 

Sec.  2.  Section  10  of  Chapter  1082  [Chapter  99,  General  Laws]  of  the  Public  Laws 
is  hereby  amended  so  as  to  read  as  follows: 

“Sec.  10.  Whenever  any  animal  shall  be  suspected  by  either  of  the  cattle  com- 
missioners to  be  affected  with  tuberculosis,  the  commissioner  of  the  county  where 
the  animal  is  found  shall  immediately  notify  the  Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of 
Agriculture,  who  shall  promptly  fix  a day  when  the  appraisers,  duly  appointed  as 
hereinafter  provided,  shall  visit  the  suspected  animal  with  the  veterinarian;  and 
upon  confirmation  of  the  disease,  and  after  appraisement  of  the  value  as  herein- 
after provided,  the  affected  animal  shall  be  killed,  and  the  carcass  disposed  of  in 
such  a manner  as  will  not  be  detrimental  to  the  public  health.  Anyone  having 
reason  to  suspect  that  any  horse  or  other  animal  is  affected  with  glanders,  farcy, 
or  any  contagious  or  communicable  disease,  shall  immediately  report  the  same  to 
the  Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  who  shall  notify  the  veterinarian 
employed  by  the  board,  and  said  veterinarian  shall  promptly  examine  the  sus- 
pected animal,  and  if  it  is  found  to  be  affected  with  glanders,  farcy,  or  any  con- 
tagious or  communicable  disease,  the  veterinarian  shall  cause  the  said  animal  to 


140 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


be  killed  and  the  carcass  to  be  disposed  of  in  such  manner  as  shall  not  be  detri- 
mental to  the  public  health. ” 

Sec.  3.  This  act  shall  take  effect  upon  and  after  its  passage,  and  all  acts  and 
parts  of  acts  inconsistent  herewith  are  hereby  repealed. 

AN  ACT  in  amendment  of  Chapter  99  of  the  General  Laws.  (Approved  May  15, 1896.) 

It  is  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  as  f ollows: 

Section  1.  Section  13  of  Chapter  99  of  the  General  Laws  is  hereby  amended  to 
read  as  follows: 

“Sec.  13.  The  State  shall  pay  to  the  owner  of  any  animal  killed  under  the  pro- 
visions of  Section  10  of  this  act  one-half  of  its  appraised  value;  but  if  upon  post- 
mortem examination  it  shall  be  found  that  the  slaughtered  animal  was  not  affected 
by  tuberculosis,  then  the  animal  so  killed  shall  be  paid  for  at  its  full  appraised 
value:  Provided , That  the  State  shall  not  pay  for  any  diseased  animal  so  killed  if 
the  animal  has  not  been  owned  by  some  person  in  the  State  and  found  in  the  State 
three  months  previous  to  the  day  of  slaughter.  ” 

Sec.  2.  All  persons,  corporations,  or  companies  intending  to  ship,  transport,  or 
to  drive  cattle  into  the  State  must  produce  a certificate  to  the  effect  that  the  cattle 
to  be  shipped,  transported,  or  driven  are  free  from  tuberculosis  as  far  as  may  be 
determined  by  physical  examination  and  the  tuberculin  test.  The  certificate  shall 
give  a description  of  each  animal  brought  into  the  State  sufficiently  accurate  for 
identification,  and  shall  give  also  the  date  and  place  of  examination  of  each  animal, 
the  preparation  of  tuberculin  used,  the  quantity  injected,  the  temperature  imme- 
diately before  inoculation,  the  temperature  at  the  eleventh  hour  and  every  two 
hours  subsequent  thereto  for  at  least  ten  hours  or  until  the  reaction  is  completed. 
The  certificate  shall  be  signed  by  a veterinarian  who  is  a graduate  of  a recognized 
veterinary  college,  and  shall  be  sent  immediately  to  the  Secretary  of  the  State 
Board  of  Agriculture,  who  shall  immediately  notify  a commissioner  of  the  county 
into  which  the  cattle  are  to  be  shipped,  transported,  or  driven,  and  said  commis- 
sioner shall  examine  the  cattle  to  identify  them.  Failure  to  comply  with  the 
law  shall  be  considered  a misdemeanor,  punishable  by  a fine  not  to  exceed  $100. 

Sec.  3.  Complaints  for  the  violation  of  the  provisions  of  this  chapter  shall  be 
made  by  the  Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  and  said  Secretary  shall 
be  exempt  from  giving  security  for  costs  on  any  complaint  made  as  aforesaid. 

Sec.  4.  Section  8 of  Chapter  99  of  the  General  Laws  is  hereby  amended  to  read 
as  follows: 

“Sec.  8.  The  board  may  appoint  one  or  more  commissioners  in  each  county  of 
the  State  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  visit  and  inquire  into  the  condition  of  any 
domestic  animal  in  their  respective  counties  whenever  there  is  reason  to  suspect 
that  any  such  animal  or  the  carcass  of  any  such  animal  is  affected  with  tubercu- 
losis or  other  contagious,  infectious,  or  communicable  disease;  and  the  commis- 
sioners in  their  respective  counties  are  authorized  to  quarantine  any  such  animal, 
or  the  carcass  of  any  such  animal,  until  inspected  by  the  veterinarian  employed 
by  the  board.’’ 

Sec.  5.  This  act  shall  take  effect  upon  its  passage,  and  all  acts  and  parts  of  acts 
inconsistent  herewith  are  hereby  repealed. 

AN  ACT  in  amendment  of  and  in  addition  to  Chapter  344  of  the  Public  Laws,  entitled  “An  act 
in  amendment  of  Chapter  99  of  the  General  Laws.”  (Passed  May  4, 1900.) 

It  is  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  as  follows: 

Section  1.  All  persons  desiring  to  import  cattle  into  this  State  or  from  other 
States  without  obtaining  the  certificate  required  by  Section  2 of  Chapter  344  of 
the  Public  Laws,  shall  give  written  notice  to  the  cattle  commissioner  of  the  county 
into  which  the  cattle  are  brought  within  forty-eight  hours  after  the  arrival  into 
the  State  of  such  cattle,  and  such  notification  shall  contain  a specified  list  of  the 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


141 


cattle  so  imported,  with  a fall  description  of  age,  sex,  and  such  other  particulars 
as  may  be  necessary  for  the  identification  of  the  said  cattle,  and  the  place  where 
they  can  be  found. 

Sec.  2.  Immediately  upon  the  receipt  of  such  notification  the  cattle  commissioner 
of  the  county  into  which  said  cattle  are  imported  shall  proceed  within  seventy-two 
hours  to  the  place  designated  and  make  a physical  examination  of  said  cattle;  and 
if  upon  such  examination  said  cattle  shall  be  deemed  free  from  tuberculosis,  it  shall 
be  so  certified  by  said  cattle  commissioner  upon  a permit,  and  a duplicate  thereof 
to  be  given  to  the  owner  of  said  cattle,  and  the  cattle  shall  be  released  for  the  use 
and  benefit  of  the  owner. 

Sec.  3.  If  after  such  examination  the  cattle  commissioner  shall  be  of  the  opinion 
that  the  cattle  so  examined  are  afflicted  with  tuberculosis,  he  shall  require  of  the 
importer  that  the  suspected  cattle  be  tested  with  tuberculin,  said  test  to  be  applied 
by  a veterinarian  of  a recognized  veterinary  college,  who  shall  give  to  the  said 
commissioner  a certificate  in  writing  that  such  test  has  been  applied,  together  with 
a statement  of  the  tuberculin  used,  quantity  injected,  temperature  of  each  animal 
before  inoculation,  and  at  the  eleventh  and  every  two  subsequent  hours  thereafter, 
for  at  least  ten  hours,  or  until  reaction  is  complete,  and  a duplicate  thereof  shall 
be  given  to  the  owner  of  said  cattle  and  the  original  certificate  shall  be  sent  by  the 
said  commissioner  to  the  Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture.  If  after 
such  test  it  shall  be  proved  that  such  suspected  cattle  are  afflicted  with  tubercu- 
losis, such  diseased  cattle  shall  be  immediately  slaughtered  upon  written  order  of 
said  commissioner,  and  the  State  shall  not  be  required  to  compensate  the  owner 
for  their  loss,  and  the  owner  shall  pay  for  testing  such  cattle  with  tuberculin;  but 
if  such  cattle  shall  be  found  free  from  tuberculosis  they  shall  be  released  for  the 
use  and  benefit  of  the  owner.  If  any  of  such  cattle  are  slaughtered,  and  upon 
postmortem  examination  it  shall  be  found  that  the  slaughtered  animal  was  not 
afflicted  with  tuberculosis,  then  the  animal  so  killed  shall  be  paid  for  by  the  State 
at  its  full  appraised  value  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  Section  11  of  Chap- 
ter 99  of  the  General  Laws. 

Sec.  4.  Any  person  violating  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  deemed 
guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  shall  be  fined  not  more  than  $100. 

Sec.  5.  This  act  shall  take  effect  from  and  after  its  passage. 


SOUTH  CAROUINTA. 

South  Carolina  has  no  law  relative  to  bovine  tuberculosis. 

SOUTH  DAKOTA. 

There  is  no  special  law  relative  to  bovine  tuberculosis  in  South 
Dakota.  The  law  against  contagious  diseases,  which  is  very  brief,  is 
given  below: 

LAW. 

AN  ACT  to  prevent  the  spreading  of  contagious  diseases  among  domestic  animals.  (Approved 

March  6, 1895.) 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  South  Dakota : 

Section  1.  Any  person  who  shall  hereafter  knowingly  and  wilfully  bring  or 
cause  to  be  brought  into  this  State  any  hogs  or  other  domestic  animals  infected 
with  contagious  disease,  or  any  person  who  shall  knowingly  carry  or  drive  or  cause 
to  be  carried  or  driven  upon  any  public  highway  or  within  the  distance  of  one 
mile  of  any  such  highway  in  this  State,  or  who  shall  knowingly  and  wilfully  suffer 


142 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


or  permit  any  hogs  or  other  domestic  animals  infected  with  contagions  disease  to 
run  at  large,  shall  be  fined  in  any  sum  not  to  exceed  $100,  and  shall  be  liable  in  a 
civil  action  for  all  damages  occasioned  thereby. 

Sec.  2.  An  emergency  is  hereby  declared  to  exist,  and  this  act  shall  take  effect 
and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage  and  approval. 

TENNESSEE. 

Tennessee  has  no  special  law  relative  to  tuberculosis.  The  State 
Board  of  Health  takes  cognizance  of  tuberculosis  as  one  of  the  ‘ ‘ com- 
municable diseases  among  domestic  animals.” 

The  State  Board  of  Health  has  general  supervision  of  contagious 
and  infectious  diseases,  and  is  empowered  to  establish  quarantine 
against  animals  having  such  diseases,  and  to  make  rules  and  regula- 
tions to  carry  the  law  into  effect.  The  penalty  for  violation  of  the 
rules  and  regulations  of  the  quarantine  is  not  less  than  $50  or  more 
than  $500,  or  imprisonment  for  a period  of  three  months,  or  both  fine 
and  imprisonment. 

Local  boards  of  health  are  required  to  notify  the  State  Board  of 
Health  of  the  outbreak  of  any  contagious  disease  or  whether  the 
presence  of  such  a disease  is  suspected,  whereupon  the  State  Board 
shall  take  measures  for  the  restriction  and  stamping  out  of  the  dis- 
ease. Neglect  to  notify  the  State  Board  is  punishable  by  fine  or 
imprisonment. 

The  State  Board  of  Health  is  empowered  to  kill  animals  after 
appraisement  at  their  value  at  the  time  they  are  killed.  The  board 
of  appraisement  certifies  the  value  to  the  county  in  which  the  animal 
is  killed,  and  the  same  becomes  a charge  against  that  county. 

The  importation  of  animals  so  diseased,  or  disposing  of  such  ani- 
mals within  the  State,  is  punishable  by  a fine  not  exceeding  $100  or 
by  imprisonment  not  exceeding  three  months,  or  by  both  fine  and 
imprisonment. 

It  is  further  made  the  duty  of  owners  or  agents  of  animals  discov- 
ered to  be  or  suspected  of  being  affected  with  any  contagious  or 
infectious  disease  to  report  the  fact  to  the  local  board  of  health,  which 
will  at  once  have  the  matter  investigated.  It  may  also  establish  tem- 
porary quarantine. 

The  laws  which  are  applicable  to  tuberculosis  and  the  regulations 
which  have  been  issued  by  the  State  Board  of  Health  are  as  follows: 

LAWS. 

AN  ACT  to  prevent  the  spread  of  communicable  diseases  among  domestic  animals  in  the  State  of 
Tennessee.  (Passed  April  10, 1893.) 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Tennessee , 
That  upon  the  nomination  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  of  a qualified  person, 
resident  of  the  State,  and  who  is  a graduate  of  some  regular  and  established  vet- 
erinary college  and  skilled  in  the  art  of  veterinary  science,  the  Governor  shall 
appoint  and  commission  the  same  State  Veterinary  Surgeon,  whose  term  of  office 
shall  be  for  five  years  from  date  of  appointment,  or  until  his  successor  shall  have 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


143 


been  appointed  and  duly  qualified;  said  State  Veterinary  Surgeon  to  have  such 
annual  compensation  as  may  be  determined  and  agreed  upon  by  the  said  State 
Board  of  Health:  Provided,  That  the  said  State  Board  of  Health  shall  have  the 
power  to  remove  said  State  Veterinary  Surgeon  when,  in  their  judgment,  the 
public  welfare  requires  it. 

Sec.  2.  Be  it  further  enacted , That  the  said  State  Veterinary  Surgeon  shall, 
before  entering  upon  the  discharge  of  his  duties,  take  an  oath  or  affirmation,  as 
provided  by  law  in  the  case  of  other  State  officers,  and  shall  immediately  execute 
a bond  to  the  State  of  Tennessee  in  the  sum  of  $10,000,  and  with  such  security  as 
shall  be  approved  by  the  said  State  Board  of  Health,  and  file  the  same  in  the 
office  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  conditioned  for  the  faithful  performance  of  the 
duty  imposed  upon  said  State  Veterinary  Surgeon  as  may  be  prescribed  by  said 
State  Board  of  Health. 

Sec.  3.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  State  Board  of  Health  shall  have  the 
general  supervision  of  all  communicable  diseases  among  domestic  animals  within, 
or  that  may  be  in  transit  through,  the  State,  and  they  are  empowered  to  establish 
quarantine  against  any  animal  or  animals  thus  diseased,  or  that  have  been  exposed 
to  others  thus  diseased,  whether  within  or  without  the  State,  and  may  make  rules 
and  regulations  against  the  spread  and  for  the  suppression  of  said  disease  or  dis- 
eases as  in  their  judgment  may  seem  necessary  and  proper;  and  in  the  enforce- 
ment of  such  rules  and  regulations  said  State  Board  of  Health  shall  have  the 
power  to  call  on  any  one  or  more  of  the  peace  officers,  whose  duty  it  shall  be 
to  give  all  the  assistance  in  their  power. 

Sec.  4.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  any  person  who  wilfully  hinders,  obstructs, 
or  otherwise  disregards  or  evades  such  quarantine  as  said  State  Board  of  Health 
may  declare,  or  violate  any  rule  or  regulation  they  shall  make  in  attempting  to 
stamp  out  or  restrict  the  spread  of  any  disease  or  diseases  aforementioned,  or  who 
shall  resist  any  peace  officer,  acting  under  said  Board  of  Health,  shall  be  guilty  of 
a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  $50  nor  more  than 
$500,  or  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  for  a period  of  three  months,  one  or  both, 
at  the  discretion  of  the  court. 

Sec.  5.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  in  the  event  of  any  communicable  disease 
aforesaid  breaking  out,  or  being  reasonably  suspected  to  exist  in  any  locality  in 
this  State,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  local  health  authorities,  or  persons  owning 
or  having  any  interest  whatever  in  said  animals,  immediately  to  notify  the  said 
State  Board  of  Health  of  the  fact,  when  said  Board  shall  institute  such  measures 
for  the  restriction  or  stamping  out  of  such  disease  or  diseases  as  they  may  think 
necessary.  Any  person  or  persons  above  specified,  who  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to 
notify  said  State  Board  of  Health  of  the  existence  of  any  communicable  disease 
as  aforementioned,  shall  be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and,  upon  conviction,  shall 
be  fined  not  more  than  $10,  or  confined  in  the  county  jail  not  exceeding  two 
months,  or  both,  at  the  discretion  of  the  court. 

Sec.  6.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  whenever,  in  the  opinion  of  the  State  Board 
of  Health,  the  public  safety  demands  the  destruction  of  any  animal  or  animals, 
under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  they  shall,  before  ordering  the  killing  or  slaugh- 
tering of  the  same,  appoint  two  competent  and  disinterested  freeholders,  who  shall 
be  affirmed  or  sworn  before  proceeding  to  act,  and  they,  together  with  the  State 
Veterinary  Surgeon,  shall  thus  constitute  a board  of  appraisement  to  make  a just 
and  true  valuation  of  said  animal  or  animals  to  be  so  killed  or  slaughtered,  and  in 
valuing  shall  consider  the  health  and  condition  of  animal  when  killed;  and  after 
said  board  of  appraisement  shall  make  and  deliver  a written  certificate,  setting 
forth  all  the  essential  facts  in  the  case  to  the  lawful  owner,  who  shall  present  the 
same  for  payment  to  the  chairman  of  the  court  of  the  county  in  which  such  animal 
or  animals  are  so  killed  or  slaughtered,  and  the  same  shall  constitute  a county 
charge,  and  to  be  paid  as  other  claims  against  the  county  now  are. 

Sec.  7.  Be  it  further  enacted , That  any  person  or  persons  who  knowingly  shall 


144 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


import  or  bring  into  this  State  any  animal  or  animals  affected  with  pleuropneu- 
monia, rinderpest,  glanders,  or  other  communicable  diseases,  or  who  shall  sell  or 
trade,  or  offer  for  sale  or  trade,  any  animal  or  animals  so  diseased,  shall  be  guilty 
of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  shall  be  punished  by  a fine  of  not  more 
than  $100  or  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  for  a period  not  exceeding  three 
months,  or  both,  in  the  discretion  of  the  court. 

Sec.  8.  Be  it  further  enacted , That  the  Governor  of  the  State,  with  the  State 
Board  of  Health,  may  cooperate  with  the  Government  of  the  United  States  for 
objects  of  this  act,  and  the  Governor  is  hereby  authorized  to  receive  and  receipt 
for  any  moneys  receivable  by  this  State,  under  the  provisions  of  any  act  of  Con- 
gress which  may  at  any  time  be  in  force  upon  this  subject,  and  to  pay  the  same 
into  the  State  treasury,  to  be  used  according  to  the  act  of  Congress  and  the  provi- 
sions of  this  act,  as  nearly  as  may  be. 

Sec.  9.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  all  laws  or  parts  of  laws  in  conflict  with  this 
act  be,  and  the  same  are  hereby,  repealed,  and  that  this  act  take  effect  from  and 
after  its  passage,  the  public  welfare  requiring  it. 

AN  ACT  to  amend  Chapter  180,  Acts  of  1893,  passed  April  10th,  1893,  and  approved  April  10th,  1893, 
entitled  “An  act  to  prevent  the  .spread  of  communicable  diseases  among  domestic  animals  in 
the  State  of  Tennessee,”  and  to  provide  greater  protection  to  the  live  stock  industry  of  the 
State,  and  to  provide  penalties  for  the  violation  of  same.  (Passed  February  12,  1897. ) 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Tennessee , That 
it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  owner  or  person  in  charge  of  any  domestic  animal  or 
animals  who  discovers,  suspects,  or  has  reason  to  believe  that  any  such  animal  or 
animals  as  aforesaid  are  affected  with  any  communicable  disease  to  immediately 
report  the  fact,  belief,  or  suspicion  to  the  county  board  of  health  of  the  county  in 
which  said  domestic  animal  or  animals  are  found. 

******* 

Sec.  3.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  county  board  of  health  of  each  county, 
whenever  any  case  or  cases  of  communicable  disease  among  the  domestic  ani- 
mals of  their  county  is  reported  to  exist,  shall  immediately  cause  the  same  to  be 
investigated,  preferably  by  a qualified  veterinarian,  and,  should  said  investigation 
show  a reasonable  probability  that  such  animal  or  animals  is  affected  with  a com- 
municable disease,  the  said  county  board  of  health  shall  immediately  establish 
such  temporary  quarantine  as  may  be  necessary,  in  their  judgment,  to  prevent 
the  spread  of  such  disease,  and  they  shall  without  delay  report  all  action  taken  to 
the  State  Board  of  Health,  and  the  acts  of  the  said  county  board  of  health  estab- 
lishing said  temporary  quarantine  shall  have  the  same  force  and  effect  as  though 
established  by  the  State  Board  of  Health  until  such  time  as  the  said  State  Board 
of  Health  shall  take  charge  of  the  case  or  cases,  and  county  boards  of  health  of 
those  counties  which  form  the  north  border  of  the  quarantine  line,  as  established 
by  the  Federal  authorities,  shall  adopt  and  enforce  such  rules  and  regulations  as 
said  State  Board  of  Health  may  prescribe,  having  for  their  object  the  prevention 
and  restriction  of  splenetic,  or  Texas,  fever,  or  any  communicable  disease  among 
domestic  animals  which  may  be  either  threatened  or  developed  in  such  localities. 
And  all  expenses  incurred  by  the  county  boards  of  health  in  carrying  out  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act  shall  be  a county  charge  and  shall  be  paid  in  like  manner  as 
other  expenses  of  the  county  now  are. 

******* 
Sec.  5.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  any  person  who  owns  or  is  in  possession  of 
live  stock  which  is  reported,  or  suspected,  to  be  affected  with  any  communicable 
disease,  or  with  insects  which  may  produce  such  diseases,  who  shall  refuse  to 
allow  said  county  board  of  health,  or  any  one  acting  under  its  order,  to  examine 
such  stock,  or  who  shall  hinder  or  obstruct  the  said  board  or  its  appointee  in  any 
examination  of,  or  in  any  attempt  to  examine,  such  stock,  shall  be  deemed  guilty 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


145 


of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be  fined  in  any  sum  not  less 
than  $50  nor  more  than  $200. 

Sec.  6.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  any  person  who  shall  have  in  his  or  her  pos- 
session any  domestic  animal  affected  with  any  communicable  disease  or  fever  tick, 
knowing  such  animal  to  be  affected,  who  shall  permit  such  animal  or  animals  to  run 
at  large,  or  who  shall  keep  such  animal  or  animals  where  other  domestic  animals  not 
affected  by  or  previously  exposed  to  such  communicable  disease  maybe  exposed  to 
its  contagion  or  infection,  or  who  shall  ship,  drive,  sell,  traffic,  or  give  away  such 
animal  or  animals  which  have  been  exposed  to  such  infection  or  contagion,  or  who 
shall  move  or  drive  any  domestic  animal  in  violation  of  any  direction,  rule,  regu- 
lation, or  order  of  the  said  State  Board  of  Health  establishing  and  regulating  live 
stock  quarantine,  or  the  restriction  or  spread  of  communicable  diseases  among 
domestic  animals,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction 
thereof  shall  be  fined  in  any  amount  not  less  than  $50  nor  more  than  $100  for  each 
of  such  exposed  or  diseased  domestic  animals  which  he  or  she  shall  permit  to  run 
at  large,  or  sell,  ship,  drive,  trade,  or  give  away,  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of 
this  act:  Provided , That  any  owner  of  domestic  animals  which  have  been  affected 
with  or  exposed  to  any  communicable  disease  may  dispose  of  the  same  after  hav- 
ing obtained  from  said  State  Board  of  Health,  or  its  authorized  veterinarian,  a 
certificate  of  health  for  such  animal  or  animals. 

Sec.  7.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  this  act  take  effect  from  and  after  its  pas- 
sage, the  public  welfare  requiring  it. 

PROCLAMATION. 

Office  of  State  Board  of  Health, 

Nashville,  Tenn.,  June  1,  1900. 

Whereas  it  has  been  ascertained  by  the  State  Board  of  Health  of  the  State  of 
Tennessee  that  a great  many  of  the  dairy  and  breeding  cattle  in  other  States  are 
infected  with  a dangerous  and  infectious  disease  in  cattle,  known  as  tuberculosis, 
and  that  a great  many  of  said  cattle  are  being  shipped  into  the  State  of  Tennessee 
for  breeding  and  dairy  purposes,  it  is  therefore  ordered  that  from  and  after  June 
1,  1900,  it  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  cattle  to  be  shipped  or  transported  from  any 
State  or  Territory  into  the  State  of  Tennessee  for  breeding  or  dairy  purposes:  Pro- 
vided, however,  That  shipments  may  be  made  from  other  States  into  the  State  of 
Tennessee  of  breeding  and  dairy  cattle  after  said  cattle  have  been  tested  with 
tuberculin  and  found  free  of  tuberculosis,  and  a permit  and  a bill  of  health  given 
by  a qualified  veterinarian  or  bacteriologist  acting  under  the  orders  and  directions 
of  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  of  the  respective  State  or  Territory,  and  the 
certificate  so  given  by  such  examiner  shall  be  given  in  duplicate,  the  original  of 
which  shall  be  forwarded  to  the  State  Board  of  Health  at  Nashville,  Tennessee, 
and  the  duplicate  given  to  the  railroad  or  other  transportation  company,  to  be 
attached  to  the  bill  of  lading  for  said  cattle;  and  no  railroad  or  other  transporta- 
tion company  shall  accept  any  such  cattle  or  bring  or  ship  any  such  cattle  into 
the  State  of  Tennessee  for  breeding  or  dairy  purposes  without  the  certificate  and 
bill  of  health  herein  provided  for,  and  no  railroad  or  other  transportation  com- 
pany shall  accept  from  their  connecting  lines  any  cattle  shipped  in  violation  of 
this  provision. 

Nothing  in  this  resolution  shall  be  construed  as  exempting  from  other  cattle 
quarantine  restrictions. 

By  order  of  the — 

State  Board  of  Health  of  Tennessee, 

J.  A.  Albright,  M.  D., 

Secretary  and  Executive  Officer. 

W.  H.  Dunn,  State  Live  Stock  Commissioner. 

17022— No.  28—01 10 


146 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


TEXAS. 

The  official  control  of  contagions  diseases  of  animals  in  Texas  is 
lodged  in  a Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission,  composed  of  three  mem- 
bers who  are  practical  stock  raisers  and  appointed  by  the  Governor 
of  the  State.  The  duty  of  the  commission  is  “to  protect  the  domestic 
animals  of  this  State  from  all  contagious  or  infectious  diseases  of  a 
malignant  character,  whether  such  diseases  exist  in  Texas  or  else- 
where; and  for  this  purpose  they  are  hereby  authorized  and  empow- 
ered to  establish,  maintain,  and  enforce  such  quarantine  lines  and 
sanitary  rules  and  regulations  as  they  may  deem  necessary.  ” Tuber- 
culosis is  not  specifically  mentioned. 

The  laws  (R.  S.,  1895)  bearing  upon  contagious  diseases  are  given 
below,  and  the  rules  and  regulations  issued  are  embodied  in  the  proc- 
lamations by  the  Governor. 


LAW. 

[Title  103— Stock  law.  Chapter  7.] 

Article  5043a.  There  shall  be  appointed  by  the  Governor,  and  with  the  consent 
of  the  Senate,  a Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission  of  the  State  of  Texas,  composed 
of  three  members.  Before  entering  upon  the  duties  of  their  office  said  commis- 
sioners shall  take  and  subscribe  to  the  usual  oath  of  office  and  file  the  same  with 
the  Secretary  of  State;  and  they  shall  also,  before  entering  upon  the  performance 
of  their  duties,  execute  a bond,  to  be  approved  by  the  State  Comptroller,  in  the 
sum  of  $10,000  each,  conditioned  that  they  will  faithfully  perform  the  duties  of 
their  office,  which  said  bond  they  shall  file  with  the  Secretary  of  State.  The  term 
of  office  of  said  commissioners  shall  be  for  a period  of  two  years  next  from  the 
day  of  their  qualification  and  until  their  successors  shall  have  been  appointed  and 
qualified. 

Art.  50435.  The  commissioners  wnose  appointment  is  provided  for  in  the  pre- 
ceding article  shall  each  be  practical  live-stock  raisers  in  the  State  of  Texas,  and 
shall  have  been  actively  engaged  in  said  business  for  at  least  five  years  next  pre- 
ceding the  date  of  their  appointment,  and  shall  be  bona  fide  residents  of  and  stock 
raisers  in  the  particular  section  of  the  State  from  which  they  may  be  appointed. 
One  of  said  commissioners  shall  be  appointed  from  the  west,  one  from  the  south, 
and  one  from  the  eastern  portion  of  said  State. 

Art.  5043c.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  commission  provided  for  in  article  5043a 
to  protect  the  domestic  animals  of  this  State  from  all  contagious  or  infectious  dis- 
eases of  a malignant  character,  whether  said  diseases  exist  in  Texas  or  elsewhere; 
and  for  this  purpose  they  are  hereby  authorized  and  empowered  to  establish, 
maintain,  and  enforce  such  quarantine  lines  and  sanitary  rules  and  regulations  as 
they  may  deem  necessary.  It  shall  also  be  the  duty  of  said  commission  to  cooper- 
ate with  live  stock  quarantine  commissioners  and  officers  of  other  States  and  Ter- 
ritories, and  with  the  United  States  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  in  establishing  such 
interstate  quarantine  lines,  rules,  and  regulations  as  shall  best  protect  the  live- 
stock industry  of  this  State  against  Texas,  or  splenetic,  fever.  It  shall  be  the  duty 
of  said  commission,  upon  receipt  by  them  of  reliable  information  of  the  existence 
among  the  domestic  animals  of  the  State  of  any  malignant  disease,  to  go  at  once 
to  the  place  where  any  such  disease  is  alleged  to  exist  and  make  a careful  examina- 
tion of  the  animals  believed  to  be  affected  with  any  such  disease  and  ascertain  if 
possible  what,  if  any,  disease  exists  among  the  live  stock  reported  to  be  affected, 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


147 


and  whether  the  same  is  contagious  or  infectious,  and  if  said  disease  is  found  to  be 
of  a malignant,  contagious,  or  infectious  character,  they  shall  direct  and  enforce 
such  quarantine  lines  and  sanitary  regulations  as  are  necessary  to  prevent  the 
spread  of  any  such  disease.  And  no  domestic  animal  infected  with  disease,  or 
capable  of  communicating  the  same,  shall  be  permitted  to  enter  or  leave  the  dis- 
trict, premises,  or  grounds  so  quarantined,  except  by  authority  of  the  commission- 
ers. The  said  commission  shall  also,  from  time  to  time,  give  and  enforce  such 
directions  and  prescribe  such  rules  and  regulations  as  to  separating,  feeding,  and 
caring  for  such  diseased  and  exposed  animals  as  they  shall  deem  necessary  to  pre- 
vent the  animals  so  affected  with  such  disease  from  coming  in  contact  with  other 
animals  not  so  affected  And  the  said  commissioners  are  hereby  authorized  and 
empowered  to  enter  upon  any  grounds  or  premises  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of 
this  act. 

Art.  5043d.  When  the  commission  shall  have  determined  the  quarantine  lines 
and  other  regulations  necessary  to  prevent  the  spread  among  domestic  animals  of 
Texas  of  any  malignant,  contagious,  or  infectious  disease  found  to  exist  among 
the  live  stock  of  this  State  or  elsewhere,  and  given  their  orders  as  hereinbefore  pro- 
vided, prescribing  quarantine  and  other  regulations,  they  shall  notify  the  Gov- 
ernor of  the  State  of  Texas,  who  shall  issue  his  proclamation  proclaiming  the 
boundary  of  such  quarantine  around  such  diseased  stock  and  the  orders,  rules,  and 
regulations  prescribed  by  the  commission:  and  such  commission  shall  give  such 
notice  as  may  to  them  seem  best  to  make  the  quarantine  established  by  them 
effective. 

Art.  5043e.  The  commission  provided  for  in  this  chapter  shall  have  power  to 
purchase  such  supplies  and  material  as  may  be  necessary  to  carry  into  full  effect 
all  orders  by  them  given  as  hereinbefore  provided,  which  said  supplies  and  mate- 
rial and  wages  and  expenses  of  the  veterinarian  hereinafter  provided  for  shall  be 
paid  out  of  the  moneys  hereinafter  appropriated,  on  the  warrant  of  the  comp- 
troller, issued  to  said  commissioners  upon  their  filing  with  the  comptroller  an 
itemized  account  thereof  properly  verified  by  affidavit:  Provided , That  no  material 
or  supplies  may  be  purchased  by  the  commissioners  except  such  as  may  be  neces- 
sary to  carry  into  effect  the  quarantine  and  other  regulations  prescribed  by  them. 
And  such  commissioners  shall  have  the  power  to  employ  a competent  veterinarian 
to  assist  them  in  the  investigation  of  the  diseases  among  the  live  stock  of  this  State 
whenever  they  may  deem  the  services  of  one  necessary:  Provided , That  the  com- 
pensation of  such  veterinarian  shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of  $10  per  day  and  actual 
expenses  while  so  employed:  And  provided  further , That  the  expenditures  for 
the  compensation  of  veterinarians  shall  not  exceed  $900  in  any  one  year. 

Art.  5043/.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  railway  corporations  doing  business  in  the 
State  to  cleanse  and  disinfect  the  cars  used  by  them  in  transporting  live  stock  in 
or  through  this  State  at  such  times  and  places  as  the  commissioners  may  designate, 
whenever,  in  the  opinion  of  the  commissioners,  any  such  order  maybe  necessary  to 
prevent  the  spread  of  infectious  or  contagious  disease.  And  such  corporations 
violating  the  provisions  of  this  article  shall  be  liable  to  a penalty  of  $500  for  each 
offense,  to  be  recovered  in  a civil  action  to  be  prosecuted  under  the  direction  of 
the  Attorney- General  in  the  name  of  the  State  of  Texas. 

Art.  5043(7.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  any  owner  or  person  in  charge  of  any  domes- 
tic animal  or  animals  who  discovers,  suspects,  or  has  reason  to  believe  that  any  of 
his  domestic  animals  or  domestic  animals  in  his  charge  are  affected  with  any  con- 
tagious or  infectious  disease  to  immediately  report  such  fact,  belief,  or  suspicion 
to  the  commission  and  to  the  sheriff  and  county  clerk  of  the  county  in  which  said 
domestic  animals  are  found. 

Art.  5043/i.  The  commissioners  appointed  by  the  Governor,  as  hereinbefore  pro- 
vided, shall  receive  $5  per  day  for  the  time  by  them  necessarily  employed  in  the 
discharge  of  the  duties  required  by  this  chapter;  and  said  commissioners  herein- 


148 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


before  provided  for  shall  receive  in  addition  thereto  the  actual  and  necessary 
traveling  expenses  incurred  by  them  and  paid  in  the  discharge  of  the  duties 
required  of  them  by  this  provision  of  this  chapter,  which  said  per  diem  and 
expenses  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury  on  the  warrant  of  the  Comptroller,  to 
be  issued  to  said  commissioners  on  their  filing  with  the  Comptroller  an  itemized 
account  thereof  properly  verified  by  affidavit. 

Art.  5043 i.  The  Live  Stock. Sanitary  Commission  shall  have  power  to  call  upon 
any  sheriff,  deputy  sheriff,  or  constable  to  execute  their  orders,  and  such  officers 
shall  obey  the  orders  of  said  commissioners;  and  the  officer  or  officers  performing 
these  duties  shall  each  be  entitled  to  $2.50  per  day  for  himself  and  horse,  which 
payment  shall  be  made  upon  a sworn  account,  approved  by  said  commissioners: 
Provided , Said  expenses  under  this  article  shall  not  exceed  in  any  event  $500  per 
annum. 

Art.  5043 j.  The  sum  of  $20,000,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  is  hereby 
appropriated,  out  of  the  general  revenue  fund  not  otherwise  appropriated,  for  the 
purpose  of  carrying  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  chapter:  Provided. , That  the 
exhaustion  of  the  appropriation  herein  made  shall  terminate  the  liability  of  the 
State  for  the  two  years  next  following  and  absolve  it  from  any  future  claims  of 
any  and  ail  persons  who  may  have  claims,  real  or  pretended,  under  the  provisions 
of  this  chapter. 

(Amended  January  28,  1897.) 

Art.  5043&.  Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Legisislature  of  the  State  of  Texas , 
That  Article  5043&  be,  and  the  same  is,  amended  so  as  hereafter  to  read  as  fol- 
lows: Any  quarantine  line  that  may  be  fixed  by  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Com- 
mission against  Texas  or  splenetic,  fever  shall  be  so  fixed  as  to  conform  to  the 
Federal  quarantine  line  established  or  that  may  be  established  by  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Sec.  2.  The  fact  that  there  is  serious  question  of  the  power  of  the  Live  Stock 
Sanitary  Commission  to  establish  a quarantine  line  in  conformity  with  the  line 
established  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  and,  unless  such  line 
is  established,  the  entire  State  may  be  quarantined  by  the  United  States  authori- 
ties and  incalculable  injury  done  to  the  cattle  interests  of  Texas,  creates  an  impera- 
tive public  necessity,  and  an  emergency  exists  that  the  constitutional  rule  requir- 
ing all  bills  to  be  read  on  three  several  days  be  suspended,  and  that  this  bill  be  put 
on  the  third  reading  and  final  passage,  and  that  the  act  take  effect  and  be  in  force 
from  and  after  its  passage,  and  it  is  so  enacted. 

Art.  5043Z.  No  quarantine  line  shall  be  established  at  any  time,  nor  regulations 
made  in  regulation  thereto,  unless  two  of  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commissioners 
agree  thereto. 

Art.  5043?r.  This  chapter  does  not  repeal  any  law  in  force  for  the  protection  of 
domestic  animals,  but  is  cumulative  thereto. 

PROCLAMATIONS. 

Whereas  The  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission  of  the  State  of  Texas  on  December 
14,  1899,  adopted  the  following  rule  and  regulation: 

First.  Whereas  The  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission  of  the  State  of  Texas  have 
ascertained  that  a great  many  of  the  breeding  and  dairy  cattle  in  the  States  of 
Maine,  New  Hampshire.  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut, 
New  York,  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Tennessee, 
Indiana,  Michigan,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  Iowa,  Nebraska,  and  Colorado 
are  infected  with  a contagious  and  infectious  disease  in  cattle  known  as  tuber- 
culosis, and  that  a great  many  of  said  cattle  are  being  shipped  into  the  State  of 
Texas  for  breeding  and  dairy  purposes: 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


149 


It  is  therefore  ordered  that  from  this  date  it  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  cattle  to 
be  shipped  or  transported  from  either  of  the  above-named  States  into  the  State  of 
Texas  for  breeding  or  dairy  purposes:  Provided,  however , That  shipments  may  be 
made  from  such  States  into  the  State  of  Texas  for  breeding  and  dairy  purposes 
after  said  cattle  have  been  examined  and  found  free  of  tuberculosis,  and  a permit 
and  bill  of  health  given  by  a veterinarian  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Animal 
Industry,  or  a veterinarian  acting  under  the  order  and  direction  of  the  Live  Stock 
Sanitary  Board  of  either  of  the  above-named  States,  and  the  certificates  so  given 
by  such  veterinarians  shall  be  given  in  duplicate,  the  original  of  which  shall  be 
forwarded  to  W.  B.  Tullis,  Quanah,  Texas,  and  the  duplicate  given  to  the  railroad 
company  to  be  attached  to  the  bill  of  lading  for  said  cattle.  And  no  railroad 
company  shall  accept  any  such  cattle,  nor  bring  nor  ship  any  such  cattle  into  the 
State  of  Texas  from  either  of  the  above-named  States,  for  breeding  or  dairy  pur- 
poses, without  the  certificate  and  bill  of  health  herein  provided  for;  and  no 
railroad  company  shall  accept  from  its  connecting  lines  any  cattle  shipped  in 
violation  of  this  provision. 

Second.  Provided , however , That  native  cattle,  that  is,  cattle  born  and  raised  in 
the  States  of  Nebraska  and  Colorado,  may  be  moved  into  the  State  of  Texas  upon 
the  owner  or  person  in  charge  thereof  making  affidavit,  supported  by  the  affidavit 
of  two  credible  disinterested  citizens  of  said  State,  stating  in  substance  that  said 
cattle  are  natives  of  said  States  of  Colorado  and  Nebraska,  which  said  affidavit 
shall  be  made  before  some  officer  authorized  to  administer  oaths;  and  the  above 
affidavit  so  made  shall  be  given  in  duplicate,  the  original  of  which  shall  be  for- 
warded to  W.  B.  Tullis,  Quanah,  Texas,  and  the  duplicate  given  to  the  owner  or 
person  in  charge  of  said  cattle,  to  be  attached  to  the  bill  of  lading  for  said  cattle; 
and  no  railroad  company  shall  accept  any  such  cattle  for  shipment  nor  bring  nor 
ship  any  such  cattle  into  the  State  of  Texas,  for  breeding  or  dairy  purposes,  from 
the  said  States  of  Nebraska  or  Colorado,  nor  accept  from  its  connecting  lines  any 
cattle  shipped  in  violation  of  this  provision. 

Third.  It  is  further  ordered  that  a violation  of  any  of  the  provisions  herein- 
above set  out  shall  be  an  offense  and  punishable  as  is  provided  by  the  laws  of  the 
State  of  Texas. 

Now,  therefore,  1,  Joseph  D.  Sayers,  Governor  of  the  State  of  Texas,  in  con- 
formity with  the  provisions  of  Chapter  7,  Title  102,  of  the  Revised  Statutes  of 
Texas  of  1895,  do  hereby  declare  that  the  rule  and  regulation  set  forth  in  the 
above-recited  order  of  the  Live  Stock  and  Sanitary  Commission  of  Texas  shall  be 
in  full  force  and  effect  from  and  after  the  first  day  of  January,  A.  D.  1900. 

In  witness  whereof,  I have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  caused  the  seal  of  the 
State  to  be  affixed  at  Austin,  this  28th  day  of  December,  A.  D.  1899. 

Joseph  D.  Sayers,  Governor. 

By  the  Governor: 

D.  H.  Hardy, 

Secretary  of  State. 

Whereas  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commission  of  the  State  of  Texas,  on  October 
18,  1900,  recommended  the  adoption  of  the  following  regulations: 

******* 

Twelfth.  And  whereas  it  has  been  ascertained  by  the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Com- 
mission of  the  State  of  Texas  that  a great  many  of  the  dairy  and  breeding  cattle 
in  the  States  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachusetts.  Rhode  Island, 
Connecticut,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Kentucky, 
Tennessee,  Indiana,  Michigan,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  Iowa,  Nebraska, 


150 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Missouri,  and  Colorado  are  infected  with  a dangerous  and  infectious  disease  in 
cattle,  known  as  tuberculosis,  and  that  a great  many  of  said  cattle  are  being  shipped 
into  the  State  of  Texas  for  breeding  and  dairy  purposes;  it  is  therefore  ordered 
that  from  this  date  it  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  cattle  to  be  shipped  or  transported 
from  either  of  the  above-named  States  to  the  State  of  Texas  for  breeding  or  dairy 
purposes:  Provided , however.  That  shipment  may  be  made  from  said  States  into 
the  State  of  Texas  of  breeding  and  dairy  cattle  after  said  cattle,  and  the  herd 
from  which  they  originated,  have  been  examined  and  found  free  of  tuberculosis, 
and  a permit  and  a bill  of  health  given  by  a veterinarian  of  the  United  States 
Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  or  a veterinarian  under  the  order  and  direction  of 
the  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  of  either  of  the  above-named  States,  and  the  cer- 
tificate so  given  by  such  veterinarian  shall  be  given  in  duplicate,  tlie  original  of 
which  shall  be  forwarded  to  M.  M.  Hankins,  Quanah,  Tex. , and  the  duplicate 
given  to  the  railroad  company  to  be  attached  to  the  bill  of  lading  for  said  cattle; 
and  no  railroad  shall  accept  any  such  cattle  nor  bring  or  ship  any  such  cattle  into 
the  State  of  Texas  from  either  of  said  States  for  breeding  or  dairy  purposes  with- 
out the  certificate  and  bill  of  health  herein  provided  for;  and  no  railroad  company 
shall  accept  from  its  connecting  lines  any  cattle  shipped  in  violation  of  this  pro- 
vision: Provided , however,  That  native  cattle — that  is,  cattle  born  and  raised  in 
the  States  of  Nebraska  and  Colorado — may  be  moved  into  the  State  of  Texas  upon 
the  owner  or  the  person  in  charge  thereof  making  affidavit,  supported  by  the  affi- 
davit of  two  credible,  disinterested  citizens  of  said  State,  stating,  in  substance, 
that  said  cattle  are  natives  of  said  State  of  Colorado  or  Nebraska,  as  the  case  may 
be,  which  said  affidavit  shall  be  made  before  some  officer  authorized  to  administer 
oaths;  and  the  above  affidavit  so  made  shall  be  given  in  duplicate,  the  original  of 
which  shall  be  forwarded  to  M.  M.  Hankins,  Quanah,  Tex.,  and  the  duplicate 
given  to  the  owner  or  person  in  charge  of  said  cattle,  to  be  attached  to  the  bill  of 
lading  for  said  cattle;  and  no  railroad  company  shall  accept  such  cattle  for  ship- 
ment, nor  bring  nor  ship  any  such  cattle  into  the  State  of  Texas,  for  breeding  or 
dairy  purposes,  from  the  State  of  Colorado  or  Nebraska,  nor  accept  from  its  con- 
necting lines  any  cattle  shipped  in  violation  of  this  provision:  And  provided  fur- 
ther, That  cattle  may  be  shipped  into  Texas  for  show  or  exhibit  at  public  fairs,  or 
for  immediate  slaughter  or  export  from  Texas  ports,  without  such  certificate;  but 
if  such  show  cattle  are  sold  in  Texas,  then  before  being  delivered  to  purchasers 
they  shall  be  tested  as  herein  stated. 

******* 

Seventeenth.  It  is  further  ordered  that  a violation  of  any  or  either  of  the 
above  rules  and  regulations  shall  be  an  offense,  and  punishable  as  is  provided  by 
the  laws  of  the  State  of  Texas. 

Now,  therefore,  I,  J.  N.  Browning,  Lieutenant-Governor  and  Acting  Governor 
of  the  State  of  Texas,  in  conformity  with  the  provisions  of  Chapter  7,  Title  102, 
of  the  Revised  Statutes  of  Texas  of  1895,  do  hereby  declare  that  the  quarantine 
line  and  the  rules  and  regulations  set  forth  in  the  above-recited  order  of  the 
Live  Stock  and  Sanitary  Commission  of  the  State  of  Texas  shall  be  in  full  force 
and  effect  from  and  after  November  1,  1900,  and  shall  remain  in  effect  for  one 
year  thereafter,  unless  otherwise  ordered  in  due  form  of  law. 

In  witness  whereof  I have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  caused  the  seal  of  the 
State  to  be  affixed  at  Austin,  the  20th  day  of  October,  A.  D.  1900. 

J.  N.  Browning, 

Lieutenant-Governor  and  Acting  Governor. 

By  the  Governor: 

D.  H.  Hardy,  Secretary  of  State . 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


151 


UTAH. 

The  enforcement  of  the  laws  of  Utah  relating  to  the  public  health 
devolves  upon  a State  Board  of  Health,  consisting  of  seven  persons, 
appointed  by  the  Governor.  One  of  the  duties  of  the  board  is  to 
make  “investigations  and  inquiries  respecting  the  causes  of  diseases, 
especially  of  epidemic  diseases,  including  those  of  domestic  animals.” 

Tuberculosis  is  implied  in  the  section  prohibiting  the  importation 
of  “any  domestic  animals  afflicted  with  a contagious  or  infectious 
disease.”  Domestic  animals  so  affected  are  not  permitted  to  run  at 
large,  and  may  not  be  sold  without  disclosing  their  condition  to  the 
purchaser.  Such  animals  must  be  kept  separate  from  others. 

A special  act  relative  to  bovine  tuberculosis,  passed  in  1899,  pro- 
vides that  cattle  having  tuberculosis  shall  not  be  kept  by  dairymen, 
but  shall  be  killed  by  the  Dairy  and  Food  Commissioner.  There 
appears  to  be  no  provision  for  the  tuberculin  test  or  indemnity. 

Sections  of  the  Revised  Statutes  bearing  upon  tuberculosis  as  one 
of  the  infectious  diseases  of  animals  are  as  follows: 

LAW. 

58.  Any  person  owning  or  having  in  charge  any  domestic  animal  afflicted  with 
a contagions  or  infectious  disease,  that,  knowing  such  animal  to  be  diseased,  shall 
bring  or  drive  the  same  into  this  State,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor. 

60.  Any  person  owning  or  having  in  charge  any  domestic  animal  afflicted  with 
a contagious  or  infectious  disease,  that,  knowing  such  animal  to  be  diseased,  shall 
allow  it  to  run  at  large  upon  any  uninclosed  land,  common,  or  highway,  or  that 
shall  sell  or  dispose  of  such  animal  without  fully  disclosing  its  condition  to  the 
purchaser,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor. 

61.  Any  person  owning  or  having  in  charge  any  domestic  animal  afflicted  with 
a contagious  or  infectious  disease  shall  immediately  remove  the  same  to  some 
place  where  it  can  not  endanger  the  health  of  other  domestic  animals. 

62.  Any  person  violating  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  chapter,  in  addition  to  the 
penalties  herein  provided,  shall  be  liable  for  all  damages  that  may  accrue  to  any 
party  damaged  by  reason  of  said  animal  imparting  disease. 

67.  If  the  owner  or  person  in  charge  of  any  such  animal  at  the  time  of  its  death 
shall  fail  to  remove  or  bury  the  same,  as  in  this  chapter  provided,  any  citizen  may 
bury  or  remove  such  animal  and  collect  pay  therefor  from  the  owner,  if  known, 
or  from  the  county  where  the  owner  is  unknown.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  all 
sheriffs,  constables,  and  city  marshals  to  see  that  the  provisions  of  this  chapter 
are  carried  into  effect. 

AN  ACT  to  prevent  persons  selling  or  furnishing  milk  or  dairy  products,  from  keeping  cattle 

having  tuberculosis  or  other  contagious  or  infectious  diseases.  Approved,  March  9, 1899. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Utah: 

Section  1.  No  person  selling,  exchanging,  furnishing,  or  delivering  milk  or  dairy 
products  shall  have  in  his  possession,  at  any  place  where  milch  cows  are  kept,  any 
cattle  having  tuberculosis  or  other  infectious  or  contagious  disease. 

Sec.  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Dairy  and  Food  Commissioner  of  this  State,  in 
case  he  shall  find  that  cattle  are  kept  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  to 
cause  all  such  cattle,  having  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease,  to  be  killed. 


152 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Sec.  3.  Any  person  violating  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  guilty  of  a mis- 
demeanor. 

Sec.  4.  This  act  shall  take  effect  upon  approval. 

RULES  AND  REGULATIONS. 

Rules  and  Regulations  of  State  Board  of  Health  relating  to  diseased  animals,  adopted  April  20, 1898. 

No  animals  driven  or  shipped  from  infected  districts,  within  the  quarantine  line 
defined  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  shall  enter  the  State  of 
Utah  unless  they  shall  first  have  been  inspected  at  the  points  designated  by  the  State 
Board  of  Health  by  an  inspector  of  the  State  of  Utah  and  found  to  be  free  from 
any  contagious  or  infectious  disease  or  fever  ticks:  Provided,  That  cattle  may  be 
shipped  through  the  State,  on  condition  that  if  found  to  be  infected  with  splenetic, 
or  Texas,  fever,  they  must  be  placed  in  quarantine  pens  when  unloaded  for  feeding 
and  watering. 

Inspectors  having  inspected  animals  from  the  quarantine  district  prescribed, 
and  having  found  the  said  animals  free  from  all  contagious  or  infectious  diseases 
and  fever  ticks,  shall  issue  a certificate  of  health. 

All  cattle  offered  for  shipment  without  a certificate  of  health  from  the  said 
inspector,  shall  be  regarded  as  infected  and  must  follow  the  rules  and  regulations 
hereinbefore  stated. 

The  expense  of  inspection  as  herein  provided  shall  be  defrayed  by  the  owner  or 
owners  of  the  animals  inspected. 


VERMONT. 

In  Vermont  it  is  a violation  of  law  to  bring  domestic  animals  into 
the  State  which  are  known  to  be  infected  with  or  having  been  exposed 
to  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease.  The  penalty  for  this  offense 
is  not  more  than  $500  or  less  than  $100. 

The  selectmen  of  towns  and  aldermen  may  make  regulations  to 
prevent  the  spread  of  such  diseases,  and  shall  report  all  such  cases  to 
the  Governor. 

The  Board  of  Agriculture  may  prohibit  the  importation  into  the 
State  of  animals  believed  to  be  affected  with  or  exposed  to  any  con- 
tagious or  infectious  disease,  or  may  quarantine  the  same  for  such  a 
period  of  time  as  may  be  deemed  necessary.  It  is  also  the  duty  of 
the  board  to  obtain  as  full  information  as  possible  regarding  any  con- 
tagious or  infectious  disease  which  may  prevail  near  the  borders  of 
the  State  and  publish  such  information.  Should  any  such  disease 
break  out  in  any  town  in  this  State,  the  board  is  required  to  examine 
into  the  matter  and  publish  the  results  of  their  examination  for  the 
benefit  of  the  public. 

The  Board  of  Agriculture  may  quarantine  all  animals  affected  with 
tuberculosis,  as  well  as  those  that  have  been  exposed  to  that  disease, 
and  may  make  such  investigations  and  “regulations  as  they  deem 
necessary  for  the  detection,  prevention,  treatment,  cure,  and  extirpa- 
tion of  such  disease,  but  shall  not  apply  the  tuberculin  test  without 
the  consent  of  the  owner  of  the  cattle.”  The  tuberculin  test  is 
required,  however,  in  the  case  of  cattle  imported  into  the  State. 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


153 


The  Board  of  Agriculture  may  condemn  and  order  killed  any  cattle 
which  they  believe  to  be  affected  with  tuberculosis,  and  may  prohibit 
the  sale  or  removal  from  the  premises  of  any  dairy  product  from  cows 
so  affected. 

Animals  killed  by  order  of  the  board  are  appraised  by  disinterested 
persons,  said  appraisement  to  be  upon  the  basis  of  health.  The  limit 
of  value  in  such  cases  is  $40.  If  upon  postmortem  an  animal  is  found 
to  be  affected,  the  owner  receives  one-half  the  appraised  value;  if 
not  affected,  the  full  appraisement.  The  State  pays  the  indemnity. 
Indemnity  does  not  extend  to  animals  which  have  not  been  owned 
and  kept  within  the  State  for  a period  of  six  months  immediately 
prior  to  being  killed. 

The  rules  and  regulations  issued  by  the  Board  of  Agriculture 
always  supersede  those  issued  by  selectmen  or  aldermen. 

LAW. 

(Statutes  op  1894.) 

Sec.  4807.  If  a person  brings  into  this  State  any  domestic  animals  which  he 
knows  to  be  infected  with  an  infections  or  contagions  disease,  or  exposes  such 
cattle  or  other  animals  known  to  him  to  be  so  infected  to  other  cattle  and  animals 
not  infected  with  such  disease,  he  shall  be  fined  not  more  than  $500  and  not  less 
than  $100. 

S:  c.  4808.  The  selectmen  of  the  towns,  and  the  board  of  aldermen  of  the  cities 
of  this  State,  may  make  and  enforce  such  regulations  as  they  deem  proper  to  pre- 
vent the  spread  of  infectious  or  contagious  diseases  among  domestic  animals  within 
their  respective  towns  and  cities,  and  shall  inquire  into  all  such  cases  coming  to 
their  knowledge,  and  sliall  immediately  report  the  same  to  the  Governor.  A per- 
son who  knowingly  violates  or  refuses  to  obey  such  regulations  made  by  such 
town  or  city  authorities  shall  be  fined  $100. 

Sec.  4809.  The  Board  of  Agriculture  may  prohibit  the  introduction  of  horses  or 
other  domestic  animals  believed  to  be  infected  with  or  exposed  to  any  contagious 
disease,  into  this  State,  or  may  quarantine  all  such  animals  for  such  time  as  the 
public  good  requires;  but  shall  not  prohibit  the  transportation  of  the  same  in  cars 
through  this  State. 

Sec.  4810.  If  a person  violates  such  order,  after  the  same  has  been  published 
three  successive  days  in  such  newspapers  published  in  this  State  as  the  board 
directs,  he  shall  be  fined  not  more  than  $300  for  each  offense,  and  every  officer  or 
agent  of  any  company,  or  other  person  who  violates  such  order,  shall  be  fined  as 
aforesaid.  The  introduction  into  this  State  at  the  same  time  of  a number  of 
horses,  cattle,  or  other  domestic  animals,  contrary  to  the  orders  of  such  board, 
shall  be  deemed  a separate  and  distinct  offense  for  each  animal. 

Sec.  4811 . The  board  shall  endeavor  to  obtain  full  information  in  relation  to  any 
contagious  disease  which  may  prevail  among  domestic  animals  near  the  borders 
of  the  State,  and  publish  and  circulate  such  information  at  their  discretion;  and 
should  any  such  disease  break  out,  or  should  there  be  reasonable  suspicion  of  its 
existence  among  cattle  or  other  domestic  animals  in  any  town  in  this  State,  they 
shall  examine  the  cases  and  publish  the  results  of  their  examination  for  the  benefit 
of  the  public.  The  board  is  also  authorized  to  examine,  under  oath,  in  the  several 
towns  and  cities  in  this  State,  all  persons  possessing  or  believed  to  possess  knowl- 
edge of  any  material  facts  concerning  the  existence  or  dissemination  or  danger  of 
dissemination  of  diseases  among  domestic  animals,  and  for  this  purpose  shall  have 


154 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


all  the  power  now  conferred  upon  justices  of  the  peace  to  compel  witnesses  to 
attend  and  testify. 

Sec.  4812.  All  costs  and  expenses  incurred  in  procuring  the  attendance  of  such 
witnesses  shall  be  allowed  by  the  State  Auditor,  upon  the  approval  of  the  Gover- 
nor, and  be  paid  by  the  State. 

Sec.  4818.  When  bovine  tuberculosis  or  any  contagious  disease  exists  in  the  State 
among  cattle  or  other  domestic  animals,  the  Board  of  Agriculture  may  quarantine 
all  infected  animals  or  such  as  they  suppose  have  been  exposed  to  the  contagion, 
may  prohibit  any  animal  from  passing  on  or  over  any  of  the  highways  near  the 
place  of  quarantine,  may  enter  upon  any  premises  where  there  are  animals  sus- 
pected to  have  bovine  tuberculosis  or  any  contagious  disease,  may  employ  such 
expert  help  and  means  as  they  deem  necessary  to  a thorough  investigation  of  such 
diseases,  may  make  all  investigations  and  regulations  they  deem  necessary  for  the 
detection,  prevention,  treatment,  cure,  and  extirpation  of  such  disease,  but  shall 
not  apply  the  tuberculin  test  without  the  consent  of  the  owner  of  the  cattle,  but 
in  quarantine  regulations  against  cattle  imported  from  without  the  State  the  tuber- 
culin test  may  be  applied,  and  they  may  condemn  and  order  killed  any  cattle  or 
other  domestic  animals  believed  by  said  board  to  be  infected  with  bovine  tubercu- 
losis or  any  contagious  disease,  and  may  order  the  bodies  of  the  same  buried  or 
burned,  as  in  their  judgment  the  case  may  require;  may  forbid  the  sale  or  removal 
from  the  premises  of  any  dairy  product  from  cows  that  are  believed  to  have  bovine 
tuberculosis.  Any  person  who  shall  knowingly  violate  or  refuse  to  comply  with 
any  order  or  regulation  of  such  board,  made  under  the  authority  of  this  section, 
shall  be  fined  not  more  than  .$200,  or  be  imprisoned  not  more  than  two  years,  or 
both. 

Sec.  4814.  If  any  person  shall  sell  or  offer  to  sell  any  cattle  or  other  domestic 
animal  known  to  him  to  be  infected  with  bovine  tuberculosis  or  any  contagious 
disease,  or  any  disease  dangerous  to  the  public  health,  or  shall  sell  or  offer  to  sell 
any  part  or  parts  of  such  cattle  or  other  domestic  animal,  he  shall  be  fined  not 
more  than  $200,  or  be  imprisoned  not  more  than  two  years,  or  both. 

Sec.  4815.  The  value  of  all  cattle  or  other  domestic  animals  killed  by  the  written 
order  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  shall  be  appraised  by  one  of  said  board  and  a 
disinterested  person  selected  by  the  owner  of  the  condemned  animals;  but  if  these 
two  can  not  agree  upon  the  amount  of  the  appraised  value  of  the  animal,  they 
shall  select  a third  disinterested  person,  who,  together  with  them,  shall  appraise 
the  animal,  such  appraisal  to  be  made  just  before  killing,  and  on  a basis  of  health. 
The  limit  of  the  appraisal  of  cattle  shall  be  $40.  A postmortem  examination  shall 
be  made,  and  if  the  animal  be  found  affected  with  bovine  tuberculosis  or  any  dis- 
ease dangerous  to  the  public  health,  the  owner  of  the  animal  shall  receive  one-half 
the  appraised  value;  but  if  no  bovine  tuberculosis  or  disease  dangerous  to  the  public 
health  be  found,  the  owner  of  the  animal  shall  receive  the  full  amount  of  the 
appraisal,  and  in  addition  shall  receive  the  slaughtered  animal.  The  amount 
which  the  owner  is  entitled  to  receive  shall  be  paid  by  the  State  to  the  owner  of 
such  animal  or  animals  upon  a written  order,  signed  by  the  member  of  the  board 
in  charge  and  countersigned  by  the  secretary  of  said  board.  No  indemnity  shall 
be  paid  to  the  owner  of  condemned  cattle  or  other  domestic  animals  that  have  not 
been  owned  and  kept  in  the  State  for  at  least  six  months  previous  to  the  discovery 
of  the  disease.  Any  person  who  shall  knowingly  violate  or  refuse  to  comply  with 
any  regulations  made  by  such  Board  of  Agriculture  under  the  authority  and  pro- 
visions of  this  section  shall  be  fined  not  more  than  $200,  or  imprisoned  not  more 
than  two  years,  or  both. 

Sec.  4816.  All  expenses  incurred  by  the  board  under  the  provisions  of  the  three 
preceding  sections  shall  be  allowed  by  the  State  Auditor,  upon  the  approval  of  the 
Governor,  and  paid  by  the  State. 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


155 


Sec.  4817.  Whenever  the  board  shall  make  and  publish  regulations  concerning 
the  extirpation,  cure,  or  treatment  of  domestic  animals  infected  with,  or  which 
have  been  exposed  to,  any  contagious  disease,  such  regulations  shall  supersede  the 
regulations  made  by  the  selectmen  of  the  several  towns,  or  the  board  of  aldermen 
of  the  several  cities,  upon  the  same  subject:  and  the  operation  of  such  regulations 
made  by  said  authorities  shall  be  suspended  during  the  time  those  made  by  the 
board  as  aforesaid  are  in  force. 

Sec.  4818.  The  board  shall  keep  a record  of  its  doings  and  report  the  same  to  the 
Governor  prior  to  the  fifteenth  day  of  September,  annually,  unless  sooner  required. 

Sec.  4819.  All  orders,  appointments,  and  notices  from  the  board  shall  be  signed 
by  a majority  of  the  same. 

Sec.  4820.  [As  amended  by  act  of  November  7,  1896.]  Every  prosecution  for  a 
violation  of  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  chapter  shall  be  commenced  within  six 
months  from  the  commission  thereof. 

Below  are  copied  the  regulations  issued  by  the  Board  of  Agricul- 
ture; also  some  quotations  from  the  report  of  Mr.  C.  J.  Bell,  Secretary 
of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  for  the  year  ended  July  1,  1900: 

REGULATIONS. 

INSPECTION. 

I.  Owners  of  cattle  in  the  State  may  have  their  herds  tested  with  tuberculin  at 
State  expense  by  applying  to  the  board.  Owners  of  herds,  tested  by  the  State, 
will  not  be  allowed  to  admit  cattle  into  their  herds  unless  such  cattle  have  been 
tested  or  have  come  from  herds  tested  by  the  State. 

II.  All  cattle  that  are  judged  tuberculous  on  tests  made  by  the  State  must  be 
killed  and  the  bodies  buried  or  burned.  Owners  of  herds  are  required  to  bear  the 
expense  of  killing  and  disposing  of  the  bodies.  The  hides  of  the  cattle  killed  will 
be  at  the  disposal  of  the  owners. 

III.  Applications  for  tests  will  be  complied  with  as  far  as  practicable  in  the 
order  received.  Exceptions  to  this  rule  are  sometimes  made  for  the  purpose  of 
testing  herds  suspected  of  being  tuberculous  and  for  completing  tests  in  a given 
locality. 

IV.  Applications  to  test  a portion  of  a herd  only  will  always  be  refused. 

V.  The  board  claims  the  right  to  retest  herds  in  which  disease  is  found  when- 
ever they  think  best.  A second  test  will  not  be  made  in  herds  where  no  disease 
or  suspicious  cases  are  found  on  the  first  test. 

VI.  No  indemnity  will  be  allowed  for  cattle  killed  by  their  owners  and  found 
diseased  where  no  inspection  has  been  made  by  the  board. 

VII.  Persons  having  herds  tested,  from  which  diseased  animals  are  killed,  will 
be  required  to  observe  the  rules  and  directions  of  the  board  in  disinfecting  their 
premises. 

DISINFECTION  OF  STABLES. 

Things  required. — Brooms,  pails,  hoe,  barrel,  spray  pumps,  and  a half  pound  of 
the  following  mixture  for  each  five  stalls:  Corrosive  sublimate,  ammonium 
chloride,  equal  parts,  well  mixed. 

Directions. — Remove  all  live  stock,  and  after  sprinkling  to  lay  the  dust  sweep 
all  dust  and  dirt  from  mangers,  walls,  and  floor,  scraping  loose  gummy  material 
clinging  to  mangers  and  stanchions  with  hoe.  Mix  well  one  package  of  disinfect- 
ing powder  and  thirty  gallons  of  water;  then  dip  out  in  pail  and  with  broom 
scrub  mangers  and  stanchions;  then  with  spray  pump  thoroughly  drench  ceiling, 
side  walls,  floor,  etc.,  using  at  least  a barrel  of  solution  to  each  five  stalls. 

Caution. — This  solution  is  poison,  so  do  not  leave  pools  of  it  in  mangers. 


156 


BUREAU  OE  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


QUARANTINE. 

I.  Under  the  quarantine  regulations  now  in  force,  no  cattle  are  allowed  to  enter 
Vermont  from  any  source,  to  be  held  in  the  State,  without  a permit  from  the 
board.  Any  common  carrier  who  leaves  an  animal  in  the  State  without  being 
accompanied  by  such  permit,  or  any  person  who  brings  an  animal  into  the  State 
without  such  permit,  is  liable  to  a fine  not  exceeding  $200. 

II.  Permits  will  be  issued  to  persons  to  bring  cattle  into  the  State  after  such 
cattle  have  passed  an  examination  with  tuberculin  that  is  satisfactory  to  the  board. 
Such  cattle  will  be  held  in  quarantine  at  some  place  designated  by  the  board  until 
identified  and  released. 

Permits  will  also  be  given  to  persons  to  bring  cattle  into  the  State,  and  the  same 
shad  be  held  at  such  place  as  is  designated  by  the  board  under  quarantine  restric- 
tions until  tested  with  tuberculin  by  some  person  approved  by  the  board  and 
judged  to  be  free  from  tuberculosis. 

III.  All  expenses  incurred  in  identifying,  releasing,  and  testing  cattle  under  the 
preceding  rule  must  be  paid  by  the  owner  of  the  cattle. 

IV.  Applications  for  permits  to  bring  cattle  into  the  State  should  be  made  to 
the  secretary  of  the  board. 

Adopted  December  16,  1898. 

C.  J.  Bell,  Secretary, 

East  Hardwick,  Vt.,  January  2 , 1899. 

THE  SECRETARY’S  REPORT. 

It  has  seemed  hard  to  some  buyers  of  cattle,  and  especially  to  farmers  living  on 
the  borders  of  the  State,  to  be  obliged  to  comply  with  these  regulations. 

To  show  the  necessity  of  this  I will  state  only  one  case.  A man  from  another 
State,  knowing  our  rules,  led  a suspicious  cow  to  the  State  line  in  the  night,  a Ver- 
mont party  being  there  to  purchase.  This  cow,  in  three  months,  changed  owners 
four  or  five  times,  but  fortunately  was  kept  by  herself  with  the  exception  of  a few 
days,  when  she  was  in  one  herd,  where,  upon  a test  three  months  later,  four  were 
killed  that  no  doubt  contracted  the  disease  while  this  cow  was  in  the  stable,  and 
the  injury  done  cost  the  State  over  $50. 

The  commission  have  realized  the  necessity  of  a strict  quarantine,  and  have 
required  a permit  to  enter  cattle  into  the  State,  and  upon  arrival,  unless  a satis- 
factory test  previously  made,  the  cattle  to  be  tested  by  a veterinary  acceptable 
to  the  commission  before  the  animals  were  released  from  quarantine. 

Some  who  have  thought  best  to  disregard  this  rule  and  have  brought  in  one  or 
more  head  without  either  the  permit  or  test  have  been  looked  up  by  the  commis- 
sion and  asked  to  pay  a small  fine,  which  has  been  turned  over  to  the  State 
treasury.  This  the  commission  have  done,  believing  it  to  be  the  best  way  for  some 
individuals  to  remember  the  laws  of  the  State.  All  cases  coming  to  our  knowl- 
edge have  been  looked  after  and  our  rules  enforced.  By  this  method  many  head 
of  cattle  that  would  have  done  injury  to  our  herds  have  been  kept  out. 

All  the  New  England  States  except  Connecticut  have  quarantine  regulations; 
some  as  strict,  but  none  more  so  than  Vermont. 

Several  of  the  Middle  and  Western  States  have  within  the  year  made  and  are 
enforcing  strict  quarantine  regulations  of  cattle  brought  to  them  from  New  Eng- 
land and  New  York. 

Several  complaints  have  come  to  the  commission  from  the  selectmen  of  a town, 
director  of  a creamery,  or  from  some  individuals,  when  we  have  felt  it  our  duty 
to  look  into  the  matter,  and  the  commission  have  in  all  cases  prevailed  upon  the 
owner  to  have  the  questionable  herd  tested,  and  in  nearly  all  cases  found  the  dis- 
ease, sometimes  to  an  alarming  extent. 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


157 


The  commission  arranged  with  the  owner  of  one  large  herd  to  have  the  tuber- 
culin test  applied.  The  owner,  perhaps  knowing  the  disease  to  be  there  to  a con- 
siderable extent,  although  working  in  every  way  to  rid  his  herd  of  the  disease, 
except  to  have  the  tuberculin  test  used,  had  in  the  past  four  years  labored  in  vain, 
for  seventy-eight  of  the  ninety-two  head  were  slaughtered  and  found  diseased. 
Upon  a retest  six  more  were  tak  n,  leaving  only  eight  of  the  herd. 

These  cattle  were  kept  in  a light  and  well-ventilated  stable,  and  with  but  a very 
few  exceptions  to  the  inexperienced  eye  would  be  considered  healthy.  They  were 
in  fine  condition,  many  of  them  good  beef,  yet.  upon  slaughtering,  four-fifths  of 
them  were  diseased  all  through. 

The  commission  were  informed  after  the  slaughter  that  the  owner  had  in  the 
past  four  years  quietly  buried  nearly  as  many  as  were  killed,  in  order  to  keep 
his  herd  looking  healthy. 

Another  herd,  into  which  many  cattle  were  imported  from  time  to  time,  the  com- 
mission persuaded  the  owner  to  have  tested.  This  herd  numbered  considerably 
over  one  hundred  head.  Among  the  young  cattle  we  found  only  one  to  condemn. 
The  cows  were  nearly  three-fourths  diseased.  The  commission  arranged  with  the 
owners  to  quarantine  the  herd  and  sell  the  product  out  of  the  State— to  the  same 
parties  to  whom  it  had  been  sold  for  several  years — killing  many  of  the  most  pro- 
nounced cases.  Some  have  been  slaughtered  on  a second  visit,  and  th3  work  will 
be  continued  until  all  the  diseased  ones  are  stamped  out,  which  will  be  before 
many  months. 

Meanwhile  these  cows  are  on  a farm  by  themselves  away  from  all  hea  thy  cattle. 
This  arrangement  was  made  by  the  commission  upon  condition  that  the  State  pay 
no  indemnity  for  slaughtered  cattle. 

Many  instances  could  be  cited  where  the  cattle  owner  thought  to  do  better  than 
to  use  the  tuberculin  test,  but  in  every  case,  sooner  or  later,  the  fates  are  against 
him,  and  in  some  quiet  spot  on  the  farm  the  graves  can  be  counted  in  numbers 
which  shows  the  herd  did  not  increase  even  by  raising  all  the  calves.  The 
income  of  the  average  farmer  will  not  long  allow  him  to  continue  the  business 
of  dairying  unless  he  avails  himself  of  the  privileges  the  State  offers  him. 

The  per  cent  of  diseased  cattle  is  greater  this  year  than  former  years.  This  is 
occasioned  by  testing  only  where  there  was  a suspicion  of  disease  and  more  par- 
ticularly mentioned  herds. 

The  tuberculin  test  may  be  relied  upon  only  in  experienced  hands.  Some  badly 
diseased  animals  will  not  show  a reaction  by  the  injection  of  so  small  an  amount 
of  tuberculin,  but  the  experienced  eye  will  almost  always  detect  other  symptoms 
after  the  injection. 

The  commission  require  the  veterina,rians  that  are  employed  by  the  State  to 
inform  them  of  any  private  tests  made  that  the  sale  of  diseased  cattle  may  be 
hindered. 

Where  a test  of  this  kind  had  been  made,  eighteen  head  showed  a reaction. 
The  owners  were  called  upon  by  the  commission  who  offered  to  take  them  and 
slaughter  in  behalf  of  the  State,  but  were  declined,  the  owners  themselves  pre- 
ferring to  dispose  of  them.  After  several  weeks  of  delay  the  cattle  were  driven 
to  an  adjoining  town,  said  to  have  been  sold  and  were  going  out  of  the  State. 
The  commission  quarantined  them  and  slaughtered  without  paying  any  indemnity. 

Permits  to  bring  cattle  in  to  pasture  without  a test  and  usually  without  exam- 
ination have  been  given  to  parties  in  New  York,  New  Hampshire,  and  on  the 
borders  of  Massachusetts.  But  cows  coming  from  the  market  in  Massachusetts 
for  pasture,  a test  has  been  required  this  year,  for  last  season  upon  test  of  one  car- 
load twelve  were  returned.  Two  cows  that  were  slaughtered  out  of  one  herd  last 
January  were  found  to  have  been  purchased  of  a Massachusetts  man  who  had 
cattle  here  to  pasture  last  season.  The  commission  did  not  find  the  man,  but  a 


158 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


relative  was  found  in  Vermont  who  saw  fit  to  pay  one-half  the  appraised  value  of 
the  cows,  which  was  paid  over  to  the  owner  of  the  herd. 

More  than  one  thousand  head  came  in  to  pasture  and  will  be  returned  at  the 
close  of  the  pasture  season.  Permits  other  than  pasture  permits  have  been  issued 
for  nearly  seventeen  hundred  head  to  come  into  the  State.  All  these  have  been 
tested  except  young  calves,  and  these  were  required  to  come,  as  much  as  possible, 
from  healthy  herds. 

In  the  opinion  of  the  commission  Vermont  is  gaining  in  reputation  as  a State 
for  healthy  cattle,  and  in  many  of  the  towns  where  all  the  cattle  have  been  raised 
tuberculosis  does  not  exist,  unless  brought  in  by  the  purchase  of  some  improved 
stock. 

Some  of  the  larger  towns  and  cities  would  do  well  to  require  of  the  milkmen 
that  their  herds  be  tested,  for  there  are  some  localities  in  Vermont  where  there  is 
reason  to  believe  tuberculosis  exists  to  some  extent.  There  are  some  towns  that 
could  be  named  where  cattle  buyers  cease  to  go  to  purchase  cattle  after  the  first 
visit. 

The  belief  of  some  that  no  disease  exists  among  cattle  and  by  others  who  possi- 
bly may  have  suspicion,  but  do  not  wish  to  know  the  fact,  aids  very  much  in 
keeping  cattle  in  circulation  in  different  parts  of  the  State,  and  does  not  lessen 
the  distribution  of  the  germs  of  disease. 


VIRGINIA. 

Virginia  has  a law  for  the  control  of  infections  and  contagious  dis- 
eases of  live  stock,  the  fourteenth  section  of  which  specifies  that 
“tuberculosis  shall  be  classed  as  a highly  contagious  and  infectious 
disease.  ” The  duty  of  administering  this  law  is  placed  with  the  Board 
of  Control  of  the  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College,  who  are 
“authorized  and  empowered  to  establish,  maintain,  and  enforce  such 
quarantine  lines  and  sanitary  rules  and  regulations  as  they  may  deem 
necessary.”  This  board  may  also  cooperate  with  like  officers  of  other 
States  and  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  in  the  work  against  such 
diseases. 

The  veterinarian  of  the  Experiment  Station,  by  direction  of  the 
board,  makes  careful  examination  of  animals  believed  to  be  affected 
with  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease;  and,  if  found  to  exist,  the 
board  establishes  such  quarantine  lines  as  may  be  necessary  to  pre- 
vent the  spread  of  any  such  disease,  and  to  prescribe  proper  rules  and 
regulations.  When  this  is  done,  the  facts  are  reported  to  the  Gov- 
ernor, who  issues  a proclamation  making  permanent  the  temporary 
quarantine  and  the  rules  and  regulations  adopted. 

Whenever  in  the  opinion  of  the  board  an  infectious  or  contagious 
disease  exists  among  the  live  stock  of  other  States  or  Territories,  they 
shall  report  the  fact  to  the  Governor,  Avho  issues  a proclamation  pro- 
hibiting the  importation  of  live  stock  of  the  kind  diseased  into  the 
State,  unless  accompanied  by  a certificate  of  health 

Transportation  companies  shall  not  knowingly  violate  any  of  the 
provisions  of  the  act  or  of  the  rules  and  regulations. 

It  is  made  the  duty  of  owners  or  agents  to  report  to  the  county 
board  of  supervisors  any  animals  which  they  may  discover  or  have 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


159 


reason  to  believe  are  affected  with  any  contagious  or  infectious  dis- 
ease. The  supervisors  cause  an  investigation  to  be  made,  and,  if 
they  have  reason  to  believe  that  an  animal  is  so  affected,  establish  a 
temporary  qnarantine  until  the  Board  of  Control  takes  charge  of  the 
matter. 

No  one  having  an  animal  so  diseased,  knowing  it  to  be  so,  shall 
permit  it  to  run  at  large  or  allow  it  to  come  in  contact  with  animals 
not  diseased,  or  shall  ship,  drive,  sell,  or  give  it  away. 

The  general  penalty  for  violation  of  any  of  the  provisions  of  this 
act  or  of  any  of  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  Board  of  Control  is  a 
sum  not  less  than  $10  nor  more  than  $100. 

LAW. 

AN  ACT  to  provide  for  the  protection  of  domestic  animals,  and  to  authorize  and  empower  the 
Board  of  Control  of  the  Experiment  Station  of  the  Virginia  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Col- 
lege at  Blacksburg  to  establish  live-stock  quarantine  lines,  rules,  and  regulations,  and  to  pre- 
scribe penalties  for  violating  the  same. 

1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Virginia,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty 
of  the  Board  of  Control  of  the  Experiment  Station  of  the  Virginia  Agricultural 
and  Mechanical  College  at  Blacksburg  to  protect  the  domestic  animals  of  this 
State  from  all  contagious  or  infectious  diseases  of  a malignant  character,  whether 
said  diseases  exist  in  the  State  or  elsewhere,  and  for  this  purpose  they  are  hereby 
authorized  and  empowered  to  establish,  maintain,  and  enforce  such  quarantine  lines 
and  sanitary  rules  and  regulations  as  they  may  deem  necessary.  It  shall  also  be 
the  duty  of  said  board  to  cooperate  with  live-stock  quarantine  commissioners  and 
officers  of  other  States  and  Territories,  and  with  the  United  States  Secretary  of 
Agriculture,  in  establishing  such  interstate  quarantine  lines,  rules,  and  regulations 
as  shall  best  protect  the  live-stock  industry  of  this  State  against  Texas,  or  splenetic, 
fever.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  board,  upon  receipt  of  reliable  information  of 
the  existence  among  the  domestic  animals  of  the  State  of  any  malignant  disease, 
to  cause  the  veterinarian  employed  at  said  Experiment  Station  to  go  at  once  to 
the  place  where  any  such  disease  is  alleged  to  exist  and  make  a careful  examina- 
tion of  the  animals  believed  to  be  affected  with  any  such  disease,  and  ascertain,  if 
possible,  what,  if  any,  disease  exists  among  the  live  stock  reported  to  be  affected, 
and  whether  the  same  is  contagious  or  infectious;  and  if  said  disease  is  found  to 
be  of  a malignant,  contagious,  or  infectious  character  they  shall  direct  and  enforce 
such  quarantine  lines  and  sanitary  regulations  as  are  necessary  to  prevent  the 
spread  of  any  such  disease.  And  no  domestic  animal  infected  with  disease,  or 
capable  of  communicating  the  same,  shall  be  permitted  to  enter  or  leave  the  dis- 
trict, premises,  or  grounds,  so  quarantined  except  by  authority  of  the  said  board 
or  its  veterinarian.  The  said  board  shall  also  from  time  to  time  give  and  enforce 
such  directions  and  prescribe  such  rules  and  regulations  as  to  separating,  feeding, 
and  caring  for  such  diseased  and  exposed  animals  as  they  shall  deem  necessary 
to  prevent  the  animals  so  affected  with  such  disease,  or  capable  of  communicating 
disease,  from  coming  in  contact  with  other  animals  not  so  affected.  And  the  said 
board  and  its  veterinarian  are  hereby  authorized  and  empowered  to  enter  upon 
any  grounds  or  premises  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

2.  When  the  said  board  shall  have  determined  the  quarantine  lines  and  other 
regulations  necessary  to  prevent  the  spread  among  domestic  animals  of  this  State 
of  any  malignant,  contagious,  or  infectious  disease  found  to  exist  among  the  live 
stock  of  this  State  or  elsewhere,  and  given  their  orders  as  hereinbefore  provided, 
prescribing  quarantine  and  other  regulations,  they  shall  notify  the  Governor  of 


160 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


the  State,  who  shall  issue  his  proclamation,  proclaiming  the  boundary  of  such 
quarantine  around  such  diseased  stock,  and  the  orders,  rules,  and  regulations  pre- 
scribed by  the  board;  and  said  board  shall  give  such  notice  as  to  it  may  seem  best 
to  make  the  quarantine  established  by  them  effective. 

3.  The  said  board  shall  have  power  to  carry  into  full  effect  all  orders  by  them 
given,  as  hereinbefore  provided,  and  the  expense  incurred  by  it  shall  be  paid  out 
of  the  Treasury  of  the  State  on  warrants  drawn  by  the  chairman  of  said  board: 
Provided . That  no  expense  shall  be  incurred  except  such  as  may  be  necessary  to 
carry  into  effect  the  necessary  quarantine  and  other  regulations  prescribed  by 
said  board.  And  said  board  shall  have  the  power  to  direct  the  veterinarian 
employed  at  said  experiment  station  to  assist  it  in  the  investigation  of  the  diseases 
amongst  the  live  stock  of  this  State  whenever  they  may  deem  his  services  neces- 
sary: Provided,  That  no  compensation  shall  be  paid  said  veterinarian  other  than 
his  actual  expenses  while  engaged  in  such  duties. 

4.  When  the  said  board  shall  have  good  reason  to  believe  that  the  health  of  the 
live  stock  of  the  State  is  endangered  by  the  existence  of  contagious  and  infectious 
diseases  in  certain  localities  in  other  States,  Territories,  or  counties,  or  that  there 
are  conditions  which  render  such  domestic  animals  from  such  infected  districts 
liable  to  convey  such  disease,  they  shall  notify  the  Governor,  who  shall  by  procla- 
mation prohibit  the  importation  of  any  live  stock  of  the  kind  diseased  into  the 
State,  unless  accompanied  by  a certificate  of  health  given  by  a properly  author- 
ized veterinarian,  and  all  such  animals  arriving  in  this  State  shall  be  examined 
immediately  by  a veterinarian  designated  by  the  board,  and  if  in  his  opinion  there 
is  any  danger  from  contagion  or  infection,  they  shall  be  placed  in  close  quaran- 
tine at  the  expense  of  the  owner  until  such  danger  of  infection  or  contagion  is 
passed,  when  they  shall  be  released  by  order  of  the  said  veterinarian. 

5.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  railway  corporations  doing  business  in  the  State 
to  cleanse  and  disinfect  the  cars  used  by  them  in  transporting  live  stock  in  or 
through  this  State  at  such  times  and  places,  and  in  such  manner  as  the  board  may 
designate,  whenever,  in  the  opinion  of  the  board,  any  such  order  may  be  neces- 
sary to  prevent  the  spread  of  infectious  or  contagious  disease.  Any  such  cor- 
poration violating  the  provisions  of  this  section  shall  be  liable  to  a penalty  of  $500 
for  each  offense,  to  be  recovered  in  a civil  action  to  be  prosecuted  under  the 
direction  of  the  Attorney-General  in  the  name  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Virginia. 

6.  Any  railroad  company,  navigation  company,  or  other  corporation  or  com- 
mon carrier  who  shall  knowingly  or  wilfully  violate,  disregard,  or  evade  any 
of  the  rules  or  directions  of  the  board  or  veterinarian,  establishing  or  governing 
quarantine,  or  who  shall  evade  or  attempt  to  evade,  any  quarantine  proclamation 
of  the  Governor  of  this  State  declaring  quarantine  limits,  upon  conviction  thereof 
shall  be  fined  not  less  than  $500  nor  more  than  $5,000  for  each  and  every  offense, 
and  shall  be  liable  for  all  damages  caused  to  any  live  stock  by  its  failure  to  com- 
ply with  the  requirements  of  this  act. 

7.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  any  owner  or  person  in  charge  of  any  domestic  animal 
or  animals  who  discovers,  suspects,  or  has  reason  to  believe  that  any  of  his  domes- 
tic animals  or  domestic  animals  in  his  charge  are  affected  with  any  contagious 
or  infectious  disease  to  immediately  report  such  fact,  belief,  or  suspicion  to  the 
said  board  and  to  the  chairman  of  the  boird  of  supervisors  of  the  county  in  which 
said  domestic  animals  are  found. 

8.  The  board  of  supervisors  of  each  county,  whenever  any  cases  of  contagious  or 
infectious  diseases  are  reported  to  them  in  their  county,  shall  immediately  inves- 
tigate the  same.  The  investigation  may  be  made  by  the  board  or  any  member 
thereof,  or  by  the  employment  of  a qualified  veterinarian;  and  should  such  inves- 
tigation show  a reasonable  probability  that  a domestic  animal  is  affected  with  a 
contagious  or  infectious  disease,  the  supervisors  shall  immediately  establish  such 
temporary  quarantine  as  may  be  necessary  to  prevent  the  spread  of  the  disease, 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


161 


and  report  all  action  taken  to  the  Board  of  Control  of  the  Experiment  Station  of 
the  Virginia  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  and  Polytechnic  Institute  at 
Blacksburg,  or  some  member  thereof;  and  the  acts  of  the  supervisors  establishing 
temporary  quarantine  shall  have  the  same  force  and  effect  as  though  established  by 
the  Board  of  Control  itself,  until  such  time  as  the  said  Board  of  Control  shall  take 
charge  of  the  case  or  cases.  And  that  the  board  of  supervisors  of  each  county  be 
hereby  authorized  and  empowered  to  quarantine  against  any  other  county  in  the 
State  of  Virginia  on  account  of  Texas,  or  splentic,  fever  or  parasites,  which  may  con- 
vey said  disease,  under  the  supervision  of  the  Board  of  Control  of  the  Virginia  Agri- 
cultural Experiment  Station,  or  its  veterinarian.  Before  establishing  such  county 
quarantine  the  board  of  supervisors  shall  advise  with  the  Board  of  Control  or  its 
veterinarian,  and  the  county  quarantine  established  by  the  board  of  supervisors 
shall  conform  to  the  rules  and  regulations  which  may  be  prescribed  by  the  Board 
of  Control  or  its  veterinarian.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  board  of  supervisors  to 
rigidly  enforce  any  such  quarantine  established  in  their  county,  and  all  expenses 
incurred  by  said  supervisors  in  carrying  out  such  quarantine  shall  be  paid  in  like 
manner  as  other  expenses  incurred  by  said  supervisors  in  the  discharge  of  their 
official  duties.  The  quarantine  established  against  other  infected  counties  may 
be  so  established  without  proclamation  by  the  Governor. 

9.  Any  person  who  shall  knowingly  bring  into  this  State  any  domestic  animal 
which  is  infected  with  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease,  or  any  animal  which 
has  been  exposed  to  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease,  or  which  bears  upon  its 
body  fever  ticks  or  other  germs  or  causes  of  disease,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a 
misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be  fined  in  any  sum  not  less  than 
$100  nor  more  than  $500. 

10.  Any  person  who  owns  or  is  in  possession  of  live  stock  which  is  reported  to  be 
affected  with  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease,  or  insects  which  may  produce 
disease,  who  shall  refuse  to  allow  said  board,  or  anyone  acting  under  its  order,  to 
examine  such  stock,  or  shall  hinder  or  obstruct  the  said  board  or  appointee  in  any 
examination  of  or  any  attempt  to  examine  such  stock,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of 
a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be  fined  in  any  sum  not  less  than 
$100  nor  more  than  $500. 

11.  Any  person  who  shall  have  in  his  possession  any  domestic  animal  infected 
with  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease  or  fever  ticks,  knowing  such  animals  to 
be  affected,  who  shall  permit  such  animal  to  run  at  large,  or  who  shall  keep  such 
animal  where  other  domestic  animals  not  affected  by  or  previously  exposed  to 
such  disease  may  be  exposed  to  its  infection  or  contagion,  or  who  shall  ship,  drive, 
sell,  trade,  or  give  away  such  diseased  animal  or  animals  which  have  been  exposed 
to  such  infection  or  contagion,  or  who  shall  move  or  drive  any  domestic  animal 
in  violation  of  any  direction,  rule,  regulation,  or  order  of  the  Board  of  Control, 
establishing  and  regulating  live  stock  quarantine,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a 
misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be  fined  in  any  sum  not  less  than 
$10  nor  more  than  $100  for  each  of  such  exposed  or  diseased  domestic  animals 
which  he  shall  permit  to  run  at  large  or  sell,  ship,  drive,  trade,  or  give  away  in 
violation  of  the  provisions  of  this  act:  Provided,  That  any  owner  of  domestic 
animals  which  have  been  affected  with  or  exposed  to  any  contagious  or  infectious 
disease  may  dispose  of  the  same  after  having  obtained  from  the  said  board  or 
veterinary  surgeon  a bill  of  health  for  such  animal  or  animals. 

12.  The  said  board  shall  have  power  to  call  upon  any  sheriff  or  deputy  sheriff 
or  constable  to  execute  their  orders,  and  such  officer  shall  obey  the  orders  of  said 
board,  and  the  officer  or  officers  performing  these  duties  shall  each  be  entitled  to 
$1.50  per  day  for  himself  and  horse,  which  payment  shall  be  made  upon  a sworn 
account,  approved  by  said  board,  provided  said  expenses  under  this  section  shall 
not  exceed  in  any  event  $500  per  annum. 


17022— No.  28—01 11 


162 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


13.  Except  as  otherwise  provided  in  this  act,  any  person  who  shall  violate, 
disregard,  or  evade  or  attempt  to  violate,  disregard,  or  evade  any  of  its  provisions, 
or  who  shall  violate,  disregard,  or  evade  or  attempt  to  violate,  disregard,  or  evade 
any  of  the  rules,  regulations,  orders,  or  directions  of  the  said  board  establishing 
and  governing  quarantine,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon 
conviction  thereof  shall  be  fined  in  any  sum  not  less  than  $10  nor  more  than  $100. 

14.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  disease  known  as  tuberculosis  shall  be  classed 
as  a highly  contagious  and  infectious  disease,  and  such  measures  shall  be  taken 
by  the  board  and  its  authorized  veterinarian  as  to  them  may  seem  necessary  to 
eradicate  and  prevent  the  spread  of  said  disease. 

15.  This  act  shall  be  in  force  from  its  passage. 

WASHINGTON. 

The  enforcement  of  the  laws  of  W ashington  against  contagious  and 
infectious  diseases  is  in  the  hands  of  the  State  Veterinarian,  who  is 
appointed  by  the  regents  of  the  State  Agricultural  College.  This 
veterinarian  has  supervision  of  all  cases  of  contagious  or  infectious 
diseases  of  animals  within  the  State  or  which  may  be  in  transit  through 
it;  he  may  also  quarantine  diseased  or  exposed  animals,  and,  with 
the  concurrence  of  the  State  Board  of  Health,  of  which  he  is  a mem- 
ber ex  officio,  make  rules  and  regulations  to  prevent  the  spread  or 
suppression  of  contagious  or  infectious  diseases. 

The  veterinarian  is  directed  to  respond  to  any  call  by  any  local 
board  of  health,  county  commissioners,  or  city  council,  or  appoint  a 
substitute. 

Whenever  in  the  judgment  of  the  veterinarian  any  stock  is  affected 
with  a contagious  or  infectious  disease,  and  the  owner  of  the  same 
will  not  consent  to  their  destruction,  he  shall  notify  the  Governor, 
who  appoints  an  arbitration  board. 

The  Governor  and  State  Veterinarian  are  authorized  to  cooperate 
with  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  for  the  purposes  of  the  act. 

LAW. 

AN  ACT  providing  for  the  creation  of  the  office  of  the  State  Veterinary  Surgeon  and  defining 
his  duties.  (Approved  March  22, 1895.) 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Washington: 

Section  1.  There  shall  be  and  hereby  is  created  the  office  of  State  Veterinarian, 
which  office  shall  be  vested  in  the  professor  of  veterinary  science  of  the  Agricul- 
tural College  and  Experiment  Station,  who  shall  be  chosen  in  the  same  manner  as 
other  members  of  the  faculty  and  station  staff  of  said  college  and  station,  and 
shall  serve  as  State  Veterinarian  without  compensation  in  addition  to  the  salary 
paid  by  the  college  and  experiment  station.  The  Veterinary  Surgeon  shall  be  a 
graduate  of  some  regular  and  established  veterinary  college  and  shall  be  skilled  in 
veterinary  science.  He  shall  be  a member  of  the  State  Board  of  Health,  which 
membership  shall  be  in  addition  to  that  now  provided  for  by  law.  He  shall  be 
under  the  direction  of  the  president  of  the  State  Agricultural  College  and  director 
of  the  Experiment  Station  and  School  of  Science,  and  perform  such  duties  as  the 
board  of  regents  may  prescribe.  When  actually  engaged  in  the  discharge  of  his 
official  duties  outside  the  said  college  and  experiment  station  he  shall  receive,  in 


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163 


addition  to  his  salary,  actual  transportation  expenses,  which  shall  be  presented  to 
the  president  of  the  college  under  oath  and  covered  with  written  vouchers  before 
receiving  the  same.  He  shall  receive  as  salary  such  compensation  as  the  regents 
of  the  State  Agricultural  College  may  determine. 

Sec.  2.  He  shall  have  general  supervision  of  all  contagious  and  infectious  dis- 
eases among  the  domestic  animals  within  or  that  may  be  in  transit  through  the 
State,,and  he  is  empowered  to  establish  quarantine  against  animals  thus  diseased 
or  that  have  been  exposed  to  others  thus  diseased,  whether  within  or  without  the 
State,  and  may,  with  the  concurrence  of  the  State  Board  of  Health,  make  rules 
and  regulations  such  as  he  may  deem  necessary  for  the  preservation  against  the 
spread  and  for  the  suppression  of  said  disease  or  diseases,  which  rules  and  regu- 
lations, after  the  concurrence  of  the  Governor,  shall  be  published  and  enforced; 
and  in  doing  said  things  he  shall  have  the  power  to  call  on  any  one  or  more  peace 
officers,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  give  all  assistance  in  their  power. 

Sec.  8.  Any  person  who  wilfully  hinders,  obstructs,  or  resists  said  Veterinary 
Surgeon  or  his  assistants,  or  any  peace  officer  acting  under  him  or  them  when 
engaged  in  the  duties  or  exercising  the  powers  herein  conferred  shall  be  guilty  of 
a misdemeanor,  and  punished  accordingly. 

Sec.  4.  Whenever  a majority  of  any  board  of  health,  county  commissioners,  city 
council,  trustees  of  incorporated  towns  or  townships,  whether  in  session  or  not, 
shall,  in  writing  or  by  telegraph,  notify  the  State  Veterinary  Surgeon  of  the  prev- 
alence of  or  probable  danger  from  any  of  said  diseases,  he  shall  at  once  repair  to 
the  place  designated  in  said  notice  and  take  such  action  as  the  exigencies  may 
demand,  and  he  may  in  case  of  emergencies  appoint  substitutes  or  assistants,  with 
equal  powers,  whose  compensation  shall  be  $5  per  day  and  actual  traveling  expenses. 

Sec.  5.  Whenever  in  the  opinion  of  the  State  Veterinary  Surgeon  the  public 
demands  the  destruction  of  any  such  stock  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  he 
shall,  unless  the  owner  or  owners  of  such  stock  consent  to  such  destruction,  notify 
the  Governor,  uni  ess  in  his  judgment  immediate  action  is  necessary.  The  Governor 
may  appoint  one  or  more  competent  veterinary  surgeons  to  act  in  conjunction 
with  the  State  Veterinary  Surgeon,  and  no  stock  shall  be  destroyed  except  on  the 
written  order  by  the  State  Veterinary  Surgeon.  The  Governor  of  the  State  with 
the  State  Veterinary  Surgeon  may  cooperate  with  the  Government  of  the  United 
States  for  the  objects  of  this  act,  and  the  Governor  is  hereby  authorized  to  receive 
and  receipt  for  any  money  receivable  by  this  State  through  provisions  of  any  act 
of  Congress  which  may  at  any  time  be  in  force  upon  this  subject,  and  to  pay  the 
same  into  the  State  treasury,  to  be  used  according  to  the  act  of  Congress  and  the 
provisions  of  this  act. 


REGULATIONS. 

Regulations  for  controlling  contagious  diseases  in  animals  in  the  State  of  Wash- 
ington, under  the  provisions  of  Section  2,  Chapter  167,  of  the  Session  Laws  of  1895: 

1.  All  cattle  brought  into  this  State  mast  have  been,  within  three  months  prior 
to  their  importation,  submitted  to  the  tuberculin  test,  from  which  no  reaction 
occurred,  which  shall  be  certified  to  by  a competent  veterinarian. 

2.  [Refers  to  the  dipping  of  sheep.] 

3.  [Refers  to  importation  of  pigs.] 

S.  B.  Nelson, 

State  Veterinarian. 

Concurred  in  by  the  State  Board  of  Health: 

J.  B.  Eagleson,  President. 

G.  S.  Armstrong,  Secretary. 

Approved: 


J.  H.  McGraw,  Governor . 


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BUREAU  OE  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 

West  Virginia  has  no  specific  laws  relative  to  tuberculosis;  legisla- 
tion bearing  indirectly  upon  the  subject  is  embodied  in  the  act 
concerning  contagious  diseases  among  domestic  animals,  which  is 
published  below. 

This  law  places  the  duty  of  its  enforcement  upon  the  President  of 
the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  who  is  empowered  to  quarantine  ani- 
mals, buildings,  and  farms,  and  to  prevent  the  movement  of  objects 
likely  to  convey  disease;  also,  with  the  approval  of  the  State  Board  of 
Agriculture,  to  make  rules  and  regulations  for  the  government  of  the 
quarantine.  Violations  of  the  provisions  of  the  quarantine  are  pun- 
ishable by  imprisonment  not  exceeding  three  months,  or  by  fine  not 
exceeding  $100,  or  by  both  fine  and  imprisonment. 

Animals  may  be  killed  to  prevent  the  spread  of  disease,  after 
appraisement  by  three  disinterested  persons,  who  shall  take  into  con- 
sideration the  condition  of  the  animals  at  the  time  when  the  appraise- 
ment is  made,  and  the  owner  of  animals  so  destroyed  shall  receive 
from  the  Secretary  of  tne  State  Board  of  Agriculture  a certificate  of 
value  in  accordance  with  the  appraisement,  subject  to  the  approval  of 
the  board.  The  holders  of  such  certificates  are  paid  their  value  at  the 
end  of  the  year,  provided  the  total  amount  does  not  exceed  $3,000, 
“which  amount  shall  be  paid  pro  rata  at  the  end  of  each  fiscal  year 
on  order  signed  by  the  President  and  Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of 
Agriculture.” 

LAW. 

AN  ACT  to  prevent  the  spread  of  contagious  diseases  among  domestic  animals.  (Passed  Feb- 
ruary 24,  1899.  In  effect  ninety  days  after  passage.) 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Legislature  of  West  Virginia : 

That  Chapter  9 of  the  Acts  of  1897  he  amended  and  reenacted,  with  additional 
sections  thereto,  so  as  to  read  as  follows: 

Section  1.  That  when  it  shall  be  brought  to  the  notice  of  the  President  of  the 
State  Board  of  Agriculture  that  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease,  not  other- 
wise provided  for  by  law,  prevails  among  domestic  animals,  he  shall  take  such 
measures  to  prevent  its  spread  as  may  be  deemed  expedient,  and  for  this  pur- 
pose shall  have  power  to  place  infected  animals,  herds,  buildings,  and  farms  in 
quarantine  and  to  prevent  the  movement  of  animals  or  objects  likely  to  convey 
the  contagion,  except  under  proper  permits,  and,  with  the  consent  and  approval  of 
said  board,  to  make  such  rules  and  regulations  for  the  government  of  such 
quarantine  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  to  effectively  carry  out  the  provisions  of 
this  act. 

Sec.  2.  That  any  person  or  persons  who  shall  willfully  or  intentionally  interfere 
with  any  officer  or  officers  duly  authorized  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  this  act, 
or  who  shall  willfully  or  intentionally  violate  the  provisions  of  the  quarantine 
authorized  by  Section  1 of  this  act,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and 
upon  conviction  shall  be  liable  to  an  imprisonment  not  exceeding  three  months, 
or  a fine  not  exceeding  $100,  or  both,  at  the  discretion  of  the  court. 

Sec.  3.  That  when,  in  the  judgment  of  the  President  of  the  Board,  public  inter- 
est and  safety  demand  it,  he  may  give  written  authority  to  any  consulting  veteri- 


LEGISLATION  KELATIVE  TO  TUBEKCULOSIS. 


165 


narian  of  the  board,  who  shall  be  a graduate  of  some  reputable  veterinary  college, 
or  he  may  go  in  person,  taking  such  veterinarian  with  him,  to  examine  any  ani- 
mal or  animals  or  any  buildings  or  farms  suspected,  and  the  decision  of  such 
veterinarian,  or  the  President  of  the  Board  and  veterinarian  acting  together,  after 
proper  examination,  and  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and  such  rules  and  regu- 
lations as  the  board  may  prescribe,  shall  be  final,  and  the  veterinarian  or  the 
President  of  the  Board  and  the  veterinarian  acting  together  shall  proceed  to  quar- 
antine, to  destroy,  to  order  burned  or  buried,  or  to  take  any  other  action  author- 
ized by  this  act  and  the  rules  of  the  said  board. 

It  is  hereby  made  the  duty  of  the  veterinarian  having  charge  of  any  case,  or  the 
President  or  veterinarian  acting  together,  to  make  a full  and  complete  report  of 
the  same  in  writing  to  the  Secretary  of  said  board  under  such  rules  and  in  such 
form  as  may  be  by  it  required. 

For  such  services  the  President  and  veterinarian  shall  each  receive  a per  diem 
of  $4  per  day  and  actual  expenses  while  so  engaged,  which  shall  be  paid  out  of 
current  appropriations  made  for  the  enforcement  of  this  act  and  on  order  signed 
by  the  President  and  Secretary  of  the  board. 

Sec.  4.  That  when  it  shall  be  found  necessary  or  expedient  to  kill  any  animal  or 
animals  to  prevent  the  spread  of  contagious  or  infectious  diseases,  it  or  they  shall 
first  be  appraised  by  three  disinterested  and  sworn  appraisers,  who  shall  have  due 
consideration  of  the  actual  condition  of  the  animal  or  animals  at  the  time  of 
appraisement,  and  the  owner  or  owners  of  such  animal  or  animals  so  destroyed 
shall  be  entitled  to  receive  from  the  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  a cer- 
tificate of  value,  as  appraised  by  said  appraisers,  subject  to  the  consent  and 
approval  of  the  said  board. 

For  such  services  each  appraiser  shall  receive  a per  diem  of  $1  per  day,  to  be  paid 
out  of  current  appropriations  made  for  the  enforcement  of  this  act,  and  on  order 
signed  by  the  President  and  Secretary  of  the  said  board. 

Sec.  5.  That  at  the  end  of  each  fiscal  year  the  holders  of  such  certificates  of 
value  issued  by  the  Secretary  of  said  board  shall  be  paid  the  same  from  current 
appropriations  made  for  the  purpose:  Provided , That  the  amount  to  be  paid  on 
such  certificates  in  any  one  year  shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of  $3,000,  which  amount 
shall  be  paid  pro  rata  at  the  end  of  each  fiscal  year  on  order  signed  by  the  Presi- 
dent and  Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture. 

Sec.  6.  That  for  the  economical  eradication  of  contagious  or  infectious  diseases 
of  domestic  animals  the  President  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  shall  have 
power,  with  the  consent  and  approval  of  said  board,  to  arrange  for  and  carry  into 
effect  terms  of  cooperation  with  the  proper  officers  of  the  National  Government. 

Sec.  7.  That  all  acts  or  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  herewith  are  hereby  repealed. 

WISCOKSINT. 

There  is  no  specific  law  regarding  tuberculosis  in  Wisconsin;  it  is 
treated  as  one  of  the  “contagious  and  infectious  diseases.”  The 
enforcement  of  laws  relative  to  such  diseases  appears  to  be  in  the 
hands  of  a State  Veterinarian  and  the  State  Board  of  Health. 

Local  boards  of  health  shall  take  cognizance  of  the  existence  of 
contagious  and  infectious  diseases,  reporting  the  same  to  the  State 
Veterinarian,  and  order  the  quarantine  of  any  animal  so  diseased  or 
exposed  to  such  a disease.  The  State  Veterinarian  may  also  quaran- 
tine in  like  manner.  The  penalty  for  violation  of  the  quarantine 
rules  shall  be  the  liability  of  the  offender  to  all  persons  injured  for 
the  damages  sustained  and  himself  forfeit  all  right  to  indemnity. 


166 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


The  State  Veterinarian  may  order  any  animal  affected,  or  suspected 
of  being  affected,  with  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease  to  be 
slaughtered,  after  appraisement,  in  accordance  with  law.  The  value 
of  the  animal  is  determined  upon  its  condition  at  the  time  the  appraise- 
ment is  made.  The  amount  paid  as  indemnity  by  the  State  is  two- 
thirds  of  the  appraised  value,  except  in  cases  where  it  becomes  evident 
that  the  appraisement  is  too  large.  No  right  to  indemnity  shall  exist 
in  the  following  cases:  (1)  For  animals  owned  by  the  United  States, 
the  State  of  Wisconsin,  or  any  county,  city,  town,  or  village  in  Wis- 
consin. (2)  For  animals  brought  into  the  State  contrary  to  law  or 
where  the  owner  has  failed  to  comply  with  the  provisions  of  law. 
(3)  For  animals  known  to  be  diseased  when  purchased.  (4)  For  ani- 
mals known  to  be  diseased  at  the  time  of  their  arrival  in  the  State. 
(5)  For  animals  which  have  been  exposed  wilfully  to  such  diseases  or 
by  the  negligence  of  the  owner.  The  slaughtering  is  done  under  the 
direction  of  the  board  of  health. 

The  Governor  is  empowered,  upon  recommendation  of  the  State 
Veterinarian,  to  issue  a proclamation  prohibiting  the  entry  into  the 
State  of  any  animals  affected  with  contagious  or  infectious  diseases, 
except  under  such  restrictions  as  the  State  Veterinarian  may  make. 

Owners  of  animals  so  diseased  or  their  agents  are  required  to  report 
the  fact  to  the  local  board  of  health,  who  reports  to  the  State  Veteri- 
narian for  his  action. 

The  veterinary  laws  of  Wisconsin,  which  in  general  may  apply  to 
tuberculosis,  are  as  follows: 

LAWS. 

Section  1492,  W.  S.  1898.  The  Governor  shall,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of 
the  Senate,  appoint  a competent  veterinary  surgeon  to  the  office  of  State  Veteri- 
narian; such  appointment  shall  be  made  for  the  term  of  two  years  and  until  the 
qualification  of  his  successor.  The  person  so  appointed  shall  take  an  oath  of  office 
which  shall  be  filed  in  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  State.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of 
such  veterinarian  to  prevent  the  introduction  or  spread  of  contagious  and  infec- 
tious diseases  among  domestic  animals  in  this  State,  to  cooperate  with  the  State 
Board  of  Health  in  controlling  and  suppressing  such  diseases  as  are  common  to 
men  and  animals  or  any  diseased  condition  of  animals  likely  to  have  a deleterious 
effect  upon  the  general  health  of  human  beings,  to  make  such  scientific  study, 
investigations,  and  experiments  as  he  shall  deem  necessary  in  relation  to  the  pre- 
vention and  cure  of  diseases  among  animals  and  extend  information  concerning 
the  same. 

Sec.  1492a,  W.  S.  1898.  The  various  town,  village,  and  city  boards  of  health  shall 
take  cognizance  of  the  existence  of  contagious  and  infectious  diseases  among  ani- 
mals, report  all  cases  thereof  coming  under  their  observation  in  their  respective 
localities  to  the  State  Veterinarian  and  cooperate  with  him  to  prevent  their  spread; 
any  such  board  or  the  health  officer  thereof  may  order  that  any  animal  affected 
or  suspected  of  being  affected  with  any  such  disease,  or  which  has  been  exposed 
thereto,  shall  be  quarantined,  and  the  removal  thereof  from  any  premises  where 
it  may  be  ordered  to  be  kept  shall  be  forbidden.  If  any  such  board  shall  be  unable 
to  determine  the  nature  of  any  disease  prevailing  among  animals,  they  may  request 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


167 


the  State  Veterinarian  to  investigate  the  same.  Said  veterinarian  may  quaran- 
tine premises  upon  which  is  a domestic  animal  afflicted  with  a contagious  or  infec- 
tious disease  or  that  is  suspected  to  be  so  afflicted  or  that  has  been  exposed  to  such 
disease,  and  forbid  the  removal  of  any  such  animal  or  any  animal  susceptible  to 
such  disease  therefrom  by  serving  a written  order  upon  the  occupant  or  owner  of 
such  premises  and  by  posting  a copy  of  such  order  at  the  usual  entrance  thereto; 
and  if  any  such  disease  shall  become  epidemic  in  any  locality  he  shall  immediately 
notify  the  Governor,  who  may  thereupon  issue  a proclamation  quarantining  such 
locality  and  forbidding  the  removal  therefrom  of  any  animal  of  the  kind  so  dis- 
eased or  of  any  kind  susceptible  to  such  disease  without  the  written  permission  of 
the  State  Veterinarian.  Any  person  who  shall  remove  or  allow  the  removal,  with- 
out such  permission,  of  any  animal  quarantined  under  the  provisions  of  this  sec- 
tion shall  be  punished  as  provided  by  law,  be  liable  to  all  persons  injured  thereby 
for  the  damages  sustained,  and  forfeit  all  right  to  the  indemnity  which  he  might 
be  entitled  to  under  Section  14925. 

Sec.  14925,  W.  S.  1898.  In  case  an  infectious  or  contagious  disease  of  a malig- 
nant or  fatal  nature,  such  as  rinderpest,  foot-and-mouth  disease,  pleuropneumonia, 
anthrax,  and  Texas  fever  among  bovines,  glanders  among  equines,  anthrax  in 
sheep,  and  other  diseases  of  like  nature  or  fatal  tendency  shall  become  or  there 
is  good  reason  to  believe  that  either  of  them  will  become  prevalent  in  the  com- 
munity in  which  any  such  disease  exists,  the  State  Veterinarian  may,  if  in  his 
judgment  it  shall  be  necessary,  order  any  diseased  animal  or  animals  or  any 
which  have  been  exposed  to  an  infectious  or  contagious  disease  to  be  slaughtered; 
but  if  he  shall  have  any  doubt  concerning  the  nature  of  the  disease  which  afflicts 
any  animal  or  the  advisability  of  slaughtering  the  same  he  may  call  in  consultation 
one  or  two  veterinary  surgeons  and  confer  with  the  State  Board  of  Health,  and  for 
the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  nature  of  a disease  may  order  the  slaughter  of  any 
animal  or  animals  suffering  therewith.  Whenever  such  slaughter  shall  be  deemed 
by  him  to  be  necessary  the  State  Veterinarian  shall  give  written  notice  to  the 
owner,  his  agent,  or  the  person  in  whose  possession  such  animal  may  be,  and  to  a 
justice  of  the  peace  in  the  county  in  which  the  animal  may  be,  of  his  purpose  to 
order  the  slaughter  thereof,  and  shall  give  a description  of  the  animal  or  animals 
and  state  the  owner's  name  if  known.  Said  notice  shall  be  entered  upon  the  docket 
of  such  justice,  who  shall  immediately  thereafter  summon  such  owner,  agent,  or 
possessor  and  three  disinterested  citizens  of  the  county,  not  residents  of  the  imme- 
diate neighborhood  in  which  such  animal  is  owned  or  kept,  to  appraise  the  value 
thereof.  Such  appraisers  shall,  before  entering  upon  the  discharge  of  their  duty, 
be  sworn  by  such  justice  to  make  a true  appraisement,  without  prejudice  or  favor, 
of  the  value  of  such  animal,  and  shall  certify  in  their  return  that  they  have  seen 
the  appraised  animal  destroyed.  In  making  appraisement  of  a diseased  animal 
the  appraisers  shall  determine  its  value  in  the  condition  in  which  it  is  at  that  time; 
but  the  appraised  value  of  a horse  afflicted  with  glanders  shall  in  no  case  exceed 
$30.  The  slaughter  of  animais  which  have  been  so  appraised  shall  be  made  under 
the  direction  of  the  local  health  officer  or  the  chairman  of  the  board. 

Sec.  1492c,  W.  S.  1898.  Whenever  the  State  Veterinarian  shall  have  reason  to 
believe  that  there  is  danger  of  the  introduction  into  this  State  of  any  contagious 
or  infectious  disease  prevailing  among  domestic  animals  in  any  locality  without 
the  State,  he  shall  immediately  investigate  the  conditions  there  existing  with  refer- 
ence to  such  danger,  and  if  he  concludes  that  such  danger  exists  shall  forthwith 
so  report  in  writing  to  the  Governor  and  recommend  the  adoption  of  such  meas- 
ures as  he  may  deem  necessary;  the  Governor  may  thereupon,  by  proclamation, 
designate  the  locality  or  localities  from  which  danger  is  apprehended  and  prohibit 
the  importation  therefrom  into  this  State  of  any  animals  of  the  kind  diseased, 
except  under  such  restrictions  as  the  State  Veterinarian  may  make.  It  shall  be 
the  duty  of  every  person  who  shall  have  reason  to  suspect  that  there  is  upon  his 


168 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


premises,  or  upon  premises  over  which  he  has  control,  whether  as  agent  or  other- 
wise, any  domestic  animal  afflicted  with  a contagious  or  infectious  disease  to 
immediately  report  the  fact  to  the  local  board  of  health  or  some  member  thereof, 
and  such  board  or  member  shall  forthwith  make  report  thereof  to  the  State  Vet- 
erinarian. That  officer  may  enter  upon  any  premises  or  go  into  any  building  or 
place  where  he  has  reason  to  suspect  there  may  be  diseased  animals,  and  may  call 
to  his  aid,  whenever  necessary,  the  sheriff  or  any  constable  of  the  county  in 
which  such  animals  may  be,  and  all  such  officers  when  so  called  upon  shall  assist 
the  State  Veterinarian  in  the  enforcement  of  the  provisions  of  this  and  the  three 
preceding  sections.  All  domestic  animals  in  this  State,  whether  here  permanently 
or  in  transit,  are  within  such  sections  and  the  two  next  following. 

Sec.  1492cZ,  W.  S.  1898.  All  claims  against  the  State  arising  from  the  slaughter 
of  animals  as  above  provided  shall  be  made  by  filing  with  the  Secretary  of  State  a 
copy  of  the  State  Veterinarian's  notice  to  the  justice  of  the  peace  and  the  return 
of  the  appraisers  to  the  justice,  which  notice  and  return  shall  be  certified  by  him. 
The  Secretary  of  State  shall  examine  these,  and  if  satisfied  that  the  amount 
awarded  is  just  and  that  the  owner  of  the  animals  slaughtered  is  entitled  to 
indemnity,  shall  issue  his  warrant  for  two-thirds  of  the  sum  named  in  such 
return;  but  if  he  shall  have  reason  to  believe  that  the  appraised  value  is  greater 
than  the  real  value  of  such  animals  he  shall  pay  such  owner  such  less  sum  as 
he  shall  deem  just:  Provided  That  the  right  to  indemnity  shall  not  exist  nor  shall 
payment  be  made  in  either  of  the  following  cases: 

1.  For  animals  owned  by  the  United  States,  this  State,  or  any  county,  city,  town, 
or  village  in  this  State. 

2.  For  animals  brought  into  this  State  contrary  to  the  provisions  of  Section  1491 
or  of  the  preceding  section,  or  where  the  owner  of  the  animal  or  the  person  claim- 
ing compensation  has  failed  to  comply  with  the  provisions  of  Section  1492  b or  of 
the  preceding  section. 

3.  When  the  owner  or  claimant,  at  the  time  of  coming  into  possession  of  the 
animal,  knew  it  to  be  afflicted  with  a contagious  or  infectious  disease. 

4.  When  the  animal  slaughtered  was  diseased  at  the  time  of  its  arrival  in  this 
State. 

5.  When  the  owner  shall  have  been  guilty  of  negligence  or  has  wilfully 
exposed  such  animal  to  the  influence  of  a contagious  or  infectious  disease. 

WYOMING. 

'Wyoming  has  no  special  law  relating  to  bovine  tuberculosis.  The 
disease  may  be  dealt  with  as  one  of  the  “cases  of  contagious  or  infec- 
tious disease  among  domestic  animals.”  Chapter  10  of  the  Revised 
Statutes  (1899)  embodies  the  provisions  of  laws  relative  to  this  class 
of  diseases. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  State  Veterinarian  to  investigate  all  cases  of 
contagious  or  infectious  diseases  that  may  come  to  his  knowledge;  to 
inspect  animals  coming  into  the  State  if  they  warrant  the  presumption 
that  they  are  to  remain  in  the  State. 

The  State  Veterinarian  has  authority  to  quarantine  infected  prem- 
ises. If  a disease  becomes  epidemic  the  Governor  shall  issue  a proc- 
lamation forbidding  animals  so  diseased  from  being  moved  without  a 
certificate  from  the  State  Veterinarian  showing  that  they  are  health}^. 

The  State  Veterinarian  may  slaughter  diseased  animals,  or  animals 
exposed  to  disease,  provided  that  before  slaughtering  an  animal  that 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


169 

luis  been  exposed  to  disease  the  State  Veterinarian  shall  call  in  con- 
sultation two  other  veterinarians  or  physicians  and  shall  have  their 
written  indorsement  that  such  action  is  necessary,  and  also  the  written 
consent  of  the  owner  of  the  animal. 

Before  any  animal  is  slaughtered  it  is  appraised  by  three  disinter- 
ested stock  owners,  who  shall  certify  to  the  owner  the  value  decided 
upon.  These  claims,  when  approved  by  the  State  Veterinarian,  are 
paid  by  the  State  Auditor.  The  amount  of  the  indemnity  is  two- 
thirds  of  the  ordinary  value  of  the  animal  as  determined  by  the 
appraisers.  The  right  to  indemnity  is  limited  to  animals  having  cer- 
tain kinds  of  contagious  or  infectious  diseases,  and  the  total  amount 
of  indemnity  can  not  exceed  the  amount  appropriated  for  the  purpose. 

LAWS. 

[From  the  Revised  Statutes  of  Wyoming,  1899.] 

Sec.  147.  The  duties  of  said  veterinarian  shall  be  as  follows:  To  investigate  any 
and  all  cases  of  contagious  or  infectious  disease  among  domestic  animals  in  this 
State  of  which  he  may  have  knowledge  or  which  may  be  brought  to  his  notice  by 
any  resident  in  the  locality  where  such  disease  exists.  It  shall  also  be  his  duty,  in 
the  absence  of  specific  information,  to  make  visits  of  inspection  to  any  locality 
where  he  may  have  reason  to  suspect  that  there  is  contagious  or  infectious  disease; 
to  inspect,  under  the  regulations  of  this  chapter,  all  domestic  animals  that  may 
arrive  at  any  railroad  station  in  this  State,  when  these  animals  are  such  as  to  war- 
rant the  presumption  that  they  are  intended  to  remain  in  the  State  and  are  to  be 
or  may  be  used  for  breeding  purposes  therein.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  owner, 
or,  in  his  absence,  of  the  person  in  charge  of  such  animals  so  arri  ving,  to  notify  the 
State  Veterinarian  without  delay  and  not  to  allow  such  animals  or  any  of  them  to 
leave  the  place  of  arrival  until  they  shall  have  been  examined  by  the  veterinarian 
and  his  certificate  obtained  that  all  are  free  from  disease.  No  animal  pronounced 
unsound  by  the  veterinarian  shall  be  turned  loose,  removed,  or  permitted  to 
escape,  but  shall  be  held  subject  to  the  order  of  the  veterinarian.  Any  person 
failing  to  comply  with  this  provision  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor, 
and  upon  conviction  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  $50  nor  nlore  than  $500  for  each 
offense. 

Sec.  148.  In  all  cases  of  contagious  or  infectious  disease  among  domestic  animals 
in  this  State  the  veterinarian  shall  have  authority  to  order  the  quarantine  of  the 
infected  premises,  and  in  case  such  disease  shall  become  epidemic  in  any  locality 
in  this  State  the  veterinarian  shall  immediately  notify  the  Governor  of  the  State, 
who  shall  thereupon  issue  his  proclamation  forbidding  any  animal  of  the  kind 
among  which  said  epidemic  exists  to  be  transferred  from  said  locality  without  a 
certificate  from  the  veterinarian  showing  such  animal  to  be  healthy. 

Sec.  149.  In  any  case  of  epidemic  disease  where  premises  have  been  previously 
quarantined  by  the  State  Veterinarian,  as  before  provided,  he  is  further  authorized 
and  empowered,  when  in  his  judgment  necessary,  to  order  the  slaughter  of  any  or 
all  diseased  animals  upon  said  premises,  and  of  all  animals  that  have  been  exposed 
to  contagion  or  infection,  under  the  following  restrictions:  Said  order  shall  be  a 
written  one  and  shall  be  made  in  duplicate,  and  there  shall  be  a distinct  order  and 
duplicate  for  each  owner  of  the  animals  condemned,  the  original  of  each  order  to  be 
filed  by  the  veterinarian  with  the  Governor  and  the  duplicate  given  to  said  owner. 
And,  further,  before  slaughtering  any  animal , or  animal  that  has  been  exposed  only 
and  does  not  show  disease,  the  veterinarian  shall  call  in  consultation  with  him  two 


170 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


respectable  practicing  veterinarians  or  physicians,  residents  of  the  State,  or,  if  this 
be  impossible,  then  two  reputable  and  well-known  stock  owners,  residents  of  the 
State,  and  shall  have  the  written  endorsement  upon  his  order  of  at  least  one  of 
said  consulting  physicians  or  stock  owners,  stating  that  such  action  is  necessary, 
and  the  consent  of  the  owner  or  person  in  charge,  before  such  animal  or  animals 
shall  be  slaughtered. 

Sec.  150.  Whenever,  as  herein  provided,  the  State  Veterinarian  shall  order  the 
slaughter  of  one  or  more  animals,  he  shall,  at  the  time  of  making  such  order,  notify 
in  writing  the  nearest  justice  of  the  peace,  who  shall  thereupon  summon  three 
disinterested  citizens — who  shall  be  stock  owners— of  the  neighborhood  to  act  as 
appraisers  of  the  value  of  such  animals.  Said  appraisers,  before  entering  upon 
the  discharge  of  their  duties,  shall  be  sworn  to  make  a true  and  faithful  appraise- 
ment without  prejudice  or  favor.  They  shall,  after  making  their  appraisement, 
return  certified  copies  of  their  valuation,  a separate  one  being  made  for  each 
owner,  together  with  an  accurate  description  of  each  animal  slaughtered— giving 
all  brands,  ear-marks  wattles,  age,  sex,  and  class,  as  to  whether  American,  half- 
breed,  or  Texas — to  the  justice  of  the  peace  by  whom  they  were  summoned,  who 
shall,  after  entering  the  same  upon  his  record  and  making  an  endorsement  upon 
each,  showing  it  to  have  been  properly  recorded,  return  it,  together  with  the  dupli- 
cate order  of  the  veterinarian,  to  the  person  or  persons  owning  the  animals  slaugh- 
tered, and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  Veterinarian  to  superintend  the 
slaughter  of  such  animals  as  may  be  condemned  and  also  the  destruction  of  the 
carcass,  which  latter  shall  be  by  burning  to  ashes,  and  shall  include  every  part  of 
the  animal  and  hide,  and  also  excrement  as  far  as  possible.  He  shall  cause  the 
said  slaughter  and  burning  to  be  done  as  cheaply  as  practicable,  and  shall  pay  the 
expense  from  the  contingent  fund  hereinafter  provided,  taking  proper  vouchers 
for  the  same. 

Sec.  151.  The  State  Veterinarian  shall  make  a report  at  the  end  of  every  year  to 
the  Governor  of  all  matters  connected  with  his  work,  and  the  Governor  shall 
transmit  to  the  several  boards  of  county  commissioners  such  parts  of  said  report 
as  may  be  of  general  interest  to  the  breeders  of  live  stock.  The  Governor  shall 
also  give  information  in  writing  as  rapidly  as  he  obtains  it  to  the  various  boards 
of  county  commissioners  of  each  cause  of  suspicion  or  first  eruption  of  disease  in 
each  locality,  its  course,  and  the  measures  adopted  to  check  it. 

Sec.  152.  Whenever  the  Governor  of  the  State  shall  have  good  reason  to  believe 
that  any  disease  covered  by  this  chapter  has  become  epidemic  in  certain  localities 
in  another  State  or  Territory,  or  that  conditions  exist  which  render  domestic  ani- 
mals liable  to  convey  disease,  he  shall  thereupon,  by  proclamation,  schedule  such 
localities  and  prohibit  the  importation  from  them  of  any  live  stock  of  the  kind 
diseased  into  this  State  except  under  such  restrictions  as  he  may  deem  proper. 
Any  corporation  or  any  person  or  persons  who,  after  the  publishing  of  such  proc- 
lamation, shall  knowingly  receive  in  charge  any  such  animal  or  animals  from  any 
one  of  said  prohibited  districts  and  transport  or  convey  the  same  within  the  limits 
of  this  State  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  fined 
not  less  than  $1,000  nor  more  than  $10,000  for  each  and  every  offense,  and  shall 
further  become  liable  for  any  and  all  damages  and  loss  that  may  be  sustained  by 
any  person  or  persons  by  reason  of  the  importation  or  transportion  of  such  pro- 
hibited animals. 

Sec.  153.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  any  person  or  persons  who  shall  have  or  suspect 
that  there  is  upon  his  or  their  premises  any  case  of  contagious  or  infectious  dis- 
ease among  domestic  animals  to  immediately  report  the  same  to  the  State  Veter- 
inarian, and  a failure  so  to  do,  or  any  attempt  to  conceal  the  existence  of  such 
disease,  or  to  wilfully  or  maliciously  obstruct  or  resist  the  said  veterinarian  in 
the  discharge  of  his  duty  as  hereinbefore  set  forth,  shall  be  deemed  a misde- 
meanor, and  any  person  or  persons  who  shall  be  convicted  of  any  one  of  the 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


171 


above  acts  or  omissions  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  $50  nor  more  than  $500  for 
each  and  every  offense;  shall  forfeit  all  claims  to  indemnity  for  loss  from  the 
State,  and  upon  conviction  a second  time  shall,  in  addition  to  the  above-named 
fine,  be  imprisoned  for  a term  not  less  than  thirty  days  nor  more  than  six  months. 

Sec.  154.  The  following  regulations  shall  be  observed  in  all  cases  of  disease  cov- 
ered by  this  chapter: 

First.  It  shall  be  unlawful  to  sell,  give  away,  or  in  any  manner  part  with  any 
animal  affected  with  or  suspected  of  contagious  or  infectious  disease;  and  in  the 
case  of  any  animal  that  may  be  known  to  have  been  affected  with  or  exposed  to 
any  such  disease  within  one  year  prior  to  such  disposal,  due  notice  of  the  fact 
shall  be  given  in  writing  to  the  party  receiving  the  animal. 

Second.  It  shall  be  unlawful  to  kill  for  butcher  purposes  any  such  animal,  to 
sell,  give  away,  or  use  any  part  of  it,  or  its  milk,  or  to  remove  any  part  of  the 
skin.  A failure  to  observe  these  provisions  shall  be  deemed  a misdemeanor  and 
on  conviction  shall  be  punished  by  a fine  not  less  than  $100  nor  exceeding  $500. 
It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  owner  or  person  having  in  charge  any  animal  affected 
with  or  suspected  of  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease  to  immediately  confine 
the  same  in  a safe  place,  isolated  from  other  animals,  and  with  all  necessary 
restrictions  to  prevent  dissemination  of  the  disease,  until  the  arrival  of  the  State 
Veterinarian. 

The  above  regulations  shall  apply  as  well  to  animals  in  transit  through  the 
State  as  to  those  resident  therein,  and  the  State  Veterinarian  or  his  duly  author- 
ized agent  shall  have  full  authority  to  examine,  whether  in  car  or  yard  or  stables, 
all  animals  passing  through  the  State  or  any  part  of  it,  and,  on  detection  or  sus- 
picion of  disease,  to  take  possession  of  and  treat  and,  dispose  of  said  animals  in 
the  same  manner  as  is  prescribed  for  animals  resident  in  the  State. 

Sec.  155.  All  claims  against  the  State  arising  from  the  slaughter  of  animals 
under  the  provisions  of  this  chapter  shall,  together  with  the  order  of  the  veterina- 
rian and  the  valuation  of  the  appraisers  in  each  case,  be  submitted  to  the  State 
Auditor,  who  shall  examine  them  without  unnecessary  delay,  and  for  each  one 
that  he  finds  to  be  equitable  and  entitled  to  indemnity  under  this  chapter  shall 
issue  his  warrant  on  the  State  Treasurer  for  the  sum  named  in  the  appraiser's 
report.  All  claims  for  indemnity  arising  -under  the  provisions  of  this  chapter 
shall,  before  they  are  presented  for  payment  to  the  Auditor,  be  submitted  to  the 
State  Veterinarian,  who  shall  fully  inform  himself  of  the  facts  connected  with 
each  claim;  if  he  shall  be  of  the  opinion  that  the  claim  is  legal  and  just,  he  shall 
approve  the  same  in  writing  indorsed  thereon;  if  he  shall  be  of  the  contrary  opin- 
ion, he  shall  reject  it  in  like  manner,  and  in  all  cases  he  shall  express  in  such 
indorsement  the  reasons  for  his  approval  or  rejection,  as  the  case  may  be.  If  the 
State  Veterinarian  shall  reject  a claim,  it  shall  then,  together  with  the  indorse- 
ment of  the  veterinarian,  setting  forth  his  reasons  for  such  rejections,  be  submit- 
ted for  determination  to  a board  of  arbitration,  to  consist  of  three  members,  which 
shall  be  formed  as  follows:  The  State  Veterinarian  shall  select  as  one  member  of 
said  board  one  stock  grower,  who  shall  be  a resident  of  the  county  wherein  the 
slaughtered  animals  for  which  the  claim  is  made  ranged.  The  claimant  shall 
select  as  such  member  of  said  board  another  stock  grower,  who  shall  be  a resident 
of  the  same  county,  and  these  two  so  selected  shall  choose  the  third  member  of 
the  board  from  among  the  stock  growers  of  the  same  county.  The  arbitrators 
shall  have  power  to  appoint  a time  and  place  for  hearing;  to  adjourn  from  time 
to  time;  to  administer  oaths  to  witnesses;  to  hear  the  allegations  and  evidence  of 
the  parties,  and  to  make  an  award  thereon.  All  the  arbitrators  shall  meet  and 
act  together  during  the  investigation;  but  when  met,  a majority  may  determine 
any  question.  Before  acting,  they  shall  each  be  sworn,  before  an  officer  author- 
ized to  administer  oaths,  faithfully  and  fairly  to  hear  and  examine  the  allegations 
and  evidence  of  the  parties  in  relation  to  the  claim  in  controversy,  and  to  make  a 


172 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


just  finding  according  to  their  understanding  and  according  to  the  provisions  of 
this  chapter.  The  award  of  the  arbitrators  shall  simply  be  to  the  effect  that  they 
find  the  claim  legal  and  just  according  to  the  provisions  of  this  chapter,  or  the 
reverse,  as  the  case  may  be.  The  award  shall  be  in  writing,  signed  by  the  arbi- 
trators, or  a majority  of  them,  and  shall  be  forwarded  by  them,  with  all  the 
papers  submitted  to  them,  to  the  State  Auditor.  If  the  board  of  arbitrators  shall 
concur  with  the  State  Veterinarian  in  rejecting  the  claim,  their  decision  shall  be 
final.  If  the  board  of  arbitrators  shall  find  that  the  claim  is  legal  and  just,  then 
the  said  claim  shall  in  all  respects  be  held  as  though  the  State  Veterinarian  had  in 
the  first  place  approved  the  same. 

In  auditing  any  claim  under  this  chapter  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Auditor  to 
satisfy  himself  that  it  does  not  come  under  any  class  for  which  indemnity  is 
refused  by  this  chapter,  and  he  shall  require  the  affidavit  of  the  claimant  to  this 
fact,  or,  if  the  claimant  be  not  cognizant  thereof,  then  of  some  reputable  person 
who  is  cognizant  thereof,  and  the  Auditor  may,  at  his  discretion,  require  further 
proof.  The  indemnity  to  be  granted  shall  be  two-thirds  of  the  ordinary  value  of 
the  animal  as  determined  by  the  appraisers,  without  reference  to  its  diminished 
value  because  of  being  diseased.  It  shall  be  paid  to  the  owner  upon  his  applica- 
tion and  the  presentation  of  the  proofs  prescribed  herein;  and  it  shall  be  the  duty 
of  said  owner  to  make  such  application  within  six  months  of  the  slaughter  of  the 
animal  for  which  payment  is  claimed,  failing  which  such  claim  shall  be  barred 
by  limitation. 

These  payments  shall  be  made  by  the  State  Treasurer,  as  before  provided,  and 
from  the  fund  provided  by  this  chapter. 

The  right  to  indemnity  under  this  chapter  is  limited  to  animals  destroyed  by 
reason  of  the  existence  or  suspected  existence  of  some  epizootic  disease,  generally 
fatal  and  incurable,  such  as  rinderpest,  hoof-and-mouth  disease,  pleuropneumonia, 
anthrax,  or  Texas  fever,  among  bovines,  glanders  among  horses,  and  anthrax 
among  sheep.  For  the  ordinary  contagious  diseases  not  in  their  nature  fatal,  such 
as  scab  and  hoof  rot  in  sheep,  and  epizootic  influenza  in  horses,  no  indemnity  shall 
be  paid. 

The  right  to  indemnity  shall  not  exist  and  payment  of  such  shall  not  be  made 
in  the  following  cases: 

First.  For  animals  belonging  to  the  United  States. 

Second.  For  animals  that  are  brought  into  the  State  contrary  to  the  provisions 
of  this  chapter. 

Third.  For  animals  that  are  found  to  be  diseased  or  that  are  destroyed  because 
they  have  been  exposed  to  disease  before  or  at  the  time  of  their  arrival  in  the 
State. 

Fourth.  When  an  animal  was  previously  affected  by  any  other  disease  which 
from  its  nature  and  development  was  incurable  and  necessarily  fatal. 

Fifth.  When  the  owner  or  person  in  charge  shall  have  knowingly  or  negligently 
omitted  to  comply  with  the  provisions  of  the  last  two  preceding  sections. 

Sixth.  When  the  owner  or  claimant  at  the  time  of  coming  in  possession  of  the 
animal  knew  it  to  be  diseased,  or  received  the  notice  specified  in  the  first  clause  of 
the  last  preceding  section. 

Sec.  156.  Each  member  of  boards  of  arbitration  formed  and  acting  under  the 
provisions  of  this  chapter  shall  receive  for  their  services  the  sum  of  $5  per  day  for 
each  day  they  may  be  actually  engaged  and  employed  in  the  investigation  of  any 
claim,  and  shall  be  paid  by  the  State  Veterinarian  out  of  the  “veterinarian  con- 
tingent fund.-’ 

Sec.  157.  The  State  Veterinarian  shall  receive  for  his  services  the  sum  of  $1,200 
per  annum,  together  with  his  actual  necessary  traveling  expenses  when  in  the  per- 
formances of  his  duty,  provided  said  actual  necessary  traveling  expenses  shall  not 
exceed  $750  per  annum. 


LEGISLATION  RELATIVE  TO  TUBERCULOSIS. 


173 


The  veterinarian  is  hereby  authorized,  in  his  discretion,  to  appoint  a deputy,  for 
the  performance  of  whose  duties  the  veterinarian  shall  be  responsible,  and  who 
shall  exercise  such  powers  as  may  be  deputed  to  him  by  the  State  Veterinarian. 
Such  deputy  shall  receive  not  exceeding  $4  per  day  for  the  time  actually  employed. 
The  appraisers  herein  provided  for  shall  each  receive  $5  for  each  day  or  part  of 
day  they  may  be  actually  employed  as  such,  which  shall  be  paid  from  their  county 
fund  upon  the  certificate  of  the  justice  who  summoned  them.  The  justice  shall 
receive  his  ordinary  fee  for  issuing  a summons,  to  be  paid  out  of  the  county  fund. 
The  members  of  the  board  of  health,  veterinarians,  physicians,  or  stock  owners, 
called  in  consultation  by  the  veterinarian,  shall  each  receive  $5  for  each  day  or  part 
of  day  they  may  actually  be  so  employed,  and  10  cents  per  mile  mileage  for  dis- 
tance actually  traveled,  which  sums  shall  be  paid  from  the  veterinarian’s  contingent 
fund  hereafter  provided.  For  this  and  other  incidental  expenses  connected  with 
his  work,  and  made  his  duty  by  this  chapter,  such  as  his  traveling  expenses,  caus- 
ing animals  to  be  slaughtered  and  their  carcasses  burned,  and  disinfecting  infected 
premises,  the  veterinarian  shall  have  at  his  disposal  the  sum  of  $1,200,  which  shall 
be  known  as  the  veterinarian’s  contingent  fund.  Before  entering  on  the  discharge 
of  his  duties  he  shall  give  good  and  sufficient  security  in  the  sum  of  $5,000  for  the 
proper  management  of  the  same.  He  shall  make  a sworn  statement  semiannually 
to  the  Governor,  supported  by  full  vouchers  of  the  amount  disbursed;  and  any 
part  of  the  $1,200  not  used  shall  be  covered  into  the  State  Treasury. 

Sec.  158.  The  State  Auditor  shall  pay  no  claim  for  indemnity  under  this  chapter 
which  shall  have  been  rejected  by  the  State  Veterinarian,  unless  the  same  shall 
have  been  submitted,  as  hereinbefore  provided,  to  a board  of  arbitration  and  by 
such  board  decided  to  be  legal  and  just.  If  any  claimant  shall  refuse  to  submit 
his  or  her  claim,  which  shall  have  been  rejected  by  the  State  Veterinarian,  to  a 
board  of  arbitration  as  hereinbefore  provided,  such  refusal  shall  be  deemed  con- 
clusive evidence  of  a waiver  of  all  claim  for  indemnity  under  the  provisions  of  this 
chapter. 

Sec.  159.  The  liability  of  the  State  for  indemnity  for  animals  destroyed  under 
the  provisions  of  this  chapter  in  any  two  years  is  limited  by  and  shall  in  no  case 
exceed  the  amount  especially  appropriated  for  that  purpose  and  for  that  period. 


o 


Bulletin  No.  29.  (B.  a.  1.165.) 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 

D.  E.  SALMON,  D.  V,  M.,  Chief. 


AMERICAN  BREEDS  OF  FOWLS. 


I.  THE  PLYMOUTH  ROCK. 


BY 


T.  F\  McGREW. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 
1901. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
Washington , D.  C.,  June  1,  1901. 

Sir:  I have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  for  publication  a bulletin  on  Plymouth 
Rock  fowls,  being  the  first  part  of  a report  on  American  breeds  of  fowls. 

The  Plymouth  Rock  breed  is  the  most  popular  creation  of  the  American  fancier’s 
art.  It  is  not  only  a beautiful  bird,  but  as  a general-purpose  fowl  it  is  unsurpassed. 
It  is  medium  in  size,  excellent  for  the  table,  a good  sitter,  and  at  the  same  time 
rivals  the  smaller  breeds  in  activity,  hardiness,  and  egg-laying  propensities.  It  is  a 
favorite  breed  for  the  production  of  broilers  and  capons,  and  in  the  show  room  it 
excites  the  admiration  and  enthusiasm  of  all  who  love  to  see  beauty  and  symmetry 
in  our  domesticated  birds. 

Nearly  everyone  is  more  or  less  familiar  with  the  general  appearance  of  the  Barred 
Plymouth  Rock,  but  there  are  comparatively  few  who  understand  the  different  points 
of  these  birds,  the  defects  which  the  farmer  tries  to  avoid,  and  the  ideals  of  perfection 
toward  which  he  is  striving.  The  plumage  of  birds  has  an  even  greater  effect  in  the 
characterization  of  breeds  than  have  the  coats  of  other  farm  animals,  and  hence  the 
breeder  pays  special  attention  to  the  body  color  and  the  markings  of  the  feathers  on 
different  parts  of  the  body.  Those  who  are  strictly  utilitarian  in  their  aims  may 
think  that  too  much  attention  is  paid  to  the  feathering;  but  it  should  be  remembered 
that  the  perfection  of  feathering  and  the  ability  to  transmit  this  standard  is  an  evi- 
dence of  pure  breeding  and  prepotency.  Nor  should  the  aesthetic  element  in  the 
breeding  of  farm  animals  be  entirely  discarded.  Beauty  of  form  and  beauty  of  col- 
oring, bred  according  to  a standard  of  perfection  and  developed  almost  to  the  exact 
ideals  of  that  standard,  serve  to  excite  interest  and  enthusiasm  beyond  what  can  be 
realized  by  utilitarian  qualities  alone. 

Considerable  attention  is  properly  given  by  the  author  of  the  bulletin  to  the  plum- 
age, the  standard  requirements,  and  the  methods  of  breeding  by  which  these  are 
best  secured.  These  are  the  points  upon  which  information  is  perhaps  most  needed. 
The  Buff  and  the  White  Rocks  receive  their  due  share  of  attention.  Mr.  T.  F. 
McGrew,  who  has  prepared  the  bulletin,  is  a well-known  judge  of  poultry  and  a 
prolific  writer  on  questions  relating  to  breeds  and  breeding.  The  illustrations  were 
made  by  Mr.  George  E.  Howard,  and  have  received  the  approval  of  some  of  the 
most  skillful  breeders  of  these  birds. 

The  time  has  come  when  Americans  no  longer  need  to  go  abroad  to  obtain  either 
beauty  or  productiveness  in  fowls.  The  best  breeds  that  exist  have  been  produced 
in  our  own  land,  and  when  their  merits  are  fully  understood  there  will  be  an  increas- 
ing demand  for  them  in  other  parts  of  the  world. 

Respectfully,  D.  E.  Salmon, 

Chief  of  Bureau. 

Hon.  James  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Introduction - 5 

Family  comb  distinction 5 

The  utility  value  of  the  American  class 7 

The  American  Dominique  (illustrated) 7 

Single-comb  family 8 

The  Java  fowl  (illustrated) 9 

The  Plymouth  Rock 10 

Origin  of  the  Plymouth  Rock 11 

Plymouth  Rock  shape 12 

A few  points  concerning  the  female 14 

The  Barred  variety  (illustrated) 15 

Proper  barring 17 

Underbarring 19 

Matings 20 

The  single  matings 21 

The  double  mating 21 

Double  mating  for  cockerels 22 

General  demands 22 

White  Plymouth  Rocks  (illustrated) 23 

Their  origin 23 

Color  conditions 24 

Proper  matings 24 

White  as  a color 24 

Buff  Plymouth  Rocks  (illustrated) 25 

Buff  color  and  how  produced 26 

Faults  to  avoid 27 

The  Pea-Combed  variety  (illustrated) 28 

Breeds  allied  to  the  Plymouth  Rocks  (illustrated) 29 

The  Jersey  Blue 29 

The  Rhode  Island  Red 31 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page. 

Plate  I.  Barred  Plymouth  Rock  male 12 

II.  Barred  Plymouth  Rock  female 12 

III.  White  Plymouth  Rock  male 20 

IY.  White  Plymouth  Rock  female 20 

V.  Buff  Plymouth  Rock  male 24 

VI.  Buff  Plymouth  Rock  female 24 

Fig.  1 . American  Dominique  male 6 

2.  Head  of  American  Dominique  male 7 

3.  Black  Javas 9 

4.  Head  of  Barred  Plymouth  Rock  male 16 

5.  Head  of  Barred  Plymouth  Rock  female 17 

6.  Feathers  of  Barred  Plymouth  Rock  male 18 

7.  Feathers  of  Barred  Plymouth  Rock  female 19 

8.  Head  of  Pea-Comb  Barred  Plymouth  Rock  male 28 

9.  Feathers  of  Jersey  Blue  male 30 

10.  Feathers  of  Jersey  Blue  female 31 


4 


AMERICAN  BREEDS  OF  FOWLS. 

TIITC  PLYMOUTH  ROCK. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  introduction  of  the  Asiatic-bred  fowls  into  the  New  World  had 
great  influence  for  good  among  our  so-called  domestic  fowls.  The 
Shanghai  or  original  Cochin,  and  also  the  gray  Asiatic  fowl  that  was 
the  original  foundation  stock  from  which  our  Brahmas  were  formed, 
brought  increased  size  and  better  egg  production,  and  their  use  as  a 
cross  upon  our  barnyard  fowls  created  a desire  for  more  and  better 
poultry  of  true  breeding. 

In  the  efforts  put  forth  for  the  advancement  of  quality  in  our  farm- 
bred  stock  use  was  made,  without  anj7  concerted  understanding,  of  all 
the  breeds  that  came  to  us  from  other  countries.  These  new  and 
highly  esteemed  fowls  were  mixed  promiscuously  with  our  home-bred 
fowls,  the  result  of  which  gave  us  the  foundation  for  all  of  our  so- 
called  American  breeds.  The  original  foundation  stock  that  has  been 
developed  into  our  Plymouth  Rock  fowl  came  from  an  experimental 
cross  of  two  birds  that  were  united  on  account  of  their  egg-producing 
qualities.  The  start  of  what  came  to  be  known  as  Jersey  Blues  and 
Rhode  Island  Reds  began  under  like  conditions. 

The  Brahma  was  the  first  breed  of  fowls  that  was  credited  to  us  as 
an  American  production;  and,  while  they  are  classed  as  an  Asiatic 
fowl,  they  are  the  outcome  of  great  skill  in  handling  the  very  crude 
original  by  our  American  fanciers,  who  have  given  over  fifty  years  of 
attention  to  perfecting  them.  While  Americans  are  given  credit  the 
world  over  for  originating  the  Brahmas,  these  birds  are  grouped  in 
our  standard  of  perfection  as  belonging  to  the  Asiatic  class. 

In  the  formation  of  the  breed  classes  in  the  American  standard  of 
perfection  all  breeds  and  their  subvarieties  that  have  been  made  in 
this  country  by  crossing  and  by  the  improvement  of  other  crosses  are 
classed  as  belonging  to  the  American  breeds,  or  families.  These  com- 
prise the  Plymouth  Rock,  Wyandotte,  Java,  and  Dominique.  They 
are  the  acknowledged  breeds  of  our  standard,  belonging  to  what  are 
known  as  the  American  classes. 

FAMILY  COMB  DISTINCTION. 

The  fowls  of  the  American  classes  have  their  distinct  style  of  combs, 
which  is  an  emblem  of  family  difference.  The  comb  is  so  marked  as 

5 


6 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


to  become  the  guide  for  the  uninformed  in  selecting  the  families  one 
from  another.  The  Dominique  is  known  as  the  Rose  Comb  Domi- 
nique, from  the  fact  that  it  has  the  so-called  double,  or  rose,  comb.  It 
is  a low,  thick  comb,  the  upper  surface  of  which  is  covered  with  small 
points,  the  rear  end  of  which  comes  to  a point  called  a spike.  This 
spike  in  the  Dominiques  should  be  elevated  at  the  end. 


Flu.  1.— American  Dominique  male. 


The  Wyandotte  also  has  the  rose  comb,  but  it  is  of  a smaller  pattern 
than  the  comb  of  the  Dominique,  and  the  end  or  spike  turns  down  to 
follow  the  shape  of  the  head;  the  points  on  top  of  comb  are  not  so 
prominent,  nor  is  the  spike  so  long  as  is  proper  for  the  Dominique. 
The  Plymouth  Rock  and  Java  have  what  is  known  as  the  single  comb, 
which  is  upright  and  nicely  serrated.  The  combs  are  so  distinctly 
different  as  to  be  easily  recognized. 


AMERICAN  BREEDS  OF  FOWLS. 


7 


THE  UTILITY  VALUE  OF  TIIE  AMERICAN  CLASS. 

The  American  breeds  are  often  termed  the  66 general-purpose  fowl,” 
from  the  fact  that  when  young  they  make  the  best  of  broilers  and 
when  matured  a most  perfect  roaster.  Their  natural  formation,  invit- 
ing plumpness,  makes  them  the  desirable  market  poultry.  In  addition 
to  all  this  they  have  the  beautiful  yellow  skin  so  much  sought  after  by 
our  people;  they  are  of  quick  growth  as  compared  with  other  good- 
sized  fowls,  and  as  egg  producers  they  average  nearly  the  equal  of  any 
other  breed;  they  lay  a medium-sized  brown  egg  of  the  very  best 
quality;  they  are  easily  kept  in  good  condition,  and  are  among  our 
best  winter  layers;  they  are  very  vigorous  and  hardy  and  able  to 
withstand  our  most  changeable  climate  with  as  little  inconvenience  as 
any  known  fowl. 


Fig.  2.— Head  of  American  Dominique  male. 

The  Rose  Comb  varieties  are  least  liable  to  injury  by  the  extreme 
cold  of  our  Northern  climate.  At  the  same  time  the  medium-sized 
combs  of  the  other  varieties  are  not  so  large  as  to  be  frosted  when 
properly  housed,  as  all  poultry  should  be  during  the  cold  months  of 
winter. 

THE  AMERICAN  DOMINIQUE. 

The  American  Dominique  was  well  known  in  early  days  throughout 
New  Jersey  and  eastern  New  York  as  a fowl  of  great  merit  as  an  egg 
producer.  The  eggs  of  this  fowl  graded  A1  in  the  New  York  market, 
and  as  table  poultry  it  had  no  superior.  At  that  time  the  plumage 
was  of  a light-gray  color,  barred  across  with  a darker  shade;  it  had 


8 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


both  the  single  and  double  comb,  and  the  shanks  and  feet  were  yellow 
in  color.  It  is  claimed  for  this  variety  that  it  was  brought  to  this 
country  by  both  the  French  and  the  Dutch.  This  is  of  but  little 
importance,  for  such  birds  might  be  produced  at  will. 

The  Dominique  color  is  a combination  of  black  and  white.  It  comes 
as  one  of  the  results  of  crossing  black  and  white  fowls.  The  mottling 
of  the  Java  and  Houdan  and  the  Ancora  are  other  results  of  the  same 
methods  of  mating  pure  black  and  pure  white  fowls  together.  When 
the  poultryman  of  the  past  began  selecting  the  Dominique  for  improv- 
ing into  a breed  that  would  reproduce  itself  he  preferred  birds  with 
the  rose  comb,  the  full  sweeping  tail,  and  the  light-gray  ground  color 
barred  with  the  bluish  gray.  In  order  that  we  ma}^  have  a better 
conception  of  the  top  cross  that  produced  our  Plymouth  Rocks,  the 
American  Dominique  as  seen  in  its  prime  will  be  described. 

The  general  appearance  of  the  American  Dominique  was  not  unlike 
our  present  large-sized  Brown  Leghorns.  The}^  were  somewhat  fuller 
in  breast  and  deeper  in  abdomen.  The  female  had  a slight  inclination 
toward  both  fluff  and  cushion  formation;  main  tail  feathers  like  our 
present  Leghorns,  only  not  quite  so  extended;  breast  full  and  carried 
rather  forward,  the  male  being  quite  like  a large  Brown  Leghorn 
male  in  shape,  with  a tail  almost  as  full  as  seen  on  the  Hamburg. 
Their  combs  were  rather  larger  than  the  Hamburg  comb,  but  of  the 
same  form,  type,  and  carriage,  the  rear  end,  or  spike,  turned  upward, 
quite  unlike  the  Wyandotte  comb,  which  follows  the  shape  of  the 
head.  They  had  a neck  that  was  arched  and  covered  with  very  full 
hackle  plumage.  Back  broad  and  medium  in  length;  in  color  and 
barring  quite  like  an  interiorly  marked  Barred  Plymouth  Rock  of  the 
lighter  shade  of  color.  Such  was  the  general  make-up  of  the  Rose 
Comb  American  Dominique. 

SI  N(4 1 jK-COM  K FA  M I LY. 

When  we  consider  our  American  made  or  adopted  breeds  some  must 
be  mentioned  that  are  not  included  in  the  list  of  so-called  u Standard 
fowls.”  Some  of  them  must  be  considered  because  they  were  used  in 
creating  a portion  of  our  standard  varieties,  while  others  have  had  a 
position  among  our  standard  breeds,  but  have  become  obsolete  from 
lack  of  admirers.  At  this  time  those  only  will  be  noted  which  belong 
to  the  single-comb  family,  for  they  alone  will  conform  to  the  demands 
of  our  Ptymouth  Rocks.  The  Rose  Comb  Dominique  has  been 
described  first,  the  object  being  to  keep  it  entirely  separate  from  the 
single-comb  fowls. 

The  single-comb  fowls  which  belong  to  the  American  classes  are 
these:  The  Java,  the  Plymouth  Rock,  the  Jersey  Blue,  and  the  Rhode 
Island  Red.  All  of  these  are  classed  as  truly  American — the  Java  by 
adoption  and  improvement,  the  others  the  result  of  crosses. 


AMERICAN  BREEDS  OF  FOWLS. 


9 


From  Jill  information  obtained  avc  learn  that  the  early  Java  (which 
formed  one-half  of  the  original  cross  which  produced  the  Plymouth 
Rock)  was  of  Asiatic  blood.  The  illustrations  of  what  were  then 
called  the  “ Great  Java”  are  quite  similar  to  the  illustrations  of  primi- 
tive Cochin  China  fowls,  and  these,  combined  with  the  written  descrip- 
tion of  the  Java  fowl,  point  conclusively  to  Asiatic  origin.  The 
importations  of  these  fowls  were  named  after  the  ports  from  which 
they  came;  thus  the  same  breed  came  to  us  under  several  names. 


Fig.  3.— Black  Javas. 

The  Ja\ra  is  described  as  a large  black  fowl  with  single  comb  and 
smooth  legs,  weighing  from  18  to  20  pounds  per  pair.  They  are  spoken 
of  as  being  among  the  most  valued  fowls  of  the  da}^,  and  their  prolificacy 
in  eggs  suggested  union  with  the  Dominique,  in  the  hope  of  gaining 
a better  egg  producer  than  either.  Those  wrho  made  the  cross  did  so 
without  a proper  consideration  of  the  result.  Both  of  these  breeds 
had  already  the  highest  reputation  in  this  respect,  and  those  who  kneAv 
their  valuable  qualities  exchanged  stock,  hoping  that  by  intermingling 
the  new  blood  they  would  gain  an  increased  precocity  in  future  stock. 


10 


BUREAU  OF  ANTMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Javas,  as  we  now  find  them,  are  simply  an  improved  or  modified  type 
of  the  original.  Their  general  make-up  is  a long,  broad,  and  deep 
body.  They  are  the  longest  in  back  and  body  of  any  of  our  American 
breeds.  As  of  Standard  formation,  they  represent  the  most  extended 
type,  the  Wyandotte  filling  the  position  of  compactness,  the  Plymouth 
Rock  the  middle  position — giving  us  three  distinct  formations.  When 
we  bear  in  mind  that  the  Java  type  calls  for  the  long  back  and  body, 
no  cushion,  and  but  little  inclination  toward  fluff,  full  tail  and  sickle 
feathers,  we  have  before  us  the  cause  of  many  faults  that  are  contin- 
ually cropping  out  in  our  Plymouth  Rocks.  Much  trouble  and  delay 
could  be  avoided  were  due  consideration  given  to  ancestral  conditions 
when  contemplating  improvement. 

THE  PLYMOUTH  ROCK. 

When  first  produced  no  other  name  was  needed;  they  were  simply 
the  Plymouth  Rock  fowls,  and  became  well  known  under  this  dtle  the 
world  over.  No  other  fowl  has  ever  enjoyed  equal  popularity  in  this 
country,  and  we  presume  they  are  better  known,  and  at  the  same  time 
less  understood,  than  any  other  fowl  of  minor  reputation.  More  has 
been  written  about  them  than  could  be  read  in  years,  and  there  have 
been  almost  as  many  opinions  and  theories  placed  before  us  as  there 
are  writers.  This  has  caused  considerable  confusion,  until  the  alarm 
sounded  ascribing  retrogression  to  the  breed,  when  the  attention  of 
those  best  able  to  cope  with  the  difficulty  became  attracted,  and  marked 
improvement  soon  followed. 

There  seems  to  be  no  condition,  surrounding,  or  climate  unfavorable 
to  the  Plymouth  Rocks.  Their  constitutional  vigor  appears  to  have 
no  limit.  Where  any  fowl  can  live  they  will  prosper.  They  stand 
confinement,  and  when  allowed  freedom  prove  excellent  f ragers. 
They  are  prolific  in  yielding  medium-sized  brown  eggs  of  the  richest 
flavor.  Under  all  conditions  they  will  produce  fully  as  many  eggs  as 
any  thoroughbred  fowl.  Below  is  given  their  record  in  competition 
with  others,  from  which  it  will  be  seen  where  they  stand  in  comparison: 

Yearly  contest  and  calculated  egg  yield. 


Breeds. 

- 

Tests 

reported. 

Eggs  laid 
in 

contest. 

Average 

yield. 

Weight 

per 

dozen. 

| 

Barred  Plymouth  Rocks 

Number. 

262 

Number. 

173 

Number. 

150 

Ounces. 

23 

White  Plymouth  Rocks  

289 

164 

150 

23 

Single-Comb  Brown  Leghorns 

277 

157 

160  | 

19 

KinpJp-f!omh  "Ruff  T^e-horns 

183 

160  i 

19 

Silver-Laced  Wvandottes 

113 

150 
150  ! 

21 

White  Wvandottes 

176 

21 

Rhode  Island  Reds 

166 

150 

21 

Crossbred  pullets 

129 

I 

AMERICAN  BREEDS  OF  FOWLS. 


11 


The  first  column  gives  the  figures  reported  from  a test  under  very 
high  feeding  and  best  possible  attention.  The  second  gives  the  figures 
obtained  in  selecting  from  over  fifty  lots,  all  reported  monthly  for 
a year.  In  the  third  column  are  presented  the  figures  arrived  at  by 
calculation  and  accepted  as  nearly  correct,  as  results  that  can  be 
obtained  under  the  best  management. 

This  table  records  the  egg  yield  of  the  different  lots  of  fowls  entered 
for  competition  in  annual  test,  conducted  by  persons  who  have  had  to 
rely  upon  the  statements  of  those  owning  and  entering  the  fowls;  and 
while  we  naturally  hesitate  to  claim  knowledge  of  their  authenticity, 
at  the  same  time  the  studious  attention  bestowed  upon  the  work  should 
assure  us  that  the  above  figures  are  a fair  average  for  the  fowls 
competing. 

ORIGIN  OF  THE  PLYMOUTH  ROCK. 

The  first  fowl  to  bear  this  name  was  created  by  interminglingCochin, 
Dorking,  and  Malay  blood,  the  result  of  which  was  a mongrel  of  little 
reaTvalue.  The  knowledge  of  this  inferiority  brought  an  influence 
against  what  was  to  be  the  most  popular  breed  ever  produced.  This 
we  know  from  the  fact  that  when  the  present  Barred  Plymouth  Rock 
was  first  announced  those  best  informed  believed  it  to  be  the  same  as 
before,  under  other  guidance. 

Our  present  type  of  Plymouth  Rocks  is  the  outcome  of  careful 
handling  of  fowls  secured  from  crosses  made  on  the  same  lines  as  those 
reported  to  have  been  made  in  Connecticut  almost  sixt}T  years  ago, 
where  they  mated  Rose-Comb  American  Dominique  males  with  Single- 
Comb  Black  Java  females.  These  same  crosses,  also  others  of  like 
character,  are  claimed  to  have  been  made  by  persons  who  had  obtained 
much  the  same  results,  but  the  Rev.  H.  S.  Ramsdell,  residing  in  Con- 
necticut at  the  time,  gives  the  name  Woodstock  as  the  town  of  their 
origin,  and  persons  interested  he  names  as  Giles,  Clark,  Thayer,  Spauld- 
ing, and  himself.  While  this  removes  all  doubt  of  the  origin  of  this 
one  strain  of  Plymouth  Rocks,  it  can  not  detract  any  credit  that  may 
be  due  to  the  Messrs.  Upham,  Pitman,  Felch,  and  others  for  the  part 
they  took  in  originating  this  type.  However,  be  this  as  it  may,  the 
real  point  of  interest  is,  Howr  were  they  originated  and  advanced  to 
their  present  position  among  high-class,  standard-bred  fowls? 

There  can  be  no  reasonable  doubt  as  to  the  make-up  of  the  original 
cross  having  been  as  stated  above,  the  product  of  which  was  grizzled 
gray  and  speckled.  They  were  not  of  solid  color,  neither  were  they 
barred  like  the  Dominique.  In  size  and  form  they  resembled  the 
Java,  while  their  color  bespoke  the  influence  of  the  sire.  Those 
having  the  best  color  and  single  comb  among  those  produced  were 
selected  and  bred  together  as  the  real  start  of  the  present  perfect 
fowl.  Man}r  subcrosses  have  since  been  made,  some  of  which,  it  may 
be  almost  positively  recorded,  were  the  Cochin,  Dorking,  and  Brahma, 


12 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


all  of  which  had  a tendency  for  future  trouble  for  those  who  attempted 
to  produce  high-class  Plymouth  Rocks. 

PLYMOUTH  ROCK  SHAPE. 

No  matter  what  variety  of  color  the}7  be,  the  form  or  shape  of  all 
must  be  the  same.  The  presence  of  what  are  known  as  breed  char- 
acteristics must  be  so  strong  as  to  stamp  them  with  the  unmistakable 
emblem  4 4 Plymouth  Rock  shape.”  The  importance  of  this  is  shown  in 
the  fact  that  some  persons  can  select  a White  Plymouth  Rock  from  a 
White  Wyandotte  only  by  the  difference  in  comb.  This  is  the  out- 
come of  not  demanding  greater  attention  to  type  in  the  show  room, 
where  size,  color,  and  comb  are  given  more  credit  than  is  due  and  too 
little  to  the  breed  emblem — shape. 

An  effort  is  here  made  to  make  plain  the  proper  shape  of  a Plymouth 
Rock  and  all  sections,  including  head  and  its  belongings,  are  described 
as  minutely  as  possible,  omitting  reference  to  color,  which  will  be 
taken  up  separately. 

The  head  of  the  male  should  be  medium  size,  rather  round  when 
viewed  from  the  side,  fairly  prominent  in  front,  back  short  and  stout 
and  nicely  curved.  The  comb  single,  rather  below  medium,  never 
large  or  coarse,  but  of  proper  size  to  give  a finished,  neat  appearance 
in  conformity  with  size  of  the  specimen;  it  should  be  straight,  upright, 
and  free  from  all  defects,  a perfectly  even  surface  throughout.  The 
serrations  must  be  regular  and  in  uniform  proportion,  grading  fore 
and  aft  from  the  center,  where  they  are  largest.  The  rule  ig  five 
serrations.  The  points  of  the  comb  must  be  even  and  regular.  The 
comb,  from  the  front,  where  it  rests  on  the  beak,  should  curve  grace- 
fully back,  finishing  with  a nicely  shaped  heel,  just  forward  of  the 
juncture  with  the  head  and  neck.  It  should  form  a half  oval  over  the 
head,  being  highest  in  the  center,  gently  declining  either  way,  neither 
high  in  front  nor  in  rear.  A twisted,  uneven,  or  thumb-marked  comb 
is  much  despised;  a perfectly  formed  comb,  the  crowning  effect.  A 
long  head  or  beak  is  quite  improper  and  should  not  be  tolerated;  it 
destroys  the  whole  appearance  of  an  otherwise  handsome  specimen. 

Wattles  should  be  moderate  in  size  and  nicely  rounded  and  of  even 
size  and  fine  texture.  When  ill  shaped  or  uneven  they  are  a deform- 
ity. Ear  lobes  should  be  neat,  fine,  and  of  equal  size,  nicely  placed  on 
the  face  below  and  in  the  rear  of  the  eyes.  A nice,  prominent  pair 
of  wattles  and  ear  lobes,  if  of  good  shape  and  texture,  add  much  to  the 
appearance  of  the  head. 

Eyes  should  be  round,  large,  bright,  and  red  in  color.  In  the 
Standard  the  color  is  called  a clear,  rich  bay.  Weak-colored  or  pearl 
eyes  are  almost  a deformity.  They  look  bad,  and,  in  addition  to 
their  ill  appearance,  indicate  poor  breeding  or  delicate  constitution. 
The  eyes  of  a strong,  vigorous  specimen  are  usually  very  bright  and 
striking  in  appearance. 


Bulletin  No.  29,  B.  A.  I. 


Plate  !. 


BARRED  PLYMOUTH  ROCK  MALE. 


Bulletin  No.  29,  B.  A.  I 


Plate  11 


BARRED  PLYMOUTH  ROCK  FEMALE. 


AMERICAN  BREEDS  OF  FOWLS. 


13 


A narrow  or  thin  neck  on  a Plymouth  Rock  looks  very  bad.  An 
abundance  of  plumage  forms  a full  neck  where  it  rests  on  the  shoulders, 
the  neck  tapering  gradually  to  the  junction  of  the  head.  The  strong 
full  appearance  makes  the  neck  seem  shorter  than  it  really  is,  while 
a thin,  narrow  neck  looks  to  be  twice  the  length  demanded.  A well- 
proportioned  neck,  nicely  arched  from  just  back  of  the  comb  to  the 
body,  is  the  neck  required  for  the  well-proportioned  specimen. 

The  back  of  the  Plymouth  Rock  is  one  of  its  most  important  belong- 
ings. We  quote  in  full  the  Standard  description:  u Broad,  of  medium 
length,  and  rising  with  a slight  concave  sweep  of  the  tail;  saddle 
feathers  of  medium  length  and  abundant.”  This  description  calls  for 
about  the  same  style  of  back  as  is  mentioned  for  the  Brahma.  Note 
that  the  Plymouth  Rock  back  is  fashioned  after  that  of  the  Brahma, 
the  Wyandotte  back  resembling  that  of  the  Cochin.  No  cushion  is 
called  for  in  the  Plymouth  Rock,  while  for  the  W}^andotte  male  a 
broad,  full  saddle  is  required,  the  female  being  slightly  cushioned. 
If  these  distinctions  of  back  were  strictly  adhered  to,  the  Plymouth 
Rock  form  would  be  more  distinctive. 

The  broad  back  of  medium  length  (medium  as  between  the  long  back 
of  the  Java  and  the  short  back  of  the  W}^andotte)  is  essential.  Noth- 
ing short  of  this  description  fills  the  Standard  demand,  and  a demand 
of  so  much  importance  should  be  most  strictly  adhered  to.  If  this 
description  were  well  understood,  and  followed  to  the  letter,  much  of 
the  present  confusion  as  to  type  would  disappear. 

Tail  formation  is  quite  a factor  in  the  proper  finish  of  back.  If  the 
main  tail  feathers  are  strong  and  fairly  well  spread,  they  help  to  build 
up  the  back  to  the  proper  ending,  in  accordance  with  the  Standard;  but 
when  these  feathers  are  contracted  or  narrow,  they  allow  the  saddle 
plumage  to  gather  and  form  the  narrow  or  pinched  appearance  instead 
of  the  proper  sweep  to  the  tail.  They  also  spoil  the  shape  of  the  tail 
itself,  giving  a tapering  appearance  from  the  shoulders  back. 

The  tail  of  the  Plymouth  Rock,  in  formation  and  finish,  resembles 
somewhat  the  tail  of  the  Brahma.  The  carriage  of  each  is  about  the 
same  and  the  sickle  feathers  and  coverts  are  fashioned  much  on  the 
same  lines.  Therefore,  when  it  is  stated  that  the  Plymouth  Rock  back, 
including  the  tail,  is  fashioned  after  the  Brahma,  it  is  hoped  that  the 
proper  formation  of  each  in  accordance  with  the  Standard  is  properly 
understood  as  the  meaning.  This  positively  prohibits  the  Cochin  form 
of  back  for  either. 

The  under  portion  of  the  Plymouth  Rock,  including  breast,  under 
part  of  body,  abdomen,  and  legs,  is  of  equal  importance.  The  broad, 
deep,  and  well-rounded  breast  gives  these  fowls  their  value  as  table 
poultry.  The  notably  rounded  keel  bone  that  extends  well  forward 
helps  to  build  out  the  foundation  for  plenty  of  breast  meat,  while  the 
strong,  full  abdomen  provides  the  space  for  eggs  in  the  female,  Bux 


14 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


both  the  male  and  female  are  confined  within  the  demand  for  moder- 
ately full  fluff  only,  while  in  the  Wyandotte  considerably  more  fluff 
is  allowed.  Here,  again,  is  the  fact  that  while  the  Cochin  form  is 
allowable  in  the  Wyandotte  it  must  not  be  present  in  the  Plymouth 
Kock.  Wings  of  medium  size,  broad  and  full  at  the  shoulders,  help 
to  spread  the  hackle  and  widen  the  shoulders,  giving  the  strong,  broad 
appearance  as  the  specimen  faces  one,  while  close,  narrow  wings  help 
to  give  the  narrow,  inferior  appearance,  such  as  is  often  found  on  what 
are  called  undeveloped  specimens.  The  strong,  prominent  wing  point, 
or  bow,  which  is  well  built  out  with  under  muscles,  adds  very  much 
to  the  appearance  of  the  fowl. 

A good,  large  thigh  that  is  supported  by  stout,  well-proportioned 
shank  of  medium  length,  good  feet  and  toes  compose  the  proper  leg 
for  the  Plymouth  Rock.  A long  leg,  thin  shank,  and  ill-shaped  toes 
are  incorrect,  for  without  the  proper  foundation  a fowl  of  such  build 
as  the  Plymouth  Rock  could  not  have  that  finished  appearance  de- 
manded for  it. 

A FEW  POINTS  CONCERNING  THE  FEMALE. 

While  the  general  description  given  above  touches  upon  the  form 
of  both  male  and  female,  there  are  some  features  of  the  female  which 
require  a more  special  notice.  The  most  important  of  these  is  the 
tail.  This  should  be  so  carried  as  to  form  a continuation  of  the  back. 
It  should  not  be  so  elevated  as  to  form  an  angle  in  the  back,  nor  should 
it  droop  in  the  least.  To  give  the  best  appearance  to  the  back,  the 
main  tail  feathers  may  spread  out  at  the  base,  but  should  come  together 
at  the  point. 

The  most  striking  feature  of  a well-formed  Barred  Plymouth  Rock 
female  is  a beautiful  head  and  neck,  which  are  most  difficult  to  obtain 
in  an}7  approach  to  perfection.  In  many  instances  the  head  is  large 
and  heavy  in  appearance,  and  the  barring  of  the  neck  gives  rather  a 
spotted  appearance  on  the  surface,  which  should  show  true  barring. 
When  of  proper  make-up,  the  head  is  nicely  formed  and  well  set  on 
the  neck;  the  beak  should  be  short  and  strong  and  nicely  curved,  so 
as  to  present  a finished  appearance;  comb  should  be  neat  and  rather 
small,  but  well  defined  and  of  suitable  proportions  to  conform  to  the 
head;  eyes  bright  and  clear,  bay  in  color;  neck  nicely  curved,  gradu- 
ally widening  toward  the  juncture  with  the  shoulders.  This  graceful 
head  and  neck  make  a most  attractive  appearance. 

The  medium  length  as  demanded  for  back  furnishes  correct  pro- 
portions for  a graceful  sweep  or  incline  of  back  toward  the  tail,  as 
described.  This  description  allows  the  beautiful  back  formation  that 
should  be  free  from  all  appearance  of  a cushion,  for  the  true  Plymouth 
Rock  female  should  be  free  from  cushion  on  back  and  have  only  a 
slight  showing  of  fluff.  While  they  are  required  to  be  well  feathered 
about  the  abdomen,  there  should  not  be  a fluffy  formation. 


AMERICAN  BREEDS  OF  FOWLS. 


15 


Back,  breast,  and  body  should  be  well  rounded  and  full  at  point  of 
breast;  the  wings  closely  *>et  against  the  body,  and  strong  at  shoulder; 
main  tail  feathers  standing  at  a slight  incline  as  if  they  formed  the 
end  of  the  back.  They  should  be  so  spread  at  the  base  as  to  form  a 
graceful  support  to  the  back  without  causing  a too  full  appearance  at 
point  of  wing.  The  under-tilling  of  the  tail  should  be  prominent. 

The  marking  of  the  Barred  Ptymouth  Rock  female,  when  properly 
distributed,  is  grace  itself;  beginning  with  the  close,  narrow  bars,  just 
back  of  the  comb  and  gradually  broadening  and  widening  as  the  tail 
is  approached,  there  is  formed  what  might  be  called  circles  of  grayish 
blue  when  seen  under  good  lights  and  conditions.  Much  depends 
upon  the  evenness  of  barring  and  the  well-defined  lines  between  the 
two  colors;  for  when  either  encroaches  upon  the  other  the  greatest 
beauty  is  wanting.  This  combination  of  light  and  dark  colors  creates 
the  so-called  blue  tint  of  the  Barred  Plymouth  Rocks.  The  beauty 
depends  entirely  upon  the  purity  of  color  and  the  graceful  formation 
of  the  bars. 

The  beak  and  shanks  of  the  female  should  be  true  yellow;  but  it  is 
a fact  that  many  more  have  dark  spots  than  have  the  true  color. 
These  dark  spots  come  from  the  early  Java  cross,  no  doubt,  and  will 
continue  with  them  for  years  to  come.  The  shank  should  be  strong 
and  well  placed,  with  no  inclination  to  turn  in  at  the  hock.  They 
should  be  wide  rather  than  narrow  at  this  point. 

THE  BARRED  VARIETY. 

We  have  never  seen  an  authentic  proof  that  there  is  any  other  native 
North  American  fowl  than  the  turke}T  that  has  been  domesticated. 
All  of  our  poultry,  both  land  and  water  fowls,  which  are  classed  as 
domestic  poultry,  came  to  us  from  other  lands.  Those  we  have  are 
all  the  result  of  careful  crossing,  mating,  and  improving.  We  have 
alwa}Ts  paid  the  strictest  attention  to  color  demands,  often  at  the  sac- 
rifice of  shape.  This  is  a natural  result  almost  sure  to  follow  close 
breeding  for  color.  Good,  even  color  of  plumage  can  be  procured 
and  maintained  in  highest  perfection  only  b}r  close  line  breeding,  a 
natural  result  being  more  or  less  loss  of  size  and  good  form. 

Line  breeding,  or  inbreeding,  is  an  absolute  necessity  to  produce  a 
certain  type  or  color.  There  is  no  other  way  to  produce  either  with 
any  certaint}^;  and,  while  we  are  thus  guiding  our  stock  into  new  con- 
ditions, we  are  as  surely  reducing  their  size  and  injuring  their  shape 
and  vigor.  The  onl}T  sure  way  to  maintain  all  is  to  have  more  than 
one  line  of  breeding  stock,  so  as  to  be  able  to  invigorate  one  b}r  the 
other  with  as  little  injury  to  color  as  possible. 

Our  demand  for  perfection  of  color  and  barring  in  our  Barred  Ply- 
mouth Rocks  has  driven  all  those  who  produce  for  exhibition  purpose 
to  close  line  breeding  and  to  the  double  mating  system.  These  two 


16 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


methods  have  proved  successful  for  color,  but  at  the  same  time  have 
not  added  more  grace  or  better  form  to  the  fowls  as  a breed.  In  this 
particular  it  has  been  claimed  that  our  Plvmouth  Rocks  have  declined. 
But  we  may  feel  assured  that  the  ability  of  our  American  breeders  will 
soon  remedy  this  error,  and  we  shall  have  far  better  form  than  before 
in  addition  to  perfection  of  color. 

The  color  demand  of  the  standard  is  bluish  gray,  barred  with  nar- 
row, parallel  lines  of  dark  blue,  approaching  almost  to  a positive 
black.  The  barring  is  to  be  close  in  all  sections  of  the  body,  and  on 
neck  and  saddle  hackle  narrower  and  closer  than  in  other  sections. 
The  barring  must  positively  show  the  entire  length  of  the  feathers 
in  all  sections  when  they  are  not  mostly  composed  of  down.  In  the 


Fig.  4.— Head  of  Barred  Plymouth  Rock  male. 


primaries,  secondaries,  and  feathers  of  the  tail  the  barring  is  to  be 
wider  than  in  other  sections.  The  shade  of  surface  color  is  to  be 
nearly  or  quite  uniform  throughout. 

The  most  perfect  colored  Barred  Plymouth  Rock  is  one  whose  color 
is  so  perfectly  blended  as  to  present  to  view  the  attractive  blue  shade  so 
continually  talked  of  as  belonging  to  them,  but  so  seldom  seen  in  any- 
thing like  perfection.  When  the  ground  color  is  of  a clear  bluish 
gray  and  the  modified  blue  black,  so-called,  and  the  lines  between  the 
two  shades  are  clear-cut  and  distinct,  the  combination,  under  proper 
light,  reflects  the  blue  tint  which  is  so  desirable  in  a high-class  speci- 
men. 

The  crowning  beauty  of  the  Plymouth  Rock  is  its  purity  of  color. 
The  two  shades,  one  light  and  the  other  dark,  must  each  be  pure  and 


AMERICAN  BREEDS  OF  FOWLS. 


17 


true  to  its  color  and  positively  free  from  any  tinge  of  foreign  color. 
This,  to  begin  with,  is  the  fundamental  condition  when  selecting  for 
proper  coloring.  When  we  have  this  purity  of  color,  perfect  surface 
color  is  assured. 

PROPER  PARKING. 

There  are  two  very  important  factors  in  the  problem  of  barring 
often  passed  over  without  due  attention ; that  is,  the  narrow  and  parallel 
lines  of  dark  blue.  The  bars  must  be  narrow  and  straight,  those  of 
the  neck  fine  and  distinct.  Spots  on  the  surface  of  the  neck  plumage 
are  not  bars.  The  barring  of  the  neck  must  entirely  cross  the  feather, 
barring  it  just  as  perfectly  as  the  most  perfect  feather  of  the  body. 
Or,  in  other  words,  fine  lines  of  the  darker  color  must  extend  across 
the  light  shade,  as  straight  as  if  made  with  mechanical  precision,  from 
the  point  of  the  feather  down  close  to  the  skin  in  perfect  regularity. 


Fig.  5. — Head  of  Barred  Plymouth  Rock  female. 


The  lines  in  the  smaller  feathers  close  to  the  head  are  the  finest,  and 
they  grow  wider  and  more  pronounced  until  they  reach  the  lower  por- 
tion of  the  hackle,  which  are  about  the  same  as  the  saddle  plumage. 

The  saddle  plumage  of  the  male  is  another  section  that  has  the  nar- 
rower lines  of  barring.  While  these  lines  are  not  so  fine  as  in  the  neck 
plumage,  they  conform  to  one  another  in  their  graduation  and  style 
of  lines.  Often  the  most  beautiful  barring  is  present  in  this  section. 
The  prevalent  defects  found  in  these  sections  are  the  V -shaped  bars 
and  the  broken  lines,  where  the  quill,  or  shaft  of  the  feather,  passes 
through  them.  In  the  latter  the  line,  or  bar,  on  one  side  of  the  quill 
will  be  its  own  width  higher  on  the  feather  than  the  continuation  of 
the  same  bar  on  the  other  side,  thus:  These  two  defects  are 

quite  serious,  as  they'  destroy  the  uniformity  of  surface  bars,  which 
should  parallel  each  other,  and,  in  addition  to  this,  count  against  them 
in  undercolor. 

22293— No.  29—01 2 


18 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


The  body  plumage,  including  breast  of  both  male  and  female,  is 
barred  alike,  being  broader  and  more  striking  than  in  neck  plumage. 
Each  feather  usually  ends  with  the  darker  shade.  When  this  is  not 
the  case  the  specimen  is  frequentty  too  white  for  exhibition.  It  is 
especially  important  that  the  lines  in  these  sections  should  be  very 
uniform  and  straight.  The  dividing  line  between  the  light  and  dark 
shades  must  be  very  sharp  and  entirety  free  from  bronzy  shading. 

The  back  plumage  of  the  male  should  conform  in  shade  and  barring 
with  its  own  hackle  and  saddle  plumage.  While  the  barring  is  not  so 


Fig.  6. — Feathers  of  Barred  Plymouth  Rock  male.  A,  saddle;  li,  fluff;  C,  saddle;  D,  breast; 

B,  back. 

line,  neither  should  it  be  so  heavy  as  to  look  out  of  place  between  the 
two.  This  portion  of  the  fowl  is  one  of  the  weakest  color  sections  of 
the  male  bird.  Metallic  black  will  often  show  like  a network  over 
the  back.  Both  red  and  bronzy  feathers  will  come  to  the  surface;  and 
here,  more  than  in  any  other  section,  is  found  the  white  undercolor. 
All  these  faults  should  be  absolutely  driven  out. 

The  main  tail  feathers  of  both  male  and  female  should  have  the 
perfect  barring,  but  should  be  considerabty  wider  than  in  any  other 


AMERICAN  BREEDS  OF  FOWLS. 


19 


section.  Here,  again,  is  often  present  the  broken  bars  as  shown  above, 
and,  being  so  much  broader,  they  look  the  more  out  of  place.  The 
clear-colored,  regularly  barred  tail  feathers  add  considerable  finish  to 
any  specimen,  while  poor  color  and  irregular  barring  in  the  tail  feath- 
ers, being  always  in  sight,  have  an  unfavorable  bearing  upon  the  other 
sections  of  the  bird.  One  of  the  most  beautiful  effects  of  plumage 
comes  from  a profusion  of  handsomely  marked  feathers  filling  in  under- 
neath the  tail.  This  not  only  vastly  improves  the  general  appearance 
of  the  fowl,  but  gives  a perfect  finish  to  the  tail. 

Wing  bows  of  male  birds  are  often  defective.  Here  the  barring  is 
often  weak  and  ticked,  and  the  color  of  the  flights  of  both  male  and 
female  often  have  the  appearance  of  gradually  merging  the  one  shade 
into  the  other.  A wing  with  flights  equaling  the  tail  or  secondaries  in 


Fig.  7. — Feathers  of  Barred  Plymouth  Rock  female.  A,  neck;  B,  shoulder;  C,  back. 


color  and  barring  is  quite  uncommon,  a condition  which  seems  seldom 
removed. 

To  sum  up  the  subject  of  surface  color:  Whether  it  be  of  the  very 
light  shade  sometimes  seen,  or  much  darker,  or  whatever  shade  the 
specimen  may  be,  a uniform  shade  of  color  should  prevail  throughout 
the  fowl.  Let  it  not  have  a light  neck  with  a dark  saddle  or  back; 
neither  will  it  do  to  have  one  shade  on  back  and  saddle,  including  tail, 
and  another  shade  on  breast.  “The  shade  of  surface  color  must  be 
nearly  or  quite  uniform  throughout”  to  meet  the  Standard  demand. 

UNDERBARRING. 

The  barring  must  show  on  the  entire  length  of  the  feathers  in  all 
sections  when  they  are  not  mostly  composed  of  down.  This  is  the  law 
for  undercolor  or  barring,  according  to  the  Standard.  Or,  in  other 


20 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


words,  all  feathers  other  than  the  fluffy  feathers  that  cover  the  posterior 
portion  of  the  fowl  shall  show  positive  barring  to  the  skin.  This  with 
some  is  taken  to  mean  that  the  barring  of  underplumage  must  be  quite 
as  distinct  as  the  surface,  barring,  which  is  considered  erroneous,  it 
not  being  the  intent  of  the  wording  of  the  Standard,  as  it  simply  calls 
fora  “barring  that  positively  shows  itself  the  wdiole  length  of  the 
feather.”  In  this  case  a positive  showing  does  not  demand  the  same 
intensity  of  color  under  as  upon  the  surface.  While  this  is  the  intent 
of  the  Standard,  at  the  same  time  the  limited  number  that  has  been 
produced  with  underbarring  approaching  the  distinctness  and  perfec- 
tion of  surface  barring  has  attracted  the  greatest  admiration  of  all  who 
have  seen  them.  Such  instances  point  to  this  style  of  barring  as  being 
very  near  to  perfection,  as  gauged  by  public  opinion.  If  it  is  possible 
to  produce  such  intense  underbarring  and  hold  the  surface  color  clear 
and  clean-cut,  we  shall  assuredly  have  an  attractive  color  and  style  of 
marking. 

The  weak  points  for  underbarring  are  on  the  back  of  both  male  and 
female  and  just  forward  of  the  tail  of  the  male.  Not  very  long  ago 
the  surface  of  wing  and  the  plumage  of  thigh  of  both  male  and  female 
were  quite  deficient,  but  this  is  now  much  improved.  The  greatest 
trouble  experienced  with  an  excessive  underbarring  is  an  injury  to 
surface  color.  The  much  barring  to  the  skin  carries  with  it  such  a 
predominance  of  strength  in  the  darker  shade  as  to  influence  the  sur- 
face color  undesirably  and  to  show  the  metallic  black  rather  strongly 
on  the  males. 

When  a clear,  clean  undercolor,  nicely  barred  to  the  skin,  quite 
plain  enough  to  be  readily  seen,  is  obtained,  the  Standard  demand  is 
fulfilled.  At  the  same  time  the  most  positive  preference  is  shown, 
by  all  who  are  well  informed,  for  the  positive  barring,  provided  it  is 
clear,  clean,  and  regular.  Often  those  who  are  not  fully  acquainted 
with  the  methods  of  judging  fail  to  understand  why  a fowl  which  fills 
the  Standard  demand  in  undercolor  should  be  discounted  as  against 
the  one  with  the  better  barring.  The  fact  that  one  has  better  barring 
than  the  other  must  place  it  in  advance  on  this  point,  at  least. 

With  some,  the  wing  flights  are  classed  as  under  color,  or  barring. 
These  are  the  most  difficult  to  control  and  to  bring  within  the  desired 
color  demand,  and  few  specimens  are  ever  seen  that  have  flights  that 
could  be  considered  within  the  Standard  line.  Seldom  do  we  see  one 
in  which  the  lines  between  the  two  colors  are  distinctly  drawn. 
The  tendency  of  the  colors  to  run  (as  the  saying  is  in  the  dye  shop) 
seems  to  invade  the  flights. 

MATINGS. 

The  formations,  as  shown  in  their  origin,  gives  the  greater  strength 
of  color  to  the  female.  The  so-called  top  cross  of  the  lighter-colored 
male  with  the  darker-colored  female  still  casts  its  influence  toward  the 


Bulletin  No.  29,  B.  A.  I. 


Plate  III. 


WHITE  PLYMOUTH  ROCK  MALE. 


Bulletin  No.  29,  B.  A.  I. 


Plate  IV. 


WHITE  PLYMOUTH  ROCK  FEMALE. 


AMERICAN  BREEDS  OF  FOWLS. 


21 


too  dark  female  and  the  too  light  colored  male.  This  natural  condi- 
tion, it  is  claimed,  renders  it  quite  impossible  to  produce  the  proper 
exhibition  color  males  and  females  from  the  same  pair.  For  this  rea- 
son what  is  called  the  double-mating  system  has  come  into  general  use. 

There  are  those  who  claim  to  produce  exhibition  males  and  females 
both  from  the  same  mating.  While  this  is  done  to  a certain  extent, 
the  facts  are  that  by  far  the  greater  portion  of  our  best  exhibition 
Barred  Plymouth  Rocks  are  produced  by  the  double-mating  system. 
One  of  our  most  successful  breeders  states  that  each  year  his  single- 
mating system  comes  nearer  to  achieving  the  same  success  as  has  been 
obtained  heretofore  from  the  extreme  double  matings. 

THE  SINGLE  MATINGS. 

When  we  speak  of  single  matings  for  producing  Barred  Plymouth 
Rocks  the  possibility  of  being  able  to  mate  a pair,  trio,  or  pen  that 
will  produce  both  males  and  females  of  high-class  exhibition  qualities 
is  implied.  If  it  is  possible  to  select  a pair  that  will  produce  both 
males  and  females  of  proper  Standard  color  and  shape,  that  have  the 
very  desirable  surface  color  and  barring,  also  the  requisite  amount  of 
undercolor,  then  we  have  succeeded  on  the  single-mating  system. 
Until  this  is  accomplished  the  single-mating  method  is  not  a success. 

A Standard  colored  male  mated  to  three  or  four  hens,  some  of  them 
light  in  color,  some  dark,  and  some  medium,  might  produce  both  males 
and  females  of  good  quality.  But  that  is  not  single  mating.  Single 
mating,  in  the  strictest  sense,  is  producing  both  males  and  females  of 
the  highest  quality  from  a single  pair.  It  must  be  the  result  of  a true 
single  mating  of  one  pair  of  fowls,  not  a pen,  nor  yet  a trio. 

THE  DOUBLE  MATING. 

This  is  the  selection  of  what  are  called  pullet-breeding  females  and 
mating  them  with  pullet-producing  males,  for  the  express  purpose  of 
producing  exhibition  colored  pullets;  also  the  selection  of  cockerel- 
breeding females  and  mating  them  with  cockerel-producing  males  for 
the  purpose  of  obtaining  exhibition  cockerels.  This  is  what  is  known 
as  double  mating. 

For  the  production  of  pullets  under  this  method,  select  females  of 
perfect  Standard  color,  in  barring  and  under  barring;  be  careful  as  to 
clear,  clean-cut  barring  that  is  absolutely  perfect  in  all  respects,  so 
far  as  it  is  possible  to  obtain  it;  pay  strict  attention  to  the  line,  close 
barring  in  the  neck;  see  that  this  is  really  and  properly  barred  and 
not  marked  with  broken,  or  V-shaped,  lines.  Also  look  well  to  the 
tail,  flight,  and  secondary  feathers.  Spare  no  pains  in  selecting  the 
breeding  females,  taking  only  such  as  will  satisfy  thoroughly  your 
desire  were  the  same  condition  of  plumage  inherited  by  their  future 
chicks. 


22 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


With  such  females  place  a male  of  considerably  lighter  color  than 
they  are.  Some  use  very  thin -colored  males.  These  very  light-col- 
ored males  with  such  females  as  are  above  described  will  produce 
light-colored  pullets.  Others  take  what  might  be  called  a medium 
shade  and  gain  the  medium  color  in  females.  The  shade  in  this  way 
can  be  partially  guided  in  your  pullets.  The  fact  to  be  borne  in  mind 
is  that  with  such  females  the  lighter  in  color  the  male  used  the  lighter 
the  pullets  will  be.  No  matter  what  shade  of  color  is  preferred,  let  it 
be  remembered  that  the  male  used  for  producing  pullets  must  be 
lighter  in  shade  than  his  mates  and  that  his  barring  must  be  as  near 
to  perfection  as  possible.  lie  must  be  well  barred  to  the  skin  and  free 
from  all  tendency  toward  white  undercolor  in  back.  When  success 
in  producing  high-class  exhibition  females  is  attained  and  a line  estab- 
lished that  will  produce  them  year  after  year,  the  males  from  these 
matings  are  most  valuable  as  pullet  breeders. 

DOUBLE  MATING  FOR  COCKERELS. 

For  producing  males  that  will  win  in  strong  competition,  select  line 
large  females  in  shades  of  color  considerably  darker  than  Standard 
color.  These  females  must  be  entirely  free  from  any  bad  color. 
They  must  have  fine,  close,  regular  barring,  running  to  the  skin.  It 
is  cpiite  useless  to  hope  to  produce  good  males,  or  in  fact  good  fowls 
of  any  kind,  from  inferior  females.  Better  by  far  to  give  all  the  time 
and  attention  to  one  pair  or  trio  of  real  meritorious  specimens  than  to 
hope  for  success  that  can  never  come  from  inferior  stock. 

After  selecting  these  darker-colored  females,  place  with  them  the 
finest  male  possible  to  obtain — one  of  perfect  Standard  color,  marking, 
and  undercolor.  The  nearer  he  comes  to  perfection  in  every  section, 
the  better  will  be  his  sons. 

In  all  these  matings,  the  barrings  must  be  of  straight,  narrow  type; 
they  must  be  true  and  distinct  in  all  the  specimens  used;  the  light-col- 
ored males  must  be  as  true  in  this  respect  as  the  darkest  female.  Each 
and  every  specimen  must  conform  to  all  the  demands  of  the  Standard, 
as  well  as  to  the  style  and  manner  of  barring. 

GENERAL  DEMANDS. 

No  fowl  of  an}7  kind  that  is  not  true  to  its  breed  characteristics  should 
be  used  as  a breeder.'  The  first  requisite  to  be  considered  in  selecting 
either  a male  or  a female  for  these  matings  is  to  have  present  in  each 
specimen  a true  Plymouth  Rock  form  of  the  highest  degree.  It  should 
always  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  male  largel}r  influences  color,  while 
the  female  gives  the  size  and  general  formation.  A breeder  that  has 
a poor  comb  or  deformity  of  any  kind  should  never  be  used,  and  the 
strictest  attention  to  proper  color  of  eye,  earlobe,  beak,  legs,  and  toes 
should  be  given.  By  following  closely  these  suggestions  and  selecting, 


AMERICAN  BREEDS  OF  FOWLS. 


23 


when  it  is  possible,  specimens  that  have  been  bred  in  line  for  males  or 
females,  as  tjie  case  may  be,  for  years,  success  in  producing  high-class 
Barred  Plymouth  Rocks  should  be  attained. 

WHITE  PLYMOUTH  ROCKS. 

The  White  Plymouth  Rocks  are  (so-called)  sports  from  the  Barred 
variety.  There  are  two  causes  found  for  such  a variation  in  the  for- 
mation of  the  breed- — first,  the  Black  Java  was  part  of  the  original 
foundation  stock,  and  all  solid  black  fowls  are  apt  to  occasionally  throw 
white  chicks;  and,  second,  the  cross  of  the  white  Asiatic  fowl,  for  the 
purpose  of  enlarging  the  size,  (tearing  the  plumage,  and  increasing 
the  size  of  their  eggs,  might  be  expected  to  occasionally  crop  out  in 
the  offspring.  It  is  not  surprising,  therefore,  that  white  fowls  have 
been  occasionally  produced;  the  greatest  surprise  in  their  appearance 
is  their  good  Plymouth  Rock  form. 

THEIR  ORIGIN. 

About  1875  or  1876  Mr.  Oscar  F.  Frost,  of  Monmouth,  Me.,  had 
hatched  from  eggs  laid  by  Barred  Plymouth  Rocks  some  white  chicks 
that  grew  to  be  good  Plymouth  Rocks  in  shape,  but  white  in  color. 
These  are  said  to  have  been  the  first  that  were  ever  mentioned  up  to 
that  time  as  having  made  an  appearance.  As  soon  as  it  was  admitted 
that  such  was  the  case,  others  through  the  country  claimed  to  have 
had  the  same  experience  in  their  flocks.  In  almost  every  case  they 
seemed  to  come  from  either  the  Essex  or  the  Drake  strain  of  birds. 

The  originator  of  what  was  known  as  the  Essex  strain  of  Barred 
Plymouth  Rocks  claims  to  have  crossed  into  his  flock  a fowl  called  the 
White  Birmingham.  It  is  claimed  by  some  that  this  is  the  true  reason 
for  this  strain  producing  white  fowls.  There  was  considerable  activity 
in  an  effort  by  those  who  disliked  the  idea  of  allowing  a white  fowl  to 
be  called  a Plymouth  Rock  to  have  them  named  Birminghams,  but  the 
satisfactory  establishment  of  their  descent  from  the  Plymouth  Rocks, 
the  evidence  that  they  reproduced  their  qualities,  and  the  presence  of 
as  good  form  as  could  be  shown  in  the  Barred  variety  secured  to  them 
their  right  to  the  family  name. 

When  we  speak  of  this  variety  as  a sport  from  the  Barred  Rocks, 
we  mean  that  eggs  laid  by  the  Barred  variety  produced  these  white 
specimens,  and  that  this  was  simply  the  reappearance  of  ancestral 
characters  through  the  action  of  well-known  laws  of  heredity.  It  is 
asserted  that  it  is  not  an  unusual  occurrence  for  some  lots  of  Barred 
Plymouth  Rocks  to  produce  solid  or  almost  solid  black  fowls.  This 
also  might  be  expected,  since  there  were  black  as  well  as  white  breeds 
used  for  foundation  stock. 

When  solid  black  fowls  produce  pure  white  offspring  these  are 
called  Albinos.  This  is  looked  upon  as  a weakness  in  color  of  the 


24 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


parent  birds.  But  when  any  made  breed  shows  a tendency  to  u throw 
back  ” to  any  one  of  its  ancestors  it  is  called  a reversionary  tendency,  or 
the  going  back  to  an  ancestor.  In  this  case  the  white  specimen  took 
the  color  of  one  of  its  ancestors  and  held  to  the  shape  of  its  immediate 
family. 

COLOR  CONDITIONS. 

We  must  not  have  the  impression  that  the  first  of  these  white  sports 
had  good  clear  color,  for  they  had  not.  It  took  several  years  of  great 
care  in  mating  to  get  them  started  toward  breeding  true.  This,  how- 
ever, is  not  remarkable,  since  our  very  oldest  known  breeds  will  not 
breed  absolutely  true  at  all  times.  A new  variety  could  not  be  expected 
to  do  better  than  those  which  have  been  carefully  selected  for  many 
years. 

As  the  result  of  patience,  skill,  and  good  judgment  we  now  have  the 
White  Plymouth  Rock,  which  is  of  as  good  form  as  can  be  found  in 
the  Barred  variety.  They  fully  equal  them  in  size,  and  their  color  is 
as  pure  white  as  is  seen  on  any  fowl.  Many  of  them  are  pure  white 
in  plumage,  with  beaks,  shanks,  and  feet  of  beautiful  orange  yellow, 
giving  the  combination  of  color  so  popular  in  this  country. 

PROPER  MATINGS. 

As  stated  before,  all  Plymouth  Rocks,  no  matter  of  what  variety  - 
color  they  may  be,  must  have  the  same  shape.  There  is  but  the  one  true 
Plymouth  Rock  shape.  An  effort  has  been  made  to  state  plainly  in 
previous  pages  just  what  this  should  be,  and  the  first  and  most  essen- 
tial requirement  is  that  all  specimens  of  the  wThite  variety  that  are 
used  for  breeding  shall  be  most  perfect  in  Plymouth  Rock  shape.  As 
there  are  but  two  conditions  of  quality  to  be  considered — good  shape 
and  pure  color — it  is  of  the  greatest  importance  to  have  them  both  as 
near  to  perfection  as  possible. 

Fine  large  specimens  of  most  perfect  Plymouth  Rock  shape  which 
are  pure  white  in  color  and  whose  head,  comb,  and  eyes  are  right  up 
to  Standard  demands  are  the  only  kind  worth  consideration  for  breed- 
ing purposes.  With  these  they  must  also  have  a good,  richly  colored, 
yellow  beak,  shanks,  and  feet.  It  is  simply  folly  to  hope  to  produce 
good  high-class  show  specimens  from  under-sized,  ill-shaped,  poor- 
colored  specimens.  If  simply  handling  them  for  eggs,  select  the  best 
egg  producers  and  keep  them;  but  if  breeding  for  exhibition,  do  not 
waste  time  trying  to  succeed  with  even  fair  quality.  To  succeed  it  is 
necessary  to  have  the  very  best. 

WHITE  AS  A COLOR. 

The  pure  white  plumage  of  a fowl  is  quite  as  difficult  to  obtain  in 
perfection  as  an}7  of  the  variety  colors;  yellowish  or  creamy  tints,  also 
black  specks,  will  show  in  the  feathers  of  the  very  best  strains.  Often 


Bulletin  No.  29,  B.  A.  I. 


Plate  V 


BUFF  PLYMOUTH  ROCK  MALE. 


Bulletin  No.  29,  B.  A.  I. 


Plate  VI. 


BUFF  PLYMOUTFI  ROCK  FEMALE. 


UBRM« 

OfTHfc 

UNIVERSE  • 


AMERICAN  BREEDS  OF  FOWLS. 


25 


when  the  surface  plumage  appears  white,  the  undercolor  will  show  the 
creamy  tint.  This  discoloration  is  often  prevalent  in  the  quills  of  the 
wings  and  tail  feathers,  also  in  the  back  just  in  front  of  the  tail. 
The  presence  of  the  creamy  or  yellow  tint  destroys  a specimen  for 
either  breeding  or  exhibition  purposes. 

White  fowls  that  have  this  yellowish  cast  in  plumage  are  usually 
the  most  vigorous  of  the  flock,  while  those  that  are  absolutely  pure 
white  are  often  rather  delicate  as  compared  with  the  others.  It  is 
frequently  the  case  that  sprinklings  of  black  will  be  found  in  parts  of 
the  plumage  of  the  whitest  specimens.  These  small  spots  of  black 
look  like  sprinklings  of  pepper  on  some  of  the  feathers.  This  most 
usually  shows  itself  in  wing’  flights  or  on  back  plumage.  At  times 
solid  black  feathers  will  show  themselves;  usually  they  crop  out  on 
the  back  or  on  the  body  just  under  the  wing  bow. 

When  selecting  breeders  for  market  purposes,  for  both  eggs  and 
market  poultry,  the  largest  and  most  vigorous  specimens,  without 
regard  to  yellowish  cast  in  plumage,  should  be  selected.  Size,  strength, 
and  constitution  should  be  the  first  consideration  for  producing  stock 
for  eggs,  broilers,  and  market  poultry.  But  when  selecting  for  pro- 
duction of  exhibition  specimens  use  only  those  that  are  absolutely 
white  to  the  skin,  including  quill  feathers. 

BUFF  PLYMOUTH  ROCKS. 

The  wThole  fraternity  of  poultry  fanciers  thought  the  advent  of  the 
new  white  varieties  marked  the  full  tide  of  success  with  fowls;  but 
when  the  facts  as  to  new  buff  breeds  shone  upon  us,  all  interested  in 
fane}7  fowls,  to  a greater  or  less  extent,  went,  as  might  be  said,  color 
mad.  Even  to  this  day  men  will  argue  the  question  as  to  the  shade 
of  color,  and  present  as  samples  of  true  buff  color  specimens  ranging 
from  lemon  yellow -to  snuff  brown,  some  one  calling  each  shade  the 
proper  color. 

It  is  acknowledged  that  there  have  been  two  original  strains  of  the 
Buff  Plymouth  Rocks — the  one  called  the  Wilson  strain,  the  other  the 
Fall  River  strain.  The  Wilson  strain  originated  with  Mr.  J.  D.  Wil- 
son, of  Worcester,  N.  Y.,  from  Buff  Cochins  and  Light  Brahmas. 
The  Fall  River  strain  was  produced  by  Mr.  R.  G.  Buffington,  Dr. 
Aldrich,  and  others, -at  Fall  River,  Mass.,  by  crossing  Rhode  Island 
Reds  and  White  Plymouth  Rocks;  also  from  selected  Rhode  Island 
Reds  that  had  fairly  good  Plymouth  Rock  shape  and  buff  color.  The 
Rhode  Island  Reds  selected  for  this  purpose  had  more  or  less  Plymouth 
Rock  blood  in  their  veins. 

These  early  productions  had  black  tails,  dark  flights,  almost  red 
body  color,  and  very  red  wing  bows.  The  Wilson  strain  had  the  bet- 
ter size  and  color;  the  Fall  River  strain  better  form.  From  the  union 
of  the  two,  those  interested  have  produced  a fowl  that  has  the  true 


26 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


breed  characteristics,  also  good  size  and  color.  Few  varieties  have 
advanced  so  fast  as  these  in  real  quality  of  both  form  and  feather. 

It  is  not  unusual  to  see  male  birds  of  true  color,  through  and 
through,  while  in  females  true  color  is  so  common  as  to  be  practically 
established;  yet  in  some  cases  the  color  is  thin  and  washy,  and  in 
others  too  deep  or  too  red.  But  even  with  these  faults  their  handlers 
have  shown  great  skill  in  bringing  them  to  their  present  condition  in 
so  few  years,  notwithstanding  an  undercurrent  of  hereditary  forces 
tending  toward  many  shapes  and  colors  which  came  through  their 
original  make-up. 

It  can  not  be  too  strongly  emphasized  that  all  Plymouth  Rocks  must 
have  the  same  shape,  form,  and  breed  characteristics.  That  the  shape 
makes  the  breed  is  ever  true,  while  color  is  simply  the  emblem  of  the 
variety.  In  all  solid-colored  fowls  we  have  the  right  to  hope  for  better 
form  than  in  particolored  ones.  For  this  reason  we  should  expect  the 
most  perfect  Plymouth  Rocks  in  this  variety. 

In  mating  these  fowls  for  producing  the  highest  ciass  specimens, 
first  of  all  select  good  size,  vigor,  and  Plymouth  Rock  shape;  always 
looking  well  to  the  quality  of  comb,  eyes,  wattles,  earlobes,  beak, 
shanks,  and  feet.  In  addition,  have  good  even  color  as  described 
below. 

BUFF  COLOR  AND  HOW  PRODUCED. 

The  Standard  calls  for  one  even  shade  of  true  golden  buff  through- 
out. This  is  a most  simple  proposition  that  tells  us  in  the  plainest 
possible  language  that  all  buff  fowls  must  be  a true  buff  of  golden  hue; 
not  lemon  buff,  nor  reddish  buff;  neither  shall  it  be  reddish  brown  nor 
snuff  brown,  but  true  and  simple  “golden  buff”  which  approaches  a 
true  colored  chamois  skin  or  one  of  our  American  (yellow)  gold  coins. 

With  buff  fowls,  more  than  those  of  an}T  other  color,  the  greatest 
attention  must  be  paid  to  the  color  of  the  male.  It  is  almost  a hope- 
less task  to  try  to  produce  good  true-colored  buff  chicks  from  poorly 
or  thin-colored  males.  The  color  of  the  male  that  is  to  be  used  for  a 
breeding  fowl  should  be  very  true  and  even — neither  thin  nor  ticked. 
The  color  should  be  filled  in  very  closety  and  dense,  so  as  to  make  a 
strong,  solid,  true  surface  color  that  should  be  well  sustained  by  under- 
color to  the  skin,  a shade  or  two  lighter  than  surface  color,  but  just 
as  true. 

It  is  erroneous  to  give  undue  credit  for  color  qualities  to  the  thin- 
colored  specimens  which  are  so  weak  in  color  as  to  look  like  a faded- 
out  lemon  color,  and  so  thin  as  to  allow  the  white  undercolor  (which 
is  usual  in  such  specimens)  to  show  through.  Such  is  not  buff  color. 
It  has  no  more  right  to  be  called  true  Standard  buff  than  has  the  red 
or  snuff-brown  shades. 

After  selecting  a true-colored  male  that  has  the  same  even  shade 
of  buff  all  over — allowing  for  the  glossy  finish  of  neck  and  upper 


AMERICAN  BREEDS  OE  FOWLS. 


27 


portions  of  body,  including  wings,  which  must  be  of  the  same  even 
shaded — mate  him  with  the  very  truest  colored  females  that  it  is  pos- 
sible to  obtain.  Always  follow  this  rule  if  possible:  Have  the  females 
of  the  true  golden  hue  of  buff  as  called  for  in  the  Standard,  while  the 
color  of  the  male’s  breast  plumage  should  be  one  or  two  shades  deeper 
in  color  than  the  breast  of  the  females. 

Never  mate  deep  red-colored  specimens  with  paler  lemon-colored 
ones.  This  will  bring  mixed  or  mossy  surface  color.  The  way  to 
establish  good,  lasting  buff  color  of  the  proper  shade  is  to  mate  good, 
true  buff  colors  together  year  after  year  till  this  color  is  thoroughly 
established  in  the  blood,  when  it  can  be  depended  upon  to  reproduce 
itself. 

The  most  constant  defects  in  the  buff  color  are  the  red  that  comes 
on  the  wing  bow,  the  black  that  comes  on  the  tail  and  wings,  and  the 
white  that  comes  in  the  tail,  wings,  and  undercolor.  Some  one  of 
these  is  always  present.  A surplus  of  black  seems  to  drive  the  others 
out.  Years  of  experience  have  taught  those  who  have  bred  buff  fowls 
that  it  is  a good  plan  to  confine  the  black  to  the  tail  feathers  and  to 
hold  just  a little  of  it  hidden  away  in  the  main  tail  plumage.  This 
can  be  done,  and  it  helps  to  fortify  against  the  white.  All  specimens 
having  the  red  wing  bows  should  be  discarded  and  used  simply  as 
market  poultry. 

FAULTS  TO  AVOID. 

r>y  all  means  keep  your  Plymouth  Rocks  up  in  size.  Have  them 
look  their  character.  A small-looking  specimen  which  is  so  fat  as  to 
pass  muster  underweight  demands  is  simply  a heavyweight  small  bird. 
Breed  them  to  good  size.  Have  them  look  to  be  full-sized  Plymouth 
Rocks.  It  is  the  good,  reasonable  size  that  is  needed — not  over  fat, 
so  as  to  weigh  in  at  Standard  weights.  Poor  combs  are  entirely  too 
prevalent.  Pay  more  attention  to  all  head  portions,  for  they  count 
largely  for  or  against  the  specimen.  All  fowls  should  have  good, 
bright,  rich-colored  eyes.  Nothing  detracts  more  from  their  beauty 
than  poor  shape  or  poor  color  of  eyes.  Stamp  out  the  tendency  to 
feathers  on  shanks  or  between  the  toes.  Destroy  these  by  sending  all 
that  show  the  slightest  tendency  to  this  defect  to  be  market  poultry. 

The  Rhode  Island  cross  still  shows  its  presence  by  marking  some  of 
the  hackle  feathers  with  black.  Watch  for  this  continually  and  get 
rid  of  it.  Keep  clear  of  all  unevenness  in  color  and  do  not  allow  the 
color  to  run  thin  and  light  in  shade;  at  the  same  time  avoid  the  deep 
dark  shades  that  properly  belong  to  the  Rhode  Island  Reds.  Select 
the  true-shaped,  true-colored  specimens  and  hold  to  them  and  breed 
for  better  results,  thus  building  true  and  well  as  the  stock  advances 
closer  and  closer  to  the  line  of  perfection. 


28 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


THE  PEA-COMBED  VARIETY. 

One  of  the  results  of  the  many  additions  of  new  blood  used  for 
improving  the  Barred  Plymouth  Pock  is  a barred  fowl  with  the  Pea, 
or  Brahma,  comb.  Such  specimens  came  from  true  Plymouth  Rock 
matings,  and  were  fostered  by  several  who  believed  the  style  of  comb 
to  be  of  advantage.  As  to  their  origin,  the  words  of  Mr.  H.  S.  Bab- 
cock, who,  more  than  any  other  person,  should  have  the  credit  of  their 
origin,  are  quoted.  He  writes: 

In  searching  for  its  origin  the  writer  has  received  hundreds  of  letters  showing  that 
in  various  flocks,  at  sundry  times  and  in  divers  places,  Pea-Combed  chickens  have 
appeared,  the  parents  being  single-combed  thoroughbred  Plymouth  Rocks.  These 
fowls  were  so  kept  that  a cross  was  impossible,  in  some  cases  being  the  only  variety 
upon  the  place  or  in  the  immediate  vicinity,  ’the  testimony  was  simply  overwhelm- 
ing in  favor  of  the  assertion  that  the  Pea-Combed  birds  were  just  as  pure  in  blood  as 
the  single-combed  ones,  and  hence  they  were  regarded  as  a “sport”  of  the  single- 


Fig.  8.— Head  of  Pea-Comb  Barred  Plymouth  Rock  male. 


combed  Plymouth  Rocks.  A “sport”  they  have  been  called,  and  perhaps  justly, 
though  there  appears  a possibility  of  considering  them  a reversion,  for  it  appears  from 
considerable  testimony  that  the  single-combed  Barred  Plymouth  Rocks  had  in  their 
veins  a decidedly  mixed  blood.  For  example,  Mr.  I.  K.  Felch  declared  in  an  article 
written  about  the  time  the  Pea-Combed  Barred  Plymouth  Rock  was  admitted  to  the 
Standard  that  a certain  breeder  of  single-combed  Barred  Plymouth  Rocks,  acting 
upon  his  advice,  had  bred  into  his  strain  the  blood  of  the  Light  Brahma,  and  that 
when  the  Light  Brahma  blood  had  been  reduced  to  one-eighth,  the  resulting  birds 
were  winners.  Again,  a prominent  breeder  of  Barred  Plymouth  Rocks  told  the 
writer  that  he  had  personally  crossed  into  the  original  Essex  strain  a Black-red  Pit 
Game,  in  order  to  give  more  vivacity  to  the  fowls,  and  then  had  bred  out  the  strictly 
Game  characteristics.  It  was  also  learned  that  another  prominent  early  strain  had 
in  its  composition  the  blood  of  the  Dark  Brahma,  and  it  is  well  known  that  the 
Black  Java  used  in  the  making  of  the  original  Plymouth  Rocks  was  an  Asiatic  fowl, 
and  all  Asiatic  fowls  have  a tendency  to  produce  pea  combs.  Inasmuch  as  the 
Brahmas,  Light  and  Dark,  are  pea-combed  fowls,  and  as  Pit  Games  prodcue  all 


AMERICAN  BREEDS  OF  FOWLS. 


29 


manner  of  combs — single,  rose,  nub,  strawberry,  and  pea — and  as  all  Asiatics  have 
a tendency  toward  the  production  of  the  pea  comb,  it  is  possible  that  the  comb  upon 
the  Plymouth  Rock  is  due,  not  to  sporting,  which  means  the  production  of  an  entirely 
new  character,  one  not  possessed  by  any  ancester,  but  to  reversion,  in  this  instance 
affecting  the  comb  only  of  the  fowls.  But  to  one  or  the  other  cause  (either  to 
sporting  or  reversion)  the  pea  comb  of  the  Plymouth  Rock  must  be  referred,  for  no 
immediate  cross  for  its  production  was  ever  made.  The  Pea-Combed  Plymouth 
Rock  is  as  pure  in  blood  as  its  single-combed  ancestor;  it  is  a Plymouth  Rock,  and 
nothing  else. 

In  breeding  it  presents  exactly  the  same  problem  that  the  single- 
combed  varieties  present — careful  mating  for  color  and  the  preserva- 
tion of  the  true  Plymouth  Rock  type.  In  the  barred  birds  the  color 
problem  is  a difficult  one,  but  not  beyond  the  skill  of  a good  breeder. 
In  this  variety  the  color  demand  was  not  forced  by  competition  to  the 
same  high  limit.  For  this  reason  good  show  specimens  were  produced 
from  the  single-mating  system.  If  still  popular  at  this  time,  it  would 
be  necessaiy  to  use  the  other  system  to  keep  to  the  present  demand. 

This  variety  never  became  popular  as  a fancy  fowl,  but  was  quite 
extensively  kept  for  eggs  and  dressed-poultry  purposes,  until  finally 
it  was  admitted  that  they  were  far  better  calculated  for  utility  than 
for  exhibition.  This  condition  caused  them  to  be  dropped  from  the 
list  of  standard  fowls,  and  at  the  present  time  they  are  seldom  seen 
outside  the  confines  of  poultiy  farms,  where  they  are  much  valued  for 
their  continual  egg  yield  and  quick  growTth  for  broilers  and  market 
poultry. 

BREEDS  ALLIED  TO  THE  PLYMOUTH  ROCKS. 

THE  JERSEY  BLUE. 

Jersey  Blues  are  mentioned  as  among  the  very  earliest  productions 
of  American  fowls.  They  were  named  after  the  State  from  which 
they  originated,  and  became  popular  on  account  of  their  prolific  egg 
yield.  Early  records  tell  us  that  they  are  the  result  of  a cross  between 
the  Great  Malay  and  some  one  of  our  other  breeds  (name  unknown), 
and  that  the  product  was  a rather  long-legged  fowl,  neither  valued  as 
an  egg  producer  nor  as  a good  market  fowl.  No  doubt  this  original 
cross  from  the  Malay  had  the  long  legs  and  inferior  egg  capacity, 
both  of  which  belong  to  the  Malay  family.  Why  such  a cross  should 
be  inferior  as  table  poultry  can  only  be  accounted  for  on  the  ground 
of  poor  care  or  perhaps  a Spanish  cross. 

The  Great  Malay  of  early  day  did  not  have  the  beautiful  black-red 
colors  of  the  present,  nor  were  they  the  equal  in  many  ways  of  our 
present  type.  As  described  in  their  advent,  the  Jersey  Blues  were 
large-sized  long-legged  fowls,  of  a bluish  cast  in  plumage,  weighing, 
when  full  grown,  from  12  to  16  pounds  per  pair.  All  these  facts  point 
to  a Malay  crossed  with  either  Black  Spanish  or  Java. 

Blue  fowls,  from  all  time,  have  come  as  the  result  of  many  crosses: 
Dark  Brahmas  crossed  with  Black  Spanish,  Minorca  crosses,  and  pure 


30 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


white  and  pure  black  fowls,  all  have  produced  fowls  having  blue  color 
in  plumage.  The  entire  make-up  of  the  Jersey  Blue  is  similar  to  that 
of  the  Andalusian,  which  is  of  Spanish  origin,  and  no  doubt  the  result 
of  crossing  a Black  and  White  Spanish  fowl,  or  perhaps  two  black 
fowls  of  different  breeds,  as  it  is  a well-established  fact  that  either 
cross  may  produce  a blue  specimen. 

The  present  form  and  color  of  the  Jersey  Blue  would  rather  incline 
one  to  believe  that  the}7  are  the  result  of  an  Asiatic- Java  cross.  The 
absence  of  the  white  earlobe  shuts  out  the  probability  of  a Spanish 
cross,  while  their  large,  heavy  bodies  and  underformation  resemble 


Fig.  9. — Feathers  of  Jersey  Blue  male.  A,  tail;  B,  breast;  C,  hackle;  D , saddle. 


the  Asiatic  family.  They  have  dark  eyes,  single  combs,  red  earlobes, 
and  smooth  legs.  The  color  of  body  plumage  of  the  male  is  slaty 
blue,  each  feather  being  laced  about  the  edge  with  a darker  color;  top 
plumage,  including  neck,  back,  saddle,  and  wings,  a metallic  blue- 
black;  main  tail  feathers  should  be  blue  or  bluish  black;  beak,  legs, 
and  toes  of  both  male  and  female  dark  or  slate  color. 

The  female  should  be  slaty  blue  in  color  all  over,  each  feather  being 
laced  around  the  edge  with  a darker  shade  (color  and  lacing  like  that  of 
the  Andalusian);  the  neck  somewhat  darker  than  body  color;  they  are 
of  good  size,  deep  and  full  in  breast  and  body;  not  long  in  legs,  rather 


AMERICAN  BREEDS  OF  FOWLS. 


31 


active.  They  produce  an  average  number  of  eggs  that  are  of  a brown 
color  (indicating  that  they  are  not  of  Spanish  origin),  medium  in  size, 
good  rich  flavor.  In  fact,  they  are  the  counterpart  of  the  Andalusian 
in  color  and  activity,  while  favoring  the  Brahma  in  size  and  shape  of 
body.  Even  at  this  late  da}^  they  show  an  inclination  occasionally  to 
produce  chicks  with  some  feathers  on  their  shanks,  suggesting  their 
ancestry. 

The  Jersey  Blue,  like  the  Pea-Combed  Plymouth  Rock,  was  formerly 
allowed  a place  in  our  Standard,  but  so  little  attention  was  paid  to  its 
improvement  that  it  was  thought  best  to  withdraw  it  from  a position 


Fig.  10. — Feathers  of  Jersey  Blue  female.  A,  neck;  B,  back;  V,  breast. 


among  those  called  Standard  fowls  and  allow  it  to  occupy  the  place 
which  it  so  long  filled  among  the  utility  fowds. 

THE  RHODE  ISLAND  KED. 

Few  new  varieties  or  breeds  of  fowls  have  enjoyed  a more  quickly 
gained  prominence  than  has  come  to  the  present  up-to-date  Rhode 
Island  Red.  They  have  been  brought  into  line  by  breeders  known  as 
utility  men,  who  claim  for  them  all  requirements  that  go  to  make  the 
general-purpose  fowl.  Yet,  withal,  we  do  not  think  that  their  ardent 
admirers  claim  they  will  produce  any  greater  number  of  eggs  or  better 
eggs,  or  that  they  are  any  better  for  market  poultry  than  others  of 


32 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


our  many  American  varieties.  But  if  they  lack  any  quality  that  would 
go  to  make  them  as  good  as  the  best  it  has  been  successfully  hidden  by 
the  claims  of  superiority. 

The  Rhode  Island  Red  is  a result  of  continued  interchanging  of  male 
birds  for  new  blood  until  its  present  make-up  combines  about  all  the 
best  breeds  known  to  this  country.  Among  these  are  the  Malay  Game 
and  the  early  so-called  Shanghai,  the  Dominique,  Brown  Leghorn, 
Brahma,  Plymouth  Rock,  and  Wyandotte.  From  time  to  time  all  of 
these  have  been  added  by  one  breeder  or  another,  and  specimens  pro- 
duced by  these  numerous  crosses  have  been  exchanged  until  all  the 
extensive  flocks  of  egg-producing  market  poultry  throughout  the  State 
of  Rhode  Island  are  more  or  less  of  the  same  type.  The  Rhode  Island 
Reds  in  the  Fall  River  districts  of  Massachusetts  have  now  the  greater 
reputation. 

These  numerous  crosses  have  many  styles  of  combs,  forms  of  body, 
and  colors  of  plumage.  The  facts  are  that  many  flocks  of  these  Rhode 
Island  Reds  look  like  the  barnyard  fowls  found  so  commonly  in  the 
West;  perhaps  a little  larger,  but  no  more  regular  in  color  of  plumage, 
shape  of  body,  or  form  of  comb.  The  demand  for  solid  red  males  with 
good  single  combs,  to  be  used  in  building  up  the  new  Buff  Plymouth 
Rocks,  prompted  the  breeding  of  them  to  a definite  type  and  color. 
Since  then  more  care  and  attention  has  been  given  to  breeding  in 
accordance  with  the  Standard  rules  of  the  Rhode  Island  Red  Club. 

The  form  of  the  accepted  (or  club-adopted)  Rhode  Island  Reds  favor 
the  Plymouth  Rock.  They  are  rather  longer  in  back  and  the  male  has 
considerably  more  tail  plumage.  In  size  they  are  rather  smaller  than 
the  Plymouth  Rock;  in  constitutional  vigor  very  strong,  and,  like  all 
crossbred  fowls,  grow  fast,  feather  quickly,  and  begin  to  lay  rather 
early,  for  a large  fowl.  Their  qualities  are  now  fairly  well  trans- 
mitted to  their  offspring. 

The  adopted  shade  of  color  for  the  true-bred  specimen  is  red  for  the 
male  and  a modified  shade  of  the  same  color  for  the  female.  They 
range  in  color  from  a reddish  orange  to  the  deepest  possible  shade  of 
dark  red  for  the  male,  while  the  females  range  from  a dark  buff  to  a 
snuff  brown.  Only  a small  percentage  of  those  produced  can  be 
expected  to  have  the  exact  color  of  the  parent  bird.  This  uncertainty 
of  color  transmission,  however,  has  been  improved  upon  each  year, 
and  there  can  be  no  possible  reason  why  this  bird  should  not  be  finally 
guided  into  true  breeding  strains. 

They  have  single  combs,  like  the  Plymouth  Rock,  also  rose  combs 
like  the  Wyandotte,  and  some  are  produced  with  the  pea  comb,  like 
the  Brahma.  All  these  colors  of  plumage  and  styles  of  comb  may  be 
found  of  advantage  in  building  up  one  or  more  useful  varieties  of  this 
new  breed. 


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